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Bujok J, Pavľak A, Walski T, Zigo F, Trochanowska-Pauk N, Bohara R, Miśta D. Changes in the blood redox status of horses subjected to combat training. Res Vet Sci 2024; 171:105219. [PMID: 38471346 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Combat training of police horses, involving physical activity in the presence of environmental stressors, poses a risk of oxidative stress. This study compared the oxidative imbalance after combat training in horses in the regular police service and in horses that had just been schooled. Blood collection was performed immediately after training and after 16 h rest. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant status (TAS) were determined as the markers of enzymatic antioxidant defence. At the same time, lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and protein carbonylation (Carb) were assessed as oxidation biomarkers. Additionally, oxidative imbalance indexes such as SOD/CAT, SOD/GPx, TBARS/TAS and TBARS/GPx were calculated. Animals during schooling had significantly lower SOD activity in erythrocytes than those experienced. CAT activity in erythrocytes was insignificantly higher immediately after training than during recovery. The SOD/GPx ratio was higher in experienced animals, which may reflect the intra-erythrocyte imbalance between enzymes producing and degrading hydrogen peroxide towards the first one. The concentration of carbonyl groups was significantly higher after the combat training compared to the recovery period in all horses. In inexperienced animals slight increase in TBARS/TAS and TBARS/GPx indexes were observed during the recovery time after exercises, contrary to experienced horses, in which these markers decreased slightly. These results suggest that the oxidative imbalance in inexperienced horses, although less pronounced just after combat training, was more prolonged as compared to horses in regular service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Bujok
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Alexander Pavľak
- Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Tomasz Walski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - František Zigo
- Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Raghvendra Bohara
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Upper Newcastle, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland.
| | - Dorota Miśta
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
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Beghelli D, Zallocco L, Angeloni C, Bistoni O, Ronci M, Cavallucci C, Mazzoni MR, Nuccitelli A, Catalano C, Hrelia S, Lucacchini A, Giusti L. Dietary Supplementation with Boswellia serrata, Verbascum thapsus, and Curcuma longa in Show Jumping Horses: Effects on Serum Proteome, Antioxidant Status, and Anti-Inflammatory Gene Expression. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030750. [PMID: 36983904 PMCID: PMC10055707 DOI: 10.3390/life13030750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intense exercise can cause inflammation and oxidative stress due to the production of reactive oxygen species. These pathophysiological processes are interdependent, and each one can induce the other, creating a vicious circle. A placebo-controlled blind study was carried out in show jumping horses (n. 16) to evaluate the effects of a commercial dietary supplement (Dolhorse® N.B.F. Lanes srl, Milan, Italy) containing Verbascum thapsus leaf powder (1.42%), Curcuma longa (14.280 mg/kg), and Boswellia serrata (Roxb ex Colebr) (14.280 mg/kg) extracts. Before and after 10 days of dietary supplementation, blood samples were collected to evaluate the protein levels, antioxidants, and inflammatory responses by proteomic analysis or real-time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (real-time RT-PCR). A total of 36 protein spots, connected to 29 proteins, were modulated by dietary supplementation, whereas real-time RT-PCR revealed a significant downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1α (p < 0.05) and interleukin-6 (0.005), toll-like receptor 4 (p < 0.05), and IKBKB (p < 0.05) in supplemented sport horses. Immunoglobulin chains, gelsolin, plasminogen, vitamin D binding protein, apolipoprotein AIV, and filamin B were overexpressed, whereas haptoglobin, α-2-HS-glycoprotein, α2-macroglobulin, afamin, amine oxidase, 60S acidic ribosomal protein, and complement fragments 3, 4, and 7 were reduced. No effect was observed on the antioxidant defense systems. The present results suggest this phytotherapy may reinforce the innate immune responses, thus representing a valid adjuvant to alleviate inflammation, which is a pathophysiological process in sport horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Beghelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (L.G.); Tel.: +39-737-403201 (D.B.); +39-737-402916 (L.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Zallocco
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Angeloni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Onelia Bistoni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ronci
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Nuccitelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Antonio Lucacchini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Giusti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (L.G.); Tel.: +39-737-403201 (D.B.); +39-737-402916 (L.G.)
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Valberg SJ, Velez-Irizarry D, Williams ZJ, Henry ML, Iglewski H, Herrick K, Fenger C. Enriched Pathways of Calcium Regulation, Cellular/Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cell Proliferation Characterize Gluteal Muscle of Standardbred Horses between Episodes of Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1853. [PMID: 36292738 PMCID: PMC9601720 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain Standardbred racehorses develop recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER-STD) for unknown reasons. We compared gluteal muscle histopathology and gene/protein expression between Standardbreds with a history of, but not currently experiencing rhabdomyolysis (N = 9), and race-trained controls (N = 7). Eight RER-STD had a few mature fibers with small internalized myonuclei, one out of nine had histologic evidence of regeneration and zero out of nine degeneration. However, RER-STD versus controls had 791/13,531 differentially expressed genes (DEG). The top three gene ontology (GO) enriched pathways for upregulated DEG (N = 433) were inflammation/immune response (62 GO terms), cell proliferation (31 GO terms), and hypoxia/oxidative stress (31 GO terms). Calcium ion regulation (39 GO terms), purine nucleotide metabolism (32 GO terms), and electron transport (29 GO terms) were the top three enriched GO pathways for down-regulated DEG (N = 305). DEG regulated RYR1 and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium stores. Differentially expressed proteins (DEP ↑N = 50, ↓N = 12) involved the sarcomere (24% of DEP), electron transport (23%), metabolism (20%), inflammation (6%), cell/oxidative stress (7%), and other (17%). DEP included ↑superoxide dismutase, ↑catalase, and DEP/DEG included several cysteine-based antioxidants. In conclusion, gluteal muscle of RER-susceptible Standardbreds is characterized by perturbation of pathways for calcium regulation, cellular/oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular regeneration weeks after an episode of rhabdomyolysis that could represent therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Valberg
- Mary Anne McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Deborah Velez-Irizarry
- Mary Anne McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Zoë J. Williams
- Mary Anne McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Marisa L. Henry
- Mary Anne McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hailey Iglewski
- Mary Anne McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Keely Herrick
- Mary Anne McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Clara Fenger
- Equine Integrated Medicine, PLC, Lexington, KY 40324, USA
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Effect of Different Water Cooling Treatments on Changes in Rectal and Surface Body Temperature in Leisure Horses after Medium-Intensity Effort. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040525. [PMID: 35203233 PMCID: PMC8868132 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The study was performed in order to answer the question: should horses be cooled after not very intensive exercise? Thus, the efficiency of four different water cooling methods was studied in horses after medium-intensity effort for leisure horses under moderate air temperature. The water cooling methods used included spraying with cold water: (1) lower body parts, i.e., lower parts of legs; (2) upper body parts, i.e., back of the head and flanks; and (3) both lower and upper body parts. The control group was not treated with water. Water cooling was applied to 19 warmblood geldings immediately after the end of exercise and 10 and 20 min later. The internal and body surface temperatures were registered and analyzed. The water cooling methods used led to a decrease in rectal and body surface temperature. Applying cold water on lower body parts was only effective and can be recommended for practical use under the described conditions. Abstract Cooling a horse after intensive exercise under hot conditions is commonly recommended. The study aimed to analyze changes in the rectal and surface temperature of the horses subjected to various water cooling treatments. This followed medium-intensity exercise performed by leisure horses under moderate air temperature. The experiment involved a control group without water application, and three variants of water cooling applied to 19 warmblood geldings after medium-intensity effort. Cooling of lower, upper, and lower and upper body parts was performed. In each variant, the rectal and body surface temperatures were measured five times: before; immediately after; and 10, 20, and 30 min after effort. Using water cooling under the studied conditions did not influence a post-exercise decrease in the rectal temperature. The decrease in body surface temperature depended on the used variant of cooling down the horse. Cooling the limbs by pouring water several times changed the surface body temperature from 34.2 ± 0.37 °C to 32.0 ± 0.32 °C and was more efficient than the repeated application of cool water on both the upper and lower body parts, leading to a temperature change from 34.6 ± 0.26 °C to 33.2 ± 0.36 °C. Thus, the application of cold water on the limbs only is sufficient for cooling the horse after medium-intensity exercise under moderate air temperature (about 24 °C).
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Effects of Vitamin E and Coenzyme Q 10 Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Untrained Leisure Horses Subjected to Acute Moderate Exercise. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060908. [PMID: 34205129 PMCID: PMC8227526 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of antioxidant supplements on exercise-induced oxidative stress have not been investigated in untrained leisure horses. We investigated the effects of 14-day supplementation with vitamin E (1.8 IU/kg/day), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10; ubiquinone; 800 mg/day), and a combination of both (the same doses as in mono-supplementation) on the blood levels of CoQ10, vitamin E, and oxidative stress parameters in untrained leisure horses subjected to acute moderate exercise. Correlations between lipid peroxidation and muscle enzyme leakage were also determined. Forty client-owned horses were included in the study, with 10 horses in each of the antioxidant and placebo (paraffin oil) groups. Blood parameters were measured before supplementation, before and immediately after exercise, and after 24 h of rest. The differences in individual parameters between blood collection times and groups were analysed with linear mixed models (p ˂ 0.05). None of the supplemented antioxidants affected vitamin E and CoQ10 concentrations, oxidative stress parameters, or serum muscle enzymes. Lipid peroxidation occurred in horses supplemented with placebo and CoQ10 but not in horses supplemented with vitamin E or the combination of both antioxidants. These results suggest that vitamin E alone or in combination with CoQ10 prevented lipid peroxidation in untrained leisure horses subjected to acute moderate exercise.
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Applicability of FTIR-ATR Method to Measure Carbonyls in Blood Plasma after Physical and Mental Stress. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2181370. [PMID: 31032337 PMCID: PMC6457301 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2181370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Oxidative stress is a state of imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defenses. It results in the oxidation of all cellular elements and, to a large extent, proteins, causing inter alia the formation of carbonyl groups in their structures. The study focused on assessment of changes in the plasma protein-bound carbonyls in police horses after combat training and after rest and the applicability of infrared spectroscopy with a Fourier transform, utilizing the attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) in detecting plasma protein oxidation. Methods We evaluated the influence of both the different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and combat training on protein carbonylation in horse blood plasma. The oxidation of plasma proteins was assessed using a spectrophotometric method based on the carbonyl groups derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). The measured values were correlated with the carbonyl groups concentrations determined by means of the FTIR-ATR method. Results The linear correlation between the DNPH and FTIR-ATR methods was shown. The concentration of plasma protein-bound carbonyls significantly deceased in police horses after one-day rest when compared to the values measured directly after the combat training (a drop by 23%, p<0.05 and 29%, p<0.01 measured by DNPH and FTIR-ATR methods, respectively). These results were consistent with the proteins phosphorylation analysis. Conclusion The FTIR-ATR method may be applied to measure the level of plasma proteins peroxidation.
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Survey of biochemical and oxidative profile in donkey foals suckled with one natural and one semi-artificial technique. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198774. [PMID: 29874272 PMCID: PMC5991377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy donkey milking procedures require separating foals from their dams for a few hours a day. Artificial suckling in this species is a good technique for improving milk production and foal welfare. The aim of the work is to compare the effect of two different diets on donkey foals when separated from jennies for milking procedures with and without a milk replacer. Forty newborn Martina Franca donkey foals were subdivided into two experimental groups. Both groups were separated from their respective dams from 8.00to 20.00to allow the jennies to be milked. During the separation, all the foals had access ad libitum to water, hay and feed. During the separation period, one group had the availability of a mechanical milk replacer dispenser, so foals were partially artificially suckled (AS), while the other group had no milk replacer available, and so were totally naturally suckled (NS). The AS group had milk replacer availability until 120±7d of life. Both groups were naturally weaned at 168±7d. Blood samples were collected weekly starting from birth until two wks after weaning (i.e. at 182d), from all the foals included in the trial. Almost all the analytes were influenced by suckling technique and age of foals. Alanine-aminotransferase, aspartate-aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, NEFA, lipid hydroperoxides, serum proteins showed the greatest differences between the two experimental groups. Separating foals from their dams for 12hdaily for 24 weeks does not lead to pathological subclinical and metabolic conditions, thus confirming the high rusticity and resistance of the donkey.
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Hosnedlova B, Kepinska M, Skalickova S, Fernandez C, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Peng Q, Baron M, Melcova M, Opatrilova R, Zidkova J, Bjørklund G, Sochor J, Kizek R. Nano-selenium and its nanomedicine applications: a critical review. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:2107-2128. [PMID: 29692609 PMCID: PMC5901133 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s157541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional supplements of selenium generally have a low degree of absorption and increased toxicity. Therefore, it is imperative to develop innovative systems as transporters of selenium compounds, which would raise the bioavailability of this element and allow its controlled release in the organism. Nanoscale selenium has attracted a great interest as a food additive especially in individuals with selenium deficiency, but also as a therapeutic agent without significant side effects in medicine. This review is focused on the incorporation of nanotechnological applications, in particular exploring the possibilities of a more effective way of administration, especially in selenium-deficient organisms. In addition, this review summarizes the survey of knowledge on selenium nanoparticles, their biological effects in the organism, advantages, absorption mechanisms, and nanotechnological applications for peroral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Hosnedlova
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Lednice, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Kepinska
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sylvie Skalickova
- Central Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Carlos Fernandez
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky
- Central Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Qiuming Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Mojmir Baron
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Lednice, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Melcova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Opatrilova
- Central Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Zidkova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Rana, Norway
| | - Jiri Sochor
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Lednice, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.,Central Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Avenatti R, McKeever K, Horohov D, Malinowski K. Effects of age and exercise on inflammatory cytokines, HSP70 and HSP90 gene expression and protein content in Standardbred horses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesised that the cortisol response to acute exercise, markers of oxidative stress, expression of inflammatory cytokines, heat shock protein (HSP)70 and HSP90 expression in whole blood and skeletal muscle, and HSP70 and HSP90 protein concentrations in skeletal muscle are altered by age and in response to acute submaximal exercise in horses. Young (n=6; 5.5±2.8 year) and aged (n=6; 22.6±2.25 year) unconditioned Standardbred mares underwent an acute submaximal exercise test. Blood samples were collected and analysed for plasma cortisol and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, and for cytokine and HSP gene expression pre- and post-exercise. Gluteus medius biopsies were obtained for analysis of cytokine and HSP gene expression pre- and at 0, 4, 24 and 48 h post-exercise. Data were analysed for main effects using a two-way ANOVA for repeated measures. Post-hoc comparisons of means were conducted using Student-Neuman-Keuls for pair-wise multiple comparisons where appropriate. Acute submaximal exercise increased plasma cortisol concentration in both young and aged mares, and the duration of the post-exercise rise in cortisol was altered in aged horses. Plasma MDA concentration and expression of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 were unchanged in blood and muscle. Exercise increased IL-1β expression in whole blood of young and aged mares, with young mares having greater exercise-induced expression at 2 (P<0.001) and 4 (P=0.019) h post-exercise. Both young and aged horses had increased HSP70 expression in whole blood following acute exercise, with young horses exhibiting 3-fold greater HSP70 expression than aged mares at 2 h post-exercise. HSP90 expression in whole blood following exercise was increased only in young horses. Both young and aged horses had increased HSP90 expression in skeletal muscle following exercise, but there was no difference due to age. However, the timing of HSP70 expression was different between young and aged horses. The age-related changes in cortisol and IL-1β expression following acute submaximal exercise can have implications for energy homeostasis and the adaption to such disturbances at a cellular and whole animal level. Quantification of HSP expression in whole blood may be a useful biomarker, with implications for cellular adaptation and survival in aged horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.C. Avenatti
- Department of Animal Science, Equine Science Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Kindred Biosciences, 1555 Old Bayshore Hwy #200, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA
| | - K.H. McKeever
- Department of Animal Science, Equine Science Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - D.W. Horohov
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - K. Malinowski
- Department of Animal Science, Equine Science Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Duberstein KJ, Pazdro R, Lee KC, Abrams A, Kane E, Stuart RL. Effect of Supplemental Vitamin E Form on Serum α-Tocopherol Levels and Blood Oxidative Stress Parameters in Response to a Novel Exercise Challenge. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Smarsh DN, Williams CA. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Standardbreds: Effect of Age and Training in Resting Plasma and Muscle. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Standardbreds: Effect of Age and Acute Exercise Before and After Training. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hulmi JJ, Hentilä J, DeRuisseau KC, Oliveira BM, Papaioannou KG, Autio R, Kujala UM, Ritvos O, Kainulainen H, Korkmaz A, Atalay M. Effects of muscular dystrophy, exercise and blocking activin receptor IIB ligands on the unfolded protein response and oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:308-322. [PMID: 27554968 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis in cells, proteostasis, is maintained through several integrated processes and pathways and its dysregulation may mediate pathology in many diseases including Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Oxidative stress, heat shock proteins, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and its response, i.e. unfolded protein response (UPR), play key roles in proteostasis but their involvement in the pathology of DMD are largely unknown. Moreover, exercise and activin receptor IIB blocking are two strategies that may be beneficial to DMD muscle, but studies to examine their effects on these proteostasis pathways are lacking. Therefore, these pathways were examined in the muscle of mdx mice, a model of DMD, under basal conditions and in response to seven weeks of voluntary exercise and/or activin receptor IIB ligand blocking using soluble activin receptor-Fc (sAcvR2B-Fc) administration. In conjunction with reduced muscle strength, mdx muscle displayed greater levels of UPR/ER-pathway indicators including greater protein levels of IRE1α, PERK and Atf6b mRNA. Downstream to IRE1α and PERK, spliced Xbp1 mRNA and phosphorylation of eIF2α, were also increased. Most of the cytoplasmic and ER chaperones and mitochondrial UPR markers were unchanged in mdx muscle. Oxidized glutathione was greater in mdx and was associated with increases in lysine acetylated proteome and phosphorylated sirtuin 1. Exercise increased oxidative stress when performed independently or combined with sAcvR2B-Fc administration. Although neither exercise nor sAcvR2B-Fc administration imparted a clear effect on ER stress/UPR pathways or heat shock proteins, sAcvR2B-Fc administration increased protein expression levels of GRP78/BiP, a triggering factor for ER stress/UPR activation and TxNIP, a redox-regulator of ER stress-induced inflammation. In conclusion, the ER stress and UPR are increased in mdx muscle. However, these processes are not distinctly improved by voluntary exercise or blocking activin receptor IIB ligands and thus do not appear to be optimal therapeutic choices for improving proteostasis in DMD.
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MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 6/genetics
- Activating Transcription Factor 6/metabolism
- Activin Receptors, Type II/antagonists & inhibitors
- Activin Receptors, Type II/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type II/metabolism
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects
- Endoribonucleases/genetics
- Endoribonucleases/metabolism
- Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2/genetics
- Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/therapy
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Physical Conditioning, Animal
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proteostasis/drug effects
- Proteostasis/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Sirtuin 1/genetics
- Sirtuin 1/metabolism
- Thioredoxins/genetics
- Thioredoxins/metabolism
- Unfolded Protein Response/drug effects
- X-Box Binding Protein 1/genetics
- X-Box Binding Protein 1/metabolism
- eIF-2 Kinase/genetics
- eIF-2 Kinase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha J Hulmi
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, Neuromuscular Research Center, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Finland; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jaakko Hentilä
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, Neuromuscular Research Center, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Keith C DeRuisseau
- Syracuse University, Department of Exercise Science, 820 Comstock Ave., 201 WB, Syracuse, NY, USA; Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Bernardo M Oliveira
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, Neuromuscular Research Center, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Konstantinos G Papaioannou
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, Neuromuscular Research Center, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Reija Autio
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Medisiinarinkatu 3, FI-33014, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Rautpohjankatu 8, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Olli Ritvos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Kainulainen
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, Neuromuscular Research Center, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Ayhan Korkmaz
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mustafa Atalay
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
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14
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Noleto PG, Santos JBFD, Rocha FM, Fasano PE, Guimarães EC, Mundim AV. Effect of a 130-km Endurance Ride on the Serum Biochemical Profile of Mangalarga Marchador Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Stary CM, Hogan MC. Cytosolic calcium transients are a determinant of contraction-induced HSP72 transcription in single skeletal muscle fibers. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:1260-6. [PMID: 26869714 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01060.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic activating factors that induce transcription of heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) in skeletal muscle following exercise remain unclear. We hypothesized that the cytosolic Ca(2+) transient that occurs with depolarization is a determinant. We utilized intact, single skeletal muscle fibers from Xenopus laevis to test the role of the cytosolic Ca(2+) transient and several other exercise-related factors (fatigue, hypoxia, AMP kinase, and cross-bridge cycling) on the activation of HSP72 transcription. HSP72 and HSP60 mRNA levels were assessed with real-time quantitative PCR; cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]cyt) was assessed with fura-2. Both fatiguing and nonfatiguing contractions resulted in a significant increase in HSP72 mRNA. As expected, peak [Ca(2+)]cyt remained tightly coupled with peak developed tension in contracting fibers. Pretreatment with N-benzyl-p-toluene sulfonamide (BTS) resulted in depressed peak developed tension with stimulation, while peak [Ca(2+)]cyt remained largely unchanged from control values. Despite excitation-contraction uncoupling, BTS-treated fibers displayed a significant increase in HSP72 mRNA. Treatment of fibers with hypoxia (Po2: <3 mmHg) or AMP kinase activation had no effect on HSP72 mRNA levels. These results suggest that the intermittent cytosolic Ca(2+) transient that occurs with skeletal muscle depolarization provides a sufficient activating stimulus for HSP72 transcription. Metabolic or mechanical factors associated with fatigue development and cross-bridge cycling likely play a more limited role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Creed M Stary
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Michael C Hogan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
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16
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Intravenous infusion of H2-saline suppresses oxidative stress and elevates antioxidant potential in Thoroughbred horses after racing exercise. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15514. [PMID: 26493164 PMCID: PMC4616033 DOI: 10.1038/srep15514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon intensive, exhaustive exercise, exercise-induced reactive oxygen species may exceed the antioxidant defence threshold, consequently resulting in muscular damage or late-onset chronic inflammation. Recently, the therapeutic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of molecular hydrogen (H2) for human rheumatoid arthritis have been demonstrated. However, it is also important to clarify the effects of administrating H2 in large animals other than humans, as H2 is thought to reach the target organ by passive diffusion upon delivery from the blood flow, indicating that the distance from the administration point to the target is critical. However, data on the effects of H2 on oxidative stress in real-life exhaustive exercise in large animals are currently lacking. We here investigated 13 Thoroughbred horses administered intravenous 2-L saline with or without 0.6-ppm H2 (placebo, N = 6; H2, N = 7) before participating in a high-intensity simulation race. Intravenous H2-saline significantly suppressed oxidative stress immediately, 3 h, and 24 h after the race, although the antioxidant capability was not affected throughout the study. The serum creatine kinase, lactate, and uric acid levels were increased in both groups. Taken together, these results indicate that intravenous H2-saline can significantly and specifically suppress oxidative stress induced after exhaustive racing in Thoroughbred horses.
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17
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Assenza A, Bergero D, Congiu F, Tosto F, Giannetto C, Piccione G. Evaluation of Serum Electrolytes and Blood Lactate Concentration During Repeated Maximal Exercise in Horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Murphy BA, Wagner AL, McGlynn OF, Kharazyan F, Browne JA, Elliott JA. Exercise influences circadian gene expression in equine skeletal muscle. Vet J 2014; 201:39-45. [PMID: 24888677 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenously generated 24-h oscillations that coordinate numerous aspects of mammalian physiology, metabolism and behaviour. The existence of a molecular circadian clock in equine skeletal muscle has previously been demonstrated. This study investigates how the circadian 24-h expression of exercise-relevant genes in skeletal muscle is influenced by a regular exercise regime. Mid-gluteal, percutaneous muscle biopsies were obtained over a 24-h period from six Thoroughbred mares before and after an 8-week exercise programme. Real-time qPCR assays were used to assess the expression patterns of core clock genes ARNTL, PER2, NR1D1, clock-controlled gene DBP, and muscle genes MYF6, UCP3, VEGFA, FOXO1, MYOD1, PPARGC1A, PPARGC1B, FBXO32 and PDK4. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between circadian time and exercise for muscle genes MYF6, UCP3, MYOD1 and PDK4. A significant effect of time was observed for all genes with the exception of VEGFA, where a main effect of exercise was observed. By cosinor analysis, the core clock genes, ARNTL (P <0.01) and NR1D1 (P <0.05), showed 24-h rhythmicity both pre- and post-exercise, while PER2 expression was rhythmic post-exercise (P <0.05) but not pre-exercise. The expression profiles of muscle genes MYOD1 and MYF6 showed significant fits to a 24-h cosine waveform indicative of circadian rhythmicity post-exercise only (P <0.01). This study suggests that the metabolic capacity of muscle is influenced by scheduled exercise and that optimal athletic performance may be achieved when exercise times and competition times coincide.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Murphy
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - A L Wagner
- Center of Muscle Biology, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - O F McGlynn
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - F Kharazyan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J A Browne
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J A Elliott
- Center for Chronobiology, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0109, USA
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19
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Kojouri GA, Faramarzi P, Ahadi AM, Parchami A. Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles on Expression of HSP90 Gene in Myocytes after an Intense Exercise. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Ceusters JD, Mouithys-Mickalad AA, de la Rebière de Pouyade G, Franck TJ, Votion DM, Deby-Dupont GP, Serteyn DA. Assessment of reactive oxygen species production in cultured equine skeletal myoblasts in response to conditions of anoxia followed by reoxygenation with or without exposure to peroxidases. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:426-34. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.3.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Avenatti R. The intersection of inflammation, insulin resistance and ageing: implications for the study of molecular signalling pathways in horses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/cep12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation-associated insulin resistance contributes to chronic disease in humans and other long-lived species, such as horses. Insulin resistance arises due to an imbalance among molecular signalling mediators in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines in the aged and obese. The mammalian heat shock protein response has received much attention as an avenue for attenuating inflammatory mediator signalling and for contributing to preservation and restoration of insulin signalling in metabolically important tissues. Data on heat shock proteins and inflammatory signalling mediators in untrained and aged horses are lacking, and horses represent an untapped resource for studying the mediator imbalance contributing to insulin resistance in a comparative model.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.C. Avenatti
- Rutgers Equine Science Center, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 57 U.S. Highway 1, New Brunswick, NJ 08850, USA
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22
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Notin C, Vallon L, Desbordes F, Leleu C. Oral supplementation with superoxide dismutase in Standardbred trotters in training: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Equine Vet J 2011:375-81. [PMID: 21059033 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Intense physical exercise produces an excess of reactive oxygen species which can disturb the antioxidant/oxidant balance of the horse in training. Several classes of antioxidant dietary compounds have been suggested to provide health benefits and there is evidence that consumption of these products leads to a reduction in the expression of various pro-inflammatory and/or oxidative stress biomarkers. The recent development of a new galenic system allows the oral delivery of the antioxidant enzyme: superoxide dismutase (SOD). This has been developed from a specific melon variety with a particularly high SOD activity. OBJECTIVES To study the influence of an oral supplementation with an encapsulated melon rich in SOD on muscular and antioxidant balance variables in a population of Standardbreds in training. METHODS Twenty-four Standardbreds in training were paired by age, sex and training level. They were randomly split into 2 groups: SOD group (520 iu/day) and placebo group. At the beginning of the study (T0) and after 30 days (T30) and 60 days (T60) of supplementation, physiological response during a standardised exercise test, plasma muscular enzymes at rest and post exercise (creatine kinase), oxidative stress markers (erythrocyte SOD) and blood resistance to haemolysis (KRL test) were assessed. Analysis of variance of time, treatment and interaction time x treatment was calculated. RESULTS Between T0 and T60, in contrast with placebo group, a significant increase in the plasma resistance to haemolysis in the SOD group was observed and it was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the SOD group than in the placebo group on T60. Between T0 and T60, resting CK remained constant in SOD group whereas a significant increase in plasma CK in the placebo group was observed. On T60, the CK level was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in SOD group than in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that oral SOD supplementation might increase blood resistance to haemolysis and reduce the increase in muscular membrane permeability induced by training.
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23
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MINAMI Y, KAWAI M, MIGITA TC, HIRAGA A, MIYATA H. Free Radical Formation after Intensive Exercise in Thoroughbred Skeletal Muscles. J Equine Sci 2011; 22:21-8. [PMID: 24833984 PMCID: PMC4013973 DOI: 10.1294/jes.22.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although high oxygen consumption in skeletal muscle may result in severe oxidative
stress, there are no direct studies that have documented free radical production in horse
muscles after intensive exercise. To find a new parameter indicating the muscle adaptation
state for the training of Thoroughbred horses, we examined free radical formation in the
muscle by using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Ten male Thoroughbred horses
received conventional training for 18 weeks. Before and after the training period, all
horses performed an exhaustive incremental load exercise on a 6% incline treadmill. Muscle
samples of the middle gluteal muscle were taken pre-exercise and 1 min, 1 hr, and 1 day
after exercise. Muscle fiber type composition was also determined in the pre-exercise
samples by immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibody to myosin heavy chain. We
measured the free radical in the muscle homogenate using EPR at room temperature, and the
amount was expressed as relative EPR signal intensity. There was a significant increase in
Type IIA muscle fiber composition and a decrease in Type IIX fiber composition after the
training period. Before the training period, the mean value of the relative EPR signal
intensity showed a significant increase over the pre-exercise value at 1 min after the
exercise and an incomplete recovery at 24 hr after the exercise. While no significant
changes were found in the relative EPR signal intensity after the training period. There
was a significant relationship between percentages of Type IIA fiber and change rates in
EPR signal intensity at 1 min after exercise. The measurement of free radicals may be
useful for determining the muscle adaptation state in the training of Thoroughbred
horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio MINAMI
- Biological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University
| | - Minako KAWAI
- Biological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University
| | - Taiko C. MIGITA
- Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | | | - Hirofumi MIYATA
- Biological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University
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24
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Martin AM, Elliott JA, Duffy P, Blake CM, Ben Attia S, Katz LM, Browne JA, Gath V, McGivney BA, Hill EW, Murphy BA. Circadian regulation of locomotor activity and skeletal muscle gene expression in the horse. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:1328-36. [PMID: 20847133 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01327.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are innate 24-h cycles in behavioral and biochemical processes that permit physiological anticipation of daily environmental changes. Elucidating the relationship between activity rhythms and circadian patterns of gene expression may contribute to improved human and equine athletic performance. Six healthy, untrained mares were studied to determine whether locomotor activity behavior and skeletal muscle gene expression reflect endogenous circadian regulation. Activity was recorded for three consecutive 48-h periods: as a group at pasture (P), and individually stabled under a light-dark (LD) cycle and in constant darkness (DD). Halter-mounted Actiwatch-L data-loggers recorded light exposure and motor activity. Analysis of mean activity (average counts/min, activity bouts/day, average bout length) and cosinor parameters (acrophase, amplitude, mesor, goodness of fit) revealed a predominantly ultradian (8.9 ± 0.7 bouts/24 h) and weakly circadian pattern of activity in all three conditions (P, LD, DD). A more robust circadian pattern was observed during LD and DD. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the middle gluteal muscles every 4 h for 24 h under DD. One-way qRT-PCR results confirmed the circadian expression (P < 0.05) of six core clock genes (Arntl, Per1, Per2, Nr1d1, Nr1d2, Dbp) and the muscle-specific transcript, Myf6. Additional genes, Ucp3, Nrip1, and Vegfa, demonstrated P values approaching significance. These findings demonstrate circadian regulation of muscle function and imply that human management regimes may strengthen, or unmask, equine circadian behavioral outputs. As exercise synchronizes circadian rhythms, our findings provide a basis for future work determining peak times for training and competing horses, to reduce injury and to achieve optimal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Martin
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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25
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Portier K, de Moffarts B, Fellman N, Kirschvink N, Motta C, Letellierw C, Ruelland A, van Erck E, Lekeux P, Couder J. The effects of dietary N-3 and antioxidant supplementation on erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition and fluidity in exercising horses. Equine Vet J 2010:279-84. [PMID: 17402432 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Fatty acid supplementation could modulate erythrocyte membrane fluidity in horses at rest and during exercise, but information is lacking on the effect of exercise. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of exercise with, and without, an oral antioxidant supplementation enriched with n-3 fatty acids on erythrocyte membrane fluidity (EMF) and fatty acid composition in eventing horses. METHODS Twelve healthy and regularly trained horses were divided randomly into 2 groups: group S received an oral antioxidant cocktail enriched in n-3 fatty acid (alphatocopherol, eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) whereas group P was placebo-treated. At the end of 4 weeks, all horses performed a standardised exercise test (ET) under field conditions. Venous blood was sampled before starting treatment (TO), immediately before (T1) as well as 15 min (T2) and 24 h (T3) after ET. Spin labelled (16-DOXYL-stearic acid) red blood cell membranes were characterised using the relaxation correlation time (Tc in inverse proportion to EMF). Fatty acid composition (%) of the membrane was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. RESULTS Supplementation did not induce changes in EMF (T1 vs. TO) but significant changes in membrane composition were observed and there were increases in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid PUFA, n-3/n-6 ratio, and total n-3 fatty acids. Exercise (T2 vs. T1) induced a significant decrease of EMF in group P (Tc: +19%, P<0.05) and nonsignificant decrease in group S (Tc: +5%), whereas membrane fatty acid composition did not change in either group. During the recovery period (T3 vs. T2), EMF decreased significantly in group S (Tc: +29%, P<0.05) and nonsignificantly in group P (Tc: +18%) without any significant changes in fatty acid composition. CONCLUSION AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE An enriched oral antioxidant supplementation induced changes in membrane composition, which modulated the decrease in EMF induced by exercise. Long chain n-3 fatty acid supplementation might therefore be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Portier
- Equine Department, National Veterinary School of Lyon; tDepartment for Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
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26
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Plasma levels of heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) and β-endorphin as indicators of stress, pain and prognosis in horses with colic. Vet J 2010; 184:100-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Veskoukis AS, Nikolaidis MG, Kyparos A, Kouretas D. Blood reflects tissue oxidative stress depending on biomarker and tissue studied. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1371-4. [PMID: 19616614 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether selected oxidative stress markers measured in blood adequately reflect redox status in skeletal muscle, heart, and liver. Several markers were determined after implementing two treatments known to affect redox status, namely exercise and allopurinol administration. Xanthine oxidase, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls (PC), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), catalase, and total antioxidant capacity were determined in blood, skeletal muscle, heart, and liver. Correlation between blood and tissues in each marker was performed through the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. GSSG in erythrocytes was correlated with all tissues, ranging in the five experimental groups as follows: skeletal muscle r(s)=0.656-0.874, heart r(s)=0.742-0.981, liver r(s)=0.646-0.855. Xanthine oxidase and TBARS measured in blood satisfactorily described the redox status of the heart (0.753-0.964 and 0.705-1.000, respectively) and liver (0.755-0.902 and 0.656-1.000, respectively). Skeletal muscle and heart redox status can be adequately described by PC (0.652-1.000 and 0.656-0.964, respectively), GSH (0.693-1.000 and 0.656-1.000, respectively), and catalase (0.745-1.000 and 0.656-1.000, respectively) measured in blood. In conclusion, this study suggests that a combination of markers measured in blood provides a reliable indication about the redox status in skeletal muscle, heart, and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristidis S Veskoukis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41221, Greece
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28
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Kinnunen S, Hyyppä S, Oksala N, Laaksonen DE, Hannila ML, Sen CK, Atalay M. alpha-Lipoic acid supplementation enhances heat shock protein production and decreases post exercise lactic acid concentrations in exercised standardbred trotters. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87:462-7. [PMID: 19427659 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein (HSP) expression is an adaptive mechanism against the disruption of cell homeostasis during exercise. Several antioxidant supplementation strategies have been used to enhance tissue protection. In this study, we examined the effects of a redox modulator, alpha-lipoic acid (LA) on HSP responses in six standardbred trotters following intense aerobic exercise. DL-LA supplementation (25 mg kg(-1) d(-1)) for five weeks increased the resting levels of HSP90 (1.02+/-0.155 in control and 1.26+/-0.090 after supplementation in arbitrary units) and the recovery levels of inducible HSP70 (0.89+/-0.056 in control and 1.05+/-0.089 after supplementation in arbitrary units) in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, LA increased skeletal muscle citrate synthase activity at rest and lowered the blood lactate concentration during exercise without any changes in the heart rate. LA had no effect on concentrations of HSP60, HSP25 or GRP75 in skeletal muscle. LA decreased the exercise-induced increases in plasma aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase concentrations during recovery. Our results suggest that LA supplementation may enhance tissue protection and increase oxidative capacity of the muscle in horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kinnunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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29
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Gondim FJ, Zoppi CC, dos Reis Silveira L, Pereira-da-Silva L, Vaz de Macedo D. Possible Relationship Between Performance and Oxidative Stress in Endurance Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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30
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Protein carbonyl assay to measure oxidative stress in muscle of exercising horses supplemented with vitamin E. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s1478061509356121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Kirschvink N, de Moffarts B, Lekeux P. The oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium in horses. Vet J 2007; 177:178-91. [PMID: 17897849 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since "free radical research" started in 1954, understanding the role of oxidants and antioxidants in physiological and pathological conditions has increased continuously. Oxidants are essentially generated by metabolic enzymes, inflammatory cells and mitochondrial electron leakage; they are indispensable for the cellular redox regulation and may, under certain conditions, have a pro-inflammatory stimulatory role. Endogenous and exogenous antioxidants counterbalance the oxidative processes and so maintain the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium. Excessive oxidant generation or antioxidant insufficiency can lead to oxidative stress. The aims of this review are: (1) to provide an insight into the concept of the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium by briefly introducing the oxidant and the antioxidant systems; (2) to describe how the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium or oxidative stress can be evaluated in horses, and (3) to summarise current knowledge about oxidative stress in equine medicine and equine exercise physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Kirschvink
- Animal Physiology, Department for Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Namur, Belgium.
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de Moffarts B, Kirschvink N, van Erck E, Art T, Pincemail J, Lekeux P. Assessment of the oxidant–antioxidant blood balance in a field exercise test in Standardbredand eventing horses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/ecp200567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine which oxidant–antioxidant blood markers are of interest for a field exercise test (ET) performed on a racetrack. Healthy Standardbred horses (S:n= 12) and healthy eventing horses (E:n=12) were investigated. Exercise was monitored by measuring velocity (V), heart rate (HR), and plasma lactate (LA). Whilst maximal LA did not differ (11.8±0.88 mmol l−1), maximalV(S: 12.3±0.17 m s−1versusE: 11.1±0.24 m s−1,P<0.05) and final HR (S: 222±1versusE: 203±8 beats min−1,P<0.05) were significantly different between groups. Venous blood was collected at rest (R) prior to ET and the following oxidant–antioxidant markers were determined: uric acid (UA), ascorbic acid (AA), α-tocopherol (Vit E), vitamin A (Vit A), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (reduced: GSH and oxidized: GSSG), glutathione redox ratio (GRR), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se), oxidized proteins (Protox), lipid peroxides (Pool), antioxidant capacity of water-soluble components (ACW) and antioxidant capacity of lipid-soluble components (ACL). The following markers were further determined 15 min (E15) after the ET: UA, ACW, AA, GSH, Protox, Pool, ACL. Standardbreds had significantly higher concentrations of ACW, GSH, ACL and Protox, whilst Se, Zn and SOD were significantly lower than in eventing horses. Exercise induced a significant increase in ACW and UA. GSH decreased in eventing horses and Pool significantly decreased in both horse groups. This study describes a field ET of high intensity for Standardbred and eventing horses, which could be performed by all animals tested. By sampling blood at rest and at E15, changes of the hydrophilic antioxidant defence were partially assessed, whereas no interpretable changes of the lipophilic antioxidants and of oxidation markers (Protox, Pool) could be detected.
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Lykkesfeldt J, Svendsen O. Oxidants and antioxidants in disease: oxidative stress in farm animals. Vet J 2006; 173:502-11. [PMID: 16914330 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Important infectious diseases in farm animals, such as pneumonia and enteritis, are thought to be associated with the so-called oxidative stress, i.e. a chemical phenomenon involving an imbalance in the redox status of the individual animal. The specifics of oxidative stress and how it may result in disease or be prevented are complex questions with no simple answers. However, the considerable literature on the subject suggests that many researchers consider oxidative stress-related mechanisms to be important early events in disease development. A particularly intriguing aspect is that, at least theoretically, oxidative stress should be easily prevented with antioxidants yet the use of antioxidants as therapy remains controversial. The present knowledge on oxidative stress in farm animals is the topic of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Section of Biomedicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Possari R, Carvalhal RF, Mendes RK, Kubota LT. Electrochemical detection of cysteine in a flow system based on reductive desorption of thiols from gold. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 575:172-9. [PMID: 17723588 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A simple strategy for cysteine determination using flow-injection analysis with electrochemical detection is described. The approach is based on the chemisorptions reactions of the sulfur moiety of cysteine upon polycrystalline gold electrodes and its subsequent reductive desorption. The electrochemical measurements were accomplished by the application of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) for the operational optimization and pulsed electrochemical detection (PED) in combination with flow-injection analysis for the electrochemical detection as time function. The electroactive species could be adsorbed in a potential level (0.1 V versus SCE), at other (-0.6 V versus SCE) occurs their reductive desorption from the electrode, while the analytical current is recorded simultaneously, and a third potential step is applied to the complete regeneration of the gold electrode surface (-1.3 V versus SCE). The linear response range was observed between 1.0 x 10(-6) and 6.0 x 10(-6) mol L(-1) with a good reproducibility (R.S.D.<3.2%) and sensitivity (1.1 microA/microM). The repeatability (a series of 27 continuous FIA peaks of 5. 0 micromol L(-1) of cysteine) was 3.8 % and the limit of detection was 5.0 x 10(-7) mol L(-1). The sample throughput was 23 samples per hour with a very high stability in its voltammetric response. The developed methodology was successfully used for the determination of cysteine in commercial supplementary food sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Possari
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, CP 6154, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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van Ginneken MME, de Graaf-Roelfsema E, Keizer HA, van Dam KG, Wijnberg ID, van der Kolk JH, van Breda E. Effect of exercise on activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase, and heat shock protein 27 in equine skeletal muscle. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:837-44. [PMID: 16649919 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.5.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of exercise on activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling proteins in horses. ANIMALS 6 young trained Standardbred geldings. PROCEDURE Horses performed a 20-minute bout of exercise on a treadmill at 80% of maximal heart rate. Muscle biopsy specimens were obtained from the vastus lateralis and pectoralis descendens muscles before and after exercise. Amount of expression and intracellular location of phosphospecific MAPK pathway intermediates were determined by use of western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Exercise resulted in a significant increase in phosphorylation of p38 pathway intermediates, c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK), and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) in the vastus lateralis muscle, whereas no significant changes were found in phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase. In the pectoralis descendens muscle, phosphorylation of p38 and HSP27 was significantly increased after exercise. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed fiber-type- specific locations of phosphorylated JNK in type 2a/b intermediate and 2b fibers and phosphorylated p38 in type 1 fibers. Phosphorylated HSP27 was strongly increased after exercise in type 1 and 2a fibers. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The p38 pathway and JNK are activated in the vastus lateralis muscle after a single 20-minute bout of submaximal exercise in trained horses. Phosphorylation of HSP27 as detected in the study reported here is most likely induced through the p38 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille M E van Ginneken
- Department of Equine Sciences, Medicine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80153, NL3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Oksala NKJ, Laaksonen DE, Lappalainen J, Khanna S, Nakao C, Hänninen O, Sen CK, Atalay M. Heat shock protein 60 response to exercise in diabetes: effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation. J Diabetes Complications 2006; 20:257-61. [PMID: 16798478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of diabetes includes oxidative stress and impaired heat shock protein (HSP) expression. We studied the effects of alpha-lipoic acid (LA) supplementation for 8 weeks and acute exercise on HSP60 expression and the oxidative stress marker 4-hydroxynonenal adducts (4-HNE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic (SID) and nondiabetic control rats. Diabetes was associated with decreased HSP60 in the heart and increased levels of HSP60 and 4-HNE in the liver. LA increased HSP60 in the liver of control and diabetic rats and decreased 4-HNE in the liver and heart. Acute exercise increased liver 4-HNE, which was offset by LA. In conclusion, diabetes induced oxidative stress and impaired myocardial HSP60 expression, while LA partially offsets these alterations in a tissue-specific manner.
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Gjøvaag TF, Vikne H, Dahl HA. Effect of concentric or eccentric weight training on the expression of heat shock proteins in m. biceps brachii of very well trained males. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005; 96:355-62. [PMID: 16284787 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-005-0084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Increased HSP expression in response to acute exercise is well documented in animal studies, and there is growing evidence that similar responses occur in man. In general, many human exercise studies have investigated the HSP response to low force continuous activity, while the knowledge about the HSP response to high force intermittent type of activity, like weight training, is so far sparse. In addition, most studies have used untrained subjects, and a common observation is that acute low force continuous activity in untrained individuals increases the HSP expression in these individuals. The main scope of this study was to investigate the HSP response in very well trained males subjected to longitudinal high intensity exercise, and if this response was dependent on exercise modality [i.e. eccentric (ECC) or concentric (CON) contractions]. Very well trained males performed progressive strength training consisting of either high force ECC or high force CON elbow flexions 2-3 times a week for 12 weeks. Compared with pre-exercise levels, HSP72 expression decreased by 46.1% (P<0.05) after CON contractions. GRP75 expression was unchanged after ECC or CON contractions, while ubiquitin expression decreased by 19.9% (P<0.02) after ECC contractions. These findings imply that chronic, intensive exercise may attenuate the HSP response in well-trained males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terje F Gjøvaag
- Oslo University College, St Olavs Plass, PO Box 4, 0130, Oslo, Norway.
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Stoppa GR, Cesquini M, Roman EAFR, Ogo SH, Torsoni MA. Aminoguanidine prevented impairment of blood antioxidant system in insulin-dependent diabetic rats. Life Sci 2005; 78:1352-61. [PMID: 16229859 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic glycation is implicated in the development of various diseases such as Alzheimer's and diabetes mellitus. However, it is also observed during the physiologic process of aging. There is considerable interest in the contribution of oxidative stress to diabetes mellitus. An increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species can occur by non-enzymatic glycation and glucose autoxidation. Both of these processes lead to the formation of AGEs (Advanced glycation end-products) that contribute to the irreversible modification of enzymes, proteins, lipids and DNA. In this study, the effect of chronic hyperglycemia on the antioxidant system of diabetic rats was evaluated. The working hypothesis is that the loss of glucose homeostasis reduces the capacity to respond to oxidative damage. The enzymatic activities of CAT (catalase), GPx (gluthatione peroxidase), GR (gluthatione reductase) and GSH (reduced gluthatione) were increased in the blood of healthy rats subjected to endurance training, whereas, in diabetic rats the activities of CAT, GPx and GR were unaltered by similar training. SOD showed low activity in endurance-trained rats. The administration of aminoguanidine (an inhibitor of glycation reactions) in the drinking water increased the activities of CAT, GPx and GR, suggesting that glycation may be responsible for the partial inactivation of these enzymes. These results indicate that the association of hyperglycemia with strenuous physical exercise may induce cellular damage by impairing the antioxidant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziela R Stoppa
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Instituto de Biologia-Universidade de Campinas-SP-Brazil
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Kinnunen S, Hyyppä S, Lehmuskero A, Oksala N, Mäenpää P, Hänninen O, Atalay M. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and exercise-induced oxidative stress in trotters. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005; 95:550-6. [PMID: 16136323 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-005-0034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Strenuous exercise is a potent inducer of oxidative stress, which has been suggested to be associated with disturbances in muscle homeostasis, fatigue and injury. There is no comprehensive or uniform view of the antioxidant status in horses. We have previously shown that moderate exercise induces protein oxidation in trotters. The aim of this study was to measure the antioxidative capacity of the horse in relation to different antioxidant components and oxidative stress markers after a single bout of moderate exercise to elucidate the mechanisms of antioxidant protection in horses. Eight clinically normal and regularly trained standard-bred trotters were treadmill-exercised for 53 min at moderate intensity. Blood samples were collected prior to and immediately after exercise and at 4 and 24 h of recovery. Muscle biopsies from the middle gluteal muscle were taken before exercise and after 4 h of recovery. Acute induction of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) did not prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress, which was demonstrated by increased lipid hydroperoxides (LPO). Pre-exercise ORAC levels were, however, a determinant of total glutathione content of the blood after 4 and 24 h of recovery. Furthermore, baseline ORAC level correlated negatively with 4-h recovery LPO levels. Our results imply that horses are susceptible to oxidative stress, but a stronger antioxidant capacity may improve coping with exercise-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Kinnunen
- Department of Physiology, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, FIN-70211, Finland
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Gul M, Atalay M, Gul HI, Nakao C, Lappalainen J, Hänninen O. The effects of some Mannich bases on heat shock proteins HSC70 and GRP75, and thioredoxin and glutaredoxin levels in Jurkat cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:573-80. [PMID: 15896550 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Revised: 01/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mannich bases interact with cellular thiols and inactivate thioredoxin reductase. In this study, the effects of cytotoxic mono-Mannich bases 2, 3 and cyclic Mannich base C1 on the expression of cytoprotective heat shock proteins (HSC70 and GRP75) and on levels of thioredoxin (TRX) and glutaredoxin (GRX) were investigated in Jurkat cells. Cells were exposed to the compounds for 24 h in cell culture medium with 1% FBS. C1 and 2 increased the levels of HSC70 (200% of control) in all the concentrations tested, but 3 did not affect HSC70 levels. Whereas 3 increased GRP75 expression (123-154%), 2 and C1 either did not affect (95-87% for 2, and 88% for C1) or slightly decreased GRP75 expression (82% for 2 and 67% for C1). Mannich bases generally decreased GRX levels (68%, 63-77% and 33-71% for 2, 3 and C1, respectively), but 3 increased GRX levels at 1 microg/ml (142%). Whereas 2 and 3 decreased TRX levels (30-79% and 37-44% of control, respectively), C1 increased the expression of TRX (156-201%). Our results suggest that decreases in GRX and TRX due to the alkylating effects of Mannich bases might have prevented cell division and decreased survival in Jurkat cells, which could not be prevented by increased heat shock protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Gul
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Kim KB, Kim MH, Lee DJ. The Effect of Exercise in Cool, Control and Hot Environments on Cardioprotective HSP70 Induction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 23:225-30. [PMID: 15599066 DOI: 10.2114/jpa.23.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A number of environmental and metabolic stimuli rapidly induce the expression of several highly conserved proteins such as heat shock proteins (HSPs) or stress proteins. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a single bout of submaximal exercise in varying ambient temperatures on cardiac and skeletal muscle. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly placed in one of three ambient temperature groups; control (23 degrees C), hot (41 degrees C) and cool (11 degrees C). Each exercise bout consisted of treadmill running at 17 m/min and 0% grade. Tissue HSP70 levels for all groups were determined using analysis of variance in two factorial design (2 x 3). Baseline rectal temperature was similar for all three groups. In the control and hot temperature groups, final rectal temperatures differed from the baseline values (p<.05). The rectal temperature from the control/exercise group were 38.5+/-0.3 degrees C at rest and 39.8+/-0.3 degrees C at exhaustion, the hot/exercise group were 38.4+/-0.3 degrees C at rest and 41.2+/-0.9 degrees C at exhaustion and the cool/exercise group were 38.2+/-0.3 degrees C at rest and 38.5+/-0.2 degrees C at exhaustion. The running time was 102.0+/-39.5 min at the control/exercise group, 44.1+/-18.0 min at the hot/exercise group, and 55.4+/-11.9 min at the cool/exercise group. The level of soleus, cardiac and extensor digitorium longus (EDL) HSP70 in cool temperature does not change during a single bout of submaximal exercise. Whereas a single bout of submaximal exercise in hot and control ambient temperatures increases HSP70 accumulation in locomotor muscles, such as the soleus and cardiac, but not in the EDL tissue. This study shows that the changes of HSP70 level induced by a single bout of submaximal exercise at various ambient temperatures (control, hot and cool) depend on the rectal temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee-Bum Kim
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National University of Physical Education, Korea
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