1
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Iimura Y, Saito M, Oue A. Venous volume and compliance in the calf and forearm does not change after acute endurance exercise performed at continuous or interval workloads. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15347. [PMID: 35673801 PMCID: PMC9174676 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term endurance exercise training for 6-8 weeks leads to increases in venous volume and compliance in the limbs. However, it is not known whether these venous vascular properties are improved by acute endurance exercise. We examined the effects of acute endurance exercise involving continuous or interval workloads on venous volume and compliance in the exercising (calf) and non-exercising (forearm) limbs. Sixteen healthy young volunteers performed cycling exercise involving a continuous workload of 60% heart rate (HR) reserve or an interval workload of 40% HRreserve and 80% HRreserve, alternating every 2 min, for a total of 32 min each. Before and 60 min after acute cycling exercise, venous volume in the calf and forearm was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography during a cuff-deflation protocol with a venous collecting cuff wrapped to the thigh and upper arm and strain gauges attached to the calf and forearm. The cuff pressure was maintained at 60 mmHg for 8 min and was then deflated to 0 mmHg at a rate of 1 mmHg/s. Venous compliance was calculated as the numerical derivative of the cuff pressure-limb venous volume curve. In both the calf and forearm, the cuff pressure-venous volume curve and the cuff pressure-venous compliance relationship did not differ between before and 60 min after exercise involving continuous or interval workloads. These results suggest that acute exercise does not improve venous volume and compliance in both the exercising and non-exercising limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Iimura
- Graduate School of Food and Nutritional SciencesToyo UniversityGunmaJapan
| | - Michiko Saito
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional SciencesToyo UniversityGunmaJapan
| | - Anna Oue
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional SciencesToyo UniversityGunmaJapan
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2
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Williams D, Leuthardt EC, Genin GM, Zayed M. Tailoring of arteriovenous graft-to-vein anastomosis angle to attenuate pathological flow fields. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12153. [PMID: 34108499 PMCID: PMC8190231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90813-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Arteriovenous grafts are routinely placed to facilitate hemodialysis in patients with end stage renal disease. These grafts are conduits between higher pressure arteries and lower pressure veins. The connection on the vein end of the graft, known as the graft-to-vein anastomosis, fails frequently and chronically due to high rates of stenosis and thrombosis. These failures are widely believed to be associated with pathologically high and low flow shear strain rates at the graft-to-vein anastomosis. We hypothesized that consistent with pipe flow dynamics and prior work exploring vein-to-artery anastomosis angles in arteriovenous fistulas, altering the graft-to-vein anastomosis angle can reduce the incidence of pathological shear rate fields. We tested this via computational fluid dynamic simulations of idealized arteriovenous grafts, using the Bird-Carreau constitutive law for blood. We observed that low graft-to-vein anastomosis angles ([Formula: see text]) led to increased incidence of pathologically low shear rates, and that high graft-to-vein anastomosis angles ([Formula: see text]) led to increased incidence of pathologically high shear rates. Optimizations predicted that an intermediate ([Formula: see text]) graft-to-anastomosis angle was optimal. Our study demonstrates that graft-to-vein anastomosis angles can significantly impact pathological flow fields, and can be optimized to substantially improve arteriovenous graft patency rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon Williams
- Vascular Surgery Biomedical Research Laboratory, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 60613, USA
- Center for Innovation in Neuroscience and Technology, Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 60613, USA
| | - Eric C Leuthardt
- Center for Innovation in Neuroscience and Technology, Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 60613, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Guy M Genin
- Center for Innovation in Neuroscience and Technology, Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 60613, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, USA.
| | - Mohamed Zayed
- Vascular Surgery Biomedical Research Laboratory, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 60613, USA.
- Center for Innovation in Neuroscience and Technology, Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 60613, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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3
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Miura K, Kashima H, Namura S, Morimoto M, Endo MY, Oue A, Fukuba Y. Effects of cooling or warming of the distal upper limb on skin vascular conductance and brachial artery shear profiles during cycling exercise. Res Sports Med 2021; 30:308-324. [PMID: 33472421 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1872573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The relative influence of skin vascular conductance in glabrous (G; palm) and non-glabrous (NG; dorsal and forearm) regions to upstream brachial artery-shear stress (BA-SS) profile are unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of G and/or NG skin vascular conductance (VC), which were modulated by warming or cooling manipulation, on BA-shear rate (SR, an estimate of SS) during cycling exercise. Seven healthy subjects performed 60-min exercise. Between 20 and 50 min of the exercise, the NG+G or G skin region were warmed to 42°C or cooled to 15°C using a water bath. Throughout the protocol, diameter and blood velocity in BA and skin VCs in forearm and palm were measured. All measurements showed that a steady-state response was reached after 20 min of exercise. Subsequently, during cooling manipulation, forearm VC was significantly decreased, and the concomitant BA-SR profile was revealed (primarily characterized by decreased antegrade SR and increased retrograde SR) in the NG+G. Such changes were not observed in G alone. During warming manipulation, forearm VC and mean BA-SR significantly increased only in the NG+G. In conclusion, vascular response in NG skin possibly plays a major role in the modulation of BA-SS profile during cycling exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Miura
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hiroshima Shudo, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kashima
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Saki Namura
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Marina Morimoto
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masako Y Endo
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Anna Oue
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuba
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
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4
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Miura K, Kashima H, Oue A, Kondo A, Watanabe S, Endo MY, Fukuba Y. Effect of sinusoidal leg cycling exercise period on brachial artery blood flow dynamics in humans. J Physiol Sci 2020; 70:23. [PMID: 32312251 PMCID: PMC7170823 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To quantify the dynamics of blood flow in brachial artery (BF-BA) in response to sinusoidal work rate (WR) leg cycling exercises of 2-, 4-, and 6-min periods and to examine their relationship with the forearm skin blood flow (SBF). Methods Seven healthy young male subjects performed upright leg ergometer exercise with a constant WR (mean sinusoidal WR) for 30 min followed by sinusoidal WR exercise of three different periods (number of repetitions): 2 min (7), 4 min (4), and 6 min (3). The WR fluctuated from 20 W to a peak WR corresponding to 60% peak oxygen uptake (VO2). We continuously measured pulmonary gas exchange, heart rate (HR), blood velocity and cross-sectional area of BA, and forearm SBF and sweating rate (SR). Results All variables were followed by the sinusoidal WR. The phases of the variables for gas exchange and central circulation, such as VO2 and HR with WR forcing were similar (e.g., phase shift (θ) in HR [°]: 2 min, 60 ± 7; 4 min, 45 ± 10; 6 min, 37 ± 8; mean ± SD) to previous study results, that is, a longer period showed a shorter θ and larger amplitude of responses. Contrarily, the BF-BA response showed anti-phase (approximately 180°) regardless of the period, whereas the θ of forearm SBF and SR were similar to gas exchange and central circulation. Conclusions Inactive limb BF-BA during sinusoidal leg cycling exercise was out of phase relative to the regulation of O2-delivery to active muscles and thermoregulation. The response of BF-BA seems to not always reflect the response of forearm SBF in the downstream area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Miura
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8558, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hiroshima Shudo, Hiroshima, 731-3195, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kashima
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8558, Japan
| | - Anna Oue
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kondo
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8558, Japan
| | - Sachiko Watanabe
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8558, Japan
| | - Masako Y Endo
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuba
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8558, Japan.
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5
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Limberg JK, Casey DP, Trinity JD, Nicholson WT, Wray DW, Tschakovsky ME, Green DJ, Hellsten Y, Fadel PJ, Joyner MJ, Padilla J. Assessment of resistance vessel function in human skeletal muscle: guidelines for experimental design, Doppler ultrasound, and pharmacology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 318:H301-H325. [PMID: 31886718 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00649.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of duplex Doppler ultrasound almost half a century ago signified a revolutionary advance in the ability to assess limb blood flow in humans. It is now widely used to assess blood flow under a variety of experimental conditions to study skeletal muscle resistance vessel function. Despite its pervasive adoption, there is substantial variability between studies in relation to experimental protocols, procedures for data analysis, and interpretation of findings. This guideline results from a collegial discussion among physiologists and pharmacologists, with the goal of providing general as well as specific recommendations regarding the conduct of human studies involving Doppler ultrasound-based measures of resistance vessel function in skeletal muscle. Indeed, the focus is on methods used to assess resistance vessel function and not upstream conduit artery function (i.e., macrovasculature), which has been expertly reviewed elsewhere. In particular, we address topics related to experimental design, data collection, and signal processing as well as review common procedures used to assess resistance vessel function, including postocclusive reactive hyperemia, passive limb movement, acute single limb exercise, and pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K Limberg
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Darren P Casey
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Joel D Trinity
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - D Walter Wray
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Michael E Tschakovsky
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul J Fadel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | | | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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6
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Oue A, Saito M, Iimura Y. Effect of short-term endurance training on venous compliance in the calf and forearm differs between continuous and interval exercise in humans. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14211. [PMID: 31512395 PMCID: PMC6739508 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined whether the effect of short-term endurance exercise training on venous compliance in the calf and forearm differed between continuous and interval workloads. Young healthy volunteers (10 women and 16 men) were randomly assigned to continuous (C-TRA; n = 8) and interval (I-TRA; n = 9) exercise training groups, and a control group (n = 9). Subjects in the C-TRA group performed a continuous cycling exercise at 60% of heart rate reserve (HRR), and subjects in the I-TRA group performed a cycling exercise consisting of alternating 2-min intervals at 40% HRR and 80% HRR. Training programs were performed for 40 min/day, 3 days/week for 8 weeks. Before and after training, limb volume in the calf and forearm was measured with subjects in the supine position by venous occlusion plethysmography using a venous collecting cuff placed around the thigh and upper arm. Cuff pressure was held at 60 mmHg for 8 min and then decreased to 0 mmHg at a rate of 1 mmHg/s. Venous compliance was calculated as the numerical derivative of the cuff pressure-limb volume curve. Calf venous compliance was increased after I-TRA, but not C-TRA. Forearm venous compliance was unchanged after C-TRA or I-TRA. These results suggest that the adaptation of venous compliance in response to endurance training for 8 week may occur in interval but not continuous exercise bouts and may be specific to the exercising limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oue
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional SciencesToyo UniversityGunmaJapan
| | - Michiko Saito
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional SciencesToyo UniversityGunmaJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Iimura
- Graduate School of Food and Nutritional SciencesToyo UniversityGunmaJapan
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7
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Age-related attenuation of conduit artery blood flow response to passive heating differs between the arm and leg. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2307-2318. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Oue A, Sadamoto T. Compliance in the deep and superficial conduit veins of the nonexercising arm is unaffected by short-term exercise. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13724. [PMID: 29869409 PMCID: PMC5986706 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of short-term dynamic and static exercise on compliance (CPL) in a single conduit vein in the nonexercising limb are not fully understood, although prolonged cycling exercise was found to produce a significant reduction of CPL in the veins. In this study, we investigated the cross-sectional area (CSA) and CPL in the brachial (deep) and basilic (superficial) veins of the nonexercising arm in 14 participants who performed a 5-min cycling exercise at 35% and 70% of peak oxygen uptake (study 1) and in 11 participants who performed a 2-min static handgrip exercise at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction (study 2). The CSA in the deep and superficial veins at rest and during the final minute of exercise was measured by high-resolution ultrasonography during a short-duration cuff deflation protocol. The CPL in each vein was calculated as the numerical derivative of the cuff pressure and CSA curve. During short-term dynamic and static exercise, there was no change in CPL in either vein, but there was a decrease in CSA in both veins. The simultaneous findings of unchanged CPL and decreased CSA suggest that CPL during short-term exercise are independently controlled by the mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced sympathoexcitation in both single veins. Thus, short-term exercise does not alter CPL in both conduit superficial and deep veins in nonexercising upper arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oue
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional SciencesToyo UniversityGunmaJapan
| | - Tomoko Sadamoto
- Research Institute of Physical FitnessJapan Women's College of Physical EducationTokyoJapan
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9
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Fukuba Y, Endo MY, Kondo A, Kikugawa Y, Miura K, Kashima H, Fujimoto M, Hayashi N, Fukuoka Y, Koga S. Brachial artery blood flow dynamics during sinusoidal leg cycling exercise in humans. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/19/e13456. [PMID: 28989117 PMCID: PMC5641938 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the control of the peripheral circulation of a nonworking upper limb during leg cycling exercise, blood flow (BF) dynamics in the brachial artery (BA) were determined using a sinusoidal work rate (WR) exercise. Ten healthy subjects performed upright leg cycling exercise at a constant WR for 30 min, followed by 16 min of sinusoidal WR consisting of 4‐min periods of WR fluctuating between a minimum output of 20 W and a maximum output corresponding to ventilatory threshold (VT). Throughout the protocol, pulmonary gas exchange, heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), blood velocity (BV), and cross‐sectional area of the BA, forearm skin BF (SBF), and sweating rate (SR) were measured. Each variable was fitted to a sinusoidal model with phase shift (θ) and amplitude (A). Nearly all variables closely fit a sinusoidal model. Variables relating to oxygen transport, such as VO2 and HR, followed the sinusoidal WR pattern with certain delays (θ: VO2; 51.4 ± 4.0°, HR; 41.8 ± 5.4°, mean ± SD). Conversely, BF response in the BA was approximately in antiphase (175.1 ± 28.9°) with a relatively large A, whereas the phase of forearm SBF was dissimilar (65.8 ± 35.9°). Thus, the change of BF through a conduit artery to the nonworking upper limb appears to be the reverse when WR fluctuates during sinusoidal leg exercise, and it appears unlikely that this could be ascribed exclusively to altering the downstream circulation to forearm skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Fukuba
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masako Y Endo
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kondo
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuka Kikugawa
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kohei Miura
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kashima
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masaki Fujimoto
- Department of Exercise Science & Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hayashi
- Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuoka
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Koga
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Kobe Design University, Kobe, Japan
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10
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Oue A, Sato K, Yoneya M, Sadamoto T. Decreased compliance in the deep and superficial conduit veins of the upper arm during prolonged cycling exercise. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/8/e13253. [PMID: 28438985 PMCID: PMC5408284 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether there is a difference in compliance between the deep and superficial conduit veins of the upper arm in response to prolonged exercise. Eight young men performed cycling exercise at 60% of peak oxygen uptake until rectal temperature had been increased by 1.1°C for 38–48 min. The cross‐sectional area (CSA) of the brachial (deep) and basilic (superficial) veins was assessed by ultrasound during a cuff deflation protocol. Compliance (CPL) was calculated as the numerical derivative of the cuff pressure and CSA curve. During prolonged exercise, CPL in both conduit veins was similarly decreased when compared with pre‐exercise values; however, the CSA decreased in the deep vein but increased in the superficial vein. In addition, passive heating caused an analogous change in CSA and CPL of superficial vein when compared with prolonged exercise, but did not change CSA and CPL of deep vein. Cold pressor test induced the decreased CSA of deep and superficial veins without the alteration of CPL of both veins. These results suggest that CPL in the deep and superficial conduit veins adjusts to prolonged exercise via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oue
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kohei Sato
- Research Institute of Physical Fitness, Japan Women's College of Physical Education, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marina Yoneya
- Research Institute of Physical Fitness, Japan Women's College of Physical Education, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sadamoto
- Research Institute of Physical Fitness, Japan Women's College of Physical Education, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Pankratov D, Ohlsson L, Gudmundsson P, Halak S, Ljunggren L, Blum Z, Shleev S. Ex vivo electric power generation in human blood using an enzymatic fuel cell in a vein replica. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17122b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proof-of-principle demonstration of sustained electricity generation by a biofuel cell operating in an authentic human blood stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Pankratov
- Biomedical Science, Health & Society
- Malmö University
- 205 06 Malmö
- Sweden
- Engineering Enzymology
| | - Lars Ohlsson
- Biomedical Science, Health & Society
- Malmö University
- 205 06 Malmö
- Sweden
| | - Petri Gudmundsson
- Biomedical Science, Health & Society
- Malmö University
- 205 06 Malmö
- Sweden
| | - Sanela Halak
- Medical Imaging and Physiology
- Skåne University Hospital
- 205 06 Malmö
- Sweden
| | - Lennart Ljunggren
- Biomedical Science, Health & Society
- Malmö University
- 205 06 Malmö
- Sweden
| | - Zoltan Blum
- Biomedical Science, Health & Society
- Malmö University
- 205 06 Malmö
- Sweden
| | - Sergey Shleev
- Biomedical Science, Health & Society
- Malmö University
- 205 06 Malmö
- Sweden
- Engineering Enzymology
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12
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Automatic design of an effective image filter based on an evolutionary algorithm for venous analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13721-015-0108-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Influence of exercise intensity on respiratory muscle fatigue and brachial artery blood flow during cycling exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1767-77. [PMID: 24846680 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE During high intensity exercise, both respiratory muscle fatigue and cardiovascular reflexes occur; however, it is not known how inactive limb blood flow is influenced. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of moderate and high exercise intensity on respiratory muscle fatigue and inactive limb muscle and cutaneous blood flow during exercise. METHODS Twelve men cycled at 70 and 85 % [Formula: see text] for 20 min. Subjects also performed a second 85 % [Formula: see text] test after ingesting 1,800 mg of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which has been shown to reduce respiratory muscle fatigue (RMF). Maximum inspiratory pressures (P Imax), brachial artery blood flow (BABF), cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC), and mean arterial pressure were measured at rest and during exercise. RESULTS Significant RMF occurred with 85 % [Formula: see text] (P Imax, -12.8 ± 9.8 %), but not with 70 % [Formula: see text] (P Imax, -5.0 ± 5.9 %). BABF and BA vascular conductance were significantly lower at end exercise of the 85 % [Formula: see text] test compared to the 70 % [Formula: see text] test. CVC during exercise was not different (p > 0.05) between trials. With NAC, RMF was reduced (p < 0.05) and BABF was significantly higher (~30 %) compared to 85 % [Formula: see text] (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that heavy whole-body exercise at 85 % [Formula: see text] leads to RMF, decreases in inactive arm blood flow, and vascular conductance, but not cutaneous blood flow.
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14
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Laughlin MH, Davis MJ, Secher NH, van Lieshout JJ, Arce-Esquivel AA, Simmons GH, Bender SB, Padilla J, Bache RJ, Merkus D, Duncker DJ. Peripheral circulation. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:321-447. [PMID: 23728977 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow (BF) increases with increasing exercise intensity in skeletal, respiratory, and cardiac muscle. In humans during maximal exercise intensities, 85% to 90% of total cardiac output is distributed to skeletal and cardiac muscle. During exercise BF increases modestly and heterogeneously to brain and decreases in gastrointestinal, reproductive, and renal tissues and shows little to no change in skin. If the duration of exercise is sufficient to increase body/core temperature, skin BF is also increased in humans. Because blood pressure changes little during exercise, changes in distribution of BF with incremental exercise result from changes in vascular conductance. These changes in distribution of BF throughout the body contribute to decreases in mixed venous oxygen content, serve to supply adequate oxygen to the active skeletal muscles, and support metabolism of other tissues while maintaining homeostasis. This review discusses the response of the peripheral circulation of humans to acute and chronic dynamic exercise and mechanisms responsible for these responses. This is accomplished in the context of leading the reader on a tour through the peripheral circulation during dynamic exercise. During this tour, we consider what is known about how each vascular bed controls BF during exercise and how these control mechanisms are modified by chronic physical activity/exercise training. The tour ends by comparing responses of the systemic circulation to those of the pulmonary circulation relative to the effects of exercise on the regional distribution of BF and mechanisms responsible for control of resistance/conductance in the systemic and pulmonary circulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, and the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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Ooue A, Sato K, Hirasawa A, Sadamoto T. Superficial venous vascular response of the resting limb during static exercise and postexercise muscle ischemia. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:941-6. [PMID: 23905659 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Superficial venous vascular response to exercise is mediated sympathetically, although the mechanism is not fully understood. We examined whether sympathetic activation via muscle metaboreflex plays a role in the control of a superficial vein in the contralateral resting limb during exercise. The experimental condition involved selective stimulation of muscle metaboreceptors: 12 subjects performed static handgrip exercises at 45% maximal voluntary contraction for 1.5 min followed by a recovery period with arterial occlusion of the exercise arm (OCCL). For the control condition (CONT), the same exercise protocol was performed except that the recovery period occurred without arterial occlusion. Heart rate (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were measured. The cross-sectional area of the basilic superficial vein (CSAvein) and blood velocity (Vvein) in the resting upper arm were measured by ultrasound while the cuff on resting upper arm was inflated constantly to a subdiastolic pressure of 50 mm Hg. Basilic vein blood flow (BFvein) was calculated as CSAvein × Vvein. During exercise under both OCCL and CONT, HR and MAP increased (p < 0.05), while CSAvein decreased (p < 0.05). During recovery under OCCL, HR returned to baseline, but the exercise-induced increase in MAP and decrease in CSAvein were maintained (p < 0.05). During recovery under CONT, HR, MAP, and CSAvein returned to baseline. BFvein did not change during exercise or recovery under either condition. These results suggest that sympathoexcitation via muscle metaboreflex may be one of the factors responsible for exercise-induced constriction of the superficial veins per se in the resting limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ooue
- a Research Institute of Physical Fitness, Japan Women's College of Physical Education. 8-19-1 Kita-karasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8565, Japan
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Iwamoto E, Katayama K, Yamashita S, Oshida Y, Ishida K. Retrograde blood flow in the inactive limb is enhanced during constant-load leg cycling in hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:2565-75. [PMID: 23864526 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to elucidate the effects of hypoxia on the pattern of oscillatory blood flow in the inactive limb during constant-load dynamic exercise. We hypothesised that retrograde blood flow in the brachial artery of the inactive limb would increase during constant-load leg cycling under hypoxic conditions. METHODS Three maximal exercise tests were conducted in eight healthy males on a semi-recumbent cycle ergometer while the subjects breathed a normoxic [inspired oxygen fraction (FIO2) = 0.209] or two hypoxic gas mixtures (FIO2 = 0.155 and 0.120). Subjects then performed submaximal exercise at the same relative exercise intensity of 60 % peak oxygen uptake under normoxic or the two hypoxic conditions for 30 min. Brachial artery blood velocity and diameter were recorded simultaneously during submaximal exercise using Doppler ultrasonography. RESULTS Antegrade blood flow gradually increased during exercise, with no significant differences among the three trials. Retrograde blood flow showed a biphasic response, with an initial increase followed by a gradual decrease during normoxic exercise. In contrast, retrograde blood flow significantly increased during moderate and severe hypoxic exercise, and remained elevated above normoxic conditions during exercise. At 30 min of exercise, the magnitude of the change in retrograde blood flow during exercise was greater as the level of hypoxia increased (normoxia: -18.7 ± 23.5 ml min(-1); moderate hypoxia: -39.3 ± 21.4 ml min(-1); severe hypoxia: -64.0 ± 36.3 ml min(-1)). CONCLUSION These results indicate that moderate and severe hypoxia augment retrograde blood flow in the inactive limb during constant-load dynamic leg exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Iwamoto
- Second Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, South1, West17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan,
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Ooue A, Sato K, Hirasawa A, Sadamoto T. Tendon vibration attenuates superficial venous vessel response of the resting limb during static arm exercise. J Physiol Anthropol 2012; 31:29. [PMID: 23134654 PMCID: PMC3520744 DOI: 10.1186/1880-6805-31-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The superficial vein of the resting limb constricts sympathetically during exercise. Central command is the one of the neural mechanisms that controls the cardiovascular response to exercise. However, it is not clear whether central command contributes to venous vessel response during exercise. Tendon vibration during static elbow flexion causes primary muscle spindle afferents, such that a lower central command is required to achieve a given force without altering muscle force. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate whether a reduction in central command during static exercise with tendon vibration influences the superficial venous vessel response in the resting limb. METHODS Eleven subjects performed static elbow flexion at 35% of maximal voluntary contraction with (EX + VIB) and without (EX) vibration of the biceps brachii tendon. The heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in overall and exercising muscle were measured. The cross-sectional area (CSAvein) and blood velocity of the basilic vein in the resting upper arm were assessed by ultrasound, and blood flow (BFvein) was calculated using both variables. RESULTS Muscle tension during exercise was similar between EX and EX + VIB. However, RPEs at EX + VIB were lower than those at EX (P <0.05). Increases in heart rate and mean arterial pressure during exercise at EX + VIB were also lower than those at EX (P <0.05). CSAvein in the resting limb at EX decreased during exercise from baseline (P <0.05), but CSAvein at EX + VIB did not change during exercise. CSAvein during exercise at EX was smaller than that at EX + VIB (P <0.05). However, BFvein did not change during the protocol under either condition. The decreases in circulatory response and RPEs during EX + VIB, despite identical muscle tension, showed that activation of central command was less during EX + VIB than during EX. Abolishment of the decrease in CSAvein during exercise at EX + VIB may thus have been caused by a lower level of central command at EX + VIB rather than EX. CONCLUSION Diminished central command induced by tendon vibration may attenuate the superficial venous vessel response of the resting limb during sustained static arm exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ooue
- Research Institute of Physical Fitness, Japan Women's College of Physical Education, 8-19-1 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8565, Japan.
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IWAMOTO ERIKA, KATAYAMA KEISHO, OSHIDA YOSHIHARU, ISHIDA KOJI. Hypoxia Augments Oscillatory Blood Flow in Brachial Artery during Leg Cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:1035-42. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31824294f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Padilla J, Simmons GH, Vianna LC, Davis MJ, Laughlin MH, Fadel PJ. Brachial artery vasodilatation during prolonged lower limb exercise: role of shear rate. Exp Physiol 2011; 96:1019-27. [PMID: 21784788 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.059584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We recently observed a marked increase in brachial artery (BA) diameter during prolonged leg cycling exercise. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that this increase in BA diameter during lower limb exercise is shear stress mediated. Accordingly, we determined whether recapitulation of cycling-induced BA shear rate with forearm heating, a known stimulus evoking shear-induced conduit artery dilatation, would elicit comparable profiles and magnitudes of BA vasodilatation to those observed during cycling. In 12 healthy men, BA diameter and blood velocity were measured simultaneously using Doppler ultrasonography at baseline and every 5 min during 60 min of either steady-state semi-recumbent leg cycling (120 W) or forearm heating. At the onset of cycling, the BA diameter was reduced (-3.9 ± 1.2% at 5 min; P < 0.05), but it subsequently increased throughout the remainder of the exercise bout (+15.1 ± 1.6% at 60 min; P < 0.05). The increase in BA diameter during exercise was accompanied by an approximately 2.5-fold rise in BA mean shear rate (P < 0.05). Similar increases in BA mean shear with forearm heating elicited an equivalent magnitude of BA vasodilatation to that observed during cycling (P > 0.05). Herein, we found that in the absence of exercise the extent of the BA vasodilator response was reproduced when the BA was exposed to comparable magnitudes of shear rate via forearm heating. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that shear stress plays a key role in signalling brachial artery vasodilatation during dynamic leg exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Padilla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, E102 Veterinary Medicine, 1600 East Rollins Road, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Padilla J, Simmons GH, Bender SB, Arce-Esquivel AA, Whyte JJ, Laughlin MH. Vascular effects of exercise: endothelial adaptations beyond active muscle beds. Physiology (Bethesda) 2011; 26:132-45. [PMID: 21670160 PMCID: PMC3286126 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00052.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial adaptations to exercise training are not exclusively conferred within the active muscle beds. Herein, we summarize key studies that have evaluated the impact of chronic exercise on the endothelium of vasculatures perfusing nonworking skeletal muscle, brain, viscera, and skin, concluding with discussion of potential mechanisms driving these endothelial adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Padilla
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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Simmons GH, Padilla J, Young CN, Wong BJ, Lang JA, Davis MJ, Laughlin MH, Fadel PJ. Increased brachial artery retrograde shear rate at exercise onset is abolished during prolonged cycling: role of thermoregulatory vasodilation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 110:389-97. [PMID: 21088203 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00936.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute leg exercise increases brachial artery retrograde shear rate (SR), while chronic exercise improves vasomotor function. These combined observations are perplexing given the proatherogenic impacts of retrograde shear stress on the vascular endothelium and may be the result of brief protocols used to study acute exercise responses. Therefore, we hypothesized that brachial artery retrograde SR increases initially but subsequently decreases in magnitude during prolonged leg cycling. Additionally, we tested the role of cutaneous vasodilation in the elimination of increased retrograde SR during prolonged exercise. Brachial artery diameter and velocity profiles and forearm skin blood flow and temperature were measured at rest and during 50 min of steady-state, semirecumbent leg cycling (120 W) in 14 males. Exercise decreased forearm vascular conductance (FVC) and increased retrograde SR at 5 min (both P < 0.05), but subsequently forearm and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) rose while retrograde SR returned toward baseline values. The elimination of increased retrograde SR was related to the increase in FVC (r(2) = 0.58; P < 0.05) and CVC (r(2) = 0.32; P < 0.05). Moreover, when the forearm was cooled via a water-perfused suit between minutes 30 and 40 to blunt cutaneous vasodilation attending exercise, FVC was reduced and the magnitude of retrograde SR was increased from -49.7 ± 13.6 to -78.4 ± 16.5 s(-1) (P < 0.05). Importantly, these responses resolved with removal of cooling during the final 10 min of exercise (retrograde SR: -46.9 ± 12.5 s(-1)). We conclude that increased brachial artery retrograde SR at the onset of leg cycling subsequently returns toward baseline values due in part to thermoregulatory cutaneous vasodilation during prolonged exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant H Simmons
- E102 Veterinary Medicine Bldg., Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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