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Heiat F, Ahmadi A, Shojaeifard M. The Exercise Preconditioning Effect on Cardiac Tissue Injury following Induction of Myocardial Infarction in Male Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:3631458. [PMID: 37483656 PMCID: PMC10359142 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3631458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Materials and Methods Twenty-four male rats were divided into 4 groups including MI, Sham, HIIT, and HIIT+MI (N = 6). HIIT and HIIT+MI which underwent high-intensity interval training (HIIT) for 4 weeks (5 days a week). The training protocol included 10 intervals of 1-minute running, with 2 minutes rest between each interval. The training intensity was different every week according to the peak treadmill running speed (v peak) percentage of each rat. Isoproterenol injection was used to induce myocardial infarction (MI). Expressions of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), PGC-1α troponin-I, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and microRNA 126 (miR-126) genes were measured. The variables were measured using biochemical and RT-PCR methods. The significance level (P value≤0.05) was analyzed using ANOVA test. Results The results showed that 4 weeks of HIIT training led to a significant increase in PGC-1α, TFAm, and VEGF levels in the MI, HIIT, and HIIT+MI groups compared to the sham group (P = 0.001). HIIT exercises increased miR-126 in the different groups compared to the sham group; however, it was not significant. Conclusion The results obtained showed that HIIT exercise exerts cardio-protective effects to reduce cardiac tissue injury and necrosis against MI. These effects increase mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis by inducing the increased expression of VEGF, TFAM, PGC-1α, and miR-126 genes in the heart tissue. Therefore, HIIT training, as a preconditioning program, was able to protect the cardiac tissue against MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Heiat
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fasa Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fasa, Iran
| | - Azam Ahmadi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Kharazmi University, Mirdamad Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Manzarbanoo Shojaeifard
- Department of Physiology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INRPRC) Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Kim HA, Kim MC, Kim NY, Ryu DY, Lee HS, Kim Y. Integrated analysis of microRNA and mRNA expressions in peripheral blood leukocytes of Warmblood horses before and after exercise. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:99-106. [PMID: 28927254 PMCID: PMC5799405 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise capacity is a valuable trait in horses, and it has been used as a horse selection criterion. Although exercise affects molecular homeostasis and adaptation in horses, the mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully described. This study was carried out to identify changes in the blood profiles of microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNAs induced by exercise in horse leukocytes. Total RNAs isolated from the peripheral blood leukocytes of four Warmblood horses before and after exercise were subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS) and microarray analyses to determine the miRNA and mRNA expression profiles, respectively. The expressions of 6 miRNAs, including 4 known and 2 novel miRNAs, were altered by exercise. The predicted target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs identified by NGS were matched to the exercise-induced mRNAs determined by microarray analysis. Five genes (LOC100050849, LOC100054517, KHDRBS3, LOC100053996, and LOC100062720) from the microarray analysis were matched to the predicted target genes of the 6 miRNAs. The subset of mRNAs and miRNAs affected by exercise in peripheral blood leukocytes may be useful in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of exercise-associated physiology in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Ah Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Myung-Chul Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Na-Yon Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Doug-Young Ryu
- Laboratory of Environmental Health and Biomarkers, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hong-Seok Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yongbaek Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Montero D, Lundby C. Effects of Exercise Training in Hypoxia Versus Normoxia on Vascular Health. Sports Med 2018; 46:1725-1736. [PMID: 27286988 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise training (ExT) prompts multiple beneficial adaptations associated with vascular health, such as increases in skeletal muscle capillarization and vascular dilator function and decreases in arterial stiffness. However, whether ExT performed in hypoxic conditions induces enhanced effects is unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to systematically review the literature and determine whether hypoxic ExT leads to superior vascular adaptations compared with normoxic ExT. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science from their inception until September 2015 for articles assessing vascular adaptations to ExT performed under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. We performed meta-analyses to determine the standardized mean difference (SMD) between the effects of ExT performed in hypoxia versus normoxia on vascular adaptations. We assessed heterogeneity among studies using I 2 statistics and evaluated publication bias via the Begg and Mazumdar's rank correlation test and Egger's regression test. RESULTS After systematic review, we included 21 controlled studies, including a total of 331 individuals (mean age 19-57 years, 265 males). ExT programs primarily consisted of cycling endurance training performed in normobaric hypoxia or normoxia; duration ranged from 3 to 10 weeks. The exercise intensity was similar in relative terms in the groups trained in hypoxia and normoxia in the majority of studies (17 of 21). After data pooling, skeletal muscle capillarization (n = 182, SMD = 0.40, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.10-0.70; P = 0.01) and vascular dilator function (n = 71, SMD = 0.67, 95 % CI 0.17-1.18; P = 0.009) but not arterial stiffness (n = 112, SMD = -0.03, 95 % CI -0.69 to 0.63; P = 0.93), were enhanced with ExT performed in hypoxia versus normoxia. We only found heterogeneity among studies assessing arterial stiffness (I 2 = 63 %, P = 0.02), and no publication bias was detected. CONCLUSION Based on current published studies, hypoxic ExT potentiates vascular adaptations related to skeletal muscle capillarization and dilator function. These findings may contribute to establishing effective exercise programs designed to enhance vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Montero
- Institute of Physiology, ZIHP, University of Zurich, Office 23 J 64, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Carsten Lundby
- Institute of Physiology, ZIHP, University of Zurich, Office 23 J 64, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- D. R. Slivka
- School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation; University of Nebraska at Omaha; Omaha NE USA
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5
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Latroche C, Gitiaux C, Chrétien F, Desguerre I, Mounier R, Chazaud B. Skeletal Muscle Microvasculature: A Highly Dynamic Lifeline. Physiology (Bethesda) 2016; 30:417-27. [PMID: 26525341 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00026.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is highly irrigated by blood vessels. Beyond oxygen and nutrient supply, new vessel functions have been identified. This review presents vessel microanatomy and functions at tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. Mechanisms of vessel plasticity are described during skeletal muscle development and acute regeneration, and in physiological and pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Latroche
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France; CNRS 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Gitiaux
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France; CNRS 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Isabelle Desguerre
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France; CNRS 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Mounier
- CGPhyMC, CNRS UMR5534, Villeurbanne, France; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Bénédicte Chazaud
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France; CNRS 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; CGPhyMC, CNRS UMR5534, Villeurbanne, France; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Villeurbanne, France
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Hypoxia Inducible Factor Pathway and Physiological Adaptation: A Cell Survival Pathway? Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:584758. [PMID: 26491231 PMCID: PMC4600544 DOI: 10.1155/2015/584758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen homeostasis reflects the constant body requirement to generate energy. Hypoxia (0.1–1% O2), physioxia or physoxia (∼1–13%), and normoxia (∼20%) are terms used to define oxygen concentration in the cellular environment. A decrease in oxygen (hypoxia) or excess oxygen (hyperoxia) could be deleterious for cellular adaptation and survival. Hypoxia can occur under both physiological (e.g., exercise, embryonic development, underwater diving, or high altitude) and pathological conditions (e.g., inflammation, solid tumor formation, lung disease, or myocardial infarction). Hypoxia plays a key role in the pathophysiology of heart disease, cancers, stroke, and other causes of mortality. Hypoxia inducible factor(s) (HIFs) are key oxygen sensors that mediate the ability of the cell to cope with decreased oxygen tension. These transcription factors regulate cellular adaptation to hypoxia and protect cells by responding acutely and inducing production of endogenous metabolites and proteins to promptly regulate metabolic pathways. Here, we review the role of the HIF pathway as a metabolic adaptation pathway and how this pathway plays a role in cell survival. We emphasize the roles of the HIF pathway in physiological adaptation, cell death, pH regulation, and adaptation during exercise.
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McLean BD, Gore CJ, Kemp J. Application of 'live low-train high' for enhancing normoxic exercise performance in team sport athletes. Sports Med 2015; 44:1275-87. [PMID: 24849544 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hypoxic training techniques are increasingly used by athletes in an attempt to improve performance in normoxic environments. The 'live low-train high (LLTH)' model of hypoxic training may be of particular interest to athletes because LLTH protocols generally involve shorter hypoxic exposures (approximately two to five sessions per week of <3 h) than other traditional hypoxic training techniques (e.g., live high-train high or live high-train low). However, the methods employed in LLTH studies to date vary greatly with respect to exposure times, training intensities, training modalities, degrees of hypoxia and performance outcomes assessed. Whilst recent reviews provide some insight into how LLTH may be applied to enhance performance, little attention has been given to how training intensity/modality may specifically influence subsequent performance in normoxia. Therefore, this systematic review aims to evaluate the normoxic performance outcomes of the available LLTH literature, with a particular focus on training intensity and modality. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION A systematic search was conducted to capture all LLTH studies with a matched normoxic (control) training group and the assessment of performance under normoxic conditions. Studies were excluded if no training was completed during the hypoxic exposures, or if these exposures exceeded 3 h per day. Four electronic databases were searched (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE and Web of Science) during August 2013, and these searches were supplemented by additional manual searches until December 2013. RESULTS After the electronic and manual searches, 40 papers were deemed to meet the inclusion criteria, representing 31 separate studies. Within these 31 studies, four types of LLTH were identified: (1) continuous low-intensity training in hypoxia (CHT, n = 16), (2) interval hypoxic training (IHT, n = 4), (3) repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH, n = 3) and (4) resistance training in hypoxia (RTH, n = 4). Four studies also used a combination of CHT and IHT. The majority of studies reported no difference in normoxic performance between the hypoxic and normoxic training groups (n = 19), while nine reported greater improvements in the hypoxic group and three reported poorer outcomes compared with the control group. Selection of training intensity (including matching relative or absolute intensity between normoxic and hypoxic groups) was identified as a key factor in mediating the subsequent normoxic performance outcomes. Five studies included some form of normoxic training for the hypoxic group and 14 studies assessed performance outcomes not specific to the training intensity/modality completed during the training intervention. CONCLUSION Four modes of LLTH are identified in the current literature (CHT, IHT, RSH and RTH), with training mode and intensity appearing to be key factors in mediating subsequent performance responses in normoxia. Improvements in normoxic performance appear most likely following high-intensity, short-term and intermittent training (e.g., IHT, RSH). LLTH programmes should carefully apply the principles of training and testing specificity and include some high-intensity training in normoxia. For RTH, it is unclear whether the associated adaptations are greater than those of traditional (maximal) resistance training programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake D McLean
- Sport Science Department, Collingwood Football Club, Melbourne, Australia,
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Arabzadeh E, Mirdar S, Fathi Z. Measurement of levels of lung HIF-1α protein in response to tapering for 14- and 21-day with nigella sativa supplementation in maturing rat, with histological study. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-015-0223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Rodriguez-Miguelez P, Lima-Cabello E, Martínez-Flórez S, Almar M, Cuevas MJ, González-Gallego J. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 modulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase induced by eccentric exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1075-83. [PMID: 25749442 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00780.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of acute and chronic eccentric exercise on the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α activation response and the concomitant modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in rat skeletal muscle. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups: rested control group, acutely exercised group after an intermittent downhill protocol for 90 min, and acutely exercise group with a previous eccentric training of 8 wk. HIF-1α activation, VEGF and eNOS gene expression, protein content, and promoter activation were assessed in vastus lateralis muscle biopsies. Acute eccentric exercise induced a marked activation of HIF-1α and resulted in increased VEGF and eNOS mRNA level and protein concentration. The binding of HIF-1α to the VEGF and eNOS promoters, measured by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, was undetectable in rested rats, whereas it was evident in acutely exercised animals. Acute exercise also increased myeloperoxidase, toll-like receptor-4, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β protein content, suggesting a contribution of proinflammatory stimuli to HIF-1α activation and VEGF overexpression. All of these effects were partially abolished by training. Moreover, training resulted in an increased capillary density. In summary, our findings indicate that eccentric exercise prompts an HIF-1α response in untrained skeletal muscle that contributes to the upregulation of VEGF and eNOS gene expression and is attenuated after an eccentric training program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mar Almar
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - María J Cuevas
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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Gondin J, Théret M, Duhamel G, Pegan K, Mathieu JRR, Peyssonnaux C, Cuvellier S, Latroche C, Chazaud B, Bendahan D, Mounier R. Myeloid HIFs are dispensable for resolution of inflammation during skeletal muscle regeneration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3389-99. [PMID: 25750431 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Besides their role in cellular responses to hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are involved in innate immunity and also have anti-inflammatory (M2) functions, such as resolution of inflammation preceding healing. Whereas the first steps of the inflammatory response are associated with proinflammatory (M1) macrophages (MPs), resolution of inflammation is associated with anti-inflammatory MPs exhibiting an M2 phenotype. This M1 to M2 sequence is observed during postinjury muscle regeneration, which provides an excellent paradigm to study the resolution of sterile inflammation. In this study, using in vitro and in vivo approaches in murine models, we demonstrated that deletion of hif1a or hif2a in MPs has no impact on the acquisition of an M2 phenotype. Furthermore, using a multiscale methodological approach, we showed that muscles did not require macrophagic hif1a or hif2a to regenerate. These results indicate that macrophagic HIFs do not play a crucial role during skeletal muscle regeneration induced by sterile tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gondin
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7339, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Marine Théret
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5534, Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; and
| | - Guillaume Duhamel
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7339, 13385 Marseille, France
| | | | - Jacques R R Mathieu
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Carole Peyssonnaux
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Cuvellier
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Claire Latroche
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Chazaud
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5534, Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; and
| | - David Bendahan
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7339, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Rémi Mounier
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5534, Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; and
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Flinn S, Herbert K, Graham K, Siegler JC. Differential Effect of Metabolic Alkalosis and Hypoxia on High-Intensity Cycling Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:2852-8. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kon M, Ohiwa N, Honda A, Matsubayashi T, Ikeda T, Akimoto T, Suzuki Y, Hirano Y, Russell AP. Effects of systemic hypoxia on human muscular adaptations to resistance exercise training. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/6/e12033. [PMID: 24907297 PMCID: PMC4208656 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important modulator of endurance exercise‐induced oxidative adaptations in skeletal muscle. However, whether hypoxia affects resistance exercise‐induced muscle adaptations remains unknown. Here, we determined the effect of resistance exercise training under systemic hypoxia on muscular adaptations known to occur following both resistance and endurance exercise training, including muscle cross‐sectional area (CSA), one‐repetition maximum (1RM), muscular endurance, and makers of mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis, such as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator‐1α (PGC‐1α), citrate synthase (CS) activity, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1), and capillary‐to‐fiber ratio. Sixteen healthy male subjects were randomly assigned to either a normoxic resistance training group (NRT, n =7) or a hypoxic (14.4% oxygen) resistance training group (HRT, n =9) and performed 8 weeks of resistance training. Blood and muscle biopsy samples were obtained before and after training. After training muscle CSA of the femoral region, 1RM for bench‐press and leg‐press, muscular endurance, and skeletal muscle VEGF protein levels significantly increased in both groups. The increase in muscular endurance was significantly higher in the HRT group. Plasma VEGF concentration and skeletal muscle capillary‐to‐fiber ratio were significantly higher in the HRT group than the NRT group following training. Our results suggest that, in addition to increases in muscle size and strength, HRT may also lead to increased muscular endurance and the promotion of angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. This study investigated the effect of resistance exercise training performed under systemic hypoxia or normoxia on biochemical and molecular muscular adaptations in healthy male subjects. Our findings demonstrate that resistance training under systemic hypoxia led not only muscle hypertrophy, but most interestingly, to a greater increase in muscular endurance. This increase in muscular endurance was potentially caused by the increased angiogenesis as determined by capillary‐to‐fiber ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kon
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, KitaTokyo, Japan Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nao Ohiwa
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, KitaTokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Honda
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, KitaTokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Matsubayashi
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, KitaTokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Ikeda
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, KitaTokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Akimoto
- Division of Regenerative Medical Engineering, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, BunkyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, KitaTokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hirano
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, KitaTokyo, Japan
| | - Aaron P Russell
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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A Novel Mechanism for Cross-Adaptation between Heat and Altitude Acclimation: The Role of Heat Shock Protein 90. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/121402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a member of a family of molecular chaperone proteins which can be upregulated by various stressors including heat stress leading to increases in HSP90 protein expression. Its primary functions include (1) renaturing and denaturing of damaged proteins caused by heat stress and (2) interacting with client proteins to induce cell signaling for gene expression. The latter function is of interest because, in cancer cells, HSP90 has been reported to interact with the transcription hypoxic-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α). In a normoxic environment, HIF1α is degraded and therefore has limited physiological function. In contrast, in a hypoxic environment, stabilized HIF1α acts to promote erythropoiesis and angiogenesis. Since HSP90 interacts with HIF1α, and HSP90 can be upregulated from heat acclimation in humans, we present a proposal that heat acclimation can mimic molecular adaptations to those of altitude exposure. Specifically, we propose that heat acclimation increases HSP90 which then stabilizes HIF1α in a normoxic environment. This has many implications since HIF1α regulates red blood cell and vasculature formation. In this paper we will discuss (1) the functional roles of HSP90 and HIF1α, (2) the interaction between HSP90 and other client proteins including HIF1α, and (3) results from in vitro studies that may suggest how the relationship between HSP90 and HIF1α might be applied to individuals preparing to make altitude sojourns.
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Radak Z, Zhao Z, Koltai E, Ohno H, Atalay M. Oxygen consumption and usage during physical exercise: the balance between oxidative stress and ROS-dependent adaptive signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1208-46. [PMID: 22978553 PMCID: PMC3579386 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of human DNA has been affected by aerobic metabolism, including endurance exercise and oxygen toxicity. Aerobic endurance exercise could play an important role in the evolution of Homo sapiens, and oxygen was not important just for survival, but it was crucial to redox-mediated adaptation. The metabolic challenge during physical exercise results in an elevated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are important modulators of muscle contraction, antioxidant protection, and oxidative damage repair, which at moderate levels generate physiological responses. Several factors of mitochondrial biogenesis, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), mitogen-activated protein kinase, and SIRT1, are modulated by exercise-associated changes in the redox milieu. PGC-1α activation could result in decreased oxidative challenge, either by upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and/or by an increased number of mitochondria that allows lower levels of respiratory activity for the same degree of ATP generation. Endogenous thiol antioxidants glutathione and thioredoxin are modulated with high oxygen consumption and ROS generation during physical exercise, controlling cellular function through redox-sensitive signaling and protein-protein interactions. Endurance exercise-related angiogenesis, up to a significant degree, is regulated by ROS-mediated activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. Moreover, the exercise-associated ROS production could be important to DNA methylation and post-translation modifications of histone residues, which create heritable adaptive conditions based on epigenetic features of chromosomes. Accumulating data indicate that exercise with moderate intensity has systemic and complex health-promoting effects, which undoubtedly involve regulation of redox homeostasis and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Radak
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Institute of Sport Science, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Mounier R, Brugniaux JV. Counterpoint: Hypobaric hypoxia does not induce different responses from normobaric hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 112:1784-6. [PMID: 22589489 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00067.2012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Remi Mounier
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, France.
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Ohno H, Shirato K, Sakurai T, Ogasawara J, Sumitani Y, Sato S, Imaizumi K, Ishida H, Kizaki T. Effect of exercise on HIF-1 and VEGF signaling. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2012. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mounier R, Amonchot A, Caillot N, Gladine C, Citron B, Bedu M, Chirico E, Coudert J, Pialoux V. Pulmonary arterial systolic pressure and susceptibility to high altitude pulmonary edema. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 179:294-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Wahl P, Zinner C, Achtzehn S, Behringer M, Bloch W, Mester J. Effects of acid–base balance and high or low intensity exercise on VEGF and bFGF. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:1405-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jiang YF, Chou CH, Lin EC, Chiu CH. Molecular characterization of hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) from Taiwan voles (Microtus kikuchii). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 158:183-8. [PMID: 20937407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that senses and adapts cells to hypoxic environmental conditions. HIF-1 is composed of an oxygen-regulated α subunit (HIF-1α) and a constitutively expressed β subunit (HIF-1β). Taiwan voles (Microtus kikuchii) are an endemic species in Taiwan, found only in mountainous areas greater than 2000m above sea level. In this study, the full-length HIF-1α cDNA was cloned and sequenced from liver tissues of Taiwan voles. We found that HIF-1α of Taiwan voles had high sequence similarity to HIF-1α of other species. Sequence alignment of HIF-1α functional domains indicated basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), PER-ARNT-SIM (PAS) and C-terminal transactivation (TAD-C) domains were conserved among species, but sequence variations were found between the oxygen-dependent degradation domains (ODDD). To measure Taiwan vole HIF-1α responses to hypoxia, animals were challenged with cobalt chloride, and HIF-1α mRNA and protein expression in brain, lung, heart, liver, kidney, and muscle was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Upon induction of hypoxic stress with cobalt chloride, an increase in HIF-1α mRNA levels was detected in lung, heart, kidney, and muscle tissue. In contrast, protein expression levels showed greater variation between individual animals. These results suggest that the regulation of HIF-1α may be important to the Taiwan vole under cobalt chloride treatments. But more details regarding the evolutionary effect of environmental pressure on HIF-1α primary sequence, HIF-1α function and regulation in Taiwan voles remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Jiang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Mounier R, Pedersen BK, Plomgaard P. Muscle-specific expression of hypoxia-inducible factor in human skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol 2010; 95:899-907. [PMID: 20494919 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2010.052928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is well known to exhibit a high degree of plasticity depending on environmental changes, such as various oxygen concentrations. Studies of the oxygen-sensitive subunit alpha of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) are difficult owing to the large variety of functionally diverse muscle fibres that possess unique patterns of protein and gene expression, producing different capillarization and energy metabolism systems. In this work, we analysed HIF-1alpha mRNA and protein expression related to the fibre-type composition in untrained human skeletal muscle by obtaining muscle biopsies from triceps brachii (characterized by a high proportion of type II fibres), from soleus (characterized by a high proportion of type I fibres) and from vastus lateralis (characterized by an equal proportion of type I and II fibres). The hypothesis was that type I muscle fibres would have lower HIF-1alpha mRNA and protein owing to their higher oxidative capacity. We have shown, in normoxic conditions, a higher HIF-1alpha protein expression in predominantly oxidative muscles than in predominantly glycolytic muscles. However, the HIF-1alpha mRNA expression pattern was not in agreement with the HIF-1alpha protein level. Interestingly, none of the HIF-1alpha target genes, like the most studied angiogenic factor involved in muscle angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), exhibited a muscle fibre-specific-related mRNA expression at rest in normoxia. However, soleus presented a significantly higher VEGF protein content than vastus lateralis and triceps muscle. In conclusion, we have shown that there are muscle-specific differences in HIF-1alpha and VEGF expression within human skeletal muscle at rest in normoxic conditions. Recent results, when combined with the findings described here, support a key role for HIF-1alpha for maintaining muscle homeostasis in non-hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Mounier
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Altitude training has become very popular among athletes as a means to further increase exercise performance at sea level or to acclimatize to competition at altitude. Several approaches have evolved during the last few decades, with "live high-train low" and "live low-train high" being the most popular. This review focuses on functional, muscular, and practical aspects derived from extensive research on the "live low-train high" approach. According to this, subjects train in hypoxia but remain under normoxia for the rest of the time. It has been reasoned that exercising in hypoxia could increase the training stimulus. Hypoxia training studies published in the past have varied considerably in altitude (2300-5700 m) and training duration (10 days to 8 weeks) and the fitness of the subjects. The evidence from muscle structural, biochemical, and molecular findings point to a specific role of hypoxia in endurance training. However, based on the available performance capacity data such as maximal oxygen uptake (Vo(2)max) and (maximal) power output, hypoxia as a supplement to training is not consistently found to be advantageous for performance at sea level. Stronger evidence exists for benefits of hypoxic training on performance at altitude. "Live low-train high" may thus be considered when altitude acclimatization is not an option. In addition, the complex pattern of gene expression adaptations induced by supplemental training in hypoxia, but not normoxia, suggest that muscle tissue specifically responds to hypoxia. Whether and to what degree these gene expression changes translate into significant changes in protein concentrations that are ultimately responsible for observable structural or functional phenotypes remains open. It is conceivable that the global functional markers such as Vo(2)max and (maximal) power output are too coarse to detect more subtle changes that might still be functionally relevant, at least to high-level athletes.
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