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Faux-Dugan L, Piazza SJ. Correlations between Achilles tendon moment arm and plantarflexor muscle architecture variables. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0309406. [PMID: 39208198 PMCID: PMC11361577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The production of triceps surae plantarflexion moment is complex in that the Achilles tendon moment arm affects the Achilles tendon force by determining the muscle length change and shortening velocity during ankle rotation. In addition, there is evidence for associations between the sizes of muscles and their moment arm at the joints they span. These relationships between muscle architecture and tendon moment arm ultimately affect the muscle's force generating capacity and are thus important for understanding the roles played by muscles in producing locomotion. The purpose of this study was to investigate in vivo the relationship between architecture of two plantarflexors and the Achilles tendon moment arm in a healthy adult population. Ultrasound-based measurements were made of the architecture (fascicle length, muscle volume, physiological cross-sectional area, and anatomical cross-sectional area) of the lateral and medial gastrocnemius and the Achilles tendon moment arm was assessed using a technique that combined ultrasound imaging and motion analysis. Positive correlations were observed between the length (r = 0.499, p = 0.049) and size variables (muscle volume r = 0.621, p = 0.010; ACSA r = 0.536, p = 0.032) of the lateral gastrocnemius and the Achilles tendon moment arm, but correlations were only observed for size variables (muscle volume r = 0.638, p = 0.008; PCSA r = 0.525, p = 0.037; ACSA r = 0.544, p = 0.029), and not the length, of the medial gastrocnemius. These findings suggest lateral gastrocnemius adapts to moment arms to maintain force production throughout the range of motion across individuals, while the medial gastrocnemius does not and is thus better suited for static force generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Faux-Dugan
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomechanics Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Piazza
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomechanics Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
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Jiang W, Chen C, Xu Y. Muscle structure predictors of vertical jump performance in elite male volleyball players: a cross-sectional study based on ultrasonography. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1427748. [PMID: 39139479 PMCID: PMC11319176 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1427748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this investigation is to examine the contribution of key muscle groups in the lower limbs to vertical jumping performance in elite male volleyball players. Specifically, the study focuses on the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), and lateral gastrocnemius (LG), as well as exploring differences between attack jump and other vertical jump types. Methods To achieve this, we employed B-mode ultrasound to evaluate the anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA), muscle thickness (MT), pennation angle (PA), and fascicle length (FL) of the RF, VL, and LG in the participants. Fifteen elite male volleyball players were recruited as participants for this study. Jump heights were measured for four types of vertical jumps: attack jump (AJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), and drop jump (DJ). We conducted regression analyses to assess whether the previously mentioned muscle structures could predict jump performance. Results Our findings reveal that the muscle structure of the RF does not exhibit any significant correlation with the height of any jump. However, VL-ACSA displays a significant and the most potent predictive effect on jump height for all four jump types (AJ: R 2 = 0.32, p = 0.001; CMJ: R 2 = 0.37, p = 0.005; SJ: R 2 = 0.52, p = 0.001; DJ: R 2 = 0.25, p = 0.021). Conversely, LG-FL only demonstrates a significant and stronger predictive effect on AJ jump height (R 2 = 0.18, p = 0.009). Combining VL-ACSA, LG-FL, and training age through multiple linear regression analysis resulted in a highly significant model for predicting AJ jump height (F = 13.86, R 2 = 0.73). Moreover, the model incorporating VL-ACSA and training age is also important for predicting CMJ, SJ, and DJ jump heights (F = 8.41, R 2 = 0.51; F = 13.14, R 2 = 0.63; F = 5.95, R 2 = 0.41; respectively). Conclusion The muscle structure indicators in the lower limbs significantly predict jump performance among elite male volleyball players. However, different jump types are influenced by distinct indicators, particularly in the case of AJ, which is associated with LG-FL. This suggests that enhancing LG-FL may positively impact AJ ability, thereby emphasizing the importance of specificity in training. To optimize specialized jump performance in volleyball players, practitioners are advised to assess VL-ACSA and LG-FL and incorporate step-up and eccentric strength training targeting the calf muscles to yield considerable benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- WeiDong Jiang
- School of Physical Education and Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Competitive Sports, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Xu
- Sports Biomechanics Laboratory, Jiangsu Research Institute of Sports Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Lee SJ, Kang H, Kim KT, Kang SH. Developing a device for simultaneously investigating pivoting neuromuscular control and muscle properties toward a multi-axis rehabilitation. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304665. [PMID: 38976655 PMCID: PMC11230545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pivoting neuromuscular control of the lower limb and its associated muscle properties is critical for developing diagnostic and rehabilitation tools. However, to the best of our knowledge, a device that can evaluate these factors simultaneously remains lacking. To address this gap, a device that can investigate pivoting neuromuscular control and associated muscle properties was developed in this study. The proposed device consisted of a pivoting mechanism and height-adjustable chair with a brace interface. The device can control a footplate at various speeds to facilitate pivoting stretching and quantify neuromuscular control. Time-synchronized ultrasonographic images can be acquired simultaneously to quantify muscle properties during both active and passive pivoting movements. The muscle displacement, fascicle length/displacement, pennation angle, pivoting stiffness, and pivoting instability were investigated using the proposed device. Further, the feasibility of the device was demonstrated through a cross-sectional study with healthy subjects. The proposed device successfully quantified changes in muscle displacement during passive and active pivoting movements, pivoting stiffness during passive movements, and neuromuscular control during active movements. Therefore, the proposed device is expected to be used as a research and therapeutic tool for improving pivoting neuromuscular control and muscle functions and investigating the underlying mechanisms associated between muscle properties and joint movement in the transverse plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Joo Lee
- Bionics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunah Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Tae Kim
- Bionics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Lee DW, Han HS, Ro DH. Comparative analysis of gait: Similar coronal but different sagittal effects between closing-wedge and opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2024; 114:106238. [PMID: 38599133 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2024.106238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High tibial osteotomy is an established surgical option for medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee with varus alignment. It can be divided into open wedge and closing wedge by operative technique. Although they have fundamental differences, little is known about the biomechanical consequences of the two surgical methods. METHODS Thirty-eight patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis who underwent high tibial osteotomy (19 open-wedge and 19 closing-wedge) were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical scores and radiological measurements were assessed until postoperative two years. Gait analysis was performed preoperatively and again at postoperative one year. FINDINGS Varus alignment was corrected in both groups without a significant difference between them (p = 0.543). However, posterior tibial slope was higher, and the Blackburne-Peel ratio was lower in the open wedge osteotomy group after surgery (both p < 0.001). Reduction of dynamic knee varus and knee adduction moment were observed in both groups without significant differences. However, after surgery, average knee range of motion (63.3° vs 57.3°, p < 0.001) and the magnitude of knee flexion moment was significantly lower (p = 0.005) in the closing wedge group. There were no significant differences in the Kujala Anterior Knee Pain Scale and the occurrence of patellofemoral arthritis between the groups postoperatively. INTERPRETATION After osteotomy, a smaller average knee range of motion in the sagittal plane and a higher knee flexion moment were observed in the open wedge osteotomy group, suggesting quadriceps muscle avoidance. However, no differences in clinical scores or the short-term occurrence of patellofemoral arthritis were noted between the two surgical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Weon Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyuk-Soo Han
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hostpital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea
| | - Du Hyun Ro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; CONNECTEVE Co., Ltd, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hostpital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea; Innovative Medical Technology Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea.
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Taniguchi M, Asayama A, Yagi M, Fukumoto Y, Hirono T, Yamagata M, Nakai R, Kobayashi M, Ichihashi N. Examination of knee extensor and valgus moment arms of the patellar tendon in older individuals with and without knee osteoarthritis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2024; 113:106212. [PMID: 38387145 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2024.106212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joint moment arm is a major element that determines joint torque. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with knee extensor and valgus moment arms of the patellar tendon in older individuals with and without knee osteoarthritis. METHODS Thirty-six participants with knee osteoarthritis (mean age, 78.1 ± 6.0 years) and 43 healthy controls (mean age, 73.0 ± 6.3 years) were analyzed. Magnetic resonance images (MRI) from the knee joint and thigh were acquired using a 3.0 T MRI scanner. The three-dimensional moment arm was defined as the distance between the contact point of the tibiofemoral joint and the patellar tendon line. The three-dimensional moment arm was decomposed into sagittal and coronal components, which were calculated as knee extensor and valgus moment arms, respectively. Quadriceps muscle volume, epicondylar width, bisect offset, Insall-Salvati ratio, and Kellgren-Lawrence grade were assessed. Multiple regression analyses were performed in the healthy control and knee osteoarthritis groups, with knee extensor and valgus moment arms as dependent variables. FINDINGS Knee extensor moment arm was significantly associated with epicondylar width and the Insall-Salvati ratio in the healthy control group and with Kellgren-Lawrence grade, epicondylar width, and quadriceps muscle volume in the knee osteoarthritis group. Valgus knee moment arm was significantly associated with bisect offset in both the groups. INTERPRETATION Knee size, osteoarthritis severity, and quadriceps muscle volume affect the knee extensor moment arm in knee osteoarthritis, whereas lateral patellar displacement affects the valgus knee moment arms in older individuals with and without knee osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Taniguchi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Asayama
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Japanese Red Cross Nagahama Hospital, 14-7 Miyamae-cho, Nagahama, Shiga 526-8585, Japan
| | - Masahide Yagi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fukumoto
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, 18-89 Uyamahigashicho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1136, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirono
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Momoko Yamagata
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, 18-89 Uyamahigashicho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1136, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Nakai
- Kyoto University Institute for the Future of Human Society, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masashi Kobayashi
- Kobayashi Orthopaedic Clinic, 50-35 Kuzetakada-cho, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8211, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ichihashi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Businari GB, Brigatto FA, de Camargo JBB, Soares EG, Braz TV, Batista DR, Col LO, Dias WG, Rosolem JM, Prestes J, Marchetti PH, Lopes CR. Chronic Effects of Inter-Set Static Stretching on Morphofunctional Outcomes in Recreationally Resistance-Trained Male and Female. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:10-23. [PMID: 36638500 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2134547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of resistance training (RT) with inter-set static stretching (IS) versus traditional RT (TRT) on morphofunctional outcomes in recreationally resistance-trained male and female. Methods: Twenty-two recreationally-trained subjects were allocated to IS group (n = 12) or TRT (n = 10) and completed eight weeks of RT. The only difference between the groups was that IS group included static stretching between sets, while the TRT rested between the sets. Ultrasound images, dynamic and isometric strength tests for the elbow flexors and elbow extensors were evaluated pre- and post-intervention period. Results: Total training volume (TTV) was greater in TRT than IS (p = .031). TRT and IS caused similar increases in maximal dynamic and isometric strength. Fascicle length of the brachialis increased following TRT (p = .033); muscle thickness and the pennation angle of the distal portion of the triceps brachii increased following IS (p = .035 and p = .007, respectively). There were no significant changes in thickness and architecture for biceps brachii in either group. There were no significant differences between groups for any muscle strength and morphology outcome. Conclusion: IS negatively affects TTV but does not affect muscle strength and architecture of recreationally resistance-trained male and female.
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Cornejo-Daza PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Rodiles-Guerrero L, Páez-Maldonado JA, Ara I, León-Prados JA, Alegre LM, Pareja-Blanco F, Alcazar J. Vastus Lateralis Muscle Size Is Differently Associated With the Different Regions of the Squat Force-Velocity and Load-Velocity Relationships, Rate of Force Development, and Physical Performance Young Men. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:450-458. [PMID: 38231131 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cornejo-Daza, PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas, J, Rodiles-Guerrero, L, Páez-Maldonado, JA, Ara, I, León-Prados, JA, Alegre, LM, Pareja-Blanco, F, and Alcazar, J. Vastus lateralis muscle size is differently associated with the different regions of the squat force-velocity and load-velocity relationships, rate of force development, and physical performance young men. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 450-458, 2024-The influence that regional muscle size and muscle volume may have on different portions of the force-velocity (F-V) and load-velocity (L-V) relationships, explosive force, and muscle function of the lower limbs is poorly understood. This study assessed the association of muscle size with the F-V and L-V relationships, rate of force development (RFD) and maximal isometric force in the squat exercise, and vertical jump performance via countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Forty-nine resistance-trained young men (22.7 ± 3.3 years old) participated in the study. Anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) of the vastus lateralis (VLA) muscle was measured using the extended field of view mode in an ultrasound device at 3 different femur lengths (40% [distal], 57.5% [medial], and 75% [proximal]), and muscle volume was estimated considering the VLA muscle insertion points previously published and validated in this study. There were significant associations between all muscle size measures (except distal ACSA) and (a) forces and loads yielded at velocities ranging from 0 to 1.5 m·s -1 ( r = 0.36-0.74, p < 0.05), (b) velocities exerted at forces and loads ranging between 750-2,000 N and 75-200 kg, respectively ( r = 0.31-0.69, p < 0.05), and (c) RFD at 200 and 400 milliseconds ( r = 0.35-0.64, p < 0.05). Proximal and distal ACSA and muscle volume were significantly associated with CMJ height ( r = 0.32-0.51, p < 0.05). Vastus lateralis muscle size exhibited a greater influence on performance at higher forces or loads and lower velocities and late phases of explosive muscle actions. Additionally, proximal ACSA and muscle volume showed the highest correlation with the muscle function measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Cornejo-Daza
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Sánchez-Valdepeñas
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Rodiles-Guerrero
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Education, Department of Human Movement and Sport Performance, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José A Páez-Maldonado
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Seville, Osuna, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Spain
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; and
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A León-Prados
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Spain
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; and
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Julian Alcazar
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Spain
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; and
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Cintineo HP, Chandler AJ, Mastrofini GF, Lints BS, McFadden BA, Arent SM. Effects of Minimal-Equipment Resistance Training and Blood Flow Restriction on Military-Relevant Performance Outcomes. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:55-65. [PMID: 38085621 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cintineo, HP, Chandler, AJ, Mastrofini, GF, Lints, BS, McFadden, BA, and Arent, SM. Effects of minimal-equipment resistance training and blood flow restriction on military-relevant performance outcomes. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 55-65, 2024-This study compared minimal-equipment resistance training (RT) with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) to traditional-equipment RT on performance and body composition changes over 6 weeks. Reserve officers' training corps cadets and midshipmen (N = 54, 40.7% female) were randomized into traditional-equipment RT (TRAD), minimal-equipment RT (MIN), or minimal-equipment RT with BFR (MIN + BFR). Performance and body composition were assessed pretraining and post-training, and measures of intensity and workload were evaluated throughout. Performance assessments included the army combat fitness test (ACFT), countermovement vertical jump, 3RM bench press, and V̇O2max; body composition measures included body fat percentage, fat-free mass, and muscle and tendon thickness. All groups trained 4 days per week after a full-body routine. Data were analyzed by mixed-effects models (α = 0.05). Group-by-time interactions for 3RM deadlift and 3RM bench press (p < 0.004) showed larger improvements for TRAD compared with MIN and MIN + BFR. Time main effects for all other performance variables, body fat percentage, fat-free mass, and muscle thickness (p ≤ 0.035) indicated improvements in all groups. A group-by-time interaction for blood lactate (p < 0.001) and group main effects for heart rate (p < 0.001) and workload variables (p < 0.008) indicated higher intensity and workload for MIN and MIN + BFR compared with TRAD. A sex-by-time interaction for 3RM deadlift (p = 0.008) and sex-by-group-by-time interaction for 3RM bench press (p = 0.018) were also found. Minimal-equipment RT improved performance and body composition, although strength improvements were greater with traditional equipment. Minimal-equipment RT and minimal-equipment RT with BFR exhibited higher exertion levels than TRAD, although adaptations were similar. Overall, individuals can improve performance and body composition using portable, field-expedient RT equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry P Cintineo
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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Kaya Keles CS, Ates F. How mechanics of individual muscle-tendon units define knee and ankle joint function in health and cerebral palsy-a narrative review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1287385. [PMID: 38116195 PMCID: PMC10728775 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1287385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reviews the relationship between muscle-tendon biomechanics and joint function, with a particular focus on how cerebral palsy (CP) affects this relationship. In healthy individuals, muscle size is a critical determinant of strength, with muscle volume, cross-sectional area, and moment arm correlating with knee and ankle joint torque for different isometric/isokinetic contractions. However, in CP, impaired muscle growth contributes to joint pathophysiology even though only a limited number of studies have investigated the impact of deficits in muscle size on pathological joint function. As muscles are the primary factors determining joint torque, in this review two main approaches used for muscle force quantification are discussed. The direct quantification of individual muscle forces from their relevant tendons through intraoperative approaches holds a high potential for characterizing healthy and diseased muscles but poses challenges due to the invasive nature of the technique. On the other hand, musculoskeletal models, using an inverse dynamic approach, can predict muscle forces, but rely on several assumptions and have inherent limitations. Neither technique has become established in routine clinical practice. Nevertheless, identifying the relative contribution of each muscle to the overall joint moment would be key for diagnosis and formulating efficient treatment strategies for patients with CP. This review emphasizes the necessity of implementing the intraoperative approach into general surgical practice, particularly for joint correction operations in diverse patient groups. Obtaining in vivo data directly would enhance musculoskeletal models, providing more accurate force estimations. This integrated approach can improve the clinicians' decision-making process and advance treatment strategies by predicting changes at the muscle and joint levels before interventions, thus, holding the potential to significantly enhance clinical outcomes.
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Cawthon PM, Blackwell TL, Kritchevsky SB, Newman AB, Hepple RT, Coen PM, Goodpaster BH, Duchowny K, Hetherington-Rauth M, Mau T, Shankaran M, Hellerstein M, Evans WJ, Cummings SR. Associations between D 3Cr muscle mass and MR thigh muscle volume with strength, power, physical performance, fitness, and limitations in older adults in the SOMMA study. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.09.23298303. [PMID: 37986809 PMCID: PMC10659521 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.09.23298303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Different measures to assess muscle size - magnetic resonance (MR) derived thigh muscle volume and d3-creatine dilution derived muscle mass (D3Cr muscle mass) - may have similar associations with strength, power, physical performance, fitness, and functional limitations in older adults. Methods Men (N=345) and women (N=482) aged ≥70 years from the Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging completed exams including leg extension strength (1-repetition max) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing to assess fitness (VO2peak). Correlations and adjusted regression models stratified by sex were used to assess the association between muscle size measures and study outcomes; we tested for sex interactions. Results D3Cr muscle mass and MR thigh muscle volume were correlated (men: r=0.62, women: r=0.51, p<.001). Lower D3Cr muscle mass and lower MR thigh muscle volume were associated with lower strength and lower VO2peak in both men and women; D3Cr muscle mass was more strongly associated with strength in men than in women (p-int<0.05). There were correlations, though less consistent, between muscle size or mass with physical performance and function. Associations between the muscle size measures and the study outcomes occasionally varied by sex, and associations of MR thigh muscle volume were, at times, slightly more strongly associated with the study outcomes than was D3Cr muscle mass. Conclusions Less muscle -measured by either D3Cr muscle mass or MR thigh muscle volume - was associated with lower strength and worse performance. Varied associations by sex and assessment method suggest consideration be given to which measurement to use in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy M Cawthon
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Terri L Blackwell
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephen B Kritchevsky
- Department of Internal Medicine: Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine and The Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Russell T Hepple
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Paul M Coen
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Kate Duchowny
- University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Theresa Mau
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mahalakshmi Shankaran
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marc Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Steven R Cummings
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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Balshaw TG, Funnell MP, McDermott EJ, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Massey GJ, Abela S, Quteishat B, Edsey M, James LJ, Folland JP. The Effect of Specific Bioactive Collagen Peptides on Tendon Remodeling during 15 wk of Lower Body Resistance Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:2083-2095. [PMID: 37436929 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Collagen peptide supplementation has been reported to enhance synthesis rates or growth in a range of musculoskeletal tissues and could enhance tendinous tissue adaptations to resistance training (RT). This double-blind placebo-controlled study aimed to determine if tendinous tissue adaptations, size (patellar tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) and vastus lateralis (VL) aponeurosis area), and mechanical properties (patellar tendon), after 15 wk of RT, could be augmented with collagen peptide (CP) versus placebo (PLA) supplementation. METHODS Young healthy recreationally active men were randomized to consume either 15 g of CP ( n = 19) or PLA ( n = 20) once every day during a standardized program of lower-body RT (3 times a week). Measurements pre- and post-RT included patellar tendon CSA and VL aponeurosis area (via magnetic resonance imaging), and patellar tendon mechanical properties during isometric knee extension ramp contractions. RESULTS No between-group differences were detected for any of the tendinous tissue adaptations to RT (ANOVA group-time, 0.365 ≤ P ≤ 0.877). There were within-group increases in VL aponeurosis area (CP, +10.0%; PLA, +9.4%), patellar tendon stiffness (CP, +17.3%; PLA, +20.9%) and Young's modulus (CP, +17.8%; PLA, +20.6%) in both groups (paired t -tests (all), P ≤ 0.007). There were also within-group decreases in patellar tendon elongation (CP, -10.8%; PLA, -9.6%) and strain (CP, -10.6%; PLA, -8.9%) in both groups (paired t -tests (all), P ≤ 0.006). Although no within-group changes in patellar tendon CSA (mean or regional) occurred for CP or PLA, a modest overall time effect ( n = 39) was observed for mean (+1.4%) and proximal region (+2.4%) patellar tendon CSA (ANOVA, 0.017 ≤ P ≤ 0.048). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, CP supplementation did not enhance RT-induced tendinous tissue remodeling (either size or mechanical properties) compared with PLA within a population of healthy young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Balshaw
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Mark P Funnell
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Emmet J McDermott
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Thomas M Maden-Wilkinson
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Collegiate Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Garry J Massey
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Sean Abela
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Btool Quteishat
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Max Edsey
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Lewis J James
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM
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12
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Oranchuk DJ, Hopkins WG, Cronin JB, Storey AG, Nelson AR. The effects of regional quadriceps architecture on angle-specific rapid force expression. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:829-840. [PMID: 37390497 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating anatomical contributions to performance can increase understanding of muscle mechanics and guide physical preparation. While the impact of anatomy on muscular performance is well studied, the effects of regional quadriceps architecture on rapid torque or force expression are less clear. Regional (proximal, middle, and distal) quadriceps (vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, and vastus intermedius) thickness (MT), pennation angle (PA), and fascicle length (FL) of 24 males (48 limbs) were assessed via ultrasonography. Participants performed maximal isometric knee extensions at 40°, 70°, and 100° of knee flexion to evaluate rate of force development from 0 to 200 ms (RFD0-200). Measurements were repeated on three occasions with the greatest RFD0-200 and mean muscle architecture measures used for analysis. Linear regression models predicting angle-specific RFD0-200 from regional anatomy provided adjusted correlations (√adjR2) with bootstrapped compatibility limits. Mid-rectus femoris MT (√adjR2 = 0.41-0.51) and proximal vastus lateralis FL (√adjR2 = 0.42-0.48) were the best single predictors of RFD0-200, and the only measures to reach precision with 99% compatibility limits. Small simple correlations were found across all regions and joint angles between RFD0-200 and vastus lateralis MT (√adjR2 = 0.28 ± 0.13; mean ± SD), vastus lateralis FL (√adjR2 = 0.33 ± 0.10), rectus femoris MT (√adjR2 = 0.38 ± 0.10), and lateral vastus intermedius MT (√adjR2 = 0.24 ± 0.10). Between-correlation comparisons are reported within the article. Researchers should measure mid-region rectus femoris MT and vastus lateralis FL to efficiently and robustly evaluate potential anatomical contributions to rapid knee extension force changes, with distal and proximal measurements providing little additional value. However, correlations were generally small to moderate, suggesting that neurological factors may be critical in rapid force expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Oranchuk
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Muscle Morphology, Mechanics, and Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, US
| | - William G Hopkins
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adam G Storey
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - André R Nelson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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13
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Monte A, Franchi MV. Regional muscle features and their association with knee extensors force production at a single joint angle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2239-2248. [PMID: 37256295 PMCID: PMC10492669 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05237-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed (i) to investigate the role of regional characteristics of the knee extensors muscles (vastus lateralis: VL, vastus intermedius: VI and rectus femoris: RF) in determining maximum-voluntary force (MVF); and (ii) to understand which regional parameter of muscle structure would best predict MVF. Muscle architecture (e.g., pennation angle and fascicle length), muscle volume (Vol), anatomical (ACSA) and physiological cross-sectional-area (PCSA) were measured in the proximal (0-33% of the muscle length), middle (33-66% of the muscle length) and distal (66-100% of the muscle length) portions of each muscle in fifteen healthy males using ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Knee extensors force was calculated in isometric condition at a single knee joint angle of 90 degrees. Regional ACSA, Vol and PCSA were correlated with MVF production. Regional muscle geometry showed no significant correlations with MVF. Among regions, the middle portion of each muscle was largely correlated with MVF compared to all the other regions (distal and proximal). To understand which regional structural parameter best predicted MVF, a stepwise multiple linear regression was performed. This model showed a significant explanatory power (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.76, adjusted R2 = 0.71), including muscle Vol collected in the mid portions of VL and RF. Even if no significant differences were reported between Vol, PCSA and ACSA in determining MVF, our results showed that the RF and VL volume collected in the middle portion of the muscle length are strong determinants of MVF produced by the knee extensors at 90 degrees joint angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Monte
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Martino V Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy.
- CIR-MYO Myology Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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14
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Sung JH, Baek SH, Park JW, Rho JH, Kim BJ. Surface Electromyography-Driven Parameters for Representing Muscle Mass and Strength. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5490. [PMID: 37420659 DOI: 10.3390/s23125490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The need for developing a simple and effective assessment tool for muscle mass has been increasing in a rapidly aging society. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of the surface electromyography (sEMG) parameters for estimating muscle mass. Overall, 212 healthy volunteers participated in this study. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) strength and root mean square (RMS) values of motor unit potentials from surface electrodes on each muscle (biceps brachii, triceps brachii, biceps femoris, rectus femoris) during isometric exercises of elbow flexion (EF), elbow extension (EE), knee flexion (KF), knee extension (KE) were acquired. New variables (MeanRMS, MaxRMS, and RatioRMS) were calculated from RMS values according to each exercise. Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) was performed to determine the segmental lean mass (SLM), segmental fat mass (SFM), and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM). Muscle thicknesses were measured using ultrasonography (US). sEMG parameters showed positive correlations with MVC strength, SLM, ASM, and muscle thickness measured by US, but showed negative correlations with SFM. An equation was developed for ASM: ASM = -26.04 + 20.345 × Height + 0.178 × weight - 2.065 × (1, if female; 0, if male) + 0.327 × RatioRMS(KF) + 0.965 × MeanRMS(EE) (SEE = 1.167, adjusted R2 = 0.934). sEMG parameters in controlled conditions may represent overall muscle strength and muscle mass in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hye Sung
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol-Hee Baek
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwa Rho
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Jo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- BK21FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health Systems, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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15
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Alcazar J, Rodriguez‐Lopez C, Delecluse C, Thomis M, Van Roie E. Ten-year longitudinal changes in muscle power, force, and velocity in young, middle-aged, and older adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:1019-1032. [PMID: 36788413 PMCID: PMC10067493 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maximum muscle power (Pmax ) is a biomarker of physical performance in all ages. No longitudinal studies have assessed the effects of aging on Pmax obtained from the torque-velocity (T-V) relationship, which should be considered the 'gold standard'. This study evaluated the longitudinal changes in the T-V relationship and Pmax of the knee-extensor muscles in young, middle-aged, and older adults after 10 years of follow-up. METHODS Four hundred eighty-nine subjects (311 men and 178 women; aged 19-68 years) were tested at baseline and after a 10-year follow-up. Anthropometric data, daily protein intake, physical activity level (PAL), and knee-extension muscle function (isometric, isokinetic, and isotonic) were evaluated. A novel hybrid equation combining a linear and a hyperbolic (Hill-type) region was used to obtain the T-V relationship and Pmax of the participants, who were grouped by sex and age (young: 20-40 years; middle-aged: 40-60 years; and old: ≥60 years). Linear mixed-effect models were used to assess effects of time, sex, and age on T-V parameters, Pmax , and body mass index (BMI). Additional analyses were performed to adjust for changes in daily protein intake and PAL. RESULTS Pmax decreased in young men (-0.6% per year; P < 0.001), middle-aged men and women (-1.1% to -1.4% per year; P < 0.001), and older men and women (-2.2% to -2.4% per year; P ≤ 0.053). These changes were mainly related to decrements in torque at Pmax at early age and to decrements in both torque and velocity at Pmax at older age. BMI increased among young and middle-aged adults (0.2% to 0.5% per year; P < 0.001), which led to greater declines in relative Pmax in those groups. S/T0 , that is, the linear slope of the T-V relationship relative to maximal torque, exhibited a significant decline over time (-0.10%T0 ·rad·s-1 per year; P < 0.001), which was significant among middle-aged men and old men and women (all P < 0.05). Annual changes in PAL index were significantly associated to annual changes in Pmax (P = 0.017), so the overall decline in Pmax was slightly attenuated in the adjusted model (-5.26 vs. -5.05 W per year; both P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Pmax decreased in young, middle-aged, and older adults after a 10-year follow-up. The early declines in Pmax seemed to coincide with declines in force, whereas the progressive decline at later age was associated with declines in both force and velocity. A progressively blunted ability to produce force, especially at moderate to high movement velocities, should be considered a specific hallmark of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research GroupUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaToledoSpain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES)MadridSpain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez‐Lopez
- GENUD Toledo Research GroupUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaToledoSpain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES)MadridSpain
| | - Christophe Delecluse
- Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Movement SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Martine Thomis
- Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Movement SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Evelien Van Roie
- Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Movement SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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16
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Earp JE, Angelino D, Hatfield DL, Colantuono V, Jackson ER, Morgan KD, Adami A, Melanson KJ, Blazevich AJ. Differing hypertrophy patterns from open and closed kinetic chain training affect quadriceps femoris center of mass and moment of inertia. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1074705. [PMID: 36998986 PMCID: PMC10043166 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1074705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To determine whether kinetic chain pattern during knee extensor strength training influences quadriceps femoris center of mass and moment of inertia about the hip in a predictable manner as such changes can affect running economy.Methods: Twelve participants completed 8 weeks of both unilateral open (OKC) and closed (CKC) kinetic chain resistance training on opposing legs. Changes in quadriceps femoris muscle volume (VOLQF), center of mass location (CoMQF), and moment of inertia (IQF) about the hip were determined from magnetic resonance images scans. Regional hemodynamics of the vastus lateralis taken at 30% and 70% of muscle length during OKC and CKC bouts early in the training program were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and used post hoc to predict changes in CoMQF.Results: While increases in VOLQF were similar between OKC (Δ79.5 ± 87.9 cm3) and CKC (Δ60.2 ± 110.5 cm3, p = 0.29), the patterns of hypertrophy differed; a distal shift in CoMQF (Δ2.4 ± 0.4 cm, p < 0.001) and increase in IQF (Δ0.017 ± 0.014 kg m2, p < 0.001) occurred in OKC but not in CKC (CoMQF: Δ-2.2 ± 2.0 cm, IQF: Δ-0.022 ± 0.020 kg m2, p > 0.05). Regional hemodynamics assessed by NIRS during a single training session displayed similar exercise and regional differences and predicted 39.6% of observed changes in CoMQF.Conclusions: Exercise selection influences muscle shape sufficiently to affect CoMQF and IQF, and these changes may be predicted in part from NIRS measurements during a single workout. Given IQF is inversely related to running economy and since CKC exercise provides a more proximal pattern of hypertrophy than OKC, it may be more preferential for running. The results from the present study also highlight the potential of NIRS as a tool for predicting patterns of hypertrophy between different exercises and exercise conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E. Earp
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
- *Correspondence: Jacob E. Earp,
| | - Domenic Angelino
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Disa L. Hatfield
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Vincent Colantuono
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Euan R. Jackson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Kristin D. Morgan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Alessandra Adami
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Kathleen J. Melanson
- Department of Nutrition, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Anthony J. Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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17
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Balshaw TG, Funnell MP, McDermott E, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Abela S, Quteishat B, Edsey M, James LJ, Folland JP. The effect of specific bioactive collagen peptides on function and muscle remodeling during human resistance training. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13903. [PMID: 36433662 PMCID: PMC10078466 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Bioactive collagen peptides (CP) have been suggested to augment the functional, structural (size and architecture), and contractile adaptations of skeletal muscle to resistance training (RT), but with limited evidence. This study aimed to determine if CP vs. placebo (PLA) supplementation enhanced the functional and underpinning structural, and contractile adaptations after 15 weeks of lower body RT. METHODS Young healthy males were randomized to consume either 15 g of CP (n = 19) or PLA (n = 20) once every day during a standardized program of progressive knee extensor, knee flexor, and hip extensor RT 3 times/wk. Measurements pre- and post-RT included: knee extensor and flexor isometric strength; quadriceps, hamstrings, and gluteus maximus volume with MRI; evoked twitch contractions, 1RM lifting strength, and architecture (with ultrasound) of the quadriceps. RESULTS Percentage changes in maximum strength (isometric or 1RM) did not differ between-groups (0.684 ≤ p ≤ 0.929). Increases in muscle volume were greater (quadriceps 15.2% vs. 10.3%; vastus medialis (VM) 15.6% vs. 9.7%; total muscle volume 15.7% vs. 11.4%; [all] p ≤ 0.032) or tended to be greater (hamstring 16.5% vs. 12.8%; gluteus maximus 16.6% vs. 12.9%; 0.089 ≤ p ≤ 0.091) for CP vs. PLA. There were also greater increases in twitch peak torque (22.3% vs. 12.3%; p = 0.038) and angle of pennation of the VM (16.8% vs. 5.8%, p = 0.046), but not other muscles, for CP vs. PLA. CONCLUSIONS CP supplementation produced a cluster of consistent effects indicating greater skeletal muscle remodeling with RT compared to PLA. Notably, CP supplementation amplified the quadriceps and total muscle volume increases induced by RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Balshaw
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Mark P Funnell
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Emmet McDermott
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Thomas M Maden-Wilkinson
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Collegiate Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sean Abela
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Btool Quteishat
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Max Edsey
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Lewis J James
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Jonathan P Folland
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,Versus Arthritis, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
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18
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Quadriceps Muscle Morphology Is an Important Determinant of Maximal Isometric and Crank Torques of Cyclists. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11020022. [PMID: 36828307 PMCID: PMC9958782 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if quadriceps morphology [muscle volume (MV); cross-sectional area (CSA)], vastus lateralis (VL) muscle architecture, and muscle quality [echo intensity (ECHO)] can explain differences in knee extensor maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), crank torque (CT) and time-to-exhaustion (TTE) in trained cyclists. Twenty male competitive cyclists performed a maximal incremental ramp to determine their maximal power output (POMAX). Muscle morphology (MV; CSA), muscle architecture of VL and muscle quality (ECHO) of both quadriceps muscles were assessed. Subsequently, cyclists performed three MVICs of both knee extensor muscles and finally performed a TTE test at POMAX with CT measurement during TTE. Stepwise multiple regression results revealed right quadriceps MV determined right MVIC (31%) and CT (33%). Left MV determined CT (24%); and left VL fascicle length (VL-FL) determined MVIC (64%). However, quadriceps morphological variables do not explain differences in TTE. No significant differences were observed between left and right quadriceps muscle morphology (p > 0.05). The findings emphasize that quadriceps MV is an important determinant of knee extensor MVIC and CT but does not explain differences in TTE at POMAX. Furthermore, quadriceps morphological variables were similar between the left and right quadriceps in competitive cyclists.
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19
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Carmichael DS, Hickey JT, Tofari PJ, Bourne MN, Ward MR, Timmins RG. Effect of an Isometric or Eccentric Hip Extension Exercise Intervention on Hamstring Strength, Architecture, and Morphology. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:2196-2207. [PMID: 35941515 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate hamstring architectural, strength, and morphological adaptations after an eccentric or isometric hip extension exercise intervention. METHODS Twenty-four recreationally active males performed either an eccentric ( n = 12) or an isometric hip extension ( n = 12) exercise intervention, twice per week for 6 wk, followed by a 4-wk detraining period. Biceps femoris long head (BFlh) architecture was assessed pre-intervention, mid-intervention, post-intervention, and post-detraining via two-dimensional ultrasound. Strength was assessed pre-intervention, post-intervention, and post-detraining during an isokinetic knee flexion, an isometric hip extension, a Nordic hamstring exercise, and a single-leg hamstring bridge repetition to fatigue test. Hamstring muscle morphology was assessed via magnetic resonance imaging before strength testing sessions. RESULTS The eccentric hip extension exercise intervention significantly lengthened BFlh fascicles (+19.7%, P < 0.001, d = 1.57), increased eccentric knee flexion torque (ECC 60°·s -1 , +12%, P < 0.005, d = 0.66; ECC 180°·s -1 , +8.3%, P < 0.05, d = 0.41), and increased BFlh (+13.3%, P < 0.001, d = 1.96) and semimembranosus (SM) muscle volume (+12.5%, P < 0.001, d = 2.25). After 4 wk of detraining, BFlh fascicles were significantly shortened in the eccentric group (-14.8%, P < 0.005, d = -1.25), whereas eccentric knee flexion torque and BFlh and SM volumes were unchanged. The isometric hip extension exercise intervention significantly increased isometric knee flexion torque (+10.4%, P < 0.05, d = 0.54), isometric hip extension force (+12.4%, P < 0.05, d = 0.41), and semitendinosus volume (+15%, P = 0.054, d = 1.57). All other outcome measures saw no significant changes. After 4 wk of detraining, no significant changes to any variables were observed in the isometric group. CONCLUSIONS The eccentric but not isometric hip extension exercise intervention significantly increased BFlh fascicle length. Both exercise interventions demonstrated contraction mode-specific increases in strength. However, the eccentric hip extension exercise intervention resulted in preferential hypertrophy of BFlh and SM, and the isometric hip extension exercise intervention led to selective hypertrophy of semitendinosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan S Carmichael
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | | | - Paul J Tofari
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - Matthew N Bourne
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, AUSTRALIA
| | - Mark R Ward
- Imaging @ Olympic Park, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
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20
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Tottori N, Suga T, Isaka T, Fujita S. Knee Extensor Morphology and Sprint Performance in Preadolescent Sprinters. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:781-787. [PMID: 34723757 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1919593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: We previously reported that the cross-sectional area of the quadriceps femoris is correlated with the sprint performance of preadolescent sprinters. This finding suggests a close relationship between knee extensor torque-enhancing morphology and sprint performance in this young population. To further clarify this issue, in this study, we examined the relationships of the quadriceps femoris muscle volume (MV) and knee extensor moment arm (MA) with sprint performance in preadolescent sprinters. Methods: The quadriceps femoris MV and knee extensor MA in 15 sprint-trained preadolescent boys were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Sprint performance was evaluated using a personal best 100-m sprint time and the higher 50-m sprint velocity of two 50-m sprint tests. Results: The quadriceps femoris MV and knee extensor MA were significantly correlated with personal best 100-m sprint time (r = -0.810 and -0.752, P ≤ 0.001 for both) and 50-m sprint velocity (r = 0.814 and 0.702, P < .01 for both). Furthermore, the relative quadriceps femoris MV normalized to body mass was significantly correlated with both the personal best 100-m sprint time (r = -0.620, P = .014) and 50-m sprint velocity (r = 0.686, P = .005). In contrast, no significant correlations were observed between the relative knee extensor MA normalized to body height and both sprint performance parameters. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the quadriceps femoris size, rather than the knee extensor MA dimension, is a more important morphological factor for achieving superior sprint performance in preadolescent sprinters.
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21
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Fitze DP, Franchi MV, Fröhlich S, Frey WO, Spörri J. Biceps femoris long head morphology in youth competitive alpine skiers is associated with age, biological maturation and traumatic lower extremity injuries. Front Physiol 2022; 13:947419. [PMID: 36187778 PMCID: PMC9521498 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.947419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower extremity injuries are common in competitive alpine skiers, and the knee and lower leg are often affected. The hamstring muscles, especially the biceps femoris long head (BFlh), can stabilize the knee and the hip and may counteract various adverse loading patterns during typical mechanisms leading to severe lower extremity injuries. The aim of the present study was to describe BFlh morphology in youth competitive alpine skiers in relation to sex, age and biological maturation and to investigate its association with the occurrence of traumatic lower extremity injuries in the upcoming season. 95 youth skiers underwent anthropometric measurements, maturity offset estimations and ultrasound assessment, followed by 12-months prospective injury surveillance. Unpaired t tests showed that the two sexes did not differ in BFlh morphology, including fascicle length (Lf), pennation angle (PA), muscle thickness (MT) and average anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSAavg). In contrast, U16 skiers had longer fascicles than U15 skiers (9.5 ± 1.3 cm vs 8.9 ± 1.3 cm, p < 0.05). Linear regression analyses revealed that maturity offset was associated with Lf (R2 = 0.129, p < 0.001), MT (R2 = 0.244, p < 0.001) and ACSAavg (R2 = 0.065, p = 0.007). No association was found between maturity offset and PA (p = 0.524). According to a binary logistic regression analysis, ACSAavg was significantly associated with the occurrence of traumatic lower extremity injuries (Chi-square = 4.627, p = 0.031, RNagelkerke2 = 0.064, Cohen f = 0.07). The present study showed that BFlh morphology is age- and biological maturation-dependent and that BFlh ACSAavg can be considered a relevant modifiable variable associated with lower extremity injuries in youth competitive alpine skiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Fitze
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medical Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Daniel P. Fitze,
| | - Martino V. Franchi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medical Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefan Fröhlich
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medical Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter O. Frey
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medical Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Spörri
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medical Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Franchi MV, Sarto F, Simunič B, Pišot R, Narici MV. Early Changes of Hamstrings Morphology and Contractile Properties during 10 d of Complete Inactivity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1346-1354. [PMID: 35324511 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The hamstrings (HS) muscle group plays a fundamental role in maintaining knee stability, thus contributing to the prevention and rehabilitation of lower limb musculoskeletal injuries. However, little is known about HS structural and functional adaptations after periods of prolonged inactivity. Our purpose was to investigate the HS morphological and contractile properties changes during 10 d of bed rest (BR). METHODS Ten young healthy males underwent a 10-d BR. HS cross-sectional area (CSA) (at 30%, 50%, and 70% of femur length) and biceps femoris long head (BFlh) architecture were assessed by ultrasound imaging after 0 d (BR0), 2 d (BR2), 4 d (BR4), 6 d (BR6), and 10 d (BR10) of BR, whereas BFlh contractile properties (radial twitch displacement [Dm] and contraction time [Tc]) were evaluated at the same time points by tensiomyography. HS muscle volume was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging at BR0 and BR10. RESULTS A reduction in muscle volume was observed in BFlh ( P = 0.002; Δ = -3.53%), biceps femoris short head ( P = 0.002; Δ = -3.54%), semitendinosus ( P = 0.002; Δ = -2.63%), semimembranosus ( P = 0.002; Δ = -2.01%), and HS pooled together ( P < 0.001; Δ = -2.78%). Early changes in CSA were detected at 30% femur length already at BR6 for BFlh ( P = 0.009; Δ = -2.66%) and biceps femoris short head ( P = 0.049; Δ = -1.96%). We also found a reduction in fascicle length at BR6 ( P = 0.035; Δ = -2.44%) and BR10 ( P < 0.001; Δ = -2.84%). Dm and Tc increased at BR2 ( P = 0.010; Δ = 30.0%) and B10 ( P = 0.019; Δ = 19.7%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Despite being a nonpostural muscle group, HS exhibited a moderate reduction in muscle dimensions in response to a short unloading period. Small changes in BFlh fascicle length were also observed, accompanied by alterations in BFLh contractile properties. These HS modifications should not be ignored from a clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Sarto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, ITALY
| | - Boštian Simunič
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, SLOVENIA
| | - Rado Pišot
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, SLOVENIA
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23
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Elite Rugby Players have Unique Morphological Characteristics of the Hamstrings and Quadriceps Femoris Muscles According to their Playing Positions. J Hum Kinet 2022; 83:155-163. [PMID: 36157955 PMCID: PMC9465766 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rugby is a popular sport requiring high-intensity and maximal speed actions. Numerous studies have demonstrated that physical performance variables, such as strength, sprinting, and jumping, are different between the forwards and backs. However, there is little information about muscle morphological characteristics specific for each rugby playing position. This study aimed to clarify the morphological characteristics of the thigh muscles in forwards and backs. Ultrasound images were obtained from the proximal, middle, and distal regions of the thigh. Then, the anatomical cross-sectional areas of particular muscles in the hamstrings and quadriceps femoris were calculated for seven forwards, seven backs, and ten non-athletes. The anatomical cross-sectional areas were normalised by the two-third power of lean body mass, and the normalised values of the three regions were averaged as that of the individual muscle. In the hamstrings, the normalised anatomical cross-sectional areas of the biceps femoris long head were significantly greater in forwards than in non-athletes, whereas those of the semitendinosus were significantly greater in backs than in non-athletes. Furthermore, in the quadriceps femoris, the normalised anatomical cross-sectional areas of the rectus femoris and vastus intermedius were significantly greater in forwards than in backs and non-athletes. These results suggest that forwards have great muscularity of the biceps femoris long head and vastus intermedius which can generate large force, whereas backs possess great muscularity of the semitendinosus which can generate high contraction velocity. These findings allow coaches to design more effective training programs according to particular rugby playing positions.
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24
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Thakar S, Rajagopal N, Alle P, Aryan S, Hegde A. Cervical Flexor–Extensor Muscle Disparity in Monomelic Amyotrophy (Hirayama Disease): Evidence from a Comprehensive Morphometric Evaluation of Subaxial Paraspinal Musculature. Asian J Neurosurg 2022; 17:68-73. [PMID: 35873854 PMCID: PMC9298585 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1749111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Monomelic amyotrophy (Hirayama disease) has been established to have accompanied biomechanical abnormalities such as flexion hypermobility and sagittal imbalance. Paraspinal muscles, the major contributor to cervical biomechanics, have, however, not been comprehensively evaluated in the disease. The objective of this study was to compare the morphology of the subaxial cervical paraspinal musculature in patients with and without Hirayama disease.
Materials and Methods
A retrospective case-control study of 64 patients with Hirayama disease and 64 age- and sex-matched controls was performed
.
Cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the superficial and deep flexors and extensors from C3 to C7 were measured on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequences. Student's
t
-test was used to compare differences between the paraspinal muscle CSAs in the study and control groups.
Results
Compared with controls, patients with Hirayama disease were found to have larger flexors and smaller extensors at all levels. The overall subaxial muscle area values for superficial flexors and deep flexors were significantly larger (
p
< 0.0001) in patients, while the corresponding superficial extensor and deep extensor area values were significantly smaller than in controls (
p
= 0.01 and < 0.0001, respectively). The patient group demonstrated stronger subaxial deep flexor–deep extensor, superficial flexor–superficial extensor, and total flexor–total extensor ratios (
p
< 0.0001).
Conclusion
Patients with Hirayama disease have morphometric alterations at all levels of their subaxial cervical paraspinal musculature. These patients have abnormally large flexors and small extensors compared with controls. This flexor–extensor muscle disparity could be utilized as a potentially modifiable factor in the management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Thakar
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Niranjana Rajagopal
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashanth Alle
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Saritha Aryan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Alangar Hegde
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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25
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Tian Y, Xie L, Jiang J, Wang H. Why the patients with Hirayama disease have abnormal cervical sagittal alignment? A radiological measurement analysis of posterior cervical extensors. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:19. [PMID: 35033149 PMCID: PMC8760638 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02905-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the relationship between the strength of posterior cervical extensors (PCEs) and cervical sagittal alignment in Hirayama disease (HD) patients. METHODS We analyzed the (magnetic resonance imaging) MRI T2WI and X-rays of 60 HD patients who visited Huashan Hospital from June 2017 to February 2020. Symptoms of these patients include adolescent onset, manifestation of unilateral upper limb muscle weakness and muscle atrophy of the forearm and hand. MRI images were used to measure (the cross-sectional area) CSA of cervical PCEs. The ratio of muscle CSA to vertebral body areas at the same level is defined as R-CSA. Cervical sagittal alignment includes the C2-7 Cobb angle, T1 slope and C2-7 sagittal vertical axis (SVA). The geometric center of the C3-6 vertebral body was determined using the line connecting the C2 inferior endplate and the C7 upper endplate. When located behind the line, it is defined as a "local kyphotic deformity." The number of vertebral bodies involved in kyphotic deformity was determined by measuring the local kyphosis angle (LKA). Spearman correlation analysis (α = 0.05) was used to determine the relationship between R-CSA and sagittal parameters. ROC curves were used to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of relevant variables. RESULTS Spearman correlation test revealed that R-CSA negatively correlated with T1S (S = 0.34, r = 0.34, p = 0.01) and LKA (S = 0.44, r = 0.5, p = 0.01), but did not correlate with the C2-C7 Cobb angle (S = 0.20, p = 0.12) or C2-C7 SVA (S = - 0.17, p = 0.46). (p < 0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the areas under the curve (AUCs) of the T1 slope and LKA was 0.6696 and 0.7646, respectively. T1 slope, cutoff value: 17.2°; sensitivity: 0.5806; specificity: 0.7241; p < 0.05. LKA: cutoff value: - 14°; sensitivity: 1; specificity: 0.5333; p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS In patients with Hirayama disease, the strength of posterior cervical extensors and cervical sagittal alignment are closely related. The local kyphosis angle can be used as a reference for the strength of posterior cervical extensors. These results indicate the weakness of PCEs, which may predispose the cervical spine of HD patients to a less stable situation. Therefore, patients with Hirayama disease should strengthen the exercise of the PCEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Spinal Center Fudan University, 12 Mid-Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Spinal Center Fudan University, 12 Mid-Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jianyuan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Spinal Center Fudan University, 12 Mid-Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Hongli Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Spinal Center Fudan University, 12 Mid-Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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26
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Hickmott LM, Chilibeck PD, Shaw KA, Butcher SJ. The Effect of Load and Volume Autoregulation on Muscular Strength and Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:9. [PMID: 35038063 PMCID: PMC8762534 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Autoregulation has emerged as a potentially beneficial resistance training paradigm to individualize and optimize programming; however, compared to standardized prescription, the effects of autoregulated load and volume prescription on muscular strength and hypertrophy adaptations are unclear. Our objective was to compare the effect of autoregulated load prescription (repetitions in reserve-based rating of perceived exertion and velocity-based training) to standardized load prescription (percentage-based training) on chronic one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength and cross-sectional area (CSA) hypertrophy adaptations in resistance-trained individuals. We also aimed to investigate the effect of volume autoregulation with velocity loss thresholds ≤ 25% compared to > 25% on 1RM strength and CSA hypertrophy. Methods This review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus was conducted. Mean differences (MD), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated. Sub-analyses were performed as applicable. Results Fifteen studies were included in the meta-analysis: six studies on load autoregulation and nine studies on volume autoregulation. No significant differences between autoregulated and standardized load prescription were demonstrated for 1RM strength (MD = 2.07, 95% CI – 0.32 to 4.46 kg, p = 0.09, SMD = 0.21). Velocity loss thresholds ≤ 25% demonstrated significantly greater 1RM strength (MD = 2.32, 95% CI 0.33 to 4.31 kg, p = 0.02, SMD = 0.23) and significantly lower CSA hypertrophy (MD = 0.61, 95% CI 0.05 to 1.16 cm2, p = 0.03, SMD = 0.28) than velocity loss thresholds > 25%. No significant differences between velocity loss thresholds > 25% and 20–25% were demonstrated for hypertrophy (MD = 0.36, 95% CI – 0.29 to 1.00 cm2, p = 0.28, SMD = 0.13); however, velocity loss thresholds > 25% demonstrated significantly greater hypertrophy compared to thresholds ≤ 20% (MD = 0.64, 95% CI 0.07 to 1.20 cm2, p = 0.03, SMD = 0.34). Conclusions Collectively, autoregulated and standardized load prescription produced similar improvements in strength. When sets and relative intensity were equated, velocity loss thresholds ≤ 25% were superior for promoting strength possibly by minimizing acute neuromuscular fatigue while maximizing chronic neuromuscular adaptations, whereas velocity loss thresholds > 20–25% were superior for promoting hypertrophy by accumulating greater relative volume. Protocol Registration The original protocol was prospectively registered (CRD42021240506) with the PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-021-00404-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landyn M Hickmott
- College of Medicine, Health Sciences Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
| | | | - Keely A Shaw
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Scotty J Butcher
- School of Rehabilitation Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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27
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Lanza MB, Martins-Costa HC, De Souza CC, Lima FV, Diniz RCR, Chagas MH. Muscle volume vs. anatomical cross-sectional area: Different muscle assessment does not affect the muscle size-strength relationship. J Biomech 2022; 132:110956. [PMID: 35033973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.110956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Muscle volume (MV) and anatomical cross-sectional area (CSA) are used as measures of muscle-size, but determining these from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a very time-consuming process. Additionally, it is unclear if the use of different muscle size assessments (all vs. reduced number of slices images) would impact the muscle size-strength relationship. Thus, this study aimed to investigate if muscle size calculation by using a reduced or all slices images from pectoralis major (PM) would maintain a similar muscle size-strength relationship with bilateral maximal dynamic and isometric contractions on a bench press exercise. Twenty-four healthy males underwent an MRI examination to measure PM muscle size, and maximal isometric and dynamic contractions (by one repetition maximum, 1RM) were performed. Correlations between maximal isometric voluntary force (MVF) and dynamic strength (1RM) with muscle size variables [three images from the largest part of PM (CSA3MAX), three images accounting for the shape -first image, middle image, final image- of the PM (CSA3), and MV] were performed. The correlation between 1RM with MV, CSA3, and CSA3MAX were 0.84, 0.832, and 0.727 (p < 0.001), respectively. The correlation between MVF with MV, CSA3, and CSA3MAX were 0.738, 0.733, and 0.604 (p < 0.001), respectively. Overall, PM MV and CSA3 exhibit a stronger and similar muscle size-strength relationship during maximal dynamic and isometric tests than CSA3MAX. Therefore, a reduced number of slices (CSA3) could be used as an alternative to considerably reduce the time of analysis without compromise muscle size-strength relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel B Lanza
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States
| | - Hugo C Martins-Costa
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Physical Education, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Carolina C De Souza
- Department of Physical Education, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando V Lima
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C R Diniz
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro H Chagas
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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28
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Cooper AN, McDermott WJ, Martin JC, Dulaney SO, Carrier DR. Great power comes at a high (locomotor) cost: the role of muscle fascicle length in the power versus economy performance trade-off. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:272355. [PMID: 34605905 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.236679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Muscle design constraints preclude simultaneous specialization of the vertebrate locomotor system for explosive and economical force generation. The resulting performance trade-off between power and economy has been attributed primarily to individual differences in muscle fiber type composition. While certainly crucial for performance specialization, fiber type likely interacts with muscle architectural parameters, such as fascicle length, to produce this trade-off. Longer fascicles composed of more serial sarcomeres can achieve faster shortening velocities, allowing for greater power production. Long fascicles likely reduce economy, however, because more energy-consuming contractile units are activated for a given force production. We hypothesized that longer fascicles are associated with both increased power production and locomotor cost. In 11 power-trained and 13 endurance-trained recreational athletes, we measured (1) muscle fascicle length via ultrasound in the gastrocnemius lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis and vastus lateralis, (2) maximal power during cycling and countermovement jumps, and (3) running cost of transport. We estimated muscle fiber type non-invasively based on the pedaling rate at which maximal cycling power occurred. As predicted, longer gastrocnemius muscle fascicles were correlated with greater lower-body power production and cost of transport. Multiple regression analyses revealed that variability in maximal power was explained by fiber type (46% for cycling, 24% for jumping) and average fascicle length (20% for cycling, 13% for jumping), while average fascicle length accounted for 15% of the variation in cost of transport. These results suggest that, at least for certain muscles, fascicle length plays an important role in the power versus economy performance trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - William J McDermott
- Sport Science and Research, The Orthopedic Specialty Hospital, Murray, UT 84107, USA
| | - James C Martin
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Shea O Dulaney
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - David R Carrier
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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29
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Jacob I, Jones G, Francis P, Johnson MI. The effect of limb position on measured values of vastus lateralis muscle morphology using B Mode ultrasound. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Jacob
- Musculoskeletal Research Group Leeds Beckett University Leeds UK
| | - Gareth Jones
- Musculoskeletal Research Group Leeds Beckett University Leeds UK
| | - Peter Francis
- Department of Science and Health Institute of Technology Carlow Carlow Ireland
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30
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Kiuchi Y, Makizako H, Nakai Y, Taniguchi Y, Tomioka K, Sato N, Wada A, Doi T, Kiyama R, Takenaka T. Associations of alpha-actinin-3 genotype with thigh muscle volume and physical performance in older adults with sarcopenia or pre-sarcopenia. Exp Gerontol 2021; 154:111525. [PMID: 34425205 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship of the ACTN3 genotype with thigh muscle volume and physical performance in older adults with sarcopenia or pre-sarcopenia. METHODS Data from 64 older Japanese adults (mean age 74.4 ± 6.9 years, women 71.9%) with sarcopenia or pre-sarcopenia were analyzed. Sarcopenia and pre-sarcopenia were defined using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. We collected oral mucosa samples to determine the ACTN3 genotype. Thigh muscle volumes were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Physical performance was assessed using the usual and maximum gait speed, timed up and go test, and five-repetition sit-to-stand test. Muscle strength was assessed using grip strength. RESULT The ACTN3 genotype proportions were 20.3% for RR, 51.6% for RX, and 28.1% for XX. Participants with the RR genotype showed greater thigh muscle volume/ht2 compared to those with the RX and XX ACTN3 genotypes (p < 0.05). The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that RX (p < 0.01) and XX (p < 0.01) ACTN3 genotypes, compared to RR, were associated with lower thigh muscle volume/ht2 and with age, sex (reference; men), weight and maximum walking speed. There was no significant difference between physical performance and muscle strength between the ACTN3 genotypes. CONCLUSION The ACTN3 genotype of the X allele was associated with decreased thigh muscle volume compared to the ACTN3 genotype of RR in older adults with sarcopenia or pre-sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Kiuchi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Section for Health Promotion, Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Hyuma Makizako
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Yuki Nakai
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Kagoshima Medical Professional College, Kagoshima 891-0133, Japan.
| | - Kazutoshi Tomioka
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Tarumizu Municipal Medical Center, Tarumizu Chuo Hospital, Kagoshima 891-2124, Japan.
| | - Nana Sato
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Wada
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Takehiko Doi
- Section for Health Promotion, Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Ryoji Kiyama
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Takenaka
- Tarumizu Municipal Medical Center, Tarumizu Chuo Hospital, Kagoshima 891-2124, Japan.
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Miyake Y, Suga T, Terada M, Tanaka T, Ueno H, Kusagawa Y, Otsuka M, Nagano A, Isaka T. No Correlation Between Plantar Flexor Muscle Volume and Sprint Performance in Sprinters. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:671248. [PMID: 34622204 PMCID: PMC8490797 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.671248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The plantar flexor torque plays an important role in achieving superior sprint performance in sprinters. Because of the close relationship between joint torque and muscle size, a simple assumption can be made that greater plantar flexor muscles (i.e., triceps surae muscles) are related to better sprint performance. However, previous studies have reported the absence of these relationships. Furthermore, to examine these relationships, only a few studies have calculated the muscle volume (MV) of the plantar flexors. In this study, we hypothesized that the plantar flexor MVs may not be important morphological factors for sprint performance. To test our hypothesis, we examined the relationships between plantar flexor MVs and sprint performance in sprinters. Fifty-two male sprinters and 26 body size-matched male non-sprinters participated in this study. On the basis of the personal best 100 m sprint times [range, 10.21–11.90 (mean ± SD, 11.13 ± 0.42) s] in sprinters, a K-means cluster analysis was applied to divide them into four sprint performance level groups (n = 8, 8, 19, and 17 for each group), which was the optimal number of clusters determined by the silhouette coefficient. The MVs of the gastrocnemius lateralis (GL), gastrocnemius medialis (GM), and soleus (SOL) in participants were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. In addition to absolute MVs, the relative MVs normalized to body mass were used for the analyses. The absolute and relative MVs of the total and individual plantar flexors were significantly greater in sprinters than in non-sprinters (all p < 0.01, d = 0.64–1.39). In contrast, all the plantar flexor MV variables did not differ significantly among the four groups of sprinters (all p > 0.05, η2 = 0.02–0.07). Furthermore, all plantar flexor MV variables did not correlate significantly with personal best 100 m sprint time in sprinters (r = −0.253–0.002, all p > 0.05). These findings suggest that although the plantar flexor muscles are specifically developed in sprinters compared to untrained non-sprinters, the greater plantar flexor MVs in the sprinters may not be important morphological factors for their sprint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Miyake
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Masafumi Terada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Ueno
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kusagawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Otsuka
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akinori Nagano
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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Muscle- and Region-Specific Associations Between Muscle Size and Muscular Strength During Hip Extension and Knee Flexion in the Hamstrings. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 30:1172-1177. [PMID: 34426558 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Strength deficits of the hamstrings following sports injuries decrease athletic performance and increase the risk of injury recurrence. Previous studies have shown a high correlation between the muscular strength during hip-extension and knee-flexion and total muscle size of the hamstrings. However, it remains unclear which region of the individual hamstring muscles is closely associated with muscular strength. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between the size of each region of the individual hamstring muscles and muscular strength during hip extension and knee flexion. DESIGN Within-subject repeated measures. SETTING University laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Twenty healthy young male volunteers who regularly engaged in sports activities. OUTCOME MEASURES Anatomical cross-sectional areas were acquired from the proximal, middle, and distal regions of the biceps femoris long head, biceps femoris short head, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. Hip-extension and knee-flexion strength were measured during maximal voluntary isometric and concentric contractions (angular velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s). RESULTS The anatomical cross-sectional area of the distal regions in biceps femoris long head (r = .525-.642) and semitendinosus (r = .567) were significantly correlated with hip-extension strength under all conditions and only at an angular velocity of 180°/s, respectively. Meanwhile, anatomical cross-sectional areas of the distal regions in biceps femoris short head (r = .587-.684) and semimembranosus (r = .569-.576) were closely associated with knee-flexion strength under all conditions. CONCLUSION These results suggest that muscle size in the distal regions of biceps femoris long head and semitendinosus greatly contributes to the production of hip-extension strength, whereas that of biceps femoris short head and semimembranosus significantly contributes to the generation of knee-flexion strength. These findings could be useful for designing training and rehabilitation programs to efficiently improve strength deficits following sports injuries such as strain injury and anterior cruciate ligament tears.
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Reeves J, Jones R, Liu A, Bent L, Martinez-Santos A, Nester C. No change in foot soft tissue morphology and skin sensitivity after three months of using foot orthoses that alter plantar pressure. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2021.1961880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Reeves
- School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Jones
- School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Anmin Liu
- School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Leah Bent
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | | | - Christopher Nester
- School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
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34
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Ueno H, Suga T, Takao K, Tanaka T, Miyake Y, Kusagawa Y, Terada M, Nagano A, Isaka T. Association between patellar tendon moment arm and running performance in endurance runners. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14981. [PMID: 34337901 PMCID: PMC8327161 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A shorter joint moment arm (MA) may help maintain the necessary muscle force when muscle contractions are repeated. This beneficial effect may contribute to reducing the energy cost during running. In this study, we examined the correlation between patellar tendon MA and running performance in endurance runners. The patellar tendon MA and quadriceps femoris muscle volume (MV) in 42 male endurance runners and 14 body size-matched male untrained participants were measured using a 1.5-T magnetic resonance system. The patellar tendon MA was significantly shorter in endurance runners than in untrained participants (p = 0.034, d = 0.65). In endurance runners, shorter patellar tendon MA correlated significantly with better personal best 5000-m race rime (r = 0.322, p = 0.034). A trend toward such a significant correlation was obtained between quadriceps femoris MV and personal best 5000-m race time (r = 0.303, p = 0.051). Although the correlation between patellar tendon MA and personal best 5000-m race time did not remain significant after adjusting for the quadriceps femoris MV (partial r = 0.247, p = 0.120), a stepwise multiple regression analysis (conducted with body height, body mass, patellar tendon MA, and quadriceps femoris MV) selected the patellar tendon MA (β = 0.322) as only a predictive variable for the personal best 5000-m race time (adjusted R2 = 0.081, p = 0.038). These findings suggest that the shorter patellar tendon MA, partially accorded with the smaller quadriceps femoris size, may be a favorable morphological variable for better running performance in endurance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Ueno
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
- Graduate School of Health and Sport ScienceNippon Sport Science UniversityTokyoJapan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
| | - Kenji Takao
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
| | - Yuto Miyake
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
| | - Yuki Kusagawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
| | - Masafumi Terada
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
| | - Akinori Nagano
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
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35
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Tottori N, Suga T, Hori M, Isaka T, Fujita S. Impact of moment arm on torque production of the knee extensors in children. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14521. [PMID: 32875748 PMCID: PMC7484879 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The joint moment arm (MA) dimension is related to joint torque in adults. However, this relationship remains unexplored in children. In this study, we aimed to determine the relationship between MA and joint torque of the knee extensors in this young population. The quadriceps femoris muscle volume (MV) and knee extensor MA in 20 preadolescent boys (age: 10.7 ± 0.9 years) were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. The knee extensor isometric and isokinetic torques were measured using a dynamometer. The isokinetic torque measurements were performed using slow and fast angular velocities at 60°/s and 180°/s respectively. The knee extensor torque‐producing capacities were assessed as the knee extensor isometric or isokinetic torque per the quadriceps femoris MV. The quadriceps femoris MV correlated significantly with all three knee extensor isometric and isokinetic torques (r = 0.513–0.804, p < .05 for all). The knee extensor MA also correlated significantly with the three knee extensor isometric and isokinetic torques (r = 0.701–0.806, p ≤ .001 for all). Furthermore, the knee extensor MA correlated significantly with all three knee extensor torque‐producing capacities (r = 0.488–0.701, p < .05 for all). These findings suggest that in addition to adults, greater MA plays an important role in achieving higher joint torque production of the knee extensors in preadolescent boys. This study is the first to determine the impact of MA dimension on joint torque production in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Tottori
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Miyuki Hori
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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36
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Ritsche P, Wirth P, Franchi MV, Faude O. ACSAuto-semi-automatic assessment of human vastus lateralis and rectus femoris cross-sectional area in ultrasound images. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13042. [PMID: 34158572 PMCID: PMC8219722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Open-access scripts to perform muscle anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) evaluation in ultrasound images are currently unavailable. This study presents a novel semi-automatic ImageJ script (named "ACSAuto") for quantifying the ACSA of lower limb muscles. We compared manual ACSA measurements from 180 ultrasound scans of vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles to measurements assessed by the ACSAuto script. We investigated inter- and intra-investigator reliability of the script. Consecutive-pairwise intra-class correlations (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM) with 95% compatibility interval were calculated. Bland-Altman analyses were employed to test the agreement between measurements. Comparing manual and ACSAuto measurements, ICCs and SEMs ranged from 0.96 to 0.999 and 0.12 to 0.96 cm2 (1.2-5.9%) and mean bias was smaller than 0.5 cm2 (4.3%). Inter-investigator comparison revealed ICCs, SEMs and mean bias ranging from 0.85 to 0.999, 0.07 to 1.16 cm2 (0.9-7.6%) and - 0.16 to 0.66 cm2 (- 0.6 to 3.2%). Intra-investigator comparison revealed ICCs, SEMs and mean bias between 0.883-0.998, 0.07-0.93 cm2 (1.1-7.6%) and - 0.80 to 0.15 cm2 (- 3.4 to 1.8%). Image quality needs to be high for efficient and accurate ACSAuto analyses. Taken together, the ACSAuto script represents a reliable tool to measure RF and VL ACSA, is comparable to manual analysis and can reduce time needed to evaluate ultrasound images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ritsche
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Philipp Wirth
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martino V Franchi
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Oliver Faude
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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37
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Faster intrinsic rate of torque development in elbow flexors than knee extensors: Effect of muscle architecture? J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 59:102570. [PMID: 34175795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the effect of pennate vs. fusiform muscle architecture on the rate of torque development (RTD) by examining the predominately fusiform elbow flexors (EF) and highly-pennate knee extensors (KE). Seventeen male volunteers (28.4 ± 6.2 years) performed explosive isometric EF and KE contractions (MVCs). Biceps brachii and vastus lateralis fascicle angles were measured to confirm their architecture, and both the rate of voluntary muscle activation (root-mean-square EMG in the 50 ms before contraction onset; EMG-50) and electromechanical delay (EMD; depicting muscle-tendon series elasticity) were assessed as control variables to account for their influence on RTD. MVC torque, early (RTD50) and late (RTD200) RTDs were calculated and expressed as absolute and normalized values. Absolute MVC torque (+412%), RTD50 (+215%), and RTD200 (+427%) were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in KE than EF. However, EF RTD50 was faster (+178%) than KE after normalization (p = 0.02). EMG-50 and EMD did not differ between muscle groups. The results suggest that the faster absolute RTD in KE is largely associated with its higher maximal torque capacity, however in the absence of differences in rates of muscle activation, fiber type, and EMD the fusiform architecture of EF may be considered a factor allowing its faster early RTD relative to strength capacity.
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38
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Hori M, Suga T, Terada M, Tanaka T, Kusagawa Y, Otsuka M, Nagano A, Isaka T. Relationship of the knee extensor strength but not the quadriceps femoris muscularity with sprint performance in sprinters: a reexamination and extension. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:67. [PMID: 34112228 PMCID: PMC8194240 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study examined the relationships of knee extensor strength and quadriceps femoris size with sprint performance in sprinters. Methods Fifty-eight male sprinters and 40 body size-matched male non-sprinters participated in this study. The knee extensor isometric and isokinetic strengths were measured using a dynamometer. The isokinetic strength measurements were performed with slow and fast velocities at 60°/s and 180°/s, respectively. The quadriceps femoris muscle volume (MV) was measured using magnetic resonance imaging. The relative knee extensor strengths and quadriceps femoris MV were calculated by normalizing to body mass. Results Absolute and relative knee extensor strengths during two velocity isokinetic contractions, but not during isometric contraction, were significantly higher in sprinters than in non-sprinters (P = 0.047 to < 0.001 for all). Such a significant difference was also observed for relative quadriceps femoris MV (P = 0.018). In sprinters, there were positive correlations between all three knee extensor strengths and quadriceps femoris MV (r = 0.421 to 0.531, P = 0.001 to < 0.001 for all). The absolute and relative strengths of the fast-velocity isokinetic knee extension correlated negatively with personal best 100-m sprint time (r = −0.477 and −0.409, P = 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). In contrast, no such significant correlations were observed between absolute and relative quadriceps femoris MVs and personal best 100-m sprint time. Conclusions These findings suggest that despite the presence of the relationship between muscle strength and size, the knee extensor strength may be related to superior sprint performance in sprinters independently of the quadriceps femoris muscularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Hori
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Terada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuki Kusagawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Otsuka
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akinori Nagano
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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Sarto F, Spörri J, Fitze DP, Quinlan JI, Narici MV, Franchi MV. Implementing Ultrasound Imaging for the Assessment of Muscle and Tendon Properties in Elite Sports: Practical Aspects, Methodological Considerations and Future Directions. Sports Med 2021; 51:1151-1170. [PMID: 33683628 PMCID: PMC8124062 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) imaging has been widely used in both research and clinical settings to evaluate the morphological and mechanical properties of muscle and tendon. In elite sports scenarios, a regular assessment of such properties has great potential, namely for testing the response to training, detecting athletes at higher risks of injury, screening athletes for structural abnormalities related to current or future musculoskeletal complaints, and monitoring their return to sport after a musculoskeletal injury. However, several practical and methodological aspects of US techniques should be considered when applying this technology in the elite sports context. Therefore, this narrative review aims to (1) present the principal US measures and field of applications in the context of elite sports; (2) to discuss, from a methodological perspective, the strengths and shortcomings of US imaging for the assessment of muscle and tendon properties; and (3) to provide future directions for research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sarto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Jörg Spörri
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel P Fitze
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan I Quinlan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marco V Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- CIR-MYO Myology Centre, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Martino V Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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40
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Balshaw TG, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Massey GJ, Folland JP. The Human Muscle Size and Strength Relationship: Effects of Architecture, Muscle Force, and Measurement Location. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2140-2151. [PMID: 33935234 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the best muscle size index of muscle strength by establishing if incorporating muscle architecture measurements improved the human muscle size-strength relationship. The influence of calculating muscle force, and the location of anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) measurements on this relationship were also examined. METHODS Fifty-two recreationally active males completed unilateral isometric knee extension strength assessments and MRI scans of the dominant thigh and knee to determine quadriceps femoris (QF) size variables (ACSA along the length of the femur, maximum ACSA [ACSAMAX] and volume [VOL]) and patellar tendon moment arm. Ultrasound images (2 sites per constituent muscle) were analyzed to quantify muscle architecture (fascicle length, pennation angle), and when combined with VOL (from MRI), facilitated calculation of QF effective PCSA (EFFPCSA) as potentially the best muscle size determinant of strength. Muscle force was calculated by dividing maximum voluntary torque (MVT) by the moment arm and addition of antagonist torque (derived from hamstring EMG). RESULTS The associations of EFFPCSA (r=0.685), ACSAMAX (r=0.697), or VOL (r=0.773) with strength did not differ, although qualitatively VOL explained 59.8% of the variance in strength, ~11-13% greater than EFFPCSA or ACSAMAX. All muscle size variables had weaker associations with muscle force than MVT. The association of strength-ACSA at 65% of femur length (r=0.719) was greater than for ACSA measured between 10-55% and 75-90% (r=-0.042-0.633) of femur length. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, using contemporary methods to assess muscle architecture and calculate EFFPCSA did not enhance the muscle strength-size association. For understanding/monitoring muscle size, the major determinant of strength, these findings support the assessment of muscle volume, that is independent of architecture measurements, and was most highly correlated to strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Balshaw
- Versus Arthritis, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Collegiate Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
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41
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Oranchuk DJ, Hopkins WG, Nelson AR, Storey AG, Cronin JB. The effect of regional quadriceps anatomical parameters on angle-specific isometric torque expression. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:368-378. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The length–tension relationship affects knee extension performance; however, whether anatomical variations in different quadriceps regions affect this relationship is unknown. Regional (proximal, middle, distal) quadriceps thickness (MT), pennation angle, and fascicle length of 24 males (48 limbs) were assessed via ultrasonography. Participants also performed maximal voluntary isometric torque (MVIT) assessments at 40°, 70°, and 100° of knee flexion. Measures were recorded on 3 separate occasions. Linear regression models predicting angle-specific torque from regional anatomy provided adjusted simple and multiple correlations (√adjR2) with bootstrapped compatibility limits to assess magnitude. Middle vastus lateralis MT and MVIT at 100° (√adjR2 = 0.64) was the largest single correlation, with distal vastus lateralis MT having the greatest mean correlations regardless of angle (√adjR2 = 0.61 ± 0.05, mean ± SD). Lateral distal MT and architecture had larger (Δ√adjR2 = 0.01 to 0.43) single and multiple correlations with MVIT than the lateral proximal (√adjR2 = 0.15 to 0.69 vs −0.08 to 0.65). Conversely, middle anterior MT had greater (Δ√adjR2 = 0.08 to 0.38) single and multiple correlations than proximal MT (√adjR2 = 0.09 to 0.49 vs −0.21 to 0.14). The length–tension relationship was trivially affected by regional quadriceps architecture. The middle and distal quadriceps were the strongest predictors of MVIT at all joint angles. Therefore, researchers may wish to focus on middle and distal lateral quadriceps anatomy when performing ultrasonographic evaluations. Novelty: The length–tension relationship is minimally affected by regional quadriceps anatomical parameters. Middle and distal vastus lateralis and lateral vastus intermedius anatomy were consistently the best predictors of torque. Practitioners may focus their assessments on the middle and distal regions of the lateral quadriceps’ musculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J. Oranchuk
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia
| | - William G. Hopkins
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia
| | - André R. Nelson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia
| | - Adam G. Storey
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - John B. Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
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Sawy MME, Mikkawy DMEE, El-Sayed SM, Desouky AM. Morphometric analysis of vastus medialis oblique muscle and its influence on anterior knee pain. Anat Cell Biol 2021; 54:1-9. [PMID: 33262319 PMCID: PMC8017455 DOI: 10.5115/acb.20.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy knees require full range squatting movements. Vastus medialis (VM) muscle regulates and adjusts the extensor apparatus that influences the patellofemoral function. This work was designed to investigate the anatomy and morphometry of vastus medialis oblique (VMO) muscle by widely used imaging techniques and investigate how VMO muscle participates in anterior knee pain. Ten dissected cadaveric specimens were examined, focusing on fiber orientations, origin, insertions and nerve supply of VMO muscle. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound of VMO muscle were recorded. Anatomical cross-sectional areas of VMO muscle were determined in painless and painful knees and statistically analyzed. In cadaveric specimens, there was distinct separation between VM longus and VMO (change in fiber angle or fibro-fascial plane). VMO inserted directly into the medial proximal margin of the patella, capsule of the knee joint and continuous with the patellar tendon. Separate branch of femoral nerve run along the anteromedial border of the muscle. Anatomical cross-sectional area was significantly decreased in painful knee by -17.2%±11.0% at lower end of shaft of femur, -21.1%±6.0% at upper border of patella, -36.7%±11.0% at mid-patellar level. VMO is distinct muscle within quadriceps femoris group. VMO muscle would track the patella medially and participate in last phase of knee extension. Assessment of the VMO muscle anatomical cross-sectional area by ultrasonography may constitute promising and reliable tool to evaluate patellofemoral pain syndrome staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M El Sawy
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia M E El Mikkawy
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sayed M El-Sayed
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Desouky
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Muscle architecture and morphology as determinants of explosive strength. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1099-1110. [PMID: 33458800 PMCID: PMC7966212 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neural drive and contractile properties are well-defined physiological determinants of explosive strength, the influence of muscle architecture and related morphology on explosive strength is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between Quadriceps muscle architecture (pennation angle [ΘP] and fascicle length [FL]) and size (e.g., volume; QVOL), as well as patellar tendon moment arm (PTMA) with voluntary and evoked explosive knee extension torque in 53 recreationally active young men. METHOD Following familiarisation, explosive voluntary torque at 50 ms intervals from torque onset (T50, T100, T150), evoked octet at 50 ms (8 pulses at 300-Hz; evoked T50), as well as maximum voluntary torque, were assessed on two occasions with isometric dynamometry. B-mode ultrasound was used to assess ΘP and FL at ten sites throughout the quadriceps (2-3 sites) per constituent muscle. Muscle size (QVOL) and PTMA were quantified using 1.5 T MRI. RESULT There were no relationships with absolute early phase explosive voluntary torque (≤ 50 ms), but θP (weak), QVOL (moderate to strong) and PTMA (weak) were related to late phase explosive voluntary torque (≥ 100 ms). Regression analysis revealed only QVOL was an independent variable contributing to the variance in T100 (34%) and T150 (54%). Evoked T50 was also related to QVOL and θP. When explosive strength was expressed relative to MVT there were no relationships observed. CONCLUSION It is likely that the weak associations of θP and PTMA with late phase explosive voluntary torque was via their association with MVT/QVOL rather than as a direct determinant.
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Dallaway A, Hattersley J, Diokno M, Tallis J, Renshaw D, Wilson A, Wayte S, Weedall A, Duncan M. Age-related degeneration of lumbar muscle morphology in healthy younger versus older men. Aging Male 2020; 23:1583-1597. [PMID: 33691587 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2021.1878130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate age-related changes in lumbar paravertebral muscle (LPM) morphology in healthy younger and older adult men. METHODS T2-weighted axial MRI of the lumbar spine were obtained for 12 healthy older (67.3 ± 6.0 years) and younger (24.7 ± 3.1 years) men. Normalised muscle volume (NMV) and muscle fat infiltrate (MFI) were determined bilaterally for the psoas (PS), quadratus lumborum (QL), erector spinae (ES) and multifidus (MF). MANOVA was used to compare NMV and MFI between age groups. Follow-up ANOVA compared NMV and MFI for each muscle between age groups, with physical activity (PA) as a covariate. Stepwise regression was used to explore the association between muscle morphology. RESULTS NMV of the ES and QL were significantly lower in the older group (OG) (p = 0.040 and p < 0.001, respectively). MFI across all muscles was significantly greater in the OG (p < 0.001). PA did not moderate the relationship between aging and muscle degeneration. Non-dominant handgrip strength was associated with NMV (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Age-related atrophy is muscle specific in the lumbar spine; changes in lumbar musculature is independent of PA, handgrip strength may reflect morphological changes in the postural muscles with age. This study supports establishing effective targeted exercise interventions in the lumbar musculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dallaway
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Coventry NIHR CRF Human Metabolism Research Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - John Hattersley
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Coventry NIHR CRF Human Metabolism Research Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Michael Diokno
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Jason Tallis
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Derek Renshaw
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Adrian Wilson
- Coventry NIHR CRF Human Metabolism Research Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
- Radiology Physics, Department of Clinical Physics and Bioengineering, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Sarah Wayte
- Radiology Physics, Department of Clinical Physics and Bioengineering, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Andrew Weedall
- Radiology Physics, Department of Clinical Physics and Bioengineering, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Michael Duncan
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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Yagi M, Tateuchi H, Umehara J, Motomura Y, Hirono T, Nojiri S, Pataky TC, Ichihashi N. Muscle size-scaled shear elastic modulus: A muscle force index independent of maximal voluntary contraction, assessed during elbow extension. J Biomech 2020; 112:110049. [PMID: 33022486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Shear elastic modulus (G) can differ among individuals due to muscle size and other factors, even for constant muscle force. Inter-individual comparisons of G usually require normalization by maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), but MVC procedures may not be appropriate for certain clinical populations including those presenting with pain or other compromised functionality. This study aimed to test whether muscle size-scaled G, which does not require MVC testing, would yield stronger correlation with absolute torque than unscaled G. Twelve-healthy males performed isometric elbow extension across a range of torque magnitudes (from 5 Nm until 60% MVC). G of the triceps brachii was measured using shear wave elastography during each trial. Cross-sectional area (CSA) and muscle thickness (MT) of the triceps brachii were measured at rest. Scaled G was calculated as a product of G and CSA or MT ("G-CSA" and "G-MT", respectively). Within-individual linear regressions were conducted between absolute torque and the three force indicator variables. The regression slopes' coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated for each indicator across individuals. Between-individual correlation coefficients were calculated, after pooling all data across individuals into a single regression analysis for each indicator. Linear regression found that inter-individual slope variation increased in the following order: G-CSA, G-MT, and unscaled G (CV = 0.15, 0.18, and 0.29, respectively). Pooled-individual correlation coefficients were significantly higher in G-CSA and G-MT than in unscaled G (r = 0.948, 0.924, and r = 0.783, respectively). These results suggest that muscle size-scaled G may be more appropriate than unscaled G when comparing shear moduli across individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Yagi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Hiroshige Tateuchi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Jun Umehara
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kojimachi Business Center Building, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Motomura
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirono
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kojimachi Business Center Building, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Shusuke Nojiri
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Todd C Pataky
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ichihashi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Effects of Achilles Tendon Moment Arm Length on Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10196631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insertional Achilles tendinopathy (IAT) is caused by traction force of the tendon. The effectiveness of the suture bridge technique in correcting it is unknown. We examined the moment arm in patients with IAT before and after surgery using the suture bridge technique, in comparison to that of healthy individuals. We hypothesized that the suture bridge method influences the moment arm length. An IAT group comprising 10 feet belonging to 8 patients requiring surgical treatment for IAT were followed up postoperatively and compared with a control group comprising 15 feet of 15 healthy individuals with no ankle complaints or history of trauma or surgery. The ratio of the moment arm (MA) length/foot length was found to be statistically significant between the control group, the IAT group preoperatively and the IAT group postoperatively (p < 0.01). Despite no significant difference in the force between the control and preoperative IAT groups, a significantly higher force to the Achilles tendon was observed in the IAT group postoperatively compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that a long moment arm may be one of the causes of IAT, and the suture bridge technique may reduce the Achilles tendon moment arm.
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Suga T, Terada M, Tanaka T, Miyake Y, Ueno H, Otsuka M, Nagano A, Isaka T. Calcaneus height is a key morphological factor of sprint performance in sprinters. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15425. [PMID: 32963292 PMCID: PMC7509784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the relationships between the foot bone morphologies and sprint performance in sprinters. Foot images in 56 male sprinters obtained using magnetic resonance imaging. The relative lengths of the forefoot bones of the big and second toes, which were calculated as total lengths of the forefoot bones for each toe normalized to the foot length, correlated significantly with personal best 100-m sprint time (r = − 0.293 and − 0.459, both Ps < 0.05). The relative lengths of the rearfoot talus and calcaneus normalized to the foot length also correlated significantly with the sprint performance (r = − 0.378 and − 0.496, both Ps < 0.05). Furthermore, the relative height of the calcaneus, but not the talus, normalized to body height correlated significantly with sprint performance (r = − 0.690, P < 0.001). Additionally, the relative calcaneus height correlated significantly with the foot arch height index (r = 0.420, P = 0.001), and the foot arch height index correlated significantly with sprint performance (r = − 0.517, P < 0.001). These findings suggest that the taller calcaneus may be a key morphological factor for achieving superior sprint performance, potentially via modeling the longer forefoot and rearfoot bones and functional foot morphology in sprinters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Suga
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Msafumi Terada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yuto Miyake
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Ueno
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.,Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Otsuka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Akinori Nagano
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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Garcia SA, Rodriguez KM, Krishnan C, Palmieri-Smith RM. Type of measurement used influences central and peripheral contributions to quadriceps weakness after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 46:14-22. [PMID: 32846386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relative contribution of muscle size and voluntary activation (VA) on quadriceps strength after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction remains inconclusive. Here, we aimed to determine the contributions of muscle size and VA on quadriceps strength in ACL-reconstructed patients and determine if contributions were similar if unilateral outcomes (i.e. ACL-reconstructed limb) or the LSI was used. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING A university research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Sixteen individuals 6-12 months after ACL reconstruction (Age: 22.3 ± 6.0yr, Height: 1.7 ± 0.1 m, Mass: 68.7 ± 11.5 kg) were recruited. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Quadriceps isometric strength and VA, via the interpolated triplet technique, were assessed bilaterally. Ultrasound images were acquired of the vastus lateralis to calculate cross-sectional area (CSA) in both legs. LSI's were computed for all variables by expressing values of the reconstructed leg as a percent of the non-reconstructed leg. Separate stepwise linear regressions were performed to examine the contribution of VA and CSA on quadriceps strength. Model 1 used LSI for all outcomes and model 2 used outcomes from the reconstructed leg. RESULTS We observed between limb deficits of 27.78% in quadriceps strength, 13.61% in vastus lateralis CSA, and 13.18% in VA (P < 0.05). Strength LSI was significantly predicted by VA LSI (R2 = 0.45, P < 0.01), but not by CSA LSI (R2 = 0.01, P =0.87). Reconstructed leg strength was significantly predicted by VL CSA (R2 = 0.50, P < 0.01) but not quadriceps VA (R2 = 0.08, P =0.11). CONCLUSIONS The contributions of VA and CSA on quadriceps PT differed greatly if LSI or reconstructed leg outcomes were used. Evaluation of VA and CSA in unison may be provide a more holistic understanding of the sources of muscle weakness after ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Garcia
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Chandramouli Krishnan
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Robotics Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neuromuscular and Rehabilitation Robotics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Riann M Palmieri-Smith
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Orthopaedic Rehabilitation and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Franchi MV, Fitze DP, Hanimann J, Sarto F, Spörri J. Panoramic ultrasound vs. MRI for the assessment of hamstrings cross-sectional area and volume in a large athletic cohort. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14144. [PMID: 32839500 PMCID: PMC7445237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the validity of panoramic ultrasound (US) compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the assessment of hamstrings cross-sectional area (CSA) and volume. Hamstrings CSA were acquired with US (by an expert operator) at four different sites of femur length (FL) in 85 youth competitive alpine skiers (14.8 ± 0.5 years), and successively compared to corresponding scans obtained by MRI, analyzed by a trained vs. a novice rater. The agreement between techniques was assessed by Bland–Altman analyses. Statistical analysis was carried out using Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient (r). US-derived CSA showed a very good agreement compared to MRI-based ones. The best sites were 40% FL (0 = mid patellar point) for biceps femoris long head (r = 0.9), 50% for semitendinosus (r = 0.9), and 30% for semimembranosus (r = 0.86) and biceps femoris short head (BFsh, r = 0.8). US-based vs. MRI-based hamstrings volume showed an r of 0.96. Poorer r values were observed for the novice compared to the trained rater, with the biggest difference observed for BFsh at 50% (r = 0.001 vs. r = 0.50, respectively) and semimembranosus at 60% (r = 0.23 vs. r = 0.42, respectively). Panoramic US provides valid CSA values and volume estimations compared to MRI. To ensure optimal US-vs.-MRI agreement, raters should preferably possess previous experience in imaging-based analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino V Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. .,Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel P Fitze
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Hanimann
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Sarto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Jörg Spörri
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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50
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Relationship between vastus lateralis muscle ultrasound echography, knee extensors rate of torque development, and jump height in professional soccer athletes. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00681-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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