1
|
Orsi JB, Araujo LS, Scariot PPM, Polisel EEC, Cardoso LO, Gobatto CA, Manchado-Gobatto FB. Critical Velocity, Maximal Lactate Steady State, and Muscle MCT1 and MCT4 after Exhaustive Running in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15753. [PMID: 37958736 PMCID: PMC10648804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the critical velocity (CV) protocol has been used to determine the aerobic capacity in rodents, there is a lack of studies that compare CV with maximal lactate steady state intensity (iMLSS) in mice. As a consequence, their physiological and molecular responses after exercise until exhaustion at CV intensity remain unclear. Thus, we aimed to compare and correlate CV with iMLSS in running mice, following different mathematical models for CV estimation. We also evaluated their physiological responses and muscle MCT1 and MCT4 after running until exhaustion at CV. Thirty C57BL/6J mice were divided into two groups (exercised-E and control-C). Group E was submitted to a CV protocol (4 days), using linear (lin1 and lin2) and hyperbolic (hyp) mathematical models to determine the distance, velocity, and time to exhaustion (tlim) of each predictive CV trial, followed by an MLSS protocol. After a running effort until exhaustion at CV intensity, the mice were immediately euthanized, while group C was euthanized at rest. No differences were observed between iMLSS (21.1 ± 1.1 m.min-1) and CV estimated by lin1 (21.0 ± 0.9 m.min-1, p = 0.415), lin2 (21.3 ± 0.9 m.min-1, p = 0.209), and hyp (20.6 ± 0.9 m.min-1, p = 0.914). According to the results, CV was significantly correlated with iMLSS. After running until exhaustion at CV (tlim = 28.4 ± 8,29 min), group E showed lower concentrations of hepatic and gluteal glycogen than group C, but no difference in the content of MCT1 (p = 0.933) and MCT4 (p = 0.123) in soleus muscle. Significant correlations were not found between MCT1 and MCT4 and tlim at CV intensity. Our results reinforce that CV is a valid and non-invasive protocol to estimate the maximal aerobic capacity in mice and that the content of MCT1 and MCT4 was not decisive in determining the tlim at CV, at least when measured immediately after the running effort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan B Orsi
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara S Araujo
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro P M Scariot
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emanuel E C Polisel
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luisa O Cardoso
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio A Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fúlvia B Manchado-Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Drozdovska S, Zanou N, Lavier J, Mazzolai L, Millet GP, Pellegrin M. Moderate Effects of Hypoxic Training at Low and Supramaximal Intensities on Skeletal Muscle Metabolic Gene Expression in Mice. Metabolites 2023; 13:1103. [PMID: 37887428 PMCID: PMC10609052 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The muscle molecular adaptations to different exercise intensities in combination with hypoxia are not well understood. This study investigated the effect of low- and supramaximal-intensity hypoxic training on muscle metabolic gene expression in mice. C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: sedentary and training. Training consisted of 4 weeks at low or supramaximal intensity, either in normoxia or hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.13). The expression levels of genes involved in the hypoxia signaling pathway (Hif1a and Vegfa), the metabolism of glucose (Gys1, Glut4, Hk2, Pfk, and Pkm1), lactate (Ldha, Mct1, Mct4, Pdh, and Pdk4) and lipid (Cd36, Fabp3, Ucp2, Hsl, and Mcad), and mitochondrial energy metabolism and biogenesis (mtNd1, mtNd6, CytC, CytB, Pgc1a, Pgc1β, Nrf1, Tfam, and Cs) were determined in the gastrocnemius muscle. No physical performance improvement was observed between groups. In normoxia, supramaximal intensity training caused upregulation of major genes involved in the transport of glucose and lactate, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial biogenesis, while low intensity training had a minor effect. The exposure to hypoxia changed the expression of some genes in the sedentary mice but had a moderate effect in trained mice compared to respective normoxic mice. In hypoxic groups, low-intensity training increased the mRNA levels of Mcad and Cs, while supramaximal intensity training decreased the mRNA levels of Mct1 and Mct4. The results indicate that hypoxic training, regardless of exercise intensity, has a moderate effect on muscle metabolic gene expression in healthy mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Drozdovska
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (N.Z.); (J.L.)
- Biomedical Disciplines Department, Health, Physical Education and Tourism Faculty, National University of Ukraine on Physical Education and Sport, 03150 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nadège Zanou
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (N.Z.); (J.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Lavier
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (N.Z.); (J.L.)
- Angiology Division, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Lucia Mazzolai
- Angiology Division, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (N.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Maxime Pellegrin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (N.Z.); (J.L.)
- Angiology Division, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang W, Mukai K, Takahashi K, Ohmura H, Takahashi T, Hatta H, Kitaoka Y. Short-term hypoxic training increases monocarboxylate transporter 4 and phosphofructokinase activity in Thoroughbreds. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14473. [PMID: 32512646 PMCID: PMC7279979 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate effects of short-term hypoxic training on lactate metabolism in the gluteus medius muscle of Thoroughbreds. Using crossover design (3 months washout), eight Thoroughbred horses were trained for 2 weeks in normoxia (FI O2 = 21%) and hypoxia (FI O2 = 18%) each. They ran at 95% maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max ) on a treadmill inclined at 6% for 2 min (3 days/week) measured under normoxia. Before and after each training period, all horses were subjected to an incremental exercise test (IET) under normoxia. Following the 2-week trainings, V̇O2max in IET increased significantly under both oxygen conditions. The exercise duration in IET increased significantly only after hypoxic training. The monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1 protein levels remained unchanged after training under both oxygen conditions, whereas MCT4 protein levels increased significantly after training in hypoxia but not after training in normoxia. Phosphofructokinase activity increased significantly only after hypoxic training, whereas cytochrome c oxidase activity increased significantly only after normoxic training. Our results suggest that hypoxic training efficiently enhances glycolytic capacity and levels of the lactate transporter protein MCT4, which facilitates lactate efflux from the skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Wang
- Department of Human SciencesKanagawa UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | - Kazutaka Mukai
- Equine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationTochigiJapan
| | - Kenya Takahashi
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hajime Ohmura
- Equine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationTochigiJapan
| | | | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yu Kitaoka
- Department of Human SciencesKanagawa UniversityKanagawaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thomas C, Bishop DJ, Lambert K, Mercier J, Brooks GA. Effects of acute and chronic exercise on sarcolemmal MCT1 and MCT4 contents in human skeletal muscles: current status. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 302:R1-14. [PMID: 22012699 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00250.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Two lactate/proton cotransporter isoforms (monocarboxylate transporters, MCT1 and MCT4) are present in the plasma (sarcolemmal) membranes of skeletal muscle. Both isoforms are symports and are involved in both muscle pH and lactate regulation. Accordingly, sarcolemmal MCT isoform expression may play an important role in exercise performance. Acute exercise alters human MCT content, within the first 24 h from the onset of exercise. The regulation of MCT protein expression is complex after acute exercise, since there is not a simple concordance between changes in mRNA abundance and protein levels. In general, exercise produces greater increases in MCT1 than in MCT4 content. Chronic exercise also affects MCT1 and MCT4 content, regardless of the initial fitness of subjects. On the basis of cross-sectional studies, intensity would appear to be the most important factor regulating exercise-induced changes in MCT content. Regulation of skeletal muscle MCT1 and MCT4 content by a variety of stimuli inducing an elevation of lactate level (exercise, hypoxia, nutrition, metabolic perturbations) has been demonstrated. Dissociation between the regulation of MCT content and lactate transport activity has been reported in a number of studies, and changes in MCT content are more common in response to contractile activity, whereas changes in lactate transport capacity typically occur in response to changes in metabolic pathways. Muscle MCT expression is involved in, but is not the sole determinant of, muscle H(+) and lactate anion exchange during physical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Thomas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, "Physiologie et Médecine expérimentale du coeur et des muscles", Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lecoultre V, Boss A, Tappy L, Borrani F, Tran C, Schneiter P, Schutz Y. Training in hypoxia fails to further enhance endurance performance and lactate clearance in well-trained men and impairs glucose metabolism during prolonged exercise. Exp Physiol 2009; 95:315-30. [PMID: 19897566 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2009.050690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic effects of endurance training and hypoxia on endurance performance in normoxic and hypoxic conditions (approximately 3000 m above sea level) as well as on lactate and glucose metabolism during prolonged exercise. For this purpose, 14 well-trained cyclists performed 12 training sessions in conditions of normobaric hypoxia (HYP group, n = 7) or normoxia (NOR group, n = 7) over 4 weeks. Before and after training, lactate and glucose turnover rates were measured by infusion of exogenous lactate and stable isotope tracers. Endurance performance was assessed during incremental tests performed in normoxia and hypoxia and a 40 km time trial performed in normoxia. After training, performance was similarly and significantly improved in the NOR and HYP groups (training, P < 0.001) in normoxic conditions. No further effect of hypoxic training was found on markers of endurance performance in hypoxia (training x hypoxia interaction, n.s.). In addition, training and hypoxia had no significant effect on lactate turnover rate. In contrast, there was a significant interaction of training and hypoxia (P < 0.05) on glucose metabolism, as follows: plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were significantly increased; glucose metabolic clearance rate was decreased; and the insulin to glucagon ratio was increased after training in the HYP group. In conclusion, our results show that, compared with training in normoxia, training in hypoxia has no further effect on endurance performance in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions or on lactate metabolic clearance rate. Additionally, these findings suggest that training in hypoxia impairs blood glucose regulation in endurance-trained subjects during exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virgile Lecoultre
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|