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Laborde S, Wanders J, Mosley E, Javelle F. Influence of physical post-exercise recovery techniques on vagally-mediated heart rate variability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2024; 44:14-35. [PMID: 37754676 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
In sports, physical recovery following exercise-induced fatigue is mediated via the reactivation of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). A noninvasive way to quantify the reactivation of the PNS is to assess vagally-mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV), which can then be used as an index of physical recovery. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of physical recovery techniques following exercise-induced fatigue on vmHRV, specifically via the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD). Randomized controlled trials from the databases PubMed, WebOfScience, and SportDiscus were included. Twenty-four studies were part of the systematic review and 17 were included in the meta-analysis. Using physical post-exercise recovery techniques displayed a small to moderate positive effect on RMSSD (k = 22, Hedges' g = 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.20-0.61, p = 0.04) with moderate heterogeneity. In the subgroup analyses, cold water immersion displayed a moderate to large positive effect (g = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.42-1.07) compared with none for other techniques. For exercise type, physical recovery techniques performed after resistance exercise (g = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.48-0.89) demonstrated a larger positive effect than after cardiovascular intermittent (g = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.06-0.97), while physical recovery techniques performed after cardiovascular continuous exercise had no effect. No significant subgroup differences for training status and exercise intensity were observed. Overall, physical post-exercise recovery techniques can accelerate PNS reactivation as indexed by vmHRV, but the effectiveness varies with the technique and exercise type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Laborde
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- UFR STAPS, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Jannik Wanders
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Emma Mosley
- Solent University Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Florian Javelle
- NeuroPsychoImmunology Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Efficacy of two intermittent cooling strategies during prolonged work-rest intervals in the heat with personal protective gear compared with a control condition. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1125-1134. [PMID: 36651993 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Personal protective equipment (PPE) inhibits heat dissipation and elevates heat strain. Impaired cooling with PPE warrants investigation into practical strategies to improve work capacity and mitigate exertional heat illness. PURPOSE Examine physiological and subjective effects of forearm immersion (FC), fan mist (MC), and passive cooling (PC) following three intermittent treadmill bouts while wearing PPE. METHODS Twelve males (27 ± 6 years; 57.6 ± 6.2 ml/kg/min; 78.3 ± 8.1 kg; 183.1 ± 7.2 cm) performed three 50-min (10 min of 40%, 70%, 40%, 60%, 50% vVO2max) treadmill bouts in the heat (36 °C, 30% relative humidity). Thirty minutes of cooling followed each bout, using one of the three strategies per trial. Rectal temperature (Tcore), skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate (HR), heart rate recovery (HRR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), thirst, thermal sensation (TS), and fatigue were obtained. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (condition x time) detected differences between interventions. RESULTS Final Tcore was similar between trials (P > .05). Cooling rates were larger in FC and MC vs PC following bout one (P < .05). HRR was greatest in FC following bouts two (P = .013) and three (P < .001). Tsk, fluid consumption, and sweat rate were similar between all trials (P > .05). TS and fatigue during bout three were lower in MC, despite similar Tcore and HR. CONCLUSION Utilizing FC and MC during intermittent work in the heat with PPE yields some thermoregulatory and cardiovascular benefit, but military health and safety personnel should explore new and novel strategies to mitigate risk and maximize performance under hot conditions while wearing PPE.
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Hamlin MJ, Deuchrass RW, Olsen PD, Choukri MA, Marshall HC, Lizamore CA, Leong C, Elliot CA. The Effect of Sleep Quality and Quantity on Athlete's Health and Perceived Training Quality. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:705650. [PMID: 34568820 PMCID: PMC8461238 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.705650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
University athletes are unique because they not only have to cope with the normal psycho-physiological stress of training and playing sport, but they also need to accommodate the stress associated with their academic studies along with considerable stress from their social environment. The ability to manage and adapt to stress ultimately helps improve athletic performance, but when stress becomes too much for the athlete, it can result in maladaptation's including sleep disruption which is associated with performance loss, negative mood changes, and even injury or illness. This research aimed to determine if sleep quantity and quality were associated with maladaptation in university athletes. We examined subjective measures of sleep duration and sleep quality along with measures of mood state, energy levels, academic stress, training quality and quantity, and frequency of illness and injury in 82 young (18–23 years) elite athletes over a 1 year period in 2020. Results indicate sleep duration and quality decreased in the first few weeks of the academic year which coincided with increased training, academic and social stress. Regression analysis indicated increased levels of perceived mood (1.3, 1.1–1.5, Odds Ratio and 95% confidence limits), sleep quality (2.9, 2.5–3.3), energy levels (1.2, 1.0–1.4), training quality (1.3, 1.1–1.5), and improved academic stress (1.1, 1.0–1.3) were associated with ≥8 h sleep. Athletes that slept ≥8 h or had higher sleep quality levels were less likely to suffer injury/illness (0.8, 0.7–0.9, and 0.6, 0.5–0.7 for sleep duration and quality, respectively). In conclusion, university athletes who maintain good sleep habits (sleep duration ≥8 h/night and high sleep quality scores) are less likely to suffer problems associated with elevated stress levels. Educating athletes, coaches, and trainers of the signs and symptoms of excessive stress (including sleep deprivation) may help reduce maladaptation and improve athlete's outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hamlin
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Peter D Olsen
- Department of Applied Sciences and Social Practice, Ara Institute of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Maria A Choukri
- Department of Applied Sciences and Social Practice, Ara Institute of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Helen C Marshall
- Department of Applied Sciences and Social Practice, Ara Institute of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Catherine A Lizamore
- Department of Applied Sciences and Social Practice, Ara Institute of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Claudia Leong
- Department of Applied Sciences and Social Practice, Ara Institute of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Catherine A Elliot
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Marcel-Millet P, Groslambert A, Gimenez P, Grosprêtre S, Ravier G. Psychophysiological responses of firefighters to day and night rescue interventions. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 95:103457. [PMID: 33984583 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed 1) to assess the psychophysiological responses throughout a rescue intervention performed during the day and at night and 2) to determine if a vibrating alarm influences these psychophysiological responses at night. Sixteen male firefighters completed a simulated intervention under three different conditions: 1) during the day with a sound alarm signal (DaySA), 2) during the night with a sound alarm signal (NightSA), 3) during the night with a vibrating alarm signal (NightVA). Cardiovascular and psychological stress were recorded throughout the interventions. During the alarm signal, HR reactivity was greater in NightSA than in DaySA (p < 0.01). Parasympathetic reactivation and self-confidence were significantly lower in NightSA than in DaySA (p < 0.05). HR reactivity was decreased in NightVA in comparison to NightSA (p < 0.05). Overall, the rescue intervention had a greater impact on the psychophysiological variables during the night than during the day, and the type of alarm had a minor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philémon Marcel-Millet
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, Laboratory C3S (EA 4660), Department Sport and Performance, UFR STAPS, 31 Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France.
| | - Alain Groslambert
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, Laboratory C3S (EA 4660), Department Sport and Performance, UFR STAPS, 31 Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France.
| | - Philippe Gimenez
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, Laboratory C3S (EA 4660), Department Sport and Performance, UFR STAPS, 31 Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France.
| | - Sidney Grosprêtre
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, Laboratory C3S (EA 4660), Department Sport and Performance, UFR STAPS, 31 Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France.
| | - Gilles Ravier
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, Laboratory C3S (EA 4660), Department Sport and Performance, UFR STAPS, 31 Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France.
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Walsh NP, Halson SL, Sargent C, Roach GD, Nédélec M, Gupta L, Leeder J, Fullagar HH, Coutts AJ, Edwards BJ, Pullinger SA, Robertson CM, Burniston JG, Lastella M, Le Meur Y, Hausswirth C, Bender AM, Grandner MA, Samuels CH. Sleep and the athlete: narrative review and 2021 expert consensus recommendations. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:bjsports-2020-102025. [PMID: 33144349 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Elite athletes are particularly susceptible to sleep inadequacies, characterised by habitual short sleep (<7 hours/night) and poor sleep quality (eg, sleep fragmentation). Athletic performance is reduced by a night or more without sleep, but the influence on performance of partial sleep restriction over 1-3 nights, a more real-world scenario, remains unclear. Studies investigating sleep in athletes often suffer from inadequate experimental control, a lack of females and questions concerning the validity of the chosen sleep assessment tools. Research only scratches the surface on how sleep influences athlete health. Studies in the wider population show that habitually sleeping <7 hours/night increases susceptibility to respiratory infection. Fortunately, much is known about the salient risk factors for sleep inadequacy in athletes, enabling targeted interventions. For example, athlete sleep is influenced by sport-specific factors (relating to training, travel and competition) and non-sport factors (eg, female gender, stress and anxiety). This expert consensus culminates with a sleep toolbox for practitioners (eg, covering sleep education and screening) to mitigate these risk factors and optimise athlete sleep. A one-size-fits-all approach to athlete sleep recommendations (eg, 7-9 hours/night) is unlikely ideal for health and performance. We recommend an individualised approach that should consider the athlete's perceived sleep needs. Research is needed into the benefits of napping and sleep extension (eg, banking sleep).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil P Walsh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Shona L Halson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charli Sargent
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregory D Roach
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mathieu Nédélec
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Luke Gupta
- English Institute of Sport, Bisham Abbey National High Performance Centre, Marlow, UK
| | | | - Hugh H Fullagar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben J Edwards
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Samuel A Pullinger
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Sports Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Colin M Robertson
- School for Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Bolton, Bolton, UK
| | - Jatin G Burniston
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michele Lastella
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yann Le Meur
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | | | - Amy M Bender
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael A Grandner
- Sleep and Health Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Charles H Samuels
- Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Jungmann M, Vencatachellum S, Van Ryckeghem D, Vögele C. Effects of Cold Stimulation on Cardiac-Vagal Activation in Healthy Participants: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Form Res 2018; 2:e10257. [PMID: 30684416 PMCID: PMC6334714 DOI: 10.2196/10257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The experience of psychological stress has not yet been adequately tackled with digital technology by catering to healthy individuals who wish to reduce their acute stress levels. For the design of digitally mediated solutions, physiological mechanisms need to be investigated that have the potential to induce relaxation with the help of technology. Research has shown that physiological mechanisms embodied in the face and neck regions are effective for diminishing stress-related symptoms. Our study expands on these areas with the design for a wearable in mind. As this study charts new territory in research, it also is a first evaluation of the viability for a wearables concept to reduce stress. Objective The objectives of this study were to assess whether (1) heart rate variability would increase and (2) heart rate would decrease during cold stimulation using a thermode device compared with a (nonstimulated) control condition. We expected effects in particular in the neck and cheek regions and less in the forearm area. Methods The study was a fully randomized, within-participant design. Volunteer participants were seated in a laboratory chair and tested with cold stimulation on the right side of the body. A thermode was placed on the neck, cheek, and forearm. We recorded and subsequently analyzed participants’ electrocardiogram. The cold stimulation was applied in 16-second intervals over 4 trials per testing location. The control condition proceeded exactly like the cold condition, except we manipulated the temperature variable to remain at the baseline temperature. We measured heart rate as interbeat intervals in milliseconds and analyzed root mean square of successive differences to index heart rate variability. We analyzed data using a repeated-measures ANOVA (analysis of variance) approach with 2 repeated-measures factors: body location (neck, cheek, forearm) and condition (cold, control). Results Data analysis of 61 participants (after exclusion of outliers) showed a main effect and an interaction effect for body location and for condition, for both heart rate and heart rate variability. The results demonstrate a pattern of cardiovascular reactivity to cold stimulation, suggesting an increase in cardiac-vagal activation. The effect was significant for cold stimulation in the lateral neck area. Conclusions The results confirmed our main hypothesis that cold stimulation at the lateral neck region would result in higher heart rate variability and lower heart rate than in the control condition. This sets the stage for further investigations of stress reduction potential in the neck region by developing a wearable prototype that can be used for cold application. Future studies should include a stress condition, test for a range of temperatures and durations, and collect self-report data on perceived stress levels to advance findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Jungmann
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Shervin Vencatachellum
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Dimitri Van Ryckeghem
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Claus Vögele
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Michael S, Graham KS, Davis GM. Cardiac Autonomic Responses during Exercise and Post-exercise Recovery Using Heart Rate Variability and Systolic Time Intervals-A Review. Front Physiol 2017; 8:301. [PMID: 28611675 PMCID: PMC5447093 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac parasympathetic activity may be non-invasively investigated using heart rate variability (HRV), although HRV is not widely accepted to reflect sympathetic activity. Instead, cardiac sympathetic activity may be investigated using systolic time intervals (STI), such as the pre-ejection period. Although these autonomic indices are typically measured during rest, the “reactivity hypothesis” suggests that investigating responses to a stressor (e.g., exercise) may be a valuable monitoring approach in clinical and high-performance settings. However, when interpreting these indices it is important to consider how the exercise dose itself (i.e., intensity, duration, and modality) may influence the response. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to review the literature regarding how the exercise dosage influences these autonomic indices during exercise and acute post-exercise recovery. There are substantial methodological variations throughout the literature regarding HRV responses to exercise, in terms of exercise protocols and HRV analysis techniques. Exercise intensity is the primary factor influencing HRV, with a greater intensity eliciting a lower HRV during exercise up to moderate-high intensity, with minimal change observed as intensity is increased further. Post-exercise, a greater preceding intensity is associated with a slower HRV recovery, although the dose-response remains unclear. A longer exercise duration has been reported to elicit a lower HRV only during low-moderate intensity and when accompanied by cardiovascular drift, while a small number of studies have reported conflicting results regarding whether a longer duration delays HRV recovery. “Modality” has been defined multiple ways, with limited evidence suggesting exercise of a greater muscle mass and/or energy expenditure may delay HRV recovery. STI responses during exercise and recovery have seldom been reported, although limited data suggests that intensity is a key determining factor. Concurrent monitoring of HRV and STI may be a valuable non-invasive approach to investigate autonomic stress reactivity; however, this integrative approach has not yet been applied with regards to exercise stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Michael
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kenneth S Graham
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia.,New South Wales Institute of SportSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glen M Davis
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
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Yuen AWC, Sander JW. Can natural ways to stimulate the vagus nerve improve seizure control? Epilepsy Behav 2017; 67:105-110. [PMID: 28152451 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vagus nerve (VN) is the longest cranial nerve, innervating the neck, thorax and abdomen, with afferent fibers transmitting a range of interoceptive stimuli and efferent fibres to somatic structures and autonomic preganglions. Over the last few decades, electrical stimulation of the VN using implanted devices (VNS) has been developed leading to its approval for the treatment of epilepsy and depression. More recently, non-invasive devices to stimulation the VN have been developed. The VN has many functions and the activity that is most amenable to assessment is its effect in controlling the cardiac rhythm. This can be easily assessed by measuring heart rate variability (HRV). Decreased HRV is a result of poorer vagal parasympathetic tone and is associated with a wide range of ill health conditions including a higher risk of early mortality. People with epilepsy, particularly those with poorly controlled seizures, have been shown to have impaired parasympathetic tone. So, might natural ways to stimulate the VN, shown to improve parasympathetic tone as indicated by increased HRV, improve seizure control? There are numerous natural ways that have been shown to stimulate the VN, improving HRV and hence parasympathetic tone. These natural ways fall mainly into 3 categories - stress reduction, exercise, and nutrition. Though the natural ways to stimulate the VN have been shown to increase HRV, they have not been shown to reduce seizures. The exception is listening to Mozart's music, which has been shown to increase parasympathetic tone and decrease seizures. Clearly much more work is required to examine the effect of the various ways to increase HRV on seizure occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan W C Yuen
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3BG London, UK; Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, UK.
| | - Josemir W Sander
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3BG London, UK; SEIN-Epilepsy Institute in the Netherlands Foundation, Achterweg 5, 2103 SW Heemstede, The Netherlands; Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, UK
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The effects of cold water immersion with different dosages (duration and temperature variations) on heart rate variability post-exercise recovery: A randomized controlled trial. J Sci Med Sport 2015; 19:676-81. [PMID: 26614422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of cold water immersion during post-exercise recovery, with different durations and temperatures, on heart rate variability indices. DESIGN Hundred participants performed a protocol of jumps and a Wingate test, and immediately afterwards were immersed in cold water, according to the characteristics of each group (CG: control; G1: 5' at 9±1°C; G2: 5' at 14±1°C; G3: 15' at 9±1°C; G4: 15' at 14±1°C). METHODS Analyses were performed at baseline, during the CWI recuperative technique (TRec) and 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60min post-exercise. The average HRV indices of all RR-intervals in each analysis period (MeanRR), standard deviation of normal RR-intervals (SDNN), square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent RR-intervals (RMSSD), spectral components of very low frequency (VLF), low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF), scatter of points perpendicular to the line of identity of the Poincaré Plot (SD1) and scatter points along the line of identity (SD2) were assessed. RESULTS Mean RR, VLF and LF presented an anticipated return to baseline values at all the intervention groups, but the same was observed for SDNN and SD2 only in the immersion for 15min at 14°C group (G4). In addition, G4 presented higher values when compared to CG. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that if the purpose of the recovery process is restoration of cardiac autonomic modulation, the technique is recommended, specifically for 15min at 14°C.
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Konstantinidou S, Soultanakis H. Cardiorespiratory responses and reduced apneic time to cold-water face immersion after high intensity exercise. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 220:33-9. [PMID: 26343750 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apnea after exercise may evoke a neurally mediated conflict that may affect apneic time and create a cardiovascular strain. The physiological responses, induced by apnea with face immersion in cold water (10 °C), after a 3-min exercise bout, at 85% of VO2max,were examined in 10 swimmers. A pre-selected 40-s apnea, completed after rest (AAR), could not be met after exercise (AAE), and was terminated with an agonal gasp reflex, and a reduction of apneic time, by 75%. Bradycardia was evident with immersion after both, 40-s of AAR and after AAE (P<0.05). The dramatic elevation of, systolic pressure and pulse pressure, after AAE, were indicative of cardiovascular stress. Blood pressure after exercise without apnea was not equally elevated. The activation of neurally opposing functions as those elicited by the diving reflex after high intensity exercise may create an autonomic conflict possibly related to oxygen-conserving reflexes stimulated by the trigeminal nerve, and those elicited by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Konstantinidou
- National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Division of Aquatic Sports, Ethnikis Antistasis 41, Dafni, 17237 Athens, Greece.
| | - Helen Soultanakis
- National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Division of Aquatic Sports, Ethnikis Antistasis 41, Dafni, 17237 Athens, Greece.
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Roberts LA, Muthalib M, Stanley J, Lichtwark G, Nosaka K, Coombes JS, Peake JM. Effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on hemodynamics and recovery of muscle strength following resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R389-98. [PMID: 26062633 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00151.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cold water immersion (CWI) and active recovery (ACT) are frequently used as postexercise recovery strategies. However, the physiological effects of CWI and ACT after resistance exercise are not well characterized. We examined the effects of CWI and ACT on cardiac output (Q̇), muscle oxygenation (SmO2), blood volume (tHb), muscle temperature (Tmuscle), and isometric strength after resistance exercise. On separate days, 10 men performed resistance exercise, followed by 10 min CWI at 10°C or 10 min ACT (low-intensity cycling). Q̇ (7.9 ± 2.7 l) and Tmuscle (2.2 ± 0.8°C) increased, whereas SmO2 (-21.5 ± 8.8%) and tHb (-10.1 ± 7.7 μM) decreased after exercise (P < 0.05). During CWI, Q̇ (-1.1 ± 0.7 l) and Tmuscle (-6.6 ± 5.3°C) decreased, while tHb (121 ± 77 μM) increased (P < 0.05). In the hour after CWI, Q̇ and Tmuscle remained low, while tHb also decreased (P < 0.05). By contrast, during ACT, Q̇ (3.9 ± 2.3 l), Tmuscle (2.2 ± 0.5°C), SmO2 (17.1 ± 5.7%), and tHb (91 ± 66 μM) all increased (P < 0.05). In the hour after ACT, Tmuscle, and tHb remained high (P < 0.05). Peak isometric strength during 10-s maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs) did not change significantly after CWI, whereas it decreased after ACT (-30 to -45 Nm; P < 0.05). Muscle deoxygenation time during MVCs increased after ACT (P < 0.05), but not after CWI. Muscle reoxygenation time after MVCs tended to increase after CWI (P = 0.052). These findings suggest first that hemodynamics and muscle temperature after resistance exercise are dependent on ambient temperature and metabolic demands with skeletal muscle, and second, that recovery of strength after resistance exercise is independent of changes in hemodynamics and muscle temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llion A Roberts
- The University of Queensland, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Makii Muthalib
- Movement to Health Laboratory, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Jamie Stanley
- The University of Queensland, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia; Physiology Department, South Australian Sports Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Glen Lichtwark
- The University of Queensland, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia; and
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- The University of Queensland, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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12
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Head Exposure to Cold during Whole-Body Cryostimulation: Influence on Thermal Response and Autonomic Modulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124776. [PMID: 25915642 PMCID: PMC4411165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research on whole-body cryotherapy has hypothesized a major responsibility of head cooling in the physiological changes classically reported after a cryostimulation session. The aim of this experiment was to verify this hypothesis by studying the influence of exposing the head to cold during whole-body cryostimulation sessions, on the thermal response and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Over five consecutive days, two groups of 10 participants performed one whole-body cryostimulation session daily, in one of two different systems; one exposing the whole-body to cold (whole-body cryostimulation, WBC), and the other exposing the whole-body except the head (partial-body cryostimulation, PBC).10 participants constituted a control group (CON) not receiving any cryostimulation. In order to isolate the head-cooling effect on recorded variables, it was ensured that the WBC and PBC systems induced the same decrease in skin temperature for all body regions (mean decrease over the 5 exposures: -8.6°C±1.3°C and -8.3±0.7°C for WBC and PBC, respectively), which persisted up to 20-min after the sessions (P20). The WBC sessions caused an almost certain decrease in tympanic temperature from Pre to P20 (-0.28 ±0.11°C), while it only decreased at P20 (-0.14±0.05°C) after PBC sessions. Heart rate almost certainly decreased after PBC (-8.6%) and WBC (-12.3%) sessions. Resting vagal-related heart rate variability indices (the root-mean square difference of successive normal R-R intervals, RMSSD, and high frequency band, HF) were very likely to almost certainly increased after PBC (RMSSD:+49.1%, HF: +123.3%) and WBC (RMSSD: +38.8%, HF:+70.3%). Plasma norepinephrine concentration was likely increased in similar proportions after PBC and WBC, but only after the first session. Both cryostimulation techniques stimulated the ANS with a predominance of parasympathetic tone activation from the first to the fifth session and in slightly greater proportion with WBC than PBC. The main result of this study indicates that the head exposure to cold during whole-body cryostimulation may not be the main factor responsible for the effects of cryostimulation on the ANS.
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13
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High responders and low responders: factors associated with individual variation in response to standardized training. Sports Med 2015; 44:1113-24. [PMID: 24807838 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The response to an exercise intervention is often described in general terms, with the assumption that the group average represents a typical response for most individuals. In reality, however, it is more common for individuals to show a wide range of responses to an intervention rather than a similar response. This phenomenon of 'high responders' and 'low responders' following a standardized training intervention may provide helpful insights into mechanisms of training adaptation and methods of training prescription. Therefore, the aim of this review was to discuss factors associated with inter-individual variation in response to standardized, endurance-type training. It is well-known that genetic influences make an important contribution to individual variation in certain training responses. The association between genotype and training response has often been supported using heritability estimates; however, recent studies have been able to link variation in some training responses to specific single nucleotide polymorphisms. It would appear that hereditary influences are often expressed through hereditary influences on the pre-training phenotype, with some parameters showing a hereditary influence in the pre-training phenotype but not in the subsequent training response. In most cases, the pre-training phenotype appears to predict only a small amount of variation in the subsequent training response of that phenotype. However, the relationship between pre-training autonomic activity and subsequent maximal oxygen uptake response appears to show relatively stronger predictive potential. Individual variation in response to standardized training that cannot be explained by genetic influences may be related to the characteristics of the training program or lifestyle factors. Although standardized programs usually involve training prescribed by relative intensity and duration, some methods of relative exercise intensity prescription may be more successful in creating an equivalent homeostatic stress between individuals than other methods. Individual variation in the homeostatic stress associated with each training session would result in individuals experiencing a different exercise 'stimulus' and contribute to individual variation in the adaptive responses incurred over the course of the training program. Furthermore, recovery between the sessions of a standardized training program may vary amongst individuals due to factors such as training status, sleep, psychological stress, and habitual physical activity. If there is an imbalance between overall stress and recovery, some individuals may develop fatigue and even maladaptation, contributing to variation in pre-post training responses. There is some evidence that training response can be modulated by the timing and composition of dietary intake, and hence nutritional factors could also potentially contribute to individual variation in training responses. Finally, a certain amount of individual variation in responses may also be attributed to measurement error, a factor that should be accounted for wherever possible in future studies. In conclusion, there are several factors that could contribute to individual variation in response to standardized training. However, more studies are required to help clarify and quantify the role of these factors. Future studies addressing such topics may aid in the early prediction of high or low training responses and provide further insight into the mechanisms of training adaptation.
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14
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de Oliveira Ottone V, de Castro Magalhães F, de Paula F, Avelar NCP, Aguiar PF, da Matta Sampaio PF, Duarte TC, Costa KB, Araújo TL, Coimbra CC, Nakamura FY, Amorim FT, Rocha-Vieira E. The effect of different water immersion temperatures on post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113730. [PMID: 25437181 PMCID: PMC4250073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We evaluated the effect of different water immersion (WI) temperatures on post-exercise cardiac parasympathetic reactivation. Methods Eight young, physically active men participated in four experimental conditions composed of resting (REST), exercise session (resistance and endurance exercises), post-exercise recovery strategies, including 15 min of WI at 15°C (CWI), 28°C (TWI), 38°C (HWI) or control (CTRL, seated at room temperature), followed by passive resting. The following indices were assessed before and during WI, 30 min post-WI and 4 hours post-exercise: mean R-R (mR-R), the natural logarithm (ln) of the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent normal R–R (ln rMSSD) and the ln of instantaneous beat-to-beat variability (ln SD1). Results The results showed that during WI mRR was reduced for CTRL, TWI and HWI versus REST, and ln rMSSD and ln SD1 were reduced for TWI and HWI versus REST. During post-WI, mRR, ln rMSSD and ln SD1 were reduced for HWI versus REST, and mRR values for CWI were higher versus CTRL. Four hours post exercise, mRR was reduced for HWI versus REST, although no difference was observed among conditions. Conclusions We conclude that CWI accelerates, while HWI blunts post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation, but these recovery strategies are short-lasting and not evident 4 hours after the exercise session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius de Oliveira Ottone
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Saúde, Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Flávio de Castro Magalhães
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Saúde, Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Fabrício de Paula
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Saúde, Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Núbia Carelli Pereira Avelar
- Núcleo de Estudos em Reumatologia, Esportiva e Recursos Terapêuticos – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
| | - Paula Fernandes Aguiar
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Saúde, Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Fiche da Matta Sampaio
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Saúde, Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Tamiris Campos Duarte
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Saúde, Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Karine Beatriz Costa
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Saúde, Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Líliam Araújo
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Saúde, Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Cândido Celso Coimbra
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Trigueiro Amorim
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Saúde, Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Etel Rocha-Vieira
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Saúde, Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
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15
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Bleakley CM, Bieuzen F, Davison GW, Costello JT. Whole-body cryotherapy: empirical evidence and theoretical perspectives. Open Access J Sports Med 2014; 5:25-36. [PMID: 24648779 PMCID: PMC3956737 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s41655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) involves short exposures to air temperatures below −100°C. WBC is increasingly accessible to athletes, and is purported to enhance recovery after exercise and facilitate rehabilitation postinjury. Our objective was to review the efficacy and effectiveness of WBC using empirical evidence from controlled trials. We found ten relevant reports; the majority were based on small numbers of active athletes aged less than 35 years. Although WBC produces a large temperature gradient for tissue cooling, the relatively poor thermal conductivity of air prevents significant subcutaneous and core body cooling. There is weak evidence from controlled studies that WBC enhances antioxidant capacity and parasympathetic reactivation, and alters inflammatory pathways relevant to sports recovery. A series of small randomized studies found WBC offers improvements in subjective recovery and muscle soreness following metabolic or mechanical overload, but little benefit towards functional recovery. There is evidence from one study only that WBC may assist rehabilitation for adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. There were no adverse events associated with WBC; however, studies did not seem to undertake active surveillance of predefined adverse events. Until further research is available, athletes should remain cognizant that less expensive modes of cryotherapy, such as local ice-pack application or cold-water immersion, offer comparable physiological and clinical effects to WBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Bleakley
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland
| | - François Bieuzen
- Research Department, Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland
| | - Joseph T Costello
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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16
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Schipke JD, Cleveland S, Caspers C. Computer-assisted paranasal sinus operation induces diving bradycardia. Am J Otolaryngol 2013; 34:617. [PMID: 23886806 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hausswirth C, Schaal K, Le Meur Y, Bieuzen F, Filliard JR, Volondat M, Louis J. Parasympathetic activity and blood catecholamine responses following a single partial-body cryostimulation and a whole-body cryostimulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72658. [PMID: 23991134 PMCID: PMC3749989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a single whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) and a partial-body cryostimulation (PBC) (i.e., not exposing the head to cold) on indices of parasympathetic activity and blood catecholamines. Two groups of 15 participants were assigned either to a 3-min WBC or PBC session, while 10 participants constituted a control group (CON) not receiving any cryostimulation. Changes in thermal, physiological and subjective variables were recorded before and during the 20-min after each cryostimulation. According to a qualitative statistical analysis, an almost certain decrease in skin temperature was reported for all body regions immediately after the WBC (mean decrease±90% CL, -13.7±0.7°C) and PBC (-8.3±0.3°C), which persisted up to 20-min after the session. The tympanic temperature almost certainly decreased only after the WBC session (-0.32±0.04°C). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were very likely increased after the WBC session, whereas these changes were trivial in the other groups. In addition, heart rate almost certainly decreased after PBC (-10.9%) and WBC (-15.2%) sessions, in a likely greater proportion for WBC compared to PBC. Resting vagal-related heart rate variability indices (the root-mean square difference of successive normal R-R intervals, RMSSD, and high frequency band, HF) were very likely increased after PBC (RMSSD: +54.4%, HF: +138%) and WBC (RMSSD: +85.2%, HF: +632%) sessions without any marked difference between groups. Plasma norepinephrine concentrations were likely to very likely increased after PBC (+57.4%) and WBC (+76.2%), respectively. Finally, cold and comfort sensations were almost certainly altered after WBC and PBC, sensation of discomfort being likely more pronounced after WBC than PBC. Both acute cryostimulation techniques effectively stimulated the autonomic nervous system (ANS), with a predominance of parasympathetic tone activation. The results of this study also suggest that a whole-body cold exposure induced a larger stimulation of the ANS compared to partial-body cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hausswirth
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Karine Schaal
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
- Sports Performance Laboratory, Sports Medicine Program, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Yann Le Meur
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - François Bieuzen
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Jean-Robert Filliard
- Medical department, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Marielle Volondat
- Medical department, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Julien Louis
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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18
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Schaal K, Le Meur Y, Bieuzen F, Petit O, Hellard P, Toussaint JF, Hausswirth C. Effect of recovery mode on postexercise vagal reactivation in elite synchronized swimmers. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 38:126-33. [PMID: 23438222 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of whole-body cryostimulation (WBC), contrast-water therapy (CWT), active recovery (ACT), and passive condition (PAS) protocols on the parasympathetic reactivation and metabolic parameters of recovery in elite synchronized swimmers who performed 2 simulated competition ballets (B1 and B2) separated by 70 min. After determining maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O(2max400)) and blood lactate concentrations ([La(-)](b400)) during a 400-m swim trial, 11 swimmers performed 1 protocol per week in randomized order. Heart rate variability (HRV) was measured at rest (PreB1), 5 min after B1 (PostB1), before B2 (PreB2), and 5 min after B2 (PostB2). V̇O(2peak) was measured at PostB1 and PostB2, and [La(-)](b) was measured at PostB1, PreB2, and PostB2. PostB1 V̇O(2peak) and V̇O(2max400) were similar, but PostB1 [La(-)](b) was higher than [La(-)](b400) (p = 0.004). Each ballet caused significant decreases in HRV indices. At PreB2, all HRV indices had returned to PreB1 levels in the CWT, PAS, and ACT protocols, whereas the WBC protocol yielded a 2- to 4-fold increase in vagal-related HRV indices, compared with PreB1. WBC and ACT both increased [La(-)](b) recovery, compared with PAS (p = 0.06 and p = 0.04, respectively), and yielded an increased V̇O(2peak) from B1 to B2; however, it decreased after PAS (+5.4%, +3.4%, and -3.6%; p < 0.01). This study describes the physiological response to repeated maximal work bouts that are highly specific to elite synchronized swimming. In the context of short-term recovery, WBC yields a strong parasympathetic reactivation, and shows similar effectiveness to ACT on the metabolic parameters of recovery and subsequent exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Schaal
- Research Department, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
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20
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Heart rate reduction and autonomic response in young adults following different vagal maneuvers. Tzu Chi Med J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcmj.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Al Haddad H, Laursen PB, Chollet D, Lemaitre F, Ahmaidi S, Buchheit M. Effect of cold or thermoneutral water immersion on post-exercise heart rate recovery and heart rate variability indices. Auton Neurosci 2010; 156:111-6. [PMID: 20403733 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of cold and thermoneutral water immersion on post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation, inferred from heart rate (HR) recovery (HRR) and HR variability (HRV) indices. Twelve men performed, on three separate occasions, an intermittent exercise bout (all-out 30-s Wingate test, 5 min seated recovery, followed by 5 min of submaximal running exercise), randomly followed by 5 min of passive (seated) recovery under either cold (CWI), thermoneutral water immersion (TWI) or control (CON) conditions. HRR indices (e.g., heart beats recovered in the first minute after exercise cessation, HRR(60)(s)) and vagal-related HRV indices (i.e., natural logarithm of the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals (Ln rMSSD)) were calculated for the three recovery conditions. HRR(60)(s) was faster in water immersion compared with CON conditions [30+/-9 beats min(-)(1) for CON vs. 43+/- 10 beats min(-)(1) for TWI (P=0.003) and 40+/-13 beats min(-)(1) for CWI (P=0.017)], while no difference was found between CWI and TWI (P=0.763). Ln rMSSD was higher in CWI (2.32+/-0.67 ms) compared with CON (1.98+/-0.74 ms, P=0.05) and TWI (2.01+/-0.61 ms, P=0.08; aES=1.07) conditions, with no difference between CON and TWI (P=0.964). Water immersion is a simple and efficient means of immediately triggering post-exercise parasympathetic activity, with colder immersion temperatures likely to be more effective at increasing parasympathetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Al Haddad
- Laboratoire de Recherche, EA 3300 Adaptations physiologiques à l'exercice et réadaptation à l'effort, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80025, Amiens, France.
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