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Assessment of Maximal Aerobic Capacity in Ski Mountaineering: A Laboratory-Based Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18137002. [PMID: 34208925 PMCID: PMC8297253 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the agreement in maximum oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) between a running protocol and a ski mountaineering (SKIMO) protocol. Eighteen (eleven males, seven females) ski mountaineers (age: 25 ± 3 years) participated in the study. V˙O2max, maximum heart rate (HRmax), and maximum blood lactate concentration (BLAmax) were determined in an incremental uphill running test and an incremental SKIMO-equipment-specific test. V˙O2max did not differ between the SKIMO and uphill running protocols (p = 0.927; mean difference -0.07 ± 3.3 mL/min/kg), nor did HRmax (p = 0.587, mean difference -0.7 ± 5.1 bpm). A significant correlation was found between V˙O2max SKIMO and V˙O2max running (p ≤ 0.001; ICC = 0.862 (95% CI: 0.670-0.946)). The coefficient of variation was 4.4% (95% CI: 3.3-6.5). BLAmax was significantly lower for SKIMO compared to running (12.0 ± 14.1%; p = 0.002). This study demonstrates that V˙O2max determined with a traditional uphill running protocol demonstrates good agreement with an equipment-specific SKIMO protocol.
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Ding W, You T, Gona PN, Milliken LA. Validity and reliability of a Chinese rating of perceived exertion scale in young Mandarin speaking adults. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 2:153-158. [PMID: 35782285 PMCID: PMC9219341 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Ding
- Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Yangzhou University, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tongjian You
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philimon N. Gona
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurie A. Milliken
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA.
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Nagle EF, Nagai T, Beethe AZ, Lovalekar MT, Zera JN, Connaboy C, Abt JP, Beals K, Nindl BC, Robertson RJ, Lephart SM. Reliability and Validity of a Pool-Based Maximal Oxygen Uptake Test to Examine High-Intensity Short-Duration Freestyle Swimming Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1208-1215. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Heydari P, Varmazyar S, Nikpey A, Variani AS, Jafarvand M. Step Test: a method for evaluating maximum oxygen consumption to determine the ability kind of work among students of medical emergencies. Electron Physician 2017; 9:4020-4026. [PMID: 28461880 PMCID: PMC5407238 DOI: 10.19082/4020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maximum oxygen consumption shows the maximum oxygen rate of muscle oxygenation that is acceptable in many cases, to measure the fitness between person and the desired job. Given that medical emergencies are important, and difficult jobs in emergency situations require people with high physical ability and readiness for the job, the aim of this study was to evaluate the maximum oxygen consumption, to determine the ability of work type among students of medical emergencies in Qazvin in 2016. Methods This study was a descriptive – analytical, and in cross-sectional type conducted among 36 volunteer students of medical emergencies in Qazvin in 2016. After necessary coordination for the implementation of the study, participants completed health questionnaires and demographic characteristics and then the participants were evaluated with step tests of American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM). Data analysis was done by SPSS version 18 and U-Mann-Whitney tests, Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results Average of maximum oxygen consumption of the participants was estimated 3.15±0.50 liters per minute. 91.7% of medical emergencies students were selected as appropriate in terms of maximum oxygen consumption and thus had the ability to do heavy and too heavy work. Average of maximum oxygen consumption evaluated by the U-Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis, had significant relationship with age (p<0.05) and weight groups (p<0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between maximum oxygen consumption with weight and body mass index (p<0.001). Conclusion The results of this study showed that demographic variables of weight and body mass index are the factors influencing the determination of maximum oxygen consumption, as most of the students had the ability to do heavy, and too heavy work. Therefore, people with ability to do average work are not suitable for medical emergency tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Heydari
- M.Sc. of Occupational Health Engineering. Department Of Occupational Health Engineering, Social Determinants Health Research Center, Faculty of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Sakineh Varmazyar
- Ph.D. of Occupational Health Engineering, Assistant Professor, Department Of Occupational Health Engineering, Social Determinants Health Research Center, Faculty of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nikpey
- Ph.D. of Occupational Health Engineering, Associate Professor, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ali Safari Variani
- Ph.D. of Occupational Health Engineering, Associate Professor, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Jafarvand
- M.Sc. of Occupational Health Engineering. Department Of Occupational Health Engineering, Social Determinants Health Research Center, Faculty of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Coquart J, Tabben M, Farooq A, Tourny C, Eston R. Submaximal, Perceptually Regulated Exercise Testing Predicts Maximal Oxygen Uptake: A Meta-Analysis Study. Sports Med 2017; 46:885-97. [PMID: 26790419 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, several authors have proposed the use of a submaximal 'perceptually regulated exercise test' (PRET) to predict maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]). The PRET involves asking the individual to self-regulate a series of short bouts of exercise corresponding to pre-set ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). The individual linear relationship between RPE and oxygen uptake (RPE:[Formula: see text]) is then extrapolated to the [Formula: see text], which corresponds to the theoretical maximal RPE (RPE20). Studies suggest that prediction accuracy from this method may be better improved during a second PRET. Similarly, some authors have recommended an extrapolation to RPE19 rather than RPE20. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the meta-analysis was to examine the validity of the method of predicting [Formula: see text] from the RPE:[Formula: see text] during a PRET, and to determine the level of agreement and accuracy of predicting [Formula: see text] from an initial PRET and retest using RPE19 and RPE20. DATA SOURCES From a systematic search of the literature, 512 research articles were identified. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA The eligible manuscripts were those which used the relationship between the RPE≤15 and [Formula: see text], and used only the Borg's RPE scale. PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS Ten studies (n = 274 individuals) were included. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS For each study, actual and predicted [Formula: see text] from four subgroup outcomes (RPE19 in the initial test, RPE19 in the retest, RPE20 in the initial test, RPE20 in the retest) were identified, and then compared. The magnitude of the difference regardless of subgroup outcomes was examined to determine if it is better to predict [Formula: see text] from extrapolation to RPE19 or RPE20. The magnitude of differences was examined for the best PRET (test vs retest). RESULTS The results revealed that [Formula: see text] may be predicted from RPE:[Formula: see text] during PRET in different populations and in various PRET modalities, regardless of the subgroup outcomes. To obtain greater accuracy of predictions, extrapolation to RPE20 during a retest may be recommended. LIMITATIONS The included studies reported poor selection bias and data collection methods. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS The [Formula: see text] may be predicted from RPE:[Formula: see text] during PRET, especially when [Formula: see text] is extrapolated to RPE20 during a second PRET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Coquart
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Rouen, CETAPS, Boulevard Siegfried, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France.
| | - Montassar Tabben
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Rouen, CETAPS, Boulevard Siegfried, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | | | - Claire Tourny
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Rouen, CETAPS, Boulevard Siegfried, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Roger Eston
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Physical Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerobic capacity (VO2max) is a strong predictor of health and fitness and is considered a key physiological measure in the healthy adult population. Submaximal step tests provide a safe, simple and ecologically valid means of assessing VO2max in both the general population and a rehabilitation setting. However, no studies have attempted to synthesize the existing knowledge regarding the validity of the multiple step-test protocols available to estimate VO2max in the healthy adult population. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to systematically review literature on the validity and reliability of submaximal step-test protocols to estimate VO2max in healthy adults (age 18-65 years). DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION A systematic literature search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases was performed. The search returned 690 studies that underwent the initial screening process. To be included, the study had to (1) have participants deemed to be healthy and aged between 18 and 65 years; (2) assess VO2max by means of a submaximal step test against a graded exercise test (GXT) to volitional exhaustion; and (3) be available in English. Reference lists from included articles were screened for additional articles. DATA ANALYSIS AND STUDY APPRAISAL METHODS The primary outcome measures used were the validity statistics between the actual measured VO2max and predicted VO2max values, and the reported direction of the statistically significant difference between the measured VO2max and the predicted VO2max. The Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies was used to assess the risk of bias in each included study, and was adapted to the type of quantitative study design used. RESULTS The combined database search produced 690 studies, from which 644 were excluded during the screening process. Following full-text assessment, a further 39 studies were excluded based on the eligibility criteria detailed previously. Four additional studies were located via the reference lists of the included studies, leaving 11 studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria and which compared eight different step-test protocols against a direct measure of VO2max incurred during a maximal GXT. Validity measures varied, with a broad range of correlation coefficients reported across the 11 studies (r = 0.469-0.95). Of the 11 studies, two reported reliability measures, demonstrating good test-retest reliability [mean -0.8 ± 3.7 mL kg(-1) min(-1) (±7.7 % of the mean measured VO2max)]. CONCLUSIONS Considering the relationship between VO2max and various markers of health, the use of step tests as a measure of health in both the general adult population and rehabilitation settings is advocated. Step tests provide a simple, effective and ecologically valid method of submaximally assessing VO2max that can be implemented in a variety of situations within the general adult population. Future research is needed to assess the reliability of the majority of the step-test procedures reviewed. Based on the validity measures, submaximal step-test protocols are an acceptable means of estimating VO2max in the generally healthy adult population. For tracking changes in cardiorespiratory fitness, the Chester Step test appears to be an appropriate tool due to its high test-retest reliability.
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Bennett H, Davison K, Parfitt G, Eston R. Validity of a perceptually-regulated step test protocol for assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:2337-2344. [PMID: 27709296 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) could be predicted accurately and reliably from a 2-step, perceptually-regulated exercise test (PRET) in healthy adults. METHODS Sixteen participants (31.7 ± 11.3 years, 3 females) completed three PRETs (separated by 24-72 h) and one maximal, perceptually-regulated, graded exercise test (PRETmax) on a motorized treadmill. Oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were recorded during each test. VO2 values for RPE range 9-15 were extrapolated to RPE 20 and age-predicted maximal HR (HRmax) using individual linear regression analysis to predict VO2max values compared to measured VO2max. RESULTS VO2 and HR values were consistent between each of four RPE levels of the PRET. ICC values ranged between 0.76 and 0.85. Predicted VO2max from both methods were lower than measured VO2max (p < 0.01). Limits of agreement (LoA) for measured (41.4 ± 5.3 ml kg-1 min-1) versus predicted VO2max from each of the three PRETs using RPE20 were -1.2 ± 15.6, -1.0 ± 7.2 and -2.1 ± 5.5 and for HRmax were -1.8 ± 4.2; -2.6 ± 4.2 and -2.4 ± 4.4 ml kg-1 min-1 for PRET 1, 2 and 3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The step PRET elicited significant and reliable increases in VO2 across the four RPE levels, but under-estimated treadmill VO2max. However, there was better agreement between measured and predicted VO2max when extrapolated to HRmax. As evidence indicates the underestimation of VO2max is explained by the difference in the mode of exercise, the step PRET provides a simple and convenient test of cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Bennett
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Universitiy of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Kade Davison
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Universitiy of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gaynor Parfitt
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Universitiy of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Roger Eston
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Universitiy of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Lambrick D, Bertelsen H, Eston R, Stoner L, Faulkner J. Prediction of peak oxygen uptake in children using submaximal ratings of perceived exertion during treadmill exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1189-95. [PMID: 27106870 PMCID: PMC4875070 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study assessed the utility of the Children’s Effort Rating Table (CERT) and the Eston–Parfitt (EP) Scale in estimating peak oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak) in children, during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) on a treadmill. Methods Fifty healthy children (n = 21 boys; 9.4 ± 0.9 years) completed a continuous, incremental protocol until the attainment of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak. Oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2) was measured continuously, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were estimated at the end of each exercise stage using the CERT and the EP Scale. Ratings up to- and including RPE 5 and 7, from both the CERT (CERT 5, CERT 7) and EP Scale (EP 5, EP 7), were linearly regressed against the corresponding \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2, to both maximal RPE (CERT 10, EP 10) and terminal RPE (CERT 9, EP 9). Results There were no differences between measured- and predicted \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak from CERT 5, CERT 7, EP 5 and EP 7 when extrapolated to either CERT 9 or EP 9 (P > 0.05). Pearson’s correlations of r = 0.64–0.86 were observed between measured- and predicted \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak, for all perceptual ranges investigated. However, only EP 7 provided a small difference when considering the standard error of estimate, suggesting that the prediction of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak from EP 7 would be within 10 % of measured \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak. Conclusions Although robust estimates of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak may be elicited using both the CERT and EP Scale during a single CPET with children, the most accurate estimates of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak occur when extrapolating from EP 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Lambrick
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Haley Bertelsen
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Roger Eston
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lee Stoner
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - James Faulkner
- Faculty of Business, Law and Sport, University of Winchester, Winchester, UK
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Parfitt G, Olds T, Eston R. A hard/heavy intensity is too much: The physiological, affective, and motivational effects (immediately and 6 months post-training) of unsupervised perceptually regulated training. J Exerc Sci Fit 2015. [PMID: 29541110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective There are several practical and theoretical advantages to perceptually regulated training, including its simplicity of use and potential to influence exercise motivation. The study objective was to examine if perceptually regulated training at ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) of 13 and 15 resulted in significant increases in aerobic fitness, reductions in metabolic risk factors, and changes in motivational constructs following an 8-week training program and at follow up 6 months after. Methods Following stratified randomization based on estimated aerobic capacity and sex, sedentary volunteers (n = 63; men = 21) were allocated to one of three groups: RPE 13, RPE 15, and control. The participants completed baseline, post-training, and 6-months post-training assessments for aerobic fitness, metabolic risk factors, and motivational constructs. The participants' acute exercise training responses (affect, competence, enjoyment, and work rate) were also recorded. Results The data support the fitness and motivational construct hypotheses but not the metabolic risk factor hypothesis. Aerobic fitness increased from the baseline to post-training in both RPE groups, with the increase maintained 6 months post-training only in the RPE 13 group. Exercise autonomy increased over the training program, with exercise competence and affect more positive in the RPE 13 group than in the RPE 15. However, the training programs did not reduce the metabolic risk factors, and attrition levels were high. Unsupervised training at RPE 13 and RPE 15 did improve fitness, but as hypothesized, this was not maintained in the RPE 15 group 6 months post-training. Conclusion The motivational processes associated with RPE 13 regulated exercise (greater competence and autonomy and more positive affect) potentially explain the maintained fitness in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaynor Parfitt
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition, and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tim Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition, and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Roger Eston
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition, and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Evans HJ, Ferrar KE, Smith AE, Parfitt G, Eston RG. A systematic review of methods to predict maximal oxygen uptake from submaximal, open circuit spirometry in healthy adults. J Sci Med Sport 2015; 18:183-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Maximal or peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2 max and V˙O2 peak , respectively) are commonly measured during graded exercise tests (GXTs) to assess cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), to prescribe exercise intensity and/or to evaluate the effects of training. However, direct measurement of CRF requires a GXT to volitional exhaustion, which may not always be well accepted by athletes or which should be avoided in some clinical populations. Consequently, numerous studies have proposed various sub-maximal exercise tests to predict V˙O2 max or V˙O2 peak . Because of the strong link between ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and oxygen uptake (V˙O2), it has been proposed that the individual relationship between RPE and V˙O2 (RPE:V˙O2) can be used to predict V˙O2 max (or V˙O2 peak) from data measured during submaximal exercise tests. To predict V˙O2 max or V˙O2 peak from these linear regressions, two procedures may be identified: an estimation procedure or a production procedure. The estimation procedure is a passive process in which the individual is typically asked to rate how hard an exercise bout feels according to the RPE scale during each stage of a submaximal GXT. The production procedure is an active process in which the individual is asked to self-regulate and maintain an exercise intensity corresponding to a prescribed RPE. This procedure is referred to as a perceptually regulated exercise test (PRET). Recently, prediction of V˙O2max or V˙O2 peak from RPE:V˙O2 measured during both GXT and PRET has received growing interest. A number of studies have tested the validity, reliability and sensitivity of predicted V˙O2 max or V˙O2 peak from RPE:V˙O2 extrapolated to the theoretical V˙O2 max at RPE20 (or RPE19). This review summarizes studies that have used this predictive method during submaximal estimation or production procedures in various populations (i.e., sedentary individuals, athletes and pathological populations). The accuracy of the methods is discussed according to the RPE:V˙O2 range used to plot the linear regression (e.g., RPE9–13 versus RPE9–15 versus RPE9–17 during PRET), as well as the perceptual endpoint used for the extrapolation (i.e., RPE19 and RPE20). The V˙O2 max or V˙O2 peak predictions from RPE:V˙O2 are also compared with heart rate-related predictive methods. This review suggests that V˙O2 max (or V˙O2 peak ) may be predicted from RPE:V˙O2 extrapolated to the theoretical V˙O2 max (or V˙O2 peak) at RPE20 (or RPE19). However, it is generally preferable to (1) extrapolate RPE:V ˙ O 2 to RPE19 (rather than RPE20); (2) use wider RPE ranges (e.g. RPE ≤ 17 or RPE9–17) in order to increase the accuracy of the predictions; and (3) use RPE ≤ 15 or RPE9–15 in order to reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications in clinical populations.
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Prediction of peak oxygen uptake from ratings of perceived exertion during a sub-maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:365-72. [PMID: 25326178 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-3023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mays RJ, Goss FL, Nagle EF, Gallagher M, Schafer MA, Kim KH, Robertson RJ. Prediction of VO2 peak using OMNI Ratings of Perceived Exertion from a submaximal cycle exercise test. Percept Mot Skills 2014; 118:863-81. [PMID: 25068750 PMCID: PMC4466107 DOI: 10.2466/27.29.pms.118k28w7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to develop statistical models to predict peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) using OMNI Ratings of Perceived Exertion measured during submaximal cycle ergometry. Male (M = 20.9 yr., SE = 0.4) and female (M = 21.6 yr., SE = 0.5) participants (N = 81) completed a load-incremented maximal cycle ergometer exercise test. Simultaneous multiple linear regression was used to develop separate VO2 peak statistical models using submaximal ratings of perceived exertion for the overall body, legs, and chest/breathing as predictor variables. VO2 peak (L·min(-1)) predicted for men and women from ratings of perceived exertion for the overall body (3.02 ± 0.06; 2.03 ± 0.04), legs (3.02 ± 0.06; 2.04 ± 0.04), and chest/breathing (3.02 ± 0.05; 2.03 ± 0.03) were similar to measured VO2 peak (3.02 ± 0.10; 2.03 ± 0.06, ps > .05). Statistical models based on submaximal OMNI Ratings of Perceived Exertion provide an easily administered and accurate method to predict VO2 peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Mays
- 1 University of Montana, International Heart Institute of Montana Foundation and University of Colorado School of Medicine
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Straub AM, Midgley AW, Zavorsky GS, Hillman AR. Ramp-incremented and RPE-clamped test protocols elicit similar VO2max values in trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1581-90. [PMID: 24777737 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2891-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study compared the efficacy of ramp incremented and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)-clamped test protocols for eliciting maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). METHODS Sixteen trained cyclists (age 34 ± 7 years) performed a ramp-incremented protocol and an RPE-clamped protocol 1 week apart in a randomized, counterbalanced order. The RPE-clamped protocol consisted of five, 2-min stages where subjects self-selected work rate and pedal cadence to maintain the prescribed RPE. After completing both test protocols subjects were asked which they preferred. RESULTS The mean ± SD test time of 568 ± 72 s in the ramp protocol was not significantly different to the 600 ± 0 s in the RPE-clamped protocol (mean difference = 32 s; p = 0.09), or was the VO2max of 3.86 ± 0.73 L min(-1) in the ramp protocol significantly different to the 3.87 ± 0.72 L min(-1) in the RPE-clamped protocol (mean difference = 0.002 L min(-1); p = 0.97). Furthermore, no significant differences were observed for peak power output (p = 0.21), maximal minute ventilation (p = 0.97), maximal respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.09), maximal heart rate (p = 0.51), and post-test blood lactate concentration (p = 0.58). The VO2max attained in the preferred protocol was significantly higher than the non-preferred protocol (mean difference = 0.14 L min(-1); p = 0.03). CONCLUSION The RPE-clamped test protocol was as effective as the ramp-incremented protocol for eliciting VO2max and could be considered as a valid alternative protocol, particularly where a fixed test duration is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Straub
- Human Physiology Laboratory, Marywood University, 2300 Adams Avenue, Scranton, PA, 18509, USA
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Broekhuizen K, Kroeze W, van Poppel MNM, Oenema A, Brug J. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of computer-tailored physical activity and dietary behavior promotion programs: an update. Ann Behav Med 2013; 44:259-86. [PMID: 22767052 PMCID: PMC3442159 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-012-9384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A review update is necessary to document evidence regarding the effectiveness of computer-tailored physical activity and nutrition education. Purpose The purpose of this study was to summarize the latest evidence on the effectiveness of computer-tailored physical activity and nutrition education, and to compare the results to the 2006 review. Methods Databases were searched for randomized controlled trials evaluating computer-tailored physical activity and nutrition education aimed at primary prevention in adults, published from September 2004 through June 2011. Results Compared to the findings in 2006, a larger proportion of studies found positive effects for computer-tailored programs compared to generic or no information, including those for physical activity promotion. Effect sizes were small and generally at short- or medium-term follow-up. Conclusions The results of the 2006 review were confirmed and reinforced. Future interventions should focus on establishing larger effect sizes and sustained effects and include more generic health education control groups and objective measurements of dietary behavior. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9384-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Broekhuizen
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Dalton EC, Pfile KR, Weniger GR, Ingersoll CD, Herman D, Hart JM. Neuromuscular changes after aerobic exercise in people with anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knees. J Athl Train 2013; 46:476-83. [PMID: 22488134 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-46.5.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions are common, especially in young, active people. The lower extremity neuromuscular adaptations seen after aerobic exercise provide information about how previously injured patients perform and highlight deficits and, hence, areas for focused treatment. Little information is available about neuromuscular performance after aerobic exercise in people with ACL reconstructions. OBJECTIVE To compare dynamic balance, gluteus medius muscle activation, vertical jump height, and hip muscle strength after aerobic exercise in people with ACL-reconstructed knees. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Of 34 recreationally active volunteers, 17 had a unilateral primary ACL reconstruction at least 2 years earlier and 17 were matched controls. INTERVENTION(S) All participants performed 20 minutes of aerobic exercise on a treadmill. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We recorded dynamic, single-legged balance electromyographic gluteus medius muscle activation, single-legged vertical jump height, and maximum isometric strength for hip abduction, extension, and external rotation preexercise and postexercise. RESULTS Participants with ACL reconstructions exhibited shorter reach distances during dynamic balance tasks, indicating poorer dynamic balance, and less gluteus medius muscle electromyographic activation. Reductions in hip abduction and extension strength after exercise were noted in all participants; however, those with ACL reconstructions displayed greater hip extensor strength loss after aerobic exercise than did the control group. CONCLUSIONS Neuromuscular changes after aerobic exercise exist in both patients with ACL reconstructions and controls. The former group may experience greater deficits in hip extensor strength after aerobic exercise. Reduced reach distances in people with ACL reconstructions may represent a protective mechanism against excessive tibiofemoral rotation during dynamic balance. Clinicians should identify weaknesses in the resting state and after aerobic exercise in recreationally active patients and those with ACL reconstructions.
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The perceptually regulated exercise test is sensitive to increases in maximal oxygen uptake. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:1233-9. [PMID: 23160654 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of a perceptually regulated exercise test (PRET) to predict maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) following an aerobic exercise-training programme. Sedentary volunteers were assigned to either a training (TG n = 16) or control (CG n = 10) group. The TG performed 30 min of treadmill exercise, regulated at 13 on the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale, 3× per week for 8 weeks. All participants completed a 12-min PRET to predict VO₂max followed by a graded exercise test (GXT) to measure VO₂max before and after training. The PRET required participants to control the speed and incline on the treadmill to correspond to RPE intensities of 9, 11, 13 and 15. Predictive accuracy of extrapolation end-points RPE19 and RPE20 from a submaximal RPE range of 9-15 was compared. Measured VO₂max increased by 17 % (p < 0.05) from baseline to post-intervention in TG. This was reflected by a similar change in [VO₂max predicted from PRET when extrapolated to RPE 19 (baseline VO₂max: 31.3 ± 5.5, 30.3 ± 9.5 mL kg(-1) min(-1); post-intervention VO₂max: 36.7 ± 6.4, 37.4 ± 7.9 mL kg(-1) min(-1), for measured and predicted values, respectively). There was no change in CG (measured vs. predicted VO₂max: 39.3 ± 6.5; 40.3 ± 8.2 and 39.2 ± 7.0; 37.7 ± 6.0 mL kg(-1) min(-1)) at baseline and post-intervention, respectively. The results confirm that PRET is sensitive to increases in VO₂max following aerobic training.
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PARFITT GAYNOR, EVANS HARRISON, ESTON ROGER. Perceptually Regulated Training at RPE13 Is Pleasant and Improves Physical Health. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:1613-8. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31824d266e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a recognized marker of intensity and of homeostatic disturbance during exercise. It is typically monitored during exercise tests to complement other measures of intensity. The purpose of this commentary is to highlight the remarkable value of RPE as a psychophysiological integrator in adults. It can be used in such diverse fashions as to predict exercise capacity, assess changes in training status, and explain changes in pace and pacing strategy. In addition to using RPE to self-regulate exercise, a novel application of the intensity:RPE relationship is to clamp RPE at various levels to produce self-paced bouts of exercise, which can be used to assess maximal functional capacity. Research also shows that the rate of increase in RPE during self-paced competitive events of varying distance, or constant-load tasks where the participant exercises until volitional exhaustion, is proportional to the duration that remains. These findings suggest that the brain regulates RPE and performance in an anticipatory manner based on awareness of metabolic reserves at the start of an event and certainty of the anticipated end point. Changes in pace may be explained by a continuous internal negotiation of momentary RPE compared with a preplanned “ideal rate of RPE progression” template, which takes into account the portion of distance covered and the anticipated end point. These observations have led to the development of new techniques to analyze the complex relationship of RPE and pacing. The use of techniques to assess frontal-cortex activity will lead to further advances in understanding.
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A perceptually regulated, graded exercise test predicts peak oxygen uptake during treadmill exercise in active and sedentary participants. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3459-68. [PMID: 22278392 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The validity of predicting peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) in sedentary participants from a perceptually regulated exercise test (PRET) is limited to two cycle ergometry studies. We assessed the validity of a treadmill-based PRET. Active (n = 49; 40.7 ± 13.8 years) and sedentary (n = 26; 33.4 ± 13.2 y) participants completed two PRETS (PRET 1 and PRET2), requiring a change in speed or incline corresponding to ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) 9, 11, 13 and 15. Extrapolation of RPE: [Formula: see text] data to RPE 19 and 20 from the RPE 9-13 and 9-15 ranges were used to estimate [Formula: see text], and compared to [Formula: see text] from a graded exercise test (GXT). The [Formula: see text] :heart rate (HR) data (≥RPE 15) from the GXT were also extrapolated to age-predicted maximal HR (HRmax(pred)) to provide further estimation of [Formula: see text]. ANOVA revealed no significant differences between [Formula: see text] predictions from the RPE 9-15 range for PRET 1 and PRET 2 when extrapolated to RPE 19 in both active (54.3 ± 7.4; 52.9 ± 8.1 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) and sedentary participants (34.1 ± 10.2; 34.2 ± 9.6 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) and no difference between the HRmax(pred) method and measured [Formula: see text] from the GXT for active (53.3 ± 10.0; 53.9 ± 7.5 ml kg(-1) min(-1), respectively) and sedentary participants (33.6 ± 8.4, 34.4 ± 7.0 ml kg(-1) min(-1), respectively). A single treadmill-based PRET using RPE 9-15 range extrapolated to RPE 19 is a valid means of predicting [Formula: see text] in young and middle to older-aged individuals of varying activity and fitness levels.
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The validity of predicting peak oxygen uptake from a perceptually guided graded exercise test during arm exercise in paraplegic individuals. Spinal Cord 2010; 49:430-4. [PMID: 20938452 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2010.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Each participant completed two submaximal, perceptually guided arm crank exercise tests and a graded exercise test (GXT) to volitional exhaustion. OBJECTIVE To assess the validity of a submaximal, perceptually guided exercise test to predict peak oxygen uptake (VO(2)peak) during arm cranking in paraplegic individuals. SETTING University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. PARTICIPANTS Eleven men with paraplegia as a result of poliomyelitis infection or spinal cord injury completed two submaximal perceptually guided exercise tests and an arm crank GXT to volitional exhaustion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The prediction of VO(2)peak was calculated by extrapolating the submaximal rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and VO(2) values by linear regression to RPE20. RESULTS There were no significant differences between measured and predicted VO(2)peak from the three submaximal ranges of the RPE (that is, 9-13, 9-15 and 9-17) when extrapolated to RPE20 during both perceptually guided exercise tests (all P>0.05). However, the second perceptually guided exercise tests provided a more accurate prediction of VO(2)peak as reflected by narrower 95% limits of agreement and higher intraclass correlation coefficients. CONCLUSION This study has shown that VO(2)peak may be predicted with reasonable accuracy from a perceptually guided exercise test, especially after a full familiarization trial.
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Prediction of maximal oxygen uptake from ratings of perceived exertion and heart rate during running: the effect of age. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:221. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1525-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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