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Buoite Stella A, Cargnel A, Raffini A, Mazzari L, Martini M, Ajčević M, Accardo A, Deodato M, Murena L. Shoulder Tensiomyography and Isometric Strength in Swimmers Before and After a Fatiguing Protocol. J Athl Train 2024; 59:738-744. [PMID: 38014804 PMCID: PMC11277270 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0265.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Shoulder muscles are active during front-crawl swimming to provide propulsion and stabilize the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints. Researchers have proposed that fatigue might contribute to altered activation of these muscles and represent a risk factor for injuries. Tensiomyography (TMG) might function as a noninvasive tool to detect changes in contractile measures of the skeletal muscles due to exercise-induced neuromuscular fatigue, though it has not yet been used in the shoulder muscles of swimmers. OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of a fatiguing swimming protocol on shoulder muscle TMG measures and isometric strength in competitive swimmers. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Swimming pool facility. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 14 young front-crawl competitive swimmers (11 males and 3 females; age = 21 ± 3 years [range, 17-26 years], height = 1.78 ± 0.06 m, mass = 73.1 ± 9.2 kg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Participants completed TMG and isometric strength assessments before and after 30-minute, high-intensity swim training. The TMG assessment was performed on 7 muscles of the shoulder according to front-crawl biomechanics and the applicability of the technique to obtain data, such as time to contraction and muscle-belly radial displacement. Isometric strength was assessed using a digital handheld dynamometer during shoulder flexion, extension, external rotation, and internal rotation. RESULTS Fatigue induced a smaller radial displacement, mostly observable in latissimus dorsi (-1.0 mm; 95% CI = -1.7, -0.3 mm; P = .007) and pectoralis major muscles (-1.4 mm; 95% CI = -2.4, -0.4 mm; P = .007). Only shoulder extension showed an isometric strength reduction after the fatiguing protocol (-0.03 N/kg; 95% CI = -0.05, -0.01 N/kg; F1,13 = 4.936; P = .045; ηp2 = 0.275). CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence for the usefulness of TMG to detect fatigue-induced changes in contractile properties of the shoulder muscles in swimmers, in particular the latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Buoite Stella
- School of Physiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Cargnel
- School of Physiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Raffini
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Mazzari
- School of Physiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Miriam Martini
- School of Physiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Miloš Ajčević
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Agostino Accardo
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Manuela Deodato
- School of Physiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi Murena
- School of Physiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
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Puce L, Biz C, Ruaro A, Mori F, Bellofiore A, Nicoletti P, Bragazzi NL, Ruggieri P. Analysis of Kinematic and Muscular Fatigue in Long-Distance Swimmers. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2129. [PMID: 38004269 PMCID: PMC10671841 DOI: 10.3390/life13112129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle fatigue is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by the type of activity performed and often manifests as a decline in motor performance (mechanical failure). The purpose of our study was to investigate the compensatory strategies used to mitigate mechanical failure. A cohort of 21 swimmers underwent a front-crawl swimming task, which required the consistent maintenance of a constant speed for the maximum duration. The evaluation included three phases: non-fatigue, pre-mechanical failure, and mechanical failure. We quantified key kinematic metrics, including velocity, distance travelled, stroke frequency, stroke length, and stroke index. In addition, electromyographic (EMG) metrics, including the Root-Mean-Square amplitude and Mean Frequency of the EMG power spectrum, were obtained for 12 muscles to examine the electrical manifestations of muscle fatigue. Between the first and second phases, the athletes covered a distance of 919.38 ± 147.29 m at an average speed of 1.57 ± 0.08 m/s with an average muscle fatigue level of 12%. Almost all evaluated muscles showed a significant increase (p < 0.001) in their EMG activity, except for the latissimus dorsi, which showed a 17% reduction (ES 0.906, p < 0.001) during the push phase of the stroke cycle. Kinematic parameters showed a 6% decrease in stroke length (ES 0.948, p < 0.001), which was counteracted by a 7% increase in stroke frequency (ES -0.931, p < 0.001). Notably, the stroke index also decreased by 6% (ES 0.965, p < 0.001). In the third phase, characterised by the loss of the ability to maintain the predetermined rhythm, both EMG and kinematic parameters showed reductions compared to the previous two phases. Swimmers employed common compensatory strategies for coping with fatigue; however, the ability to maintain a predetermined motor output proved to be limited at certain levels of fatigue and loss of swimming efficiency (Protocol ID: NCT06069440).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Carlo Biz
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (F.M.); (A.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Alvise Ruaro
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (F.M.); (A.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Fabiana Mori
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (F.M.); (A.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Andrea Bellofiore
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (F.M.); (A.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Pietro Nicoletti
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Pietro Ruggieri
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (F.M.); (A.B.); (P.R.)
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Costa MJ, Santos CC, Ferreira F, Arellano R, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJ. Association between elite swimmers' force production and 100 m front crawl inter-lap pacing and kinematics. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1205800. [PMID: 37305663 PMCID: PMC10250633 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1205800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyse the associations between force production and 100 m front crawl inter-lap pacing and kinematics. Eleven elite male swimmers performed a 100 m front crawl maximal effort to collect 50 m lap time (T50, s) and velocity (v, m·s-1) for pacing, stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) as kinematic variables. A 30 s tethered effort allowed to determine the peak (Fpeak) and mean force (Fmean) as force production variables. The relative change (Δ) between 50 m laps was also calculated for all measures. A paired sample t-test was used to check differences between laps and Pearson correlation coefficients allowed to quantify the associations between force and remaining variables. The T50 increased from the first to the second lap (ΔT50 = 10.61%, p < 0.01, d = 2.68), while v (Δv = -5.92%, p < 0.01, d = 1.53), SR (ΔSR = -6.61%, p < 0.01, d = 0.45) and SI (ΔSI = -4.92%, p = 0.02, d = 0.45) decreased. SL remained unchanged between laps (ΔSL = 1.07%, p = 0.66, d = 0.08). No associations were found between force production and most of Δ, with the only exception being the reasonable good association between Fpeak and Δv (r = 0.62, p = 0.04). Although both pacing and kinematics fall from the first to the second sections of a 100 m front-crawl effort, the swimmers who exhibit higher Fpeak show a more stable front crawl v between both 50 m laps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário J. Costa
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina C. Santos
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Francisco Ferreira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raul Arellano
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - J. Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Bachelor FAR, de Carvalho CD, Andreossi JC, Miranda DRM, Papoti M. Effects of Training and Taper on Neuromuscular Fatigue Profile on 100-m Swimming Performance. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:329-335. [PMID: 35500602 DOI: 10.1055/a-1841-3081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of 6-week specific preparatory period and 2-week taper period on neuromuscular fatigue profile in 100-m front crawl swimming performance. Seventeen competitive-level young-adult swimmers performed a 100-m swimming performance at baseline and after 6-week specific preparatory followed by 2-week taper periods. Neuromuscular fatigue profile was assessed through percutaneous electrical stimuli on the femoral nerve during a maximal voluntary contraction performed before and immediately after each 100-m maximal effort. Performance improved (p=0.001) 2.24 and 3.06% after specific and taper, respectively. Potentiated peak force at post-effort condition decreased (p<0.001) 16.26% at baseline, 11.70% at specific, and 12.86% at taper period. Maximal voluntary contraction force also decreased (p<0.001) at post-effort condition by about 6.77 and 9.33% at baseline and specific period, respectively. Both variables did not present significant differences between times. No condition or time effects were observed to superimposed peak force and voluntary activation, both related to central fatigue. In conclusion, neuromuscular fatigue during 100-m swimming performance was exclusively developed by peripheral mechanisms regardless of the training period, and 2-week taper was able to prevent decreases in maximal voluntary contraction induced by 100-m maximal effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Alves Ribeiro Bachelor
- Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, University of Sao Paulo School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Júlia Causin Andreossi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, University of Sao Paulo School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Douglas Rodrigues Messias Miranda
- Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, University of Sao Paulo School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, University of Sao Paulo School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Kwok WY, So BCL, Ng SMS. Underwater Surface Electromyography for the Evaluation of Muscle Activity during Front Crawl Swimming: A Systematic Review. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:1-16. [PMID: 36876189 PMCID: PMC9982531 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review is aimed to provide an up-to-date summary and review on the use of surface electromyography (sEMG) in evaluating front crawl (FC) swim performance. Several online databases were searched by different combinations of selected keywords, in total 1956 articles were retrieved, and each article was assessed by a 10-item quality checklist. 16 articles were eligible to be included in this study, and most of the articles were evaluating the muscle activity about the swimming phases and focused on assessing the upper limbs muscles, only few studies have assessed the performance in starts and turns phases. Insufficient information about these two phases despite the critical contribution on final swimming time. Also, with the contribution roles of legs and trunk muscles in swimming performance, more research should be conducted to explore the overall muscle activation pattern and their roles on swimming performance. Moreover, more detailed description in participants' characteristics and more investigations of bilateral muscle activity and the asymmetrical effects on relevant biomechanical performance are recommended. Lastly, with increasing attention about the effects of muscles co-activation on swimming performance, more in-depth investigations on this topic are also highly recommended, for evaluating its influence on swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yu Kwok
- Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Billy Chun Lung So
- Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.,Research Institute for Sports Science and Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Sheung Mei Shamay Ng
- Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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Botha CM, Rossouw F, Meyer PWA, Camacho TCDS. Comparative upper-quarter posture analysis of female adolescent freestyle swimmers and non-swimmers. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:36-43. [PMID: 34873988 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2014572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTRepetitive upper-quarter limb movements imposed by freestyle swimming may lead to muscle length and tension changes, predisposing adolescent swimmers to postural malalignment. The study aimed to quantify the static upper-quarter postural alignment of competitive female adolescent freestyle swimmers, and compare their results to non-swimming peers and angles of spinal sagittal posture available in the literature. A cross-sectional study design was employed. The evaluation group (EVAL) consisted of 35 competitive swimmers (15 ± 3 y; 166.5 ± 9.9 cm; 65.5 ± 7.7 kg) and the control group (CON) of 36 peers (15 ± 3 y; 164.2 ± 6.7 cm; 62.1 ± 9.1 kg). Spinal sagittal posture was measured by photographic posture analysis. Median ± interquartile range and inter-group differences were calculated. Significant differences (p = 0.00) between groups for all variables, with a moderate - large effect, were observed. EVAL demonstrated restricted median scores for head-tilt angle (-8.7°), cervical angle (-13.3°) and shoulder protraction - retraction angle (-24°), and a greater score for thoracic angle (+7.4°), when compared to CON. EVAL and CON deviated from proposed criterion scores for cervical and thoracic angles, with EVAL also deviating from head-tilt angle and shoulder protraction - retraction angle criteria. In this group of adolescent participants, postural malalignment may have been exacerbated by years of freestyle swim training. HighlightsSignificant differences with medium to large effect sizes were noted in the angles of spinal sagittal posture between the competitive female adolescent freestyle swimmers and their non-swimming peers.Competitive female adolescent freestyle swimmers appeared to be more vulnerable to postural features in the upper quarter that were not within the desirable angles of spinal sagittal posture.The inherent nature of competitive freestyle swimming and the natural consequence of long-term training may explain the moderate to large effect sizes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin-Mari Botha
- Department of Physiology, Division of Biokinetics and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Gezina, South Africa
| | - Francè Rossouw
- Department of Physiology, Division of Biokinetics and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Gezina, South Africa
| | - Pieter Willem Adriaan Meyer
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tanya Chantelle de Sousa Camacho
- Department of Physiology, Division of Biokinetics and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Gezina, South Africa
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Changes in Muscular Activity in Different Stable and Unstable Conditions on Aquatic Platforms. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11111643. [DOI: 10.3390/biology11111643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyse and compare the muscle activity of twelve participants (seven men and five women) (age 20.1 ± 0.9 years; height 170.5 ± 10 cm; body mass: 64.86 ± 8.3 kg) in two exercises, each with two variants: squat (dynamic and static) and plank (hands and elbows) in a stable environment on land and an unstable environment on an aquatic platform. The erector spinae, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, external oblique, and rectus abdominis muscles were evaluated using surface electromyography. The dynamic squat increases the recruitment of the biceps femoris and external oblique, while the static squat demands greater activation of the rectus femoris. The elbow plank exercise increases the recruitment of erector spinae muscles, and the hand plank exercise increases the recruitment of the erector spinae and external oblique. In conclusion, performing exercises in unstable conditions on an aquatic platform slightly increases muscle recruitment.
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King S, Dong L, Caron M, Côté JN. Changes in Muscle Activation During and After a Shoulder-Fatiguing Task: A Comparison of Elite Female Swimmers and Water Polo Players. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:881582. [PMID: 35911373 PMCID: PMC9326320 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.881582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared female athletes with different aquatic sports expertise in their neuromuscular activation before, during, and after a shoulder internal rotation fatigue protocol. Eleven water polo players, 12 swimmers, and 14 controls completed concentric maximal voluntary external and internal shoulder rotations before and after a fatigue protocol consisting of concentric internal rotations at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction for at least 3 min or until reporting a rating of perceived effort RPE of 8/10 or higher. Muscle activation was measured for the maximal voluntary contractions, as well as for the first (T1), middle (T2), and third (T3) minute of the fatigue protocol using surface electromyography (EMG) on pectoralis major, anterior and posterior deltoid, upper and middle trapezius, and latissimus dorsi. Intramuscular EMG was used for supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis. Pre-fatigue internal rotation torque was significantly correlated with shorter task duration (r = −0.39, p = 0.02), with water polo players producing significantly greater torque than controls but having significantly lower endurance. Swimmers demonstrated decreased latissimus dorsi activation at T3 compared to T2 (p = 0.020, g = 0.44) and T1 (p = 0.029, g = 0.74), differing from water polo players and controls who exhibited increased agonist activation and decreased activation of stabilizers. Comparing the pre-fatigue to the post-fatigue maximal shoulder rotations, water polo players had decreased activation in subscapularis (p = 0.018, g = 0.67); all groups had decreased activation in latissimus dorsi (p < 0.001), though swimmers demonstrated a large effect (g = 0.97); and controls had decreased activation in supraspinatus (p = 0.005, g = 0.71). Together, these results suggest that sports expertise may be associated with different muscle activation both while and after fatigue is induced. Further research should continue to explore sports-specific patterns of muscle recruitment and fatigue adaptations, as well as if certain strategies are adaptive or maladaptive. This may have important consequences for injury prevention among athletes who perform repetitive overhead movements in their sports and who are susceptible to overuse injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah King
- Biomechanics of Occupation and Sports (BOS) Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Savannah King
| | - Lily Dong
- Département des sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michelle Caron
- Biomechanics of Occupation and Sports (BOS) Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie N. Côté
- Biomechanics of Occupation and Sports (BOS) Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Conceição A, Milheiro V, Parraca JA, Rocha F, Espada MC, Santos FJ, Louro H. The Effect of Handlebar Height and Bicycle Frame Length on Muscular Activity during Cycling: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116590. [PMID: 35682173 PMCID: PMC9180202 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The cycling literature is filled with reports of electromyography (EMG) analyses for a better understanding of muscle function during cycling. This research is not just limited to performance, as the cyclist’s goal may be rehabilitation, recreation, or competition, so a bicycle that meets the rider’s needs is essential for a more efficient muscular activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand the contribution of the activity of each of the following muscles: TD (trapezius descending), LD (latissimus dorsi), GM (gluteus maximus), and AD (anterior deltoid) in response to different bicycle-rider systems (handlebar height; bicycle frame length) and intensities in a bicycle equipped with a potentiometer. Surface EMG signals from muscles on the right side of the body were measured. A general linear model test was used to analyze the differences between muscle activation in the test conditions. Effect sizes were calculated using a partial Eta2 (η2). The level of significance was set at 0.05. Muscle activation of different muscles differs, depending on the cycling condition (Pillai’s trace = 2.487; F (36.69) = 9.300; p < 0.001. η2 = 0.958), mostly during low intensities. In high intensities, one specific pattern emerges, with a greater contribution of GM and TD and weaker participation of LD and AD, enhancing the cycling power output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Conceição
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (V.M.); (F.R.); (H.L.)
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-265-710-800
| | - Vítor Milheiro
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (V.M.); (F.R.); (H.L.)
| | - José A. Parraca
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, 7000-654 Évora, Portugal;
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, 7000-654 Évora, Portugal
| | - Fernando Rocha
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (V.M.); (F.R.); (H.L.)
| | - Mário C. Espada
- Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, School of Education, 2914-504 Setúbal, Portugal; (M.C.E.); (F.J.S.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Fernando J. Santos
- Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, School of Education, 2914-504 Setúbal, Portugal; (M.C.E.); (F.J.S.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Hugo Louro
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (V.M.); (F.R.); (H.L.)
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Puce L, Chamari K, Marinelli L, Mori L, Bove M, Faelli E, Fassone M, Cotellessa F, Bragazzi NL, Trompetto C. Muscle Fatigue and Swimming Efficiency in Behind and Lateral Drafting. Front Physiol 2022; 13:835766. [PMID: 35309050 PMCID: PMC8927722 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.835766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drafting in swimming is a tactic in which an athlete (drafter) swims in the wave of another athlete (leader). Our aim was to compare the effects of this tactic on the drafter, as far as muscle fatigue, muscle activity, and swimming efficiency are concerned. Fifteen drafters performed three 200 m front crawl trials at a controlled submaximal pace in three configurations: Behind Drafting (BD), Lateral Drafting (LD), and Free Swimming (FS). Muscle fatigue, muscle activity, and swimming efficiency were obtained by surface electromyography (EMG) and video analysis from flexor carpi radialis, triceps brachii, latissimus dorsi, and rectus femoris muscles. The outcome measures were: time slope of Mean Frequency (MNF), for muscle fatigue; time slope of Root Mean Square (RMS), for muscle activity; and Stroke Index (SI) for swimming efficiency. Negative variations of MNF were 5.1 ± 1.7%, 6.6 ± 4.1%, and 11.1 ± 2.7% in BD, LD, and FS, respectively. Statistical significance was found for all cases except for the rectus femoris. Positive variations of RMS were 3.4 ± 1.2%, 4.7 ± 2.7%, and 7.8 ± 4.6% in BD, LD, and FS, respectively. Statistical significance was found only for the slopes of latissimus dorsi in FS and LD. The largest mean in SI was measured in the BD (2.01 m2/s), while the smallest was measured in the FS (1.86 m2/s). BD was found to be the best swimming configuration, in terms of lower muscle fatigue and higher swimming efficiency. Also, LD resulted to be advantageous with respect to FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Karim Chamari
- Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
- ISSEP Ksar-Said, La Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Lucio Marinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Mori
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Bove
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emanuela Faelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marco Fassone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Filippo Cotellessa
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Nicola Luigi Bragazzi,
| | - Carlo Trompetto
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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11
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Metformin anticipates peak of lactate during high-intensity interval training but no changes performance or neuromuscular response in amateur swimmers. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 46:305-313. [PMID: 34857212 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Metformin demonstrated potential to improve metabolic efficiency in short-intense and prolonged-continuous efforts. The present study investigates the acute effects of metformin intake on performance, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), blood lactate, blood glucose and neuromuscular parameters related to swimming high-intensity interval series. METHODS A double-blind, crossover, randomized and placebo-controlled study was carried out. Seven healthy swimmers ingested metformin (500 mg) or placebo capsules on different days and performed a typical high-intensity training series (10 bouts of 50 m with a 3-min interval). Performance, RPE, neuromuscular parameters (lower and upper limbs), blood lactate and glucose were analyzed by the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank and Friedman's tests between supplementation situations and moments, respectively (p > 0.05), the moment where glucose and blood lactate peak were found were analyzed by a Student t-test (p > 0.05) and a Bayesian repeated-measures ANOVA for effects analysis (BFincl). RESULTS The anticipation of blood glucose and peak lactate was signaling by the interaction effect (metformin increased and placebo decreased) between the eighth and the last bout (BFincl: 4.230 and 5.188 respectively). The second interaction effect of blood glucose and lactate (metformin maintained and placebo increased) during recoveries between 5 min and 7 min (BFincl: 3.825 and 3.806 respectively) also signaling the anticipatory behavior of both physiological parameters. The anticipation of blood lactate peak concentration after metformin intake confirms the anticipatory behavior of blood lactate (p: 0.015). CONCLUSIONS The anticipatory behavior of glucose was not confirmed. Although the anticipatory peak of blood lactate, metformin does not affect neuromuscular responses, RPE and performance. REGISTRATION OF CLINICAL TRIAL RBR-67wxdw8 Effects of metformin during swimmer training performance.
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12
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Puce L, Pallecchi I, Marinelli L, Mori L, Bove M, Diotti D, Ruggeri P, Faelli E, Cotellessa F, Trompetto C. Surface Electromyography Spectral Parameters for the Study of Muscle Fatigue in Swimming. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:644765. [PMID: 33681763 PMCID: PMC7933468 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.644765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess validity, stability and sensitivity, of 4 spectral parameters–median frequency (Fmed), mean frequency (Fmean), Dimitrov index (DI), and mean instant frequency (Fmi)–in measuring localized muscle fatigue in swimming and to investigate their correlation with the variations of kinematic data and mechanical fatigue. Electrophysiological measures of muscle fatigue were obtained in real-time during a 100 m front crawl test at maximum speed in 15 experienced swimmers, using surface electromyography in six muscles employed in front crawl, while kinematic data of swimming was measured from video analysis. Mechanical fatigue was measured as the difference between muscle strength prior to and immediately after the 100 m front crawl in a dry-land multi-stage isometric contraction test. Statistically significant fatigue (p < 0.0001) was found for all spectral parameters in all muscles. Fmed and Fmean varied between 10 and 25%, DI between 50 and 150%, and Fmi between 5 and 10%. Strong correlation (Pearson r ≥ 0.5) with mechanical fatigue was found for all spectral parameters except for Fmi and it was strongest for Fmed and Fmean. From our study, it turns out that Fmed and Fmean are more valid and stable parameters to measure fatigue in swimming, while DI is more sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pallecchi
- National Research Council (CNR), SPIN institute, Department of Physics, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lucio Marinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Mori
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Bove
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Diotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Piero Ruggeri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Faelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Filippo Cotellessa
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Trompetto
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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13
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Kubová S, Pavlů D, Pánek D, Hojka V, Jebavý R, Kuba K. The effect of short-term strength intervention on muscle activity of shoulder girdle during simulated crawl in elite swimmers. ACTA GYMNICA 2021. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2020.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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14
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Santos KBD, Bento PCB, Payton C, Rodacki ALF. Kinematic Parameters After Repeated Swimming Efforts in Higher and Lower Proficiency Swimmers and Para-Swimmers. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2020; 91:574-582. [PMID: 31976823 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1693011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine changes in swimming parameters, stroke coordination, and symmetry after repeated high-intensity swimming efforts in swimmers of different performance levels and para-swimmers. Method: Forty swimmers (20 able-bodied, allocated to higher and lower performance groups-G1 and G2, respectively-and 20 impaired swimmers-S5 to S10) were recorded by four underwater cameras while performing repeated 50 m maximum front-crawl swimming with a ten-second interval for each time endured by the swimmer. A cycle stroke was digitized using SIMI Reality Motion Systems in the first and last trials to analyze the kinematic parameters. The comparison among groups and conditions was performed by Mixed ANOVA Models with p < .05. Results: For all groups, swimming velocity, stroke rate, and stroke index showed reduction over time, while stroke length and intracyclic velocity variation did not show significant changes. Conclusions: Training to maintain stroke rate is necessary to support performance since it is the main cause of velocity decrease. Stroke dimensions and individual underwater phases were not sufficient to distinguish groups or conditions. Hand velocity decreased probably due to a decline in energy capacity, propulsive force and passive drag caused by the fatigue process.
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15
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Lomax M, Kapus J, Webb S, Ušaj A. The effect of inspiratory muscle fatigue on acid-base status and performance during race-paced middle-distance swimming. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1499-1505. [PMID: 30724711 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1574250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-induced inspiratory muscle fatigue (IMF) on race-paced swimming and acid-base status. Twenty-one collegiate swimmers performed two discontinuous 400-m race-paced swims on separate days, with (IMF trial) and without (control trial) pre-induced IMF. Swimming characteristics, inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures, and blood parameters were recorded. IMF and expiratory muscle fatigue (P < 0.05) were evident after both trials and swimming time was slower (P < 0.05) from 150-m following IMF inducement. Pre-induced IMF increased pH before the swim (P < 0.01) and reduced bicarbonate (P < 0.05) and the pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) (P < 0.05). pH (P < 0.05), bicarbonate (P < 0.01) and PCO2 (P < 0.05) were lower during swimming in the IMF trial. Blood lactate was similar before both trials (P > 0.05) but was higher (P < 0.01) in the IMF trial after swimming. Pre-induced IMF induced respiratory alkalosis, reduced bicarbonate buffering capacity and slowed swimming speed. Pre-induced and propulsion-induced IMF reflected metabolic acidosis arising from dual role breathing and propulsion muscle fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch Lomax
- a Department of Sport and Exercise Science , University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth , UK
| | - Jernej Kapus
- b Faculty of Sport , University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Samuel Webb
- a Department of Sport and Exercise Science , University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth , UK
| | - Anton Ušaj
- b Faculty of Sport , University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
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16
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Sheehan WB, Watsford ML, Pickering Rodriguez EC. Examination of the neuromechanical factors contributing to golf swing performance. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:458-466. [PMID: 30064296 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1505185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between a range of neuromechanical variables in the lower- and upper-body, and golf performance. Participants were assessed for individual muscle stiffness, vertical stiffness (Kvert), flexibility, power and maximal isometric strength. Furthermore, golf performance was determined by handicap and club head speed. Pearson's correlations quantified the relationships between neuromechanical variables and performance measures. Participants were also separated into relatively high club head speed (HC) and low club head speed (LC) groups and compared for physical characteristics. Club head speed showed positive relationships with Kvert and power and a negative relationship with hip mobility. The HC group exhibited superior Kvert and power, while strength and flexibility measures were not related to performance. Higher levels of lower-body stiffness, rate of force development and power output appear to be beneficial for generating superior club head speed. A stiffer system may reduce the time needed to remove the "slack" from the series elastic component therefore, reducing electromechanical delay and enhancing rate of force development. The large positive association with rate of force development suggests that increasing this component, along with power production may be superior focal components for training in golfers due to the short duration of the downswing.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Sheehan
- a Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health , University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo , Australia
| | - M L Watsford
- a Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health , University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo , Australia
| | - E C Pickering Rodriguez
- a Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health , University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo , Australia
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17
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Jones B, Parry D, Cooper CE. Underwater near-infrared spectroscopy can measure training adaptations in adolescent swimmers. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4393. [PMID: 29692951 PMCID: PMC5912205 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an underwater near-infrared spectroscopy (uNIRS) device has enabled previously unattainable measurements of peripheral muscle hemodynamics and oxygenation to be taken within the natural aquatic environment. The purposes of this study were (i) to trial the use of uNIRS, in a real world training study, and (ii) to monitor the effects of a swim training program upon muscle oxygenation status in short distance swimming. A total of 14 junior club level swimmers completed a repeated swim sprint test before and after an eight week endurance training program. A waterproof, portable Near-Infrared Spectroscopy device was attached to the vastus lateralis. uNIRS successfully measured changes in muscle oxygenation and blood volume in all individuals; rapid sub-second time resolution of the device was able to demonstrate muscle oxygenation changes during the characteristic swim movements. Post training heart rate recovery and swim performance time were significantly improved. uNIRS data also showed significant changes. A larger rise in deoxyhemoglobin during individual sprints suggested training induced an increase in muscle oxygen extraction; a faster recovery time for muscle oxygenation suggested positive training induced changes and significant changes in muscle blood flow also occur. As a strong correlation was seen between an increased reoxygenation rate and an improved swim performance time, these findings support the use of uNIRS as a new performance analysis tool in swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jones
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK
| | - Dave Parry
- Director of Sport, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK
| | - Chris E Cooper
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK
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18
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A systematic review on fatigue analysis in triceps brachii using surface electromyography. Biomed Signal Process Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Biomechanical analysis of the shoulder of swimmers after a maximal effort test. Phys Ther Sport 2017; 30:14-21. [PMID: 29274455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the kinematics and electromyography of the periscapular muscles in swimmers before and after a 3-min maximal effort test. PARTICIPANTS 16 competitive swimmers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Infrared cameras were used to record kinematics in the scapular plane in synchronization with the electromyography system. RESULTS There was an increase in internal rotation in all angles (p < 0.05), an increase of the anterior tilt, with 120° of elevation (p = 0.04). The serratus anterior showed a decrease in the intervals of 120-90° and 60-30° (p = 0.04; p = 0.02). There was a linear relationship between the variation before and after the maximal effort of the anterior tilt in relation to the variation of muscular activation of the transverse trapezius (p = 0.01) and the lower trapezius (42%, p = 0.01); an internal rotation in 120° and 90° of elevation in relation to the transverse trapezius (p = 0.01); and an internal rotation in 60° and 30° of elevation in relation to the serratus anterior (p = 0.04, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION A maximal 3-min effort test resulted in altered scapular biomechanics. More studies are needed to verify if the changes correspond to a risk factor for injuries.
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20
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Barbosa TM, Chen S, Morais JE, Costa MJ, Batalha N. The changes in classical and nonlinear parameters after a maximal bout to elicit fatigue in competitive swimming. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 58:321-329. [PMID: 29249572 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to assess the effect of fatigue on linear and nonlinear parameters in swimming. Twenty-four fitness-oriented swimmers performed a maximal bout of 100 m at front-crawl to elicit fatigue. Before (pre-) and immediately after (post-test) the bout, participants swam an all-out 25 m to derive the speed fluctuation (dv), approximate entropy (ApEn) and fractal dimension (FD) from the speed-time series collected by a speedo-meter. Swim speed was 10.85% slower in the post-test than in the pre-test (p < .001, η2 = 0.72). There was an effect of the fatigue on the dv with a moderate effect size. The dv increased shifting the 95CI band from 0.116-0.134 to 0.140-0.161. The ApEn showed non-significant variations between the pre- and post-test having the 95CI of pre- and post-test overlapped (pre: 0.659-0.700; post: 0.641-0.682). The FD showed as well a significant variation (the 95CI moved from 1.954-1.965 to 1.933-1.951). It can be concluded that in swimming there are changes in classical and nonlinear parameters under fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago M Barbosa
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal; Research Centre of Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, STRONG Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Simin Chen
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jorge E Morais
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal; Research Centre of Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, STRONG Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Mário J Costa
- Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; Research Centre of Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, STRONG Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nuno Batalha
- Department of Sport and Health, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Portugal; Research Centre of Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, STRONG Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
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21
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Analysis neuromuscular activity during front crawl with and without a snorkel. Sci Sports 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Yamakawa KK, Shimojo H, Takagi H, Tsubakimoto S, Sengoku Y. Effect of increased kick frequency on propelling efficiency and muscular co-activation during underwater dolphin kick. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 54:276-286. [PMID: 28605694 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of increased kick frequency on the propelling efficiency and the muscular co-activation during underwater dolphin kick. Participants included eight female collegiate swimmers. The participants performed seven 15-m underwater dolphin kick swimming trials at different kick frequencies, which is 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, and 115% of their maximum effort. The Froude (propelling) efficiency of the dolphin kick was calculated from the kinematic analysis. The surface electromyography was measured from six muscles (rectus abdominis, erector spinae, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius). From the EMG data, the co-active phase during one cycle in the trunk, thigh, and leg was evaluated. Our results show that the Froude efficiency decreased at the supra-maximum kick frequency (e.g. 100%F: 0.72±0.03 vs. 115%F: 0.70±0.03, p<.05). The co-active phase in the trunk, thigh, and leg increased with increasing the kick frequency (e.g. 85%F vs. 115%F, p<0.05). Furthermore, it was observed that there was a negative relationship between the trunk co-active phase and the Froude efficiency (r=-0.527, p<0.05). Therefore, both the propelling efficiency and the muscular activation pattern became inefficient when the swimmer increased their kick frequency above their maximum effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kobayashi Yamakawa
- Department of Sport Wellness Sciences, Japan Women's College of Physical Education, 8-19-1, Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Shimojo
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Hideki Takagi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Shozo Tsubakimoto
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Sengoku
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Dynamic cortical participation during bilateral, cyclical ankle movements: effects of aging. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44658. [PMID: 28300175 PMCID: PMC5353607 DOI: 10.1038/srep44658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise role of the human primary motor cortex in walking is unknown. Our previous study showed that the primary motor cortex may contribute to specific requirements of walking (i.e., maintaining a constant movement frequency and bilaterally coordinating the feet). Because aging can impair (i) the ability to fulfill the aforementioned requirements and (ii) corticomuscular communication, we hypothesized that aging would impair the motoneuronal recruitment by the primary motor cortex during bilateral cyclical movements. Here, we used corticomuscular coherence (i.e., coherence between the primary motor cortex and the active muscles) to examine whether corticomuscular communication is affected in older individuals during cyclical movements that shared some functional requirements with walking. Fifteen young men and 9 older men performed cyclical, anti-phasic dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the feet while seated. Coherence between the midline primary motor cortex and contracting leg muscles cyclically increased in both age groups. However, the coherence of older participants was characterized by (i) lower magnitude and (ii) mediolaterally broader and more rostrally centered cortical distributions. These characteristics suggest that aging changes how the primary motor cortex participates in the cyclical movements, and such change may extend to walking.
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Lagogianni C, Thomas S, Lincoln N. Examining the relationship between fatigue and cognition after stroke: A systematic review. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2016; 28:57-116. [PMID: 26787096 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2015.1127820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Many stroke survivors experience fatigue, which is associated with a variety of factors including cognitive impairment. A few studies have examined the relationship between fatigue and cognition and have obtained conflicting results. The aim of the current study was to review the literature on the relationship between fatigue and cognition post-stroke. The following databases were searched: EMBASE (1980-February, 2014), PsycInfo (1806-February, 2014), CINAHL (1937-February, 2014), MEDLINE (1946-February, 2014), Ethos (1600-February, 2014) and DART (1999-February, 2014). Reference lists of relevant papers were screened and the citation indices of the included papers were searched using Web of Science. Studies were considered if they were on adult stroke patients and assessed the following: fatigue with quantitative measurements (≥ 3 response categories), cognition using objective measurements, and the relationship between fatigue and cognition. Overall, 413 papers were identified, of which 11 were included. Four studies found significant correlations between fatigue and memory, attention, speed of information processing and reading speed (r = -.36 to .46) whereas seven studies did not. Most studies had limitations; quality scores ranged from 9 to 14 on the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Checklists. There was insufficient evidence to support or refute a relationship between fatigue and cognition post-stroke. More robust studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christodouli Lagogianni
- a Division of Rehabilitation & Ageing, Medical School , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK.,b Queens Medical Centre , Nottingham , UK
| | - Shirley Thomas
- a Division of Rehabilitation & Ageing, Medical School , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK.,b Queens Medical Centre , Nottingham , UK
| | - Nadina Lincoln
- a Division of Rehabilitation & Ageing, Medical School , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK.,b Queens Medical Centre , Nottingham , UK
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Castillo-Lozano R, Cuesta-Vargas A. Analysis of cervical and shoulder neuromuscular activity during adapted swimming with and without a snorkel: Implications for rehabilitation. Sci Sports 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Ali A, Sundaraj K, Badlishah Ahmad R, Ahamed NU, Islam A, Sundaraj S. Muscle Fatigue in the Three Heads of the Triceps Brachii During a Controlled Forceful Hand Grip Task with Full Elbow Extension Using Surface Electromyography. J Hum Kinet 2015; 46:69-76. [PMID: 26240650 PMCID: PMC4519223 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the time to fatigue and compare the fatiguing condition among the three heads of the triceps brachii muscle using surface electromyography during an isometric contraction of a controlled forceful hand grip task with full elbow extension. Eighteen healthy subjects concurrently performed a single 90 s isometric contraction of a controlled forceful hand grip task and full elbow extension. Surface electromyographic signals from the lateral, long and medial heads of the triceps brachii muscle were recorded during the task for each subject. The changes in muscle activity among the three heads of triceps brachii were measured by the root mean square values for every 5 s period throughout the total contraction period. The root mean square values were then analysed to determine the fatiguing condition for the heads of triceps brachii muscle. Muscle fatigue in the long, lateral, and medial heads of the triceps brachii started at 40 s, 50 s, and 65 s during the prolonged contraction, respectively. The highest fatiguing rate was observed in the long head (slope = −2.863), followed by the medial head (slope = −2.412) and the lateral head (slope = −1.877) of the triceps brachii muscle. The results of the present study concurs with previous findings that the three heads of the triceps brachii muscle do not work as a single unit, and the fiber type/composition is different among the three heads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asraf Ali
- AI-Rehab Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Kenneth Sundaraj
- AI-Rehab Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - R Badlishah Ahmad
- AI-Rehab Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Nizam Uddin Ahamed
- Mechatronic Engineering, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang,Pekan, Malaysia
| | - Anamul Islam
- AI-Rehab Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, Perlis, Malaysia
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Pereira SM, Ruschel C, Hubert M, Machado L, Roesler H, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP. Kinematic, kinetic and EMG analysis of four front crawl flip turn techniques. J Sports Sci 2015; 33:2006-15. [PMID: 25813081 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1026374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the kinematic, kinetic and electromyographic characteristics of four front crawl flip turn technique variants. The variants distinguished from each other by differences in body position (i.e., dorsal, lateral, ventral) during rolling, wall support, pushing and gliding phases. Seventeen highly trained swimmers (17.9 ± 3.2 years old) participated in interventional sessions and performed three trials of each variant, being monitored with a 3-D video system, a force platform and an electromyography (EMG) system. Studied variables: rolling time and distance, wall support time, push-off time, peak force and horizontal impulse at wall support and push-off, centre of mass horizontal velocity at the end of the push-off, gliding time, centre of mass depth, distance, average and final velocity during gliding, total turn time and electrical activity of Gastrocnemius Medialis, Tibialis Anterior, Biceps Femoris and Vastus Lateralis muscles. Depending on the variant, total turn time ranged from 2.37 ± 0.32 to 2.43 ± 0.33 s, push-off force from 1.86 ± 0.33 to 1.92 ± 0.26 BW and centre of mass velocity during gliding from 1.78 ± 0.21 to 1.94 ± 0.22 m · s(-1). The variants were not distinguishable in terms of kinematical, kinetic and EMG parameters during the rolling, wall support, pushing and gliding phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Matheus Pereira
- a Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b Aquatic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Centre of Health and Sport Sciences , University of the State of Santa Catarina (CEFID/UDESC) , Florianópolis , Brazil
| | - Caroline Ruschel
- b Aquatic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Centre of Health and Sport Sciences , University of the State of Santa Catarina (CEFID/UDESC) , Florianópolis , Brazil
| | - Marcel Hubert
- b Aquatic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Centre of Health and Sport Sciences , University of the State of Santa Catarina (CEFID/UDESC) , Florianópolis , Brazil
| | - Leandro Machado
- a Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Helio Roesler
- b Aquatic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Centre of Health and Sport Sciences , University of the State of Santa Catarina (CEFID/UDESC) , Florianópolis , Brazil
| | - Ricardo Jorge Fernandes
- a Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- a Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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Lomax M, Tasker L, Bostanci O. An electromyographic evaluation of dual role breathing and upper body muscles in response to front crawl swimming. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:e472-8. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Lomax
- Department of Sports and Exercise Science; University of Portsmouth; Hampshire UK
| | - L. Tasker
- School of Sport and Exercise; University of Gloucestershire; Gloucester UK
| | - O. Bostanci
- Department of Physical Education and Sports; University of Ondokuz Mayis; Samsun Turkey
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Lomax M, Tasker L, Bostanci O. Inspiratory Muscle Fatigue Affects Latissimus Dorsi but Not Pectoralis Major Activity During Arms Only Front Crawl Sprinting. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:2262-9. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Seifert L, Komar J, Barbosa T, Toussaint H, Millet G, Davids K. Coordination Pattern Variability Provides Functional Adaptations to Constraints in Swimming Performance. Sports Med 2014; 44:1333-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Rota S, Morel B, Saboul D, Rogowski I, Hautier C. Influence of fatigue on upper limb muscle activity and performance in tennis. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2013; 24:90-7. [PMID: 24239164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study examined the fatigue effect on tennis performance and upper limb muscle activity. Ten players were tested before and after a strenuous tennis exercise. Velocity and accuracy of serve and forehand drives, as well as corresponding surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of eight upper limb muscles were measured. EMG and force were also evaluated during isometric maximal voluntary contractions (IMVC). Significant decreases were observed after exercise in serve accuracy (-11.7%) and velocity (-4.5%), forehand accuracy (-25.6%) and consistency (-15.6%), as well as pectoralis major (PM) and flexor carpi radialis (FCR) IMVC strength (-13.0% and -8.2%, respectively). EMG amplitude decreased for PM and FCR in serve, forehand and IMVC, and for extensor carpi radialis in forehand. No modification was observed in EMG activation timing during strokes or in EMG frequency content during IMVC. Several hypotheses can be put forward to explain these results. First, muscle fatigue may induce a reduction in activation level of PM and forearm muscles, which could decrease performance. Second, conscious or subconscious strategies could lead to a redistribution of muscle activity to non-fatigued muscles in order to protect the organism and/or limit performance losses. Otherwise, the modifications of EMG activity could also illustrate the strategies adopted to manage the speed-accuracy trade-off in such a complex task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Rota
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CRIS EA 647, UFRSTAPS, 27-29, bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Baptiste Morel
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CRIS EA 647, UFRSTAPS, 27-29, bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Damien Saboul
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CRIS EA 647, UFRSTAPS, 27-29, bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; Almerys, 46 rue du Ressort, 63967 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 9, France
| | - Isabelle Rogowski
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CRIS EA 647, UFRSTAPS, 27-29, bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Hautier
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CRIS EA 647, UFRSTAPS, 27-29, bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Figueiredo P, Rouard A, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJ. Upper- and lower-limb muscular fatigue during the 200-m front crawl. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:716-24. [PMID: 23980729 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Figueiredo
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Higher Education Institute of Maia (ISMAI), Av. Carlos Oliveira Campos – Castelo da Maia, 4475-690 Avioso S. Pedro, Portugal
| | - Annie Rouard
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Exercice, Université de Savoie, Campus scientifique, 73376 Le Bourget du Lac cedex, France
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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Interplay of biomechanical, energetic, coordinative, and muscular factors in a 200 m front crawl swim. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:897232. [PMID: 23586063 PMCID: PMC3613086 DOI: 10.1155/2013/897232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the relative contribution of selected biomechanical, energetic, coordinative, and muscular factors for the 200 m front crawl and each of its four laps. Ten swimmers performed a 200 m front crawl swim, as well as 50, 100, and 150 m at the 200 m pace. Biomechanical, energetic, coordinative, and muscular factors were assessed during the 200 m swim. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify the weight of the factors to the performance. For each lap, the contributions to the 200 m performance were 17.6, 21.1, 18.4, and 7.6% for stroke length, 16.1, 18.7, 32.1, and 3.2% for stroke rate, 11.2, 13.2, 6.8, and 5.7% for intracycle velocity variation in x, 9.7, 7.5, 1.3, and 5.4% for intracycle velocity variation in y, 17.8, 10.5, 2.0, and 6.4% for propelling efficiency, 4.5, 5.8, 10.9, and 23.7% for total energy expenditure, 10.1, 5.1, 8.3, and 23.7% for interarm coordination, 9.0, 6.2, 8.5, and 5.5% for muscular activity amplitude, and 3.9, 11.9, 11.8, and 18.7% for muscular frequency). The relative contribution of the factors was closely related to the task constraints, especially fatigue, as the major changes occurred from the first to the last lap.
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Stirn I, Jarm T, Kapus VP, Strojnik V. Evaluation of mean power spectral frequency of EMG signal during 100 metre crawl. Eur J Sport Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2011.630100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Conceição A, Silva A, Barbosa TM, Louro H. Observação e caracterização técnica em natação pura desportiva: 200 m bruços. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922013000100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Caracterização da técnica de bruços, na relação entre os parâmetros cinemáticos e neuromusculares. MÉTODO: A eletromiografia de superfície (EMG) foi utilizada para analisar a dinâmica da atividade neuromuscular nos músculos peitoral maior (PM), bicípite braquial (BB), tricípite braquial (TB) e deltoide anterior (DA) em 12 nadadores de elite nacional. Foi utilizado um par de câmaras, fornecendo uma projeção dupla a partir de uma câmara subaquática e outra acima da superfície da água, para análise das variáveis cinemáticas: velocidade de nado (VN), frequência gestual (FG) e distância de ciclo (DC) em 200m bruços. RESULTADOS: A VN diminui de 1,41 (0,07) para 1,16 (0,09)m.s-1 (P < 0,05). A DC diminuiu de 2,32 (0,37) para 1,96 (0,24)m, enquanto a FG sofreu um decréscimo de 37,52 (5,16) para 34,40 (3,58) ciclo/min do primeiro percurso de 50m até ao terceiro percurso de 50 m, aumentando ligeiramente no último percurso para 35,82 (3,39) ciclo/min. O lactato sanguíneo aumentou de repouso para o pico de lactato sanguíneo de 1,12 (0,22) para 12,00 (3,23) mmol.L-1. Os resultados de EMG indicaram um aumento da frequência em relação à amplitude para todos os músculos em estudo, exceto para o DA. Correlações negativas foram obtidas entre a frequência e a VN, FG e DC, ou seja, para os músculos BB, TB e PM, verificou-se uma correlação forte entre VN, FG e DC, isto é, à medida que as variáveis cinemáticas aumentam a frequência diminui. As correlações sugerem que a ativação neuromuscular apresenta relação direta com as variáveis cinemáticas, nomeadamente para uma diminuição da frequência, nos músculos BB, TB e PM e para uma elevada amplitude e forte correlação com as variáveis cinemáticas em PM. CONCLUSÃO: A relação entre as variáveis cinemáticas e EMG são determinantes na avaliação da performance em natação pura desportiva, nomeadamente, no suporte na prescrição de exercícios para o aumento da resistência muscular dos músculos envolvidos na técnica de bruços.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Conceição
- Escola Superior de Desporto de Rio Maior, Portugal; Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Portugal
| | - António Silva
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal; Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Portugal
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Portugal; Nanyang Technological University, Singapura
| | - Hugo Louro
- Escola Superior de Desporto de Rio Maior, Portugal; Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Portugal
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36
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Surface electromyography for assessing triceps brachii muscle activities: A literature review. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Fong DTP, Yam KY, Chu VWS, Cheung RTH, Chan KM. Upper limb muscle fatigue during prolonged Boccia games with underarm throwing technique. Sports Biomech 2012; 11:441-51. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2012.699977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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38
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Madureira F, Bastos FH, Corrêa UC, Rogel T, Freudenheim AM. Assessment of beginners' front-crawl stroke efficiency. Percept Mot Skills 2012; 115:300-8. [PMID: 23033764 DOI: 10.2466/06.05.25.pms.115.4.300-308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Efficiency in front-crawl stroke has been inferred primarily by means of the analysis of arm actions, specifically, stroke frequency and stroke length. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether swimming efficiency could be better assessed in children still learning the front-crawl stroke by analyzing the movement pattern as a whole. Forty-two children enrolled in private swimming programs volunteered to participate in the study. The task consisted of swimming 30 m as fast as possible. Three experts analyzed the movement pattern of the participants using a checklist. Both stroke frequency and stroke length were calculated. The correlation coefficients between the time taken to swim and both the stroke frequency and stroke length were not significant, but the total and components of the checklist scores were. Results indicate that the swimming efficiency of children learning the front-crawl stroke can be better assessed by analyzing their whole movement pattern.
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Relationship between decreased swimming velocity and muscle activity during 200-m front crawl. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3417-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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40
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Figueiredo P, Barbosa TM, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJ. Energy cost and body centre of mass’ 3D intracycle velocity variation in swimming. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3319-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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