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Grandys M, Majerczak J, Zapart-Bukowska J, Duda K, Kulpa JK, Zoladz JA. Lowered Serum Testosterone Concentration Is Associated With Enhanced Inflammation and Worsened Lipid Profile in Men. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:735638. [PMID: 34566895 PMCID: PMC8459752 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.735638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative relationship between testosterone and inflammatory cytokines has been reported for decades, although the exact mechanisms of their interactions are still not clear. At the same time, little is known about the relation between androgens and acute phase proteins. Therefore, in this investigation, we aimed to study the relationship between androgen status and inflammatory acute phase reactants in a group of men using multi-linear regression analysis. Venous blood samples were taken from 149 men ranging in age from 18 to 77 years. Gonadal androgens [testosterone (T) and free testosterone (fT)], acute phase reactants [C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin (FER), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)], cortisol (C), and lipid profile concentrations were determined. It was demonstrated that the markers of T and fT were negatively correlated with all acute phase proteins (CRP, FER, and AAG; p < 0.02) and the blood lipid profile [total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides (TG); p < 0.03]. Multivariate analysis showed that T, fT, and the fT/C ratio were inversely correlated with the CRP, AAG, and FER concentrations independently of age and blood lipids. When adjustment for BMI was made, T, fT, and the fT/C ratio were negatively correlated with the AAG concentrations only. In addition, it was demonstrated that gonadal androgens were positively correlated with physical activity level (p < 0.01). We have concluded that a lowered serum T concentration may promote inflammatory processes independently of adipose tissue and age through a reduced inhibition of inflammatory cytokine synthesis, which leads to enhanced acute phase protein production. Therefore, a low serum T concentration appears to be an independent risk factor in the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the positive correlation between testosterone and physical activity level suggests that exercise training attenuates the age-related decrease in gonadal androgens and, in this way, may reduce the enhancement of systemic low-grade inflammation in aging men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Grandys
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Institute of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- *Correspondence: Marcin Grandys, ; Jerzy A. Zoladz,
| | - Joanna Majerczak
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Neurobiology, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Justyna Zapart-Bukowska
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Institute of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Duda
- Department of Nursing, Institute of Health Protection, The State Higher School of Vocational Education, Tarnow, Poland
| | - Jan K. Kulpa
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Centre of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Cracow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy A. Zoladz
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Institute of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- *Correspondence: Marcin Grandys, ; Jerzy A. Zoladz,
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Lum D, Haff GG, Barbosa TM. The Relationship between Isometric Force-Time Characteristics and Dynamic Performance: A Systematic Review. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8050063. [PMID: 32429176 PMCID: PMC7281606 DOI: 10.3390/sports8050063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article was to review the data on the relationship between multi-joint isometric strength test (IsoTest) force-time characteristics (peak force, rate of force development and impulse) and dynamic performance that is available in the current literature. Four electronic databases were searched using search terms related to IsoTest. Studies were considered eligible if they were original research studies that investigated the relationships between multi-joint IsoTest and performance of dynamic movements; published in peer-reviewed journals; had participants who were athletes or active individuals who participate in recreational sports or resistance training, with no restriction on sex; and had full text available. A total of 47 studies were selected. These studies showed significant small to large correlations between isometric bench press (IBP) force-time variables and upper body dynamic performances (r2 = 0.221 to 0.608, p < 0.05) and significant small to very large correlation between isometric squat (ISqT) (r2 = 0.085 to 0.746, p < 0.05) and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) (r2 = 0.120 to 0.941, p < 0.05) force-time variables with lower body dynamic performances. IsoTest force-time characteristics were shown to have small to very large correlations with dynamic performances of the upper and lower limbs as well as performance of sporting movements (r2 = 0.118 to 0.700, p < 0.05). These data suggest that IsoTest force-time characteristics provide insights into the force production capability of athletes which give insight into dynamic performance capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Lum
- Sport Science and Sport Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Singapore 397630, Singapore
- Physical Education and Sports Science National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-9729-0819
| | - G. Gregory Haff
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia;
- Directorate of Sports, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Greater Manchester M5 4WT, UK
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Physical Education and Sports Science National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore;
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001 Vila Real, Portugal
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Tam E, Bruseghini P, Capelli C, Oliboni E, Pezzato A, Pogliaghi S, Pozzi Mucelli R, Schena F, Calabria E. Effect of Endurance and Strength Training on the Slow Component of O 2 Kinetics in Elderly Humans. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1353. [PMID: 30356819 PMCID: PMC6190757 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the effects of 8 weeks of high intensity, aerobic interval training (HIT) and isoinertial resistance training (IRT) on: (i) O2 kinetics during heavy (HiEx) intensity exercise and; (ii) work economy during moderate (ModEx) intensity exercise in 12 healthy elderly men (69.3 ± 4.2 years). Breath-by-breath O2 and muscle deoxygenation ([HHb] by means of NIRS) were measured in HiEx and ModEx at identical workloads before and after trainings. In HiEx, O2 and HHb responses were modeled as tri-exponential and mono-exponential increasing functions, respectively. A two-way ANOVA for repeated measures analysis was made; Effect size (η2) was also evaluated. After HIT the amplitude and the time delay of the slow component of O2 uptake (O2sc) during HiEx were smaller (−32%; P = 0.045) and longer (+19.5%; P = 0.001), respectively. At Post IRT: (i) during ModEx, gain was lower (−5%; P = 0.050); (ii) during HiEx, τ2 (+14.4%; P = 0.050), d3 (+8.6%; P = 0.050), and τ3 (+17.2%; P = 0.050) were longer than at Pre IRT. After HIT, the decrease of the O2sc amplitude was likely induced by the beneficial effects of training on a more responsive O2 delivery and consumption cascade leading to a better muscle metabolic stability. IRT training was able to increase exercise economy during ModEx and to reduce the amplitude and delay the onset of O2sc during HiEx. These effects should be due to the reduction and the delayed recruitment of Type II muscle fibers. The better exercise economy and the delayed appearance of O2sc induced by IRT suggests that strength training might be included in endurance training programs to improve exercise economy and resistance to fatigue in this population of old subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Tam
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Bruseghini
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo Capelli
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Physical Performances, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eugenio Oliboni
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Policlinico "GB Rossi", Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Pezzato
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Policlinico "GB Rossi", Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Pogliaghi
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Pozzi Mucelli
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Policlinico "GB Rossi", Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Calabria
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Grandys M, Majerczak J, Kuczek P, Sztefko K, Duda K, Zoladz JA. Endurance training-induced changes in the GH-IGF-I axis influence maximal muscle strength in previously untrained men. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 32:41-48. [PMID: 28017505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study we have determined the effects of 20weeks of endurance running training on the GH-IGF-I axis changes in the context of the skeletal muscle performance and physical capacity level. DESIGN Before and after the endurance training program a maximal incremental exercise tests, a 1500m race and a muscle strength measurements were performed and the blood samples were taken to determine both resting as well as end-exercise serum growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth hormone-I (IGF-I), insulin-like growth hormone binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations. RESULTS 20weeks of endurance running training improved power output generated at the end of the maximal incremental test by 24% (P<0.012), 1500m running time by 13% (P<0.012) and maximal muscle strength by 9% (P<0.02). End-exercise IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio was decreased by 22% after the training (P<0.04) and the magnitude of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio decrease (ΔIGF-I/IGFBP-3ex) was 2.3 times higher after the training (P<0.04). The magnitude of the exercise-induced changes in IGFBP-3 concentration was also significantly higher (P<0.04) and there was a trend toward lower end-exercise IGF-I concentration (P=0.08) after the training. These changes were accompanied by a significantly higher (30%) end-exercise IL-6 concentration (P<0.01) as well as by a 3.4 times higher magnitude of IL-6 increase (P<0.02) after the training. Moreover, there were strong positive correlations between changes in resting serum IGF-I concentration (ΔIGF-Ires) and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio (ΔIGF-I/IGFBP-3res) and changes in muscle strength (ΔMVC) (r=0.95, P=0.0003 and r=0.90, P=0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The training-induced changes in the components of the GH-IGF-I axis may have additive effects on skeletal muscle performance and physical capacity improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Grandys
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Al. Jana Pawla II 78, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Majerczak
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Al. Jana Pawla II 78, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Kuczek
- Department of Physical Education and Corrective Gymnastics, Institute of Health Protection, The State Higher School of Vocational Education, Ul. Mickiewicza 8, 33-100 Tarnow, Poland
| | - Krystyna Sztefko
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry of Pediatric Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Duda
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Al. Jana Pawla II 78, 31-571 Krakow, Poland; Department of Nursing, Institute of Health Protection, The State Higher School of Vocational Education, Ul. Mickiewicza 8, 33-100 Tarnow, Poland
| | - Jerzy A Zoladz
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Al. Jana Pawla II 78, 31-571 Krakow, Poland.
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Grandys M, Majerczak J, Kulpa J, Duda K, Rychlik U, Zoladz JA. The importance of the training-induced decrease in basal cortisol concentration in the improvement in muscular performance in humans. Physiol Res 2015; 65:109-20. [PMID: 26596321 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise-induced changes in cortisol concentration (C) and training related adaptation within hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been widely examined, but their influence on muscle strength performance is at best uncertain. Twenty four young healthy men were randomly assigned to an endurance training group (ET, n=12) or to a non-exercising controls (CON, n=12). ET performed supervised endurance training on cycle ergometer for 20 weeks. Endurance training program improved exercise capacity (14 % increase in power output generated at peak oxygen uptake - VO(2peak)), muscle strength performance (increase in MVC - maximal voluntary contraction - by 9 % and in TTF 50 % MVC - time to fatigue at 50 % MVC - by 21 %) and led to a decrease in basal serum C concentration (P=0.006) and an increase in basal testosterone to cortisol (T/C) and free testosterone to cortisol (fT/C) ratios (P=0.01 and P=0.02, respectively). It was found that the decrease in C concentration (deltaC) was positively correlated to the increase in local muscular endurance (deltaTTF 50 % MVC). No significant hormonal changes were seen in CON group. It is concluded that greater decrease in cortisol concentration after the endurance training is accompanied by poorer improvement in skeletal muscle performance in previously untrained subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grandys
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland.
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Alvehus M, Boman N, Söderlund K, Svensson MB, Burén J. Metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and whole-body oxidative capacity in response to resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1463-71. [PMID: 24711079 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of resistance training on mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle are not fully characterized, and even less is known about alterations in adipose tissue. We aimed to investigate adaptations in oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue after 8 weeks of heavy resistance training in apparently healthy young men. METHODS Expression of genes linked to oxidative metabolism in the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue was assessed before and after the training program. Body composition, peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), fat oxidation, activity of mitochondrial enzyme in muscle, and serum adiponectin levels were also determined before and after resistance training. RESULTS In muscle, the expression of the genes AdipoR1 and COX4 increased after resistance training (9 and 13 %, respectively), whereas the expression levels of the genes PGC-1α, SIRT1, TFAM, CPT1b, and FNDC5 did not change. In adipose tissue, the expression of the genes SIRT1 and CPT1b decreased after training (20 and 23 %, respectively). There was an increase in lean mass (from 59.7 ± 6.1 to 61.9 ± 6.2 kg), VO2 peak (from 49.7 ± 5.5 to 56.3 ± 5.0 ml/kg/min), and fat oxidation (from 6.8 ± 2.1 to 9.1 ± 2.7 mg/kg fat-free mass/min) after training, whereas serum adiponectin levels decreased significantly and enzyme activity of citrate synthase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase did not change. CONCLUSION Despite significant increases in VO2 peak, fat oxidation, and lean mass following resistance training, the total effect on gene expression and enzyme activity linked to oxidative metabolism was moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Alvehus
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,
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Lazzer S, Salvadego D, Porcelli S, Rejc E, Agosti F, Sartorio A, Grassi B. Skeletal muscle oxygen uptake in obese patients: functional evaluation by knee-extension exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:2125-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Salvadego D, Domenis R, Lazzer S, Porcelli S, Rittweger J, Rizzo G, Mavelli I, Simunic B, Pisot R, Grassi B. Skeletal muscle oxidative function in vivo and ex vivo in athletes with marked hypertrophy from resistance training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1527-35. [PMID: 23519233 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00883.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative function during exercise was evaluated in 11 young athletes with marked skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by long-term resistance training (RTA; body mass 102.6 ± 7.3 kg, mean ± SD) and 11 controls (CTRL; body mass 77.8 ± 6.0 kg). Pulmonary O2 uptake (Vo2) and vastus lateralis muscle fractional O2 extraction (by near-infrared spectroscopy) were determined during an incremental cycle ergometer (CE) and one-leg knee-extension (KE) exercise. Mitochondrial respiration was evaluated ex vivo by high-resolution respirometry in permeabilized vastus lateralis fibers obtained by biopsy. Quadriceps femoris muscle cross-sectional area, volume (determined by magnetic resonance imaging), and strength were greater in RTA vs. CTRL (by ∼40%, ∼33%, and ∼20%, respectively). Vo2peak during CE was higher in RTA vs. CTRL (4.05 ± 0.64 vs. 3.56 ± 0.30 l/min); no difference between groups was observed during KE. The O2 cost of CE exercise was not different between groups. When divided per muscle mass (for CE) or quadriceps muscle mass (for KE), Vo2 peak was lower (by 15-20%) in RTA vs. CTRL. Vastus lateralis fractional O2 extraction was lower in RTA vs. CTRL at all work rates, during both CE and KE. RTA had higher ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration (56.7 ± 23.7 pmol O2·s(-1)·mg(-1) ww) vs. CTRL (35.7 ± 10.2 pmol O2·s(-1)·mg(-1) ww) and a tighter coupling of oxidative phosphorylation. In RTA, the greater muscle mass and maximal force and the enhanced mitochondrial respiration seem to compensate for the hypertrophy-induced impaired peripheral O2 diffusion. The net results are an enhanced whole body oxidative function at peak exercise and unchanged efficiency and O2 cost at submaximal exercise, despite a much greater body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desy Salvadego
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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