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Ferro-Sánchez A, Martín-Castellanos A, de la Rubia A, García-Aliaga A, Hontoria-Galán M, Marquina M. An Analysis of Running Impact on Different Surfaces for Injury Prevention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6405. [PMID: 37510637 PMCID: PMC10378879 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20146405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The impact that occurs on the runner's foot when it lands on the ground depends on numerous factors: footwear, running technique, foot strike and landing pattern, among others. However, the surface is a decisive factor that can be selected by the runner to improve their sports practice, thereby avoiding injuries. This study aimed to assess the number and magnitude of accelerations in impact (produced by the runner when their foot strikes the ground) on three different surfaces (grass, synthetic track, and concrete) in order to know how to prevent injuries. Thirty amateur runners (age 22.6 ± 2.43 years) participated in the study. They had to run consecutively on three different surfaces at the same speed, with a three axis-accelerometer placed on the sacrum and wearing their own shoes. The results showed that the running impacts differed based on the type of surface. Higher mean acceleration (MA) and mean peak acceleration (PA) in the impacts were observed on concrete compared to the other two surfaces. There were small differences for MA: 1.35 ± 0.1 g (concrete) vs. 1.30 ± 0.1 g (synthetic track) SD: 0.43 (0.33, 0.54) and 1.30 ± 0.1 g (grass) SD: 0.36 (0.25, 0.46), and small differences for PA: 3.90 ± 0.55 g (concrete) vs. 3.68 ± 0.45 g (synthetic track) SD 0.42 (0.21, 0.64) and 3.76 ± 0.48 g (grass) SD 0.27 (0.05, 0.48), implying that greater impacts were produced on concrete compared to synthetic track and grass. The number of peaks of 4 to 5 g of total acceleration was greater for concrete, showing small differences from synthetic track: SD 0.23 (-0.45, 0.9). Additionally, the number of steps was higher on synthetic track (34.90 ± 2.67), and small differences were shown compared with concrete (33.37 ± 2.95) SD 0.30 (-0.25, 0.85) and with grass (35.60 ± 3.94) SD 0.36 (-0.19, 0.91). These results may indicate a change in technique based on the terrain. Given the increasing popularity of running, participants must be trained to withstand the accelerations in impact that occur on different surfaces in order to prevent injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Ferro-Sánchez
- Sport and Training Research Group, Department of Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Martín-Castellanos
- Sport and Training Research Group, Department of Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX), 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso de la Rubia
- Sport and Training Research Group, Department of Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Abraham García-Aliaga
- Sport and Training Research Group, Department of Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Hontoria-Galán
- Sport and Training Research Group, Department of Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Moisés Marquina
- Sport and Training Research Group, Department of Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Mason R, Pearson LT, Barry G, Young F, Lennon O, Godfrey A, Stuart S. Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:241-268. [PMID: 36242762 PMCID: PMC9807497 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running gait assessment has traditionally been performed using subjective observation or expensive laboratory-based objective technologies, such as three-dimensional motion capture or force plates. However, recent developments in wearable devices allow for continuous monitoring and analysis of running mechanics in any environment. Objective measurement of running gait is an important (clinical) tool for injury assessment and provides measures that can be used to enhance performance. OBJECTIVES We aimed to systematically review the available literature investigating how wearable technology is being used for running gait analysis in adults. METHODS A systematic search of the literature was conducted in the following scientific databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus. Information was extracted from each included article regarding the type of study, participants, protocol, wearable device(s), main outcomes/measures, analysis and key findings. RESULTS A total of 131 articles were reviewed: 56 investigated the validity of wearable technology, 22 examined the reliability and 77 focused on applied use. Most studies used inertial measurement units (n = 62) [i.e. a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers in a single unit] or solely accelerometers (n = 40), with one using gyroscopes alone and 31 using pressure sensors. On average, studies used one wearable device to examine running gait. Wearable locations were distributed among the shank, shoe and waist. The mean number of participants was 26 (± 27), with an average age of 28.3 (± 7.0) years. Most studies took place indoors (n = 93), using a treadmill (n = 62), with the main aims seeking to identify running gait outcomes or investigate the effects of injury, fatigue, intrinsic factors (e.g. age, sex, morphology) or footwear on running gait outcomes. Generally, wearables were found to be valid and reliable tools for assessing running gait compared to reference standards. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive review highlighted that most studies that have examined running gait using wearable sensors have done so with young adult recreational runners, using one inertial measurement unit sensor, with participants running on a treadmill and reporting outcomes of ground contact time, stride length, stride frequency and tibial acceleration. Future studies are required to obtain consensus regarding terminology, protocols for testing validity and the reliability of devices and suitability of gait outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION CRD42021235527.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mason
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Liam T Pearson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gillian Barry
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fraser Young
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Alan Godfrey
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Samuel Stuart
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Does the Achilles Tendon Influence Foot Strike Patterns During an Exhaustive Run? J Appl Biomech 2022; 38:263-270. [PMID: 35894909 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2021-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The study purpose was to investigate whether there is a relationship between the Achilles tendon (AT) length, moment arm length, and the foot strike pattern (FP) change during an exhaustive run (EXR) in nonrearfoot FP runners. Twenty-eight runners were recruited and divided into 2 groups (highly trained/moderately trained) according to their weekly training volume. Participants underwent the graded exercise test, the EXR with biomechanical analysis at the beginning, and at the end, and the magnetic resonance imaging scan of the AT. Correlations were used to assess associations between FP change (value of the difference between end and beginning) and the selected performance and AT variables. AT length significantly correlated with the FP change according to foot strike angle (r = -.265, P = .049). The AT moment arm length significantly correlated with the FP change according to strike index during EXR (r = -.536, P = .003). Multiple regression showed that AT length was a significant predictor for the FP change according to foot strike angle if the second predictor was the graded exercise test duration and the third predictor was training group association. These results suggest that a runner's training volume, along with a longer AT and AT moment arm appear to be associated with the ability to maintain a consistent FP during EXR by nonrearfoot FP runners.
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Preatoni E, Bergamini E, Fantozzi S, Giraud LI, Orejel Bustos AS, Vannozzi G, Camomilla V. The Use of Wearable Sensors for Preventing, Assessing, and Informing Recovery from Sport-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries: A Systematic Scoping Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3225. [PMID: 35590914 PMCID: PMC9105988 DOI: 10.3390/s22093225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wearable technologies are often indicated as tools that can enable the in-field collection of quantitative biomechanical data, unobtrusively, for extended periods of time, and with few spatial limitations. Despite many claims about their potential for impact in the area of injury prevention and management, there seems to be little attention to grounding this potential in biomechanical research linking quantities from wearables to musculoskeletal injuries, and to assessing the readiness of these biomechanical approaches for being implemented in real practice. We performed a systematic scoping review to characterise and critically analyse the state of the art of research using wearable technologies to study musculoskeletal injuries in sport from a biomechanical perspective. A total of 4952 articles were retrieved from the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases; 165 were included. Multiple study features-such as research design, scope, experimental settings, and applied context-were summarised and assessed. We also proposed an injury-research readiness classification tool to gauge the maturity of biomechanical approaches using wearables. Five main conclusions emerged from this review, which we used as a springboard to propose guidelines and good practices for future research and dissemination in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Preatoni
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (E.P.); (L.I.G.)
- Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Elena Bergamini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Fantozzi
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- Health Sciences and Technologies—Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucie I. Giraud
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (E.P.); (L.I.G.)
| | - Amaranta S. Orejel Bustos
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Camomilla
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
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Agresta C, Giacomazzi C, Harrast M, Zendler J. Running Injury Paradigms and Their Influence on Footwear Design Features and Runner Assessment Methods: A Focused Review to Advance Evidence-Based Practice for Running Medicine Clinicians. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:815675. [PMID: 35356094 PMCID: PMC8959543 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.815675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many runners seek health professional advice regarding footwear recommendations to reduce injury risk. Unfortunately, many clinicians, as well as runners, have ideas about how to select running footwear that are not scientifically supported. This is likely because much of the research on running footwear has not been highly accessible outside of the technical footwear research circle. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to update clinical readers on the state of the science for assessing runners and recommending running footwear that facilitate the goals of the runner. We begin with a review of basic footwear construction and the features thought to influence biomechanics relevant to the running medicine practitioner. Subsequently, we review the four main paradigms that have driven footwear design and recommendation with respect to injury risk reduction: Pronation Control, Impact Force Modification, Habitual Joint (Motion) Path, and Comfort Filter. We find that evidence in support of any paradigm is generally limited. In the absence of a clearly supported paradigm, we propose that in general clinicians should recommend footwear that is lightweight, comfortable, and has minimal pronation control technology. We further encourage clinicians to arm themselves with the basic understanding of the known effects of specific footwear features on biomechanics in order to better recommend footwear on a patient-by-patient basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine Agresta
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Cristine Agresta
| | - Christina Giacomazzi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mark Harrast
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Benson LC, Räisänen AM, Clermont CA, Ferber R. Is This the Real Life, or Is This Just Laboratory? A Scoping Review of IMU-Based Running Gait Analysis. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22051722. [PMID: 35270869 PMCID: PMC8915128 DOI: 10.3390/s22051722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) can be used to monitor running biomechanics in real-world settings, but IMUs are often used within a laboratory. The purpose of this scoping review was to describe how IMUs are used to record running biomechanics in both laboratory and real-world conditions. We included peer-reviewed journal articles that used IMUs to assess gait quality during running. We extracted data on running conditions (indoor/outdoor, surface, speed, and distance), device type and location, metrics, participants, and purpose and study design. A total of 231 studies were included. Most (72%) studies were conducted indoors; and in 67% of all studies, the analyzed distance was only one step or stride or <200 m. The most common device type and location combination was a triaxial accelerometer on the shank (18% of device and location combinations). The most common analyzed metric was vertical/axial magnitude, which was reported in 64% of all studies. Most studies (56%) included recreational runners. For the past 20 years, studies using IMUs to record running biomechanics have mainly been conducted indoors, on a treadmill, at prescribed speeds, and over small distances. We suggest that future studies should move out of the lab to less controlled and more real-world environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Benson
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Tonal Strength Institute, Tonal, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Anu M. Räisänen
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, College of Health Sciences—Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR 97355, USA
| | - Christian A. Clermont
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Sport Product Testing, Canadian Sport Institute Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6B7, Canada
| | - Reed Ferber
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Cumming School of Medicine, Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Running Injury Clinic, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Urbaczka J, Silvernail JF, Jandacka D. Effect of training volume on footstrike patterns over an exhaustive run. Gait Posture 2022; 91:240-246. [PMID: 34753001 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although footstrike pattern (FP) may not be a factor influencing running performance, 11-75% of world-class distance runners use a non-rearfoot FP. However, little attention has been paid to describe the effect of running volume on FP changes when a runner is fatigued. RESEARCH QUESTION Does the training volume provide an adequate stimulus to mitigate FP changes during an exhaustive run in non-rearfoot, habitual minimalist footwear runners? METHODS The objective of this study was to compare FP between non-rearfoot, habitual minimalist footwear runners with a moderate training volume (MT) and a high training volume (HT) during an exhaustive run on a motorized treadmill. Based on their weekly training volume (distance), twenty-eight runners were arranged into two groups paired by height and age. At the first visit, runners underwent a VO2max test to acquire their velocity for the exhaustive run. During the second visit, biomechanical and physiological analysis of the beginning and the end phase of the exhaustive run was done. RESULTS The frontal plane foot angle, the sagittal plane ankle angle at the initial contact (IC), and the foot eversion ROM showed a significant interaction effect (P < 0.05). Additionally, the sagittal plane footstrike angle, the frontal plane foot angle, the sagittal plane ankle angle, knee flexion angle at IC and foot eversion ROM showed a significant effect of fatigue (P < 0.05). Finally, the frontal plane foot angle, the sagittal plane footstrike angle, the sagittal plane ankle angle, and the knee flexion angle showed significant group effects (P < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE The training volume affects the footstrike pattern of non-rearfoot, habitual minimalist footwear runners when they are fatigued. The highly trained runners maintained their ankle angle throughout the exhaustive running protocol, whereas the moderately trained group changed the frontal and sagittal plane characteristics of their footstrike pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Urbaczka
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Daniel Jandacka
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Van den Berghe P, Lorenzoni V, Derie R, Six J, Gerlo J, Leman M, De Clercq D. Music-based biofeedback to reduce tibial shock in over-ground running: a proof-of-concept study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4091. [PMID: 33603028 PMCID: PMC7892879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83538-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods to reduce impact in distance runners have been proposed based on real-time auditory feedback of tibial acceleration. These methods were developed using treadmill running. In this study, we extend these methods to a more natural environment with a proof-of-concept. We selected ten runners with high tibial shock. They used a music-based biofeedback system with headphones in a running session on an athletic track. The feedback consisted of music superimposed with noise coupled to tibial shock. The music was automatically synchronized to the running cadence. The level of noise could be reduced by reducing the momentary level of tibial shock, thereby providing a more pleasant listening experience. The running speed was controlled between the condition without biofeedback and the condition of biofeedback. The results show that tibial shock decreased by 27% or 2.96 g without guided instructions on gait modification in the biofeedback condition. The reduction in tibial shock did not result in a clear increase in the running cadence. The results indicate that a wearable biofeedback system aids in shock reduction during over-ground running. This paves the way to evaluate and retrain runners in over-ground running programs that target running with less impact through instantaneous auditory feedback on tibial shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Van den Berghe
- Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Valerio Lorenzoni
- Department of Arts, Music and Theatre Sciences, IPEM, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rud Derie
- Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joren Six
- Department of Arts, Music and Theatre Sciences, IPEM, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joeri Gerlo
- Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Leman
- Department of Arts, Music and Theatre Sciences, IPEM, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk De Clercq
- Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Bontemps B, Vercruyssen F, Gruet M, Louis J. Downhill Running: What Are The Effects and How Can We Adapt? A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2020; 50:2083-2110. [PMID: 33037592 PMCID: PMC7674385 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Downhill running (DR) is a whole-body exercise model that is used to investigate the physiological consequences of eccentric muscle actions and/or exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). In a sporting context, DR sections can be part of running disciplines (off-road and road running) and can accentuate EIMD, leading to a reduction in performance. The purpose of this narrative review is to: (1) better inform on the acute and delayed physiological effects of DR; (2) identify and discuss, using a comprehensive approach, the DR characteristics that affect the physiological responses to DR and their potential interactions; (3) provide the current state of evidence on preventive and in-situ strategies to better adapt to DR. Key findings of this review show that DR may have an impact on exercise performance by altering muscle structure and function due to EIMD. In the majority of studies, EIMD are assessed through isometric maximal voluntary contraction, blood creatine kinase and delayed onset muscle soreness, with DR characteristics (slope, exercise duration, and running speed) acting as the main influencing factors. In previous studies, the median (25th percentile, Q1; 75th percentile, Q3) slope, exercise duration, and running speed were - 12% (- 15%; - 10%), 40 min (30 min; 45 min) and 11.3 km h-1 (9.8 km h-1; 12.9 km h-1), respectively. Regardless of DR characteristics, people the least accustomed to DR generally experienced the most EIMD. There is growing evidence to suggest that preventive strategies that consist of prior exposure to DR are the most effective to better tolerate DR. The effectiveness of in-situ strategies such as lower limb compression garments and specific footwear remains to be confirmed. Our review finally highlights important discrepancies between studies in the assessment of EIMD, DR protocols and populations, which prevent drawing firm conclusions on factors that most influence the response to DR, and adaptive strategies to DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Bontemps
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire IAPS, Toulon, France
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | | | - Mathieu Gruet
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire IAPS, Toulon, France
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
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Chan ZYS, Zhang JH, Ferber R, Shum G, Cheung RTH. The effects of midfoot strike gait retraining on impact loading and joint stiffness. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 42:139-145. [PMID: 31995786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the biomechanical changes following a systematic gait retraining to modify footstrike patterns from rearfoot strike (RFS) to midfoot strike (MFS). DESIGN Pre-post interventional study. All participants underwent a gait retraining program designed to modify footstrike pattern to MFS. SETTING Research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Twenty habitual RFS male runners participated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Gait evaluations were conducted before and after the training. Footstrike pattern, vertical loading rates, ankle and knee joint stiffness were compared. RESULTS Participants' footstrike angle was reduced (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.65) and knee joint stiffness was increased (p = 0.003, Cohen's d = 0.69). No significant difference was found in the vertical loading rates (p > 0.155). Further subgroup analyses were conducted on the respondents (n = 8, 40% of participants) who exhibited MFS for over 80% of their footfalls during the post-training evaluation. Apart from the increased knee joint stiffness (p = 0.005, Cohen's d = 1.14), respondents exhibited a significant reduction in the ankle joint stiffness (p = 0.019, Cohen's d = 1.17) when running with MFS. CONCLUSIONS Gait retraining to promote MFS was effective in reducing runners' footstrike angle, but only 40% of participants responded to this training program. The inconsistent training effect on impact loading suggests a need to develop new training protocols in an effort to prevent running injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Y S Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - Janet H Zhang
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Reed Ferber
- Running Injury Clinic, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Faculties of Kinesiology, Nursing, and Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Gary Shum
- Faculty of Sport & Health Sciences, Plymouth Marjon University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Roy T H Cheung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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Ingkatecha O, Hirunrat S, Vanadurongwan B, Tongkhambanchong S. Ground reaction force in different footwear during late stance phase of running. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.18.03882-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Wei RX, Au IPH, Lau FOY, Zhang JH, Chan ZYS, MacPhail AJC, Mangubat AL, Pun G, Cheung RTH. Running biomechanics before and after Pose® method gait retraining in distance runners. Sports Biomech 2019; 20:958-973. [PMID: 31364959 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1624812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pose® Method gait retraining has been claimed to modify running form and prevent injury. This study examined the running biomechanics before and after Pose® Method gait retraining. Fourteen runners underwent a 4-week Pose® Method gait retraining program delivered by a certified coach. Paired t-tests were employed to compare vertical average (VALR) and instantaneous loading rates (VILR), lower limb kinematics, footstrike angle and trunk flexion in the sagittal plane before and after the training. Kinetically, there were no significant differences in the VALR (p= 0.693) and VILR (p= 0.782) before and after the training. Kinematically, participants exhibited greater peak hip flexion (p= 0.008) and knee flexion (p= 0.003) during swing. Footstrikeangle also reduced significantly (p= 0.008), indicating a footstrike pattern switch from rearfoot strike to midfoot strike. There was no significant difference in the trunk flexion in the sagittal plane after training (p= 0.658). After a course of Pose® Method gait retraining, runners demonstrated a footstrike pattern switch and some kinematics changes at the hip and knee joint during swing. However, injury-related biomechanical markers (e.g., VALR and VILR) and the trunk kinematics remained similar after training. Runners may consider other gait retraining programs for impact loading reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel X Wei
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung hom, Hong Kong
| | - Ivan P H Au
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung hom, Hong Kong
| | - Fannie O Y Lau
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung hom, Hong Kong
| | - Janet H Zhang
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung hom, Hong Kong
| | - Zoe Y S Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung hom, Hong Kong
| | - Aislinn J C MacPhail
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung hom, Hong Kong
| | - Anamaria L Mangubat
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung hom, Hong Kong
| | - Gabriel Pun
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung hom, Hong Kong
| | - Roy T H Cheung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung hom, Hong Kong
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13
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Richert FC, Stein T, Ringhof S, Stetter BJ. The effect of the heel-to-toe drop of standard running shoes on lower limb biomechanics. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2019.1630016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian C. Richert
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stein
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Steffen Ringhof
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd J. Stetter
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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14
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Korsgaard Brund R, Nielsen RO, Parner E, Rasmussen S, Voigt M. Changes in the running-related injury incidence rate ratio in a 1000-km explorative prospective cohort study involving two unspecific shoe changes. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2018.1529063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René Korsgaard Brund
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Erik Parner
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sten Rasmussen
- Orthopaedic Surgery Research Unit, Science and Innovation Center, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Michael Voigt
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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15
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Huang Y, Xia H, Chen G, Cheng S, Cheung RT, Shull PB. Foot strike pattern, step rate, and trunk posture combined gait modifications to reduce impact loading during running. J Biomech 2019; 86:102-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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16
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Sheerin KR, Reid D, Besier TF. The measurement of tibial acceleration in runners-A review of the factors that can affect tibial acceleration during running and evidence-based guidelines for its use. Gait Posture 2019; 67:12-24. [PMID: 30248663 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impact loading in runners, assessed by the measurement of tibial acceleration, has attracted substantial research attention. Due to potential injury links, particularly tibial fatigue fractures, tibial acceleration is also used as a clinical monitoring metric. There are contributing factors and potential limitations that must be considered before widespread implementation. AIM The objective of this review is to update current knowledge of the measurement of tibial acceleration in runners and to provide recommendations for those intending on using this measurement device in research or clinical practice. METHODS Literature relating to the measurement of tibial acceleration in steady-state running was searched. A narrative approach synthesised the information from papers written in English. A range of literature was identified documenting the selection and placement of accelerometers, the analysis of data, and the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Tibial acceleration is a proxy measurement for the impact forces experienced at the tibia commonly used by clinicians and researchers. There is an assumption that this measure is related to bone stress and strain, however this is yet to be proven. Multi-axis devices should be secured firmly to the tibia to limit movement relative to the underlying bone and enable quantification of all components of acceleration. Additional frequency analyses could be useful to provide a more thorough characterisation of the signal. CONCLUSIONS Tibial accelerations are clearly affected by running technique, running velocity, lower extremity stiffness, as well as surface and footwear compliance. The interrelationships between muscle pre-activation and fatigue, stiffness, effective mass and tibial acceleration still require further investigation, as well as how changes in these variables impact on injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Sheerin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Duncan Reid
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Thor F Besier
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Auckland Bioengineering Institute and Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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17
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Breine B, Malcolm P, Galle S, Fiers P, Frederick EC, De Clercq D. Running speed-induced changes in foot contact pattern influence impact loading rate. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:774-783. [PMID: 30394188 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1541256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. We aimed to determine the effect of speed-induced changes in foot contact patterns on the vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR). We hypothesized that transition runners, i.e. runners that shift towards a mid- (MF) or forefoot contact pattern (FF) when running speed increases, show smaller increases in VILR than non-transition runners, i.e. runners that remain with a rearfoot contact pattern (RF). Methods. Fifty-two male and female runners ran overground at 3.2, 4.1, 5.1 and 6.2 m s-1. Ground reaction forces, lower limb sagittal plane knee and ankle kinematics and plantar pressures were recorded. Multi-level linear regression models were used to assess differences between transition and non-transition runners. Results. Non-transition runners experienced larger speed-induced increases in VILR (48.6 ± 2.6 BW s-1 per m s-1) than transition runners (-1.4 ± 7.6 BW s-1 per m s-1). Transition runners showed higher VILRs and a more flat foot touch down at the same pre-transition speed than non-transition runners. Conclusion. When running speed increases, some runners transition towards more anterior foot contact patterns. This reduces or even eliminates the speed-induced increase in VILR. This result is especially the case for those RF runners who already have relatively high VILRs and flat foot positioning at slower running speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan Breine
- a Department of Movement and Sports Sciences , Ghent University , Gent , Belgium
| | - Philippe Malcolm
- b Department of Biomechanics and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability , University of Nebraska at Omaha , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Samuel Galle
- a Department of Movement and Sports Sciences , Ghent University , Gent , Belgium
| | - Pieter Fiers
- a Department of Movement and Sports Sciences , Ghent University , Gent , Belgium
| | | | - Dirk De Clercq
- a Department of Movement and Sports Sciences , Ghent University , Gent , Belgium
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18
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Sun X, Yang Y, Wang L, Zhang X, Fu W. Do Strike Patterns or Shoe Conditions have a Predominant Influence on Foot Loading? J Hum Kinet 2018; 64:13-23. [PMID: 30429895 PMCID: PMC6231350 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effects of strike patterns and shoe conditions on foot loading during running. Twelve male runners were required to run under shoe (SR) and barefoot conditions (BR) with forefoot (FFS) and rearfoot strike patterns (RFS). Kistler force plates and the Medilogic insole plantar pressure system were used to collect kinetic data. SR with RFS significantly reduced the maximum loading rate, whereas SR with FFS significantly increased the maximum push-off force compared to BR. Plantar pressure variables were more influenced by the strike patterns (15 out of 18 variables) than shoe conditions (7 out of 18 variables). The peak pressure of midfoot and heel regions was significantly increased in RFS, but appeared in a later time compared to FFS. The influence of strike patterns on running, particularly on plantar pressure characteristics, was more significant than that of shoe conditions. Heel-toe running caused a significant impact force on the heel, whereas wearing cushioned shoes significantly reduced the maximum loading rate. FFS running can prevent the impact caused by RFS. However, peak plantar pressure was centered at the forefoot for a long period, thereby inducing a potential risk of injury in the metatarsus/phalanx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Sun
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, Shanghai China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, Shanghai China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, Shanghai China.,Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, Shanghai China
| | - Xini Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, Shanghai China
| | - Weijie Fu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, Shanghai China.,Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, Shanghai China
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19
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Lindlein K, Zech A, Zoch A, Braumann KM, Hollander K. Improving Running Economy by Transitioning to Minimalist Footwear: A Randomised Controlled Trial. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1298-1303. [PMID: 29807719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ongoing debates about benefits and risks of barefoot- and minimally-shod running have, to date, revealed no conclusive findings for long-term effects on physical performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an 8-week transition to minimalist footwear (MFW) on running economy (RE). DESIGN Randomised controlled trial. METHODS Thirty-two male, habitually-shod runners were assigned randomly to an 8-week training intervention either in minimalist (=intervention group) or conventional running shoes (=control group). The intervention consisted of a gradual increase in use of the new footwear by 5% of the individual weekly distance. Before and after the intervention, a VO2max test was followed by a submaximal RE test at 70% and 80% of vVO2max in both shoe conditions 7days later. RE was measured at the submaximal tests and expressed as caloric unit cost (kcalkg-1km-1) and oxygen consumption (mlkg-1km-1). RESULTS RE improved in the intervention group over time compared to the control group with small to moderate effect sizes (ES) in both shoe conditions: Effects on RE (kcalkg-1km-1) in conventional running shoes: ES vVO270%: 0.68 (95% CI: -0.14 to 1.51), ES vVO280%: 0.78 (95% CI: 0-1.56). In minimalist footwear: ES vVO270%: 0.3 (95% CI: -0.54 to 1.14), ES vVO280%: 0.42 (95% CI: -0.41 to 1.25). These effects were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The repeated-measures ANOVA also showed no group by time interactions for all submaximal RE testing conditions (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although not reaching statistical significance, training in MFW compared to CRS resulted in small to moderate improvements in RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lindlein
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine I, Helios Albert-Schweitzer-Hospital, Germany
| | - A Zech
- Institute of Sports Science, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany
| | - A Zoch
- Department of Economics, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - K-M Braumann
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Germany
| | - K Hollander
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Germany; Department of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, BG Trauma Hospital of Hamburg, Germany.
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20
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Agresta C, Kessler S, Southern E, Goulet GC, Zernicke R, Zendler JD. Immediate and short-term adaptations to maximalist and minimalist running shoes. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2018.1460624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristine Agresta
- Michigan Performance Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah Kessler
- Michigan Performance Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emily Southern
- Michigan Performance Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Grant C Goulet
- Michigan Performance Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ronald Zernicke
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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21
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Wilkinson M, Ewen A, Caplan N, O’leary D, Smith N, Stoneham R, Saxby L. Textured insoles reduce vertical loading rate and increase subjective plantar sensation in overground running. Eur J Sport Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1444094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wilkinson
- Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Alistair Ewen
- Golden Jubilee Hospital, Clydebank G81 4DY, Scotland
| | - Nicholas Caplan
- Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - David O’leary
- School of Design, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Neil Smith
- School of Design, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Richard Stoneham
- Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Lee Saxby
- Born to Run Coaching Ltd., Suffolk House, 56 Westgate, Louth LN119YD, UK
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22
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Mitschke C, Kiesewetter P, Milani TL. The Effect of the Accelerometer Operating Range on Biomechanical Parameters: Stride Length, Velocity, and Peak Tibial Acceleration during Running. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18010130. [PMID: 29303986 PMCID: PMC5795747 DOI: 10.3390/s18010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have used accelerometers with various operating ranges (ORs) when measuring biomechanical parameters. However, it is still unclear whether ORs influence the accuracy of running parameters, and whether the different stiffnesses of footwear midsoles influence this accuracy. The purpose of the present study was to systematically investigate the influence of OR on the accuracy of stride length, running velocity, and on peak tibial acceleration. Twenty-one recreational heel strike runners ran on a 15-m indoor track at self-selected running speeds in three footwear conditions (low to high midsole stiffness). Runners were equipped with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) affixed to the heel cup of the right shoe and with a uniaxial accelerometer at the right tibia. Accelerometers (at the tibia and included in the IMU) with a high OR of ±70 g were used as the reference and the data were cut at ±32, ±16, and at ±8 g in post-processing, before calculating parameters. The results show that the OR influenced the outcomes of all investigated parameters, which were not influenced by tested footwear conditions. The lower ORs were associated with an underestimation error for all biomechanical parameters, which increased noticeably with a decreasing OR. It can be concluded that accelerometers with a minimum OR of ±32 g should be used to avoid inaccurate measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mitschke
- Department of Human Locomotion, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Pierre Kiesewetter
- Department of Human Locomotion, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Thomas L Milani
- Department of Human Locomotion, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany.
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23
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Effects of footwear and stride length on metatarsal strains and failure in running. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2017; 49:8-15. [PMID: 28826012 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metatarsal bones of the foot are particularly susceptible to stress fracture owing to the high strains they experience during the stance phase of running. Shoe cushioning and stride length reduction represent two potential interventions to decrease metatarsal strain and thus stress fracture risk. METHODS Fourteen male recreational runners ran overground at a 5-km pace while motion capture and plantar pressure data were collected during four experimental conditions: traditional shoe at preferred and 90% preferred stride length, and minimalist shoe at preferred and 90% preferred stride length. Combined musculoskeletal - finite element modeling based on motion analysis and computed tomography data were used to quantify metatarsal strains and the probability of failure was determined using stress-life predictions. FINDINGS No significant interactions between footwear and stride length were observed. Running in minimalist shoes increased strains for all metatarsals by 28.7% (SD 6.4%; p<0.001) and probability of failure for metatarsals 2-4 by 17.3% (SD 14.3%; p≤0.005). Running at 90% preferred stride length decreased strains for metatarsal 4 by 4.2% (SD 2.0%; p≤0.007), and no differences in probability of failure were observed. INTERPRETATIONS Significant increases in metatarsal strains and the probability of failure were observed for recreational runners acutely transitioning to minimalist shoes. Running with a 10% reduction in stride length did not appear to be a beneficial technique for reducing the risk of metatarsal stress fracture, however the increased number of loading cycles for a given distance was not detrimental either.
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Mitschke C, Zaumseil F, Milani TL. The influence of inertial sensor sampling frequency on the accuracy of measurement parameters in rearfoot running. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2017; 20:1502-1511. [PMID: 28948846 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2017.1382482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, inertial sensors are being used for running analyses. The aim of this study was to systematically investigate the influence of inertial sensor sampling frequencies (SF) on the accuracy of kinematic, spatio-temporal, and kinetic parameters. We hypothesized that running analyses at lower SF result in less signal information and therefore the inability to sufficiently interpret measurement data. Twenty-one subjects participated in this study. Rearfoot strikers ran on an indoor running track at a velocity of 3.5 ± 0.1 ms-1. A uniaxial accelerometer was attached at the tibia and an inertial measurement unit was mounted at the heel of the right shoe. All sensors were synchronized at the start and data was measured with 1000 Hz (reference SF). Datasets were reduced to 500, 333, 250, 200, and 100 Hz in post-processing. The results of this study showed that a minimum SF of 500 Hz should be used to accurately measure kinetic parameters (e.g. peak heel acceleration). In contrast, stride length showed accurate results even at 333 Hz. 200 Hz were required to calculate parameters accurately for peak tibial acceleration, stride duration, and all kinematic measurements. The information from this study is necessary to correctly interpret measurement data of existing investigations and to plan future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mitschke
- a Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Human Locomotion , Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology , Chemnitz , Germany
| | - Falk Zaumseil
- a Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Human Locomotion , Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology , Chemnitz , Germany
| | - Thomas L Milani
- a Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Human Locomotion , Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology , Chemnitz , Germany
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25
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Warne JP, Gruber AH. Transitioning to Minimal Footwear: a Systematic Review of Methods and Future Clinical Recommendations. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2017; 3:33. [PMID: 28916956 PMCID: PMC5602809 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent interest in barefoot running has led to the development of minimalist running shoes that are popular in distance runners. A careful transition to these shoes has been suggested and examined in the literature. However, no guidelines based on systematic evidence have been presented. The purpose of this review is to systematically examine the methods employed in the literature to transition to minimal footwear (MFW), as well as the outcomes to these studies in distance runners. In addition, MFW transition guidelines for future clinical practice will be presented based on observations from this review. METHODS A systematic database search was employed using PubMed online as the primary database. Twenty papers were included in the final review. RESULTS All studies implemented a prospective transition design to MFW with a detail of this transition provided, which increased MFW exposure up to an average of 60% (30-100%) at completion. Only 8/20 studies included injury prevention exercises, and 9/20 included gait retraining. The main outcomes of this transition included limited positive evidence of transitioning into MFW for running economy (n = 4 studies) and muscle development (n = 5). The injury incidence comparing running during the MFW transition (17.9 injuries per 100 participants) to matched participants in conventional running shoes (13.4 injuries per 100) appears equivocal (p = 0.219; effect size phi (φ) = 0.06 [very small]). Finally, several important recommendations for clinical practice and future research have been presented. CONCLUSIONS It is hoped that this paper will present important first steps in unifying the process of transitioning to MFW, both for academic and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe P Warne
- Department of Applied Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Blessington Rd, Dublin 24, Ireland.
- Setanta College, Thurles Chamber of Enterprise Centre, Thurles, Tipperary, Ireland.
| | - Allison H Gruber
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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26
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Herbaut A, Simoneau-Buessinger E, Barbier F, Gillet C, Roux M, Guéguen N, Chavet P. Shoe drop reduction influences the lower limb biomechanics of children tennis players during an open stance forehand: A longitudinal study. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:1261-1269. [PMID: 28853317 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1368719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Compared to traditional tennis shoes, using 0-drop shoes was shown to induce an immediate switch from rear- to forefoot strike pattern to perform an open stance tennis forehand for 30% of children tennis players. The purpose of the study was to examine the long-term effects of a gradual reduction in the shoe drop on the biomechanics of children tennis players performing open stance forehands. Thirty children tennis players participated in 2 laboratory biomechanical test sessions (intermediate: +4 months and final: +8 months) after an inclusion visit where they were randomly assigned to control (CON) or experimental (EXP) group. CON received 12-mm-drop shoes twice, whereas EXP received 8 mm then 4-mm-drop shoes. Strike index indicated that all CON were rearfoot strikers in intermediate and final test sessions. All EXP were rearfoot strikers in intermediate test session, but half the group switched towards a forefoot strike pattern in final test session. This switch resulted in a decreased loading rate of the ground reaction force (-73%, p = .005) but increased peak ankle plantarflexors moment (+47%, p = .050) and peak ankle power absorption (+107%, p = .005) for these participants compared with CON. Biomechanical changes associated with the long-term use of partial minimalist shoes suggest a reduction in heel compressive forces but an increase in Achilles tendon tensile forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Herbaut
- a Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique, et d'Informatique industrielles et humaines (LAMIH) - UMR CNRS 8201 , Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC) , Valenciennes , France.,b SportsLab , Decathlon , Villeneuve d'Ascq , France
| | - Emilie Simoneau-Buessinger
- a Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique, et d'Informatique industrielles et humaines (LAMIH) - UMR CNRS 8201 , Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC) , Valenciennes , France
| | - Franck Barbier
- a Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique, et d'Informatique industrielles et humaines (LAMIH) - UMR CNRS 8201 , Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC) , Valenciennes , France
| | - Christophe Gillet
- a Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique, et d'Informatique industrielles et humaines (LAMIH) - UMR CNRS 8201 , Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC) , Valenciennes , France
| | - Maxime Roux
- b SportsLab , Decathlon , Villeneuve d'Ascq , France
| | - Nils Guéguen
- b SportsLab , Decathlon , Villeneuve d'Ascq , France
| | - Pascale Chavet
- c Institut des Sciences du Mouvement (ISM) - Aix Marseille Université , CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, 13288, Marseille , France
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Vercruyssen F, Tartaruga M, Horvais N, Brisswalter J. Effects of Footwear and Fatigue on Running Economy and Biomechanics in Trail Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1976-84. [PMID: 27183120 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effects of footwear and neuromuscular fatigue induced by short distance trail running (TR) on running economy (RE) and biomechanics in well-trained and traditionally shod runners. METHODS RE, vertical and leg stiffness (Kvert and Kleg), as well as foot strike angle were measured from two 5-min treadmill running stages performed at a speed of 2.5 (with 10% grade, uphill running) and 2.77 m·s (level running) before and after an 18.4-km TR exercise (approximately 90% of maximal heart rate) in runners wearing minimalist shoes (MS), MS plus added mass (MSm), or traditional shoes (TS). Maximal voluntary contraction torque of knee extensors and perceived muscle pain were also evaluated before and after TR. RESULTS Maximal voluntary contraction values decreased after TR in all footwear conditions (P < 0.001), indicating the occurrence of neuromuscular fatigue. In the nonfatigued condition, runners exhibited a better RE only during level running in MS and MSm (i.e., combined effects of shoe mass and midsole geometry), in association with significant decreases in foot strike angle (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference in RE was observed between shod conditions after TR during either uphill or level running. Decreases in both Kvert/Kleg and foot strike angle were more pronounced during running in MS and MSm (P < 0.05) compared with TS, whatever the period. Calf pain increased after TR when wearing MS and MSm compared with TS (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated specific alterations in RE and biomechanics over time during the MS and MSm conditions compared with the TS condition. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the relationship between RE and footwear with fatigue in experienced minimally shod runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Vercruyssen
- 1Laboratoire Motricité Humaine Expertise Sport Santé (LAMHESS), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis/Université de Toulon, Toulon, FRANCE; 2LABIER, Midwest State University of Paraná, Guarapuava, BRAZIL; 3SALOMON SAS, Amer Sports Footwear Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Annecy, FRANCE; 4Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, FRANCE; and 5School of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, AUSTRALIA
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A Single Gyroscope Can Be Used to Accurately Determine Peak Eversion Velocity during Locomotion at Different Speeds and in Various Shoes. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7070659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Influence des chaussures minimalistes sur le risque de blessures de sur-sollicitation du membre inférieur chez l’enfant. Sci Sports 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hamill J, Gruber AH. Is changing footstrike pattern beneficial to runners? JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2017; 6:146-153. [PMID: 30356626 PMCID: PMC6189005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Some researchers, running instructors, and coaches have suggested that the "optimal" footstrike pattern to improve performance and reduce running injuries is to land using a mid- or forefoot strike. Thus, it has been recommended that runners who use a rearfoot strike would benefit by changing their footstrike although there is little scientific evidence for suggesting such a change. The rearfoot strike is clearly more prevalent. The major reasons often given for changing to a mid- or forefoot strike are (1) it is more economical; (2) there is a reduction in the impact peak and loading rate of the vertical component of the ground reaction force; and (3) there is a reduction in the risk of a running-related injuries. In this paper, we critique these 3 suggestions and provide alternate explanations that may provide contradictory evidence for altering one's footstrike pattern. We have concluded, based on examining the research literature, that changing to a mid- or forefoot strike does not improve running economy, does not eliminate an impact at the foot-ground contact, and does not reduce the risk of running-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hamill
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Allison H. Gruber
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Semal N, Leyh C, Feipel V. Minimalist running: evolution of spatiotemporal parameters and plantar pressure following a training of specific running technique in novice subjects. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2017.1313892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Semal
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clara Leyh
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veronique Feipel
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Fuller JT, Thewlis D, Buckley JD, Brown NAT, Hamill J, Tsiros MD. Body Mass and Weekly Training Distance Influence the Pain and Injuries Experienced by Runners Using Minimalist Shoes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:1162-1170. [PMID: 28129518 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516682497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimalist shoes have been popularized as a safe alternative to conventional running shoes. However, a paucity of research is available investigating the longer-term safety of minimalist shoes. PURPOSE To compare running-related pain and injury between minimalist and conventional shoes in trained runners and to investigate interactions between shoe type, body mass, and weekly training distance. STUDY DESIGN Randomized clinical trial; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS Sixty-one trained, habitual rearfoot footfall runners (mean ± SD: body mass, 74.6 ± 9.3 kg; weekly training distance, 25 ± 14 km) were randomly allocated to either minimalist or conventional shoes. Runners gradually increased the time spent running in their allocated shoes over 26 weeks. Running-related pain intensity was measured weekly by use of 100-mm visual analog scales. Time to first running-related injury was also assessed. RESULTS Interactions were found between shoe type and weekly training distance for weekly running-related pain; greater pain was experienced with minimalist shoes ( P < .05), and clinically meaningful increases (>10 mm) were noted when the weekly training distance was more than 35 km/wk. Eleven of 30 runners sustained an injury in conventional shoes compared with 16 of 31 runners in minimalist shoes (hazard ratio, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.63-4.27; P = .31). A shoe × body mass interaction was found for time to first running-related injury ( P = .01). For runners using minimalist shoes, relative to runners using conventional shoes, the risk of sustaining an injury became more likely with increasing body mass above 71.4 kg, and the risk was moderately increased (hazard ratio, 2.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-3.66; P = .02) for runners using minimalist shoes who had a body mass of 85.7 kg. CONCLUSIONS Runners should limit weekly training distance in minimalist shoes to avoid running-related pain. Heavier runners are at greater risk of injury when running in minimalist shoes. Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12613000642785).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Fuller
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dominic Thewlis
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Buckley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Joseph Hamill
- University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margarita D Tsiros
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Agresta C, Ward CR, Wright WG, Tucker CA. The effect of unilateral arm swing motion on lower extremity running mechanics associated with injury risk. Sports Biomech 2017. [PMID: 28632061 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2016.1269186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Many field sports involve equipment that restricts one or both arms from moving while running. Arm swing during running has been examined from a biomechanical and physiologic perspective but not from an injury perspective. Moreover, only bilateral arm swing suppression has been studied with respect to running. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of running with one arm restrained on lower extremity mechanics associated with running or sport-related injury. Fifteen healthy participants ran at a self-selected speed with typical arm swing, with one arm restrained and with both arms restrained. Lower extremity kinematics and spatiotemporal measures were analysed for all arm swing conditions. Running with one arm restrained resulted in increased frontal plane knee and hip angles, decreased foot strike angle, and decreased centre of mass vertical displacement compared to typical arm swing or bilateral arm swing restriction. Stride length was decreased and step frequency increased when running with one or both arms restrained. Unilateral arm swing restriction induces changes in lower extremity kinematics that are not similar to running with bilateral arm swing restriction or typical arm swing motion. Running with one arm restrained increases frontal plane mechanics associated with risk of knee injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine Agresta
- a Department of Physical Therapy , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Christian R Ward
- b Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - W Geoffrey Wright
- a Department of Physical Therapy , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,c Department of Bioengineering , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Carole A Tucker
- a Department of Physical Therapy , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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Norris M, Kenny IC, Anderson R. Comparison of accelerometry stride time calculation methods. J Biomech 2016; 49:3031-3034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zimmermann WO, Helmhout PH, Beutler A. Prevention and treatment of exercise related leg pain in young soldiers; a review of the literature and current practice in the Dutch Armed Forces. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2016; 163:94-103. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2016-000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Barton CJ, Bonanno DR, Carr J, Neal BS, Malliaras P, Franklyn-Miller A, Menz HB. Running retraining to treat lower limb injuries: a mixed-methods study of current evidence synthesised with expert opinion. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50:513-26. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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de Araujo MK, Baeza RM, Zalada SRB, Alves PBR, de Mattos CA. Injuries among amateur runners. Rev Bras Ortop 2015; 50:537-40. [PMID: 26535199 PMCID: PMC4610991 DOI: 10.1016/j.rboe.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the frequency and severity of injuries that affect amateur runners. Methods This study was conducted by means of a questionnaire applied to 204 amateur runners. Individuals who were under the age of 18 years and those who were unpracticed runners were excluded. The data gathered comprised the number, type, site and degree of severity of the injuries and the individuals’ age and sex. Results It was observed that male athletes predominated. The mean age was 32.6 ± 9.3 years with a range from 18 to 68 years, and the injuries were classified as mild, keeping the athlete away from practicing running for fewer than eight days. Sprains, blisters and abrasions were the most frequent injuries, located most often on the lower limbs and predominantly on the feet. Conclusion In practicing running, sprains, blisters and abrasions occur frequently, but are mild injuries. They mostly affect the lower limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Korbage de Araujo
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Service, Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierro, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Maletta Baeza
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Service, Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierro, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandro Ricardo Benites Zalada
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Service, Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierro, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Benzam Rodrigues Alves
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Service, Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierro, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto de Mattos
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Service, Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierro, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Araujo MKD, Baeza RM, Zalada SRB, Alves PBR, Mattos CAD. Lesões em praticantes amadores de corrida. Rev Bras Ortop 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbo.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Fuller JT, Thewlis D, Tsiros MD, Brown NAT, Buckley JD. The long-term effect of minimalist shoes on running performance and injury: design of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e008307. [PMID: 26297368 PMCID: PMC4550712 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The outcome of the effects of transitioning to minimalist running shoes is a topic of interest for runners and scientists. However, few studies have investigated the longer term effects of running in minimalist shoes. The purpose of this randomised controlled trial (RCT) is to investigate the effects of a 26 week transition to minimalist shoes on running performance and injury risk in trained runners unaccustomed to minimalist footwear. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A randomised parallel intervention design will be used. Seventy-six trained male runners will be recruited. To be eligible, runners must be aged 18-40 years, run with a habitual rearfoot footfall pattern, train with conventional shoes and have no prior experience with minimalist shoes. Runners will complete a standardised transition to either minimalist or control shoes and undergo assessments at baseline, 6 and 26 weeks. 5 km time-trial performance (5TT), running economy, running biomechanics, triceps surae muscle strength and lower limb bone mineral density will be assessed at each time point. Pain and injury will be recorded weekly. Training will be standardised during the first 6 weeks. Primary statistical analysis will compare 5TT between shoe groups at the 6-week time point and injury incidence across the entire 26-week study period. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This RCT has been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of South Australia. Participants will be required to provide their written informed consent prior to participation in the study. Study findings will be disseminated in the form of journal publications and conference presentations after completion of planned data analysis. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER This RCT has been registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12613000642785).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Fuller
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dominic Thewlis
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Margarita D Tsiros
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas A T Brown
- Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Buckley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND While minimalist running shoes may have an influence on running biomechanics and on the incidence of overuse injuries, the term "minimalist" is currently used without standardisation. The objectives of this study were to reach a consensus on a standard definition of minimalist running shoes, and to develop and validate a rating scale that could be used to determine the degree of minimalism of running shoes, the Minimalist Index (MI). METHODS For this modified Delphi study, 42 experts from 11 countries completed four electronic questionnaires on an optimal definition of minimalist shoes and on elements to include within the MI. Once MI was developed following consensus, 85 participants subjectively ranked randomly assigned footwear models from the most to the least minimalist and rated their degree of minimalism using visual analog scales (VAS), before evaluating the same footwear models using MI. A subsample of thirty participants reassessed the same shoes on another occasion. Construct validity and inter- and intra-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC]; Gwet's AC1) of MI were evaluated. RESULTS The following definition of minimalist shoes was agreed upon by 95 % of participants: "Footwear providing minimal interference with the natural movement of the foot due to its high flexibility, low heel to toe drop, weight and stack height, and the absence of motion control and stability devices". Characteristics to be included in MI were weight, flexibility, heel to toe drop, stack height and motion control/stability devices, each subscale carrying equal weighing (20 %) on final score. Total MI score was highly correlated with VAS (r = 0.91). A significant rank effect (p < 0.001) confirmed the MI's discriminative validity. Excellent intra- and inter-rater reliability was found for total MI score (ICC = 0.84-0.99) and for weight, stack height, heel to toe drop and flexibility subscales (AC1 = 0.82-0.99), while good inter-rater reliability was found for technologies (AC1 = 0.73). CONCLUSION This standardised definition of minimalist shoes developed by an international panel of experts will improve future research on minimalist shoes and clinical recommendations. MI's adequate validity and reliability will allow distinguishing running shoes based on their degree of minimalism, and may help to decrease injuries related to footwear transition.
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Gait Retraining for Injured and Healthy Runners Using Augmented Feedback: A Systematic Literature Review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015; 45:576-84. [PMID: 26158882 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2015.5823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Systematic literature review. OBJECTIVES This review sought to determine the efficacy of real-time visual and/or auditory feedback for modifying kinematics and kinetics during running gait. BACKGROUND Real-time visual and auditory feedback has gained popularity in the clinical and research settings. Rehabilitation time and injury prevention may be improved when clinicians are able to modify running mechanics in a patient population. METHODS A thorough search of PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science from 1989 to January 2015 was performed. The search sought articles that examined real-time visual or auditory feedback for the purposes of modifying kinematics or kinetics in injured or healthy runners. Study design and methodological quality were rated using a 20-point scale. RESULTS Ten studies were identified for inclusion in the review, 2 of high and 8 of moderate methodological quality. There was a consensus in the literature that the use of real-time feedback is effective in reducing variables related to ground reaction forces, as well as in positively modifying previously identified risky lower extremity kinematic movement patterns in healthy runners and those with patellofemoral pain and chronic exertional compartment syndrome. No one method of feedback was identified as being superior. Mirror and 2-dimensional video feedback were identified as potential methods for running-gait modification in a clinical setting. CONCLUSION In conjunction with traditional therapeutic interventions, real-time auditory and visual feedback should be considered for treating injured runners or addressing potentially injurious running mechanics in a healthy population.
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Vincent HK, Herman DC, Lear-Barnes L, Barnes R, Chen C, Greenberg S, Vincent KR. Setting standards for medically-based running analysis. Curr Sports Med Rep 2014; 13:275-83. [PMID: 25014394 PMCID: PMC4469466 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Setting standards for medically based running analyses is necessary to ensure that runners receive a high-quality service from practitioners. Medical and training history, physical and functional tests, and motion analysis of running at self-selected and faster speeds are key features of a comprehensive analysis. Self-reported history and movement symmetry are critical factors that require follow-up therapy or long-term management. Pain or injury is typically the result of a functional deficit above or below the site along the kinematic chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K. Vincent
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Sports Performance Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Daniel C. Herman
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Sports Performance Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Robert Barnes
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Sports Performance Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Scott Greenberg
- Sports Performance Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Shands Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Kevin R. Vincent
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Sports Performance Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Giandolini M, Poupard T, Gimenez P, Horvais N, Millet GY, Morin JB, Samozino P. A simple field method to identify foot strike pattern during running. J Biomech 2014; 47:1588-93. [PMID: 24679708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Identifying foot strike patterns in running is an important issue for sport clinicians, coaches and footwear industrials. Current methods allow the monitoring of either many steps in laboratory conditions or only a few steps in the field. Because measuring running biomechanics during actual practice is critical, our purpose is to validate a method aiming at identifying foot strike patterns during continuous field measurements. Based on heel and metatarsal accelerations, this method requires two uniaxial accelerometers. The time between heel and metatarsal acceleration peaks (THM) was compared to the foot strike angle in the sagittal plane (αfoot) obtained by 2D video analysis for various conditions of speed, slope, footwear, foot strike and state of fatigue. Acceleration and kinematic measurements were performed at 1000Hz and 120Hz, respectively, during 2-min treadmill running bouts. Significant correlations were observed between THM and αfoot for 14 out of 15 conditions. The overall correlation coefficient was r=0.916 (P<0.0001, n=288). The THM method is thus highly reliable for a wide range of speeds and slopes, and for all types of foot strike except for extreme forefoot strike during which the heel rarely or never strikes the ground, and for different footwears and states of fatigue. We proposed a classification based on THM: FFS<-5.49ms<MFS<15.2ms<RFS. With only a few precautions being necessary to ensure appropriate use of this method, it is reliable for distinguishing rearfoot and non-rearfoot strikers in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Giandolini
- University of Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), F-42000 Saint-Etienne, France; Salomon SAS, Amer Sports Footwear Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, F-74996 Annecy, France; University of Savoie, F-73376 Le Bourget-du-Lac, France; Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), F-73376 Le Bourget-du-Lac, France.
| | - Thibaut Poupard
- University of Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), F-42000 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Philippe Gimenez
- University of Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), F-42000 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Nicolas Horvais
- Salomon SAS, Amer Sports Footwear Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, F-74996 Annecy, France; University of Savoie, F-73376 Le Bourget-du-Lac, France; Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), F-73376 Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- University of Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), F-42000 Saint-Etienne, France; Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jean-Benoît Morin
- University of Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), F-42000 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- University of Savoie, F-73376 Le Bourget-du-Lac, France; Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), F-73376 Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
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Fourchet F, Girard O, Kelly L, Horobeanu C, Millet GP. Changes in leg spring behaviour, plantar loading and foot mobility magnitude induced by an exhaustive treadmill run in adolescent middle-distance runners. J Sci Med Sport 2014; 18:199-203. [PMID: 24589370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine adjustments in spring-mass model characteristics, plantar loading and foot mobility induced by an exhaustive run. DESIGN Within-participants repeated measures. METHODS Eleven highly-trained adolescent middle-distance runners ran to exhaustion on a treadmill at a constant velocity corresponding to 95% of velocity associated with VO₂max (17.8 ± 1.4 kmh(-1), time to exhaustion=8.8 ± 3.4 min). Contact time obtained from plantar pressure sensors was used to estimate spring-mass model characteristics, which were recorded (during 30 s) 1 min after the start and prior to exhaustion using pressure insoles. Foot mobility magnitude (a composite measure of vertical and medial-lateral mobility of the midfoot) was measured before and after the run. RESULTS Mean contact area (foot to ground), contact time, peak vertical ground reaction force, centre of mass vertical displacement and leg compression increased significantly with fatigue, while flight time, leg stiffness and mean pressure decreased. Leg stiffness decreased because leg compression increased to a larger extent than peak vertical ground reaction forces. Step length, step frequency and foot mobility magnitude did not change at exhaustion. CONCLUSIONS The stride pattern of adolescents when running on a treadmill at high constant velocity deteriorates near exhaustion, as evidenced by impaired leg-spring behaviour (leg stiffness) and altered plantar loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Fourchet
- ASPIRE Health Centre - ASPETAR, National Sports Medicine Programme, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Olivier Girard
- Sport Science Department, ASPETAR - Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Luke Kelly
- Sport Science Department, ASPETAR - Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Cosmin Horobeanu
- ASPIRE Health Centre - ASPETAR, National Sports Medicine Programme, Doha, Qatar
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- ISSUL Institute of Sport Sciences-Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Moore IS, Jones A, Dixon S. The pursuit of improved running performance: Can changes in cushioning and somatosensory feedback influence running economy and injury risk? FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2013.873487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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Malisoux L, Ramesh J, Mann R, Seil R, Urhausen A, Theisen D. Can parallel use of different running shoes decrease running-related injury risk? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013; 25:110-5. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Malisoux
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory; Public Research Centre for Health; Luxembourg Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - J. Ramesh
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory; Public Research Centre for Health; Luxembourg Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - R. Mann
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory; Public Research Centre for Health; Luxembourg Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - R. Seil
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory; Public Research Centre for Health; Luxembourg Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
- Sports Clinic; Clinique d'Eich; Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Luxembourg Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - A. Urhausen
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory; Public Research Centre for Health; Luxembourg Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
- Sports Clinic; Clinique d'Eich; Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg; Luxembourg Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - D. Theisen
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory; Public Research Centre for Health; Luxembourg Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
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