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Orbegozo D, Stringari G, Damazio R, De Backer D, Vincent JL, Creteur J. Altered Microvascular Reactivity During a Skin Thermal Challenge Is Associated With Organ Dysfunction and Slow Recovery After Cardiac Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2024:S1053-0770(24)00436-1. [PMID: 39034163 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2024.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess microvascular reactivity during a skin thermal challenge early post-cardiac surgery and its association with outcomes. DESIGN Noninvasive physiological study. SETTING Thirty-five-bed department of intensive care. PARTICIPANTS Patients admitted to the intensive care unit post-cardiac surgery. INTERVENTIONS Thermal challenge. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A total of 46 patients were included; 14 needed vasoactive or ventilatory support for at least 48 hours (slow recovery), and 32 had a more rapid recovery. Skin blood flow (SBF) was measured on the anterior proximal forearm using skin laser Doppler. A thermal challenge was performed by abruptly increasing local skin temperature from 37°C to 43°C while monitoring SBF. The ratio between SBFs at 43°C and 37°C was calculated to measure microvascular reactivity. SBF at 37°C was not significantly different in patients with a slow recovery and those with a rapid recovery, but SBF after 9 minutes at 43°C was lower (48.5 [17.3-69.0] v 85.1 [45.2-125.7], p < 0.01), resulting in a lower SBF ratio (2.8 [1.5-4.7] v 4.8 [3.7-7.8], p < 0.01). Patients with lower SBF ratios were more likely to have dysfunction of at least one organ (assessed using the sequential organ dysfunction score) 48 hours post-cardiac surgery than those with higher ratios: 88% versus 40% versus 27% (p < 0.01), respectively, for the lowest, middle, and highest tertiles of SBF ratio. In multivariable analysis, a lower SBF ratio was an independent risk factor for slow recovery. CONCLUSIONS Early alterations in microvascular reactivity, evaluated by a skin thermal challenge, are correlated with organ dysfunction. These observations may help in the development of new, simple, noninvasive monitoring systems in postoperative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Orbegozo
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gianni Stringari
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rafael Damazio
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel De Backer
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Vincent
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques Creteur
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Iba T, Maier CL, Levi M, Levy JH. Thromboinflammation and microcirculation damage in heatstroke. Minerva Med 2024; 115:191-202. [PMID: 38240696 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.23.08919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Rising temperatures associated with climate change have significantly increased the risk of heatstroke. Unfortunately, the trend is anticipated to persist and increasingly threaten vulnerable populations, particularly older adults. According to Japan's environment ministry, over 1000 people died from heatstroke in 2021, and 86% of deaths occurred in those above 65. Since the precise mechanism of heatstroke is not fully understood, we examined the pathophysiology by focusing on the microcirculatory derangement. Online search of published medical literature through MEDLINE and Web of Science using the term "heatstroke," "heat-related illness," "inflammation," "thrombosis," "coagulation," "fibrinolysis," "endothelial cell," and "circulation." Articles were chosen for inclusion based on their relevance to heatstroke, inflammation, and thrombosis. Reference lists were reviewed to identify additional relevant articles. Other than preexisting conditions (genetic background, age, etc.), factors such as hydration status, acclimatization, dysregulated coagulation, and inflammation are the additional major factors that promote tissue malcirculation in heatstroke. The fundamental pathophysiologic mechanisms significantly overlap with those seen in the systemic inflammatory response to sepsis, and as a result, coagulation-predominant coagulopathy develops during heat stress. Although a bleeding tendency is not common, bleeding frequently occurs in the microcirculation, causing additional injury. Sterile inflammation is mediated by proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and other humoral mediators in concert with cellular factors, including monocytes, neutrophils, platelets, and endothelial cells. Excess inflammation results in inflammatory cell death, including pyroptosis and necroptosis, and the release of danger signals that further propagate systemic inflammation and coagulopathy. Consequently, thromboinflammation is the critical factor that induces microcirculatory disturbance in heatstroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Iba
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan -
| | - Cheryl L Maier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marcel Levi
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jerrold H Levy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Baranauskiene N, Wang J, Eimantas N, Solianik R, Brazaitis M. Age-related differences in the neuromuscular performance of fatigue-provoking exercise under severe whole-body hyperthermia conditions. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:1621-1637. [PMID: 37218443 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine if aging would lead to greater decline in neuromuscular function during a fatiguing task under severe whole-body hyperthermia conditions. METHODS Twelve young (aged 19-21 years) and 11 older (aged 65-80 years) males were enrolled in the study, which comprised a randomized control trial under a thermoneutral condition at an ambient temperature of 23°C (CON) and an experimental trial with passive lower body heating in 43°C water (HWI-43°C). Changes in neuromuscular function and fatigability, and physical performance-influencing factors such as psychological, thermoregulatory, neuroendocrine, and immune responses to whole-body hyperthermia were measured. RESULTS A slower increase in rectal temperature, and a lower heart rate, thermal sensation, and sweating rate were observed in older males than young males in response to HWI-43°C trial (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, prolactin increased more in response to hyperthermia in young males, while interleukin-6 and cortisol levels increased more in older males (p < 0.05). Peripheral dopamine levels decreased in older males and increased in young males in response to hyperthermia (p < 0.05). Surprisingly, older males demonstrated greater neuromuscular fatigability resistance and faster maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque recovery after a 2-min sustained isometric MVC task under thermoneutral and severe hyperthermic conditions (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Neuromuscular performance during fatigue-provoking sustained isometric exercise under severe whole-body hyperthermia conditions appears to decline in both age groups, but a lower relative decline in torque production for older males may relate to lower psychological and thermophysiological strain along with a diminished dopamine response and prolactin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neringa Baranauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Junli Wang
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rima Solianik
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Eimantas N, Ivanove S, Baranauskiene N, Solianik R, Brazaitis M. Modulation of neuromuscular excitability in response to acute noxious heat exposure has no additional effects on central and peripheral fatigability. Front Physiol 2022; 13:936885. [PMID: 36035478 PMCID: PMC9412021 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.936885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) has an adverse effect on the nervous system and neurophysiological performance. In the present study, we examined whether short-duration whole-body immersion in 45°C water (HWI-45°C), which produces a strong neural and temperature flux without inducing WBH, can increase or impair neurophysiological performance in humans. Methods: Fifteen men (aged 25 ± 6 years) were enrolled in this study and participated in three experiments: 1) a brief (5-min) immersion of the whole body in 37°C water (WI-37°C); 2) a brief (5-min) HWI-45°C; and 3) a control trial in a thermoneutral condition at an ambient temperature of 24°C and 60% relative humidity. Before and after the immersions, neuromuscular function (electromyographic activity, reflexes, electrically and voluntary induced torque production, voluntary muscle activation level) were tested. To provoke central inhibition, the participants performed a sustained 2-min maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Results: Thermophysiological strain was greater after HWI-45°C than after WI-37°C. Electrophysiological modulations of motor drive transmission and peripheral modulations of muscle contractility properties in response to HWI-45°C seemed to have little effect on central activation of the exercising muscles and no effect on MVC production. Conclusion: Although exposure to acute noxious heat was effective in evoking neuromuscular excitability, the increases in core temperature (∼0.2°C) and muscle temperature (∼0.6°C) did not induce moderate or severe WBH. These changes did not seem to affect central structures; that is, there were no additional increases in central and/or peripheral fatigue during a sustained 2-min MVC.
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Eimantas N, Ivanove S, Solianik R, Brazaitis M. Exposure to acute noxious heat evokes a cardiorespiratory shock response in humans. Int J Hyperthermia 2022; 39:134-143. [PMID: 35000494 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2021.2023225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Noxious acute cold stimuli cause cold shock via the sympathetic nervous system. However, no studies have investigated respiratory "heat shock" in response to noxious acute heat stimuli (≥ 42 °C).Methods: In the present study, we examined whether short-duration whole-body immersion (for 5 min) in noxious hot water (45 °C) is a sufficient stimulus to induce a respiratory acute shock response.Results and conclusion: Our results indicate that short-duration whole-body immersion in noxious 45 °C water produces a significantly greater body temperature, heart rate, and perceptual and respiratory strain than immersion in innocuous warm 37 °C water (p < .05). The initial first minute of hot water immersion (HWI) at 45 °C (vs. immersion at 37 °C) caused a cardiorespiratory shock response, which manifested as acute hyperventilation, and increased ventilatory tidal volume, respiratory exchange ratio, and heart rate (p < .05). Adjustment to this initial respiratory heat shock response within the first minute of immersion was observed as compared with remaining HWI time (1-5 min). Intriguingly, the time-course kinetics of breathing frequency, oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide washout did not differ between whole-body immersion at 37 °C and immersion at 45 °C, but were higher than in control thermoneutral conditions of an empty bath (p < .05). This may be because of events initiated not only by the water temperature but also by the change in the hydrostatic pressure acting upon the body when immersed in the water bath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Soneta Ivanove
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rima Solianik
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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6
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Brochu P, Ménard J, Marchand A, Haddad S. Cardiopulmonary values and organ blood flows before and during heat stress: data in nine subjects at rest in the upright position. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:1148-1158. [PMID: 34062083 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Physiological changes associated with thermoregulation can influence the kinetics of chemicals in the human body, such as alveolar ventilation (VA) and redistribution of blood flow to organs. In this study, the influence of heat stress on various physiological parameters was evaluated in nine male volunteers during sessions of exposure to wet blub globe temperatures (WBGT) of 21, 25 and 30°C for four hours. Skin and core temperatures and more than twenty cardiopulmonary parameters were measured. Liver, kidneys, brain, skin and muscles blood flows were also determined based on published measurements. Results show that most subjects (8 out of 9) have been affected by the inhalation of hot and dry air at the WBGT of 30°C. High respiratory rates, superficial tidal volumes and low VA values were notably observed. The skin blood flow has increased by 2.16-fold, whereas the renal blood flow and liver blood flow have decreased by about by 11 and 18% respectively. A complete set of key cardiopulmonary parameters in healthy male adults before and during heat stress was generated for use in PBPK modeling. A toxicokinetic studies are ongoing to evaluate the impact of heat stress on the absorption, biotransformation and excretion rates of volatile xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Brochu
- Université de Montréal, 5622, Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
| | - Jessie Ménard
- Université de Montréal, 5622, Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre for Public Health Research (CReSP), Montréal, Quebec, Canada;
| | - Axelle Marchand
- Université de Montréal, 5622, Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre for Public Health Research (CReSP), Montréal, Quebec, Canada;
| | - Sami Haddad
- Université de Montréal, 5622, Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre for Public Health Research (CReSP), Montréal, Quebec, Canada;
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Thoma MV, Rohleder N, Rohner SL. Clinical Ecopsychology: The Mental Health Impacts and Underlying Pathways of the Climate and Environmental Crisis. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:675936. [PMID: 34093283 PMCID: PMC8175799 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.675936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Humankind is confronted with progressing climate change, pollution, environmental degradation, and/or destruction of the air, soil, water, and ecosystems. The climate and environmental crisis is probably one of the greatest challenges in the history of humankind. It not only poses a serious current and continuing threat to physical health, but is also an existing and growing hazard to the mental health of millions of people worldwide. This synergy of literature provides a current summary of the adverse mental health impacts of the climate and environmental crisis from the perspective of Clinical Psychology. Furthermore, it presents potential underlying processes, including biological, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and social pathways. The existing data suggest that the climate and environmental crisis not only acts as a direct stressor, but can also exert a detrimental impact on the various pathways, with the potential to amplify an individual's biopsychosocial vulnerability to develop mental ill-health. This is a call for an increased investigation into this emerging research field of Clinical Ecopsychology by clinical psychologists and other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam V. Thoma
- Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, Institute of Psychology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Aging,” University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Rohleder
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Health Psychology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shauna L. Rohner
- Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, Institute of Psychology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Aging,” University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Kuzmenko NV, Pliss MG, Galagudza MM, Tsyrlin VA. Effects of Hyper- and Hypothermia on Hemodynamic Parameters in People of Different Age Groups: Meta-Analysis. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057020020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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9
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Palinkas LA, Wong M. Global climate change and mental health. Curr Opin Psychol 2020; 32:12-16. [PMID: 31349129 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although several empirical studies and systematic reviews have documented the mental health impacts of global climate change, the range of impacts has not been well understood. This review examines mental health impacts of three types of climate-related events: (1) acute events such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires; (2) subacute or long-term changes such as drought and heat stress; and (3) the existential threat of long-lasting changes, including higher temperatures, rising sea levels and a permanently altered and potentially uninhabitable physical environment. The impacts represent both direct (i.e. heat stress) and indirect (i.e. economic loss, threats to health and well-being, displacement and forced migration, collective violence and civil conflict, and alienation from a degraded environment) consequences of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A Palinkas
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, United States.
| | - Marleen Wong
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, United States
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Brazaitis M, Eimantas N, Baranauskiene N, Kilikeviciene S, Vitkauskiene A, Daniuseviciute L. Effects of severe whole-body hyperthermia on ovarian hormone and extracellular Hsp72 responses in young adult women. Int J Hyperthermia 2019; 36:660-665. [DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2019.1627431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovations Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovations Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Neringa Baranauskiene
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovations Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sandra Kilikeviciene
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovations Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Astra Vitkauskiene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Laura Daniuseviciute
- Department of Educational Studies, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Vadopalas K, Ratkevičius A, Skurvydas A, Sipavičienė S, Brazaitis M. Pre-Exercise Rehydration Attenuates Central Fatigability during 2-Min Maximum Voluntary Contraction in Hyperthermia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55030066. [PMID: 30871128 PMCID: PMC6473333 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Hyperthermia with dehydration alters several brain structure volumes, mainly by changing plasma osmolality, thus strongly affecting neural functions (cognitive and motor). Here, we aimed to examine whether the prevention of significant dehydration caused by passively induced whole-body hyperthermia attenuates peripheral and/or central fatigability during a sustained 2-min isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Materials and Methods: Ten healthy and physically active adult men (21 ± 1 years of age) performed an isometric MVC of the knee extensors for 2 min (2-min MVC) under control (CON) conditions, after passive lower-body heating that induced severe whole-body hyperthermia (HT, Tre > 39 °C) with dehydration (HT-D) and after HT with rehydration (HT-RH). Results: In the HT-D trial, the subjects lost 0.94 ± 0.15 kg (1.33% ± 0.13%) of their body weight; in the HT-RH trial, their body weight increased by 0.1 ± 0.42 kg (0.1% ± 0.58%). After lower-body heating, the HT-RH trial (vs. HT-D trial) was accompanied by a significantly lower physiological stress index (6.77 ± 0.98 vs. 7.40 ± 1.46, respectively), heart rate (47.8 ± 9.8 vs. 60.8 ± 13.2 b min−1, respectively), and systolic blood pressure (−12.52 ± 5.1 vs. +2.3 ± 6.4, respectively). During 2-min MVC, hyperthermia (HT-D; HT-RH) resulted in greater central fatigability compared with the CON trial. The voluntary activation of exercising muscles was less depressed in the HT-RH trial compared with the HT-D trial. Over the exercise period, electrically (involuntary) induced torque decreased less in the HT-D trial than in the CON and HT-RH trials. Conclusions: Our results suggest that pre-exercise rehydration might have the immediate positive effect of reducing physiological thermal strain, thus attenuating central fatigability even when exercise is performed during severe (Tre > 39 °C) HT, induced by passive warming of the lower body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazys Vadopalas
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Aivaras Ratkevičius
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Saulė Sipavičienė
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania.
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Brazaitis M, Paulauskas H, Eimantas N, Daniuseviciute L, Volungevicius G, Skurvydas A. Motor performance is preserved in healthy aged adults following severe whole-body hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 2018; 36:65-74. [PMID: 30484343 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1533650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with a progressive decline in motor performance and thermoregulatory efficiency. Functional consequences of severe whole-body hyperthermia on neurophysiological functions in healthy aged men have not been investigated. To determine whether severe whole-body hyperthermia (increase in rectal temperature of about 2.5 °C) induced by lower-body heating in older men (64-80 years, n = 9) would suppress excitability of reflexes, voluntarily and electrically induced ankle plantar flexor contractile properties were compared with those in young men (19-21 years, n = 11). Though no aging effect on hyperthermia-induced reflex amplitudes was observed, a decrease in maximal H-reflex and V-wave latencies was found to be greater in older than in young men. In older men, lower-body heating was accompanied by a significant increase in twitch and tetani test torque in parallel with a greater decrease in muscle contraction time. There was no temperature-depended aging effect on the voluntary activation and maximal voluntary torque production. Despite delayed and weakened thermoregulation and age-related decline in neuromuscular function, motor performance in whole-body severe hyperthermia is apparently preserved in healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Brazaitis
- a Institute of Sport Science and Innovations , Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , LT , Lithuania
| | - Henrikas Paulauskas
- a Institute of Sport Science and Innovations , Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , LT , Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- a Institute of Sport Science and Innovations , Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , LT , Lithuania
| | - Laura Daniuseviciute
- b Department of Educational Studies , Kaunas University of Technology , Kaunas , LT , Lithuania
| | - Gintautas Volungevicius
- a Institute of Sport Science and Innovations , Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , LT , Lithuania
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- a Institute of Sport Science and Innovations , Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , LT , Lithuania
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Kyguoliene L, Skurvydas A, Eimantas N, Baranauskiene N, Steponaviciute R, Daniuseviciute L, Paulauskas H, Cernych M, Brazaitis M. Three different motor task strategies to assess neuromuscular adjustments during fatiguing muscle contractions in young and older men. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:2085-2096. [PMID: 29754195 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with a marked decline in motor performance. The functional consequences of applying varying novel or unexpected motor stimuli during intermittent isometric prolonged (fatiguing) motor tasks for lower limb neuromuscular fatigability and steadiness, perception of effort, and blood markers of stress in healthy aged men compared with young men have not been investigated. The participants in this study were 15 young men (aged 22 ± 4 years) and 10 older men (aged 67 ± 6 years). They performed 100 intermittent isometric knee extensions under three experimental conditions involving intermittent isometric contraction tasks according to constant, predictable, and unpredictable torque target sequences. The variability in maximal voluntary contraction averaged 50%, and was 25, 50, and 75% for the three strategies. All included a 5-s contraction and 20-s rest. The main variables were measured before exercise, after 100 repetitions, and 1 h after exercise. In all experimental trials, the decreases in the maximal voluntary contraction and central activation ratio, and the increases in effort sensation and muscle temperature, were smaller in older men than in younger men. The coefficient of variation during the motor performance did not differ between age groups. However, in all three strategies, the dopamine concentration was significantly higher in older than in younger men. The prolactin concentration did not differ significantly between age groups or conditions, although its decrease during loading correlated negatively with the central activation ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kyguoliene
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Neringa Baranauskiene
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Steponaviciute
- Department of Laboratory Medicines, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Science, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Laura Daniuseviciute
- Department of Physical Education, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Henrikas Paulauskas
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Margarita Cernych
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania. .,Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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Brazaitis M, Paulauskas H, Eimantas N, Obelieniene D, Baranauskiene N, Skurvydas A. Heat transfer and loss by whole-body hyperthermia during severe lower-body heating are impaired in healthy older men. Exp Gerontol 2017; 96:12-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Time Evolution of Sublingual Microcirculatory Changes in Recreational Marathon Runners. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7120785. [PMID: 28828386 PMCID: PMC5554555 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7120785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate changes in sublingual microcirculation induced by a marathon race. Thirteen healthy male controls and 13 male marathon runners volunteered for the study. We performed sublingual microcirculation, using a Cytocam-IDF device (Braedius Medical, Huizen, Netherlands), and systemic hemodynamic measurements four times: 24 hours prior to their participation in the Kaunas Marathon (distance: 41.2 km), directly after finishing the marathon, 24 hours after the marathon, and one week after the marathon. The marathon runners exhibited a higher functional capillary density (FCD) and total vascular density of small vessels at the first visit compared with the controls. Overall, we did not find any changes in sublingual microcirculation of the marathon runners at any of the other visits. However, in a subgroup of marathon runners with a decreased FCD compared to the subgroup with increased FCD, the subgroup with decreased FCD had shorter running time (190.37 ± 30.2 versus 221.80 ± 23.4 min, p = 0.045), ingested less fluids (907 ± 615 versus 1950 ± 488 mL, p = 0.007) during the race, and lost much more weight (−2.4 ± 1.3 versus −1.0 ± 0.8 kg, p = 0.041). Recreational marathon running is not associated with an alteration of sublingual microcirculation. However, faster running and dehydration may be crucial for further impairing microcirculation.
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16
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Ono J, Hashiguchi N, Sawatari H, Ohkusa T, Miyazono M, Son SY, Magota C, Tochihara Y, Chishaki A. Effect of water bath temperature on physiological parameters and subjective sensation in older people. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17:2164-2170. [PMID: 28421715 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM In Japan, the incidence of water bathing-related cardiopulmonary accidents among older people is high in winter. The purpose of the present study was to investigate alterations in physiological characteristics and subjective thermal sensations of older people when bathing in a cool environment. METHODS We assessed the skin temperature, rectal temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, body fluid loss (sweat and urine), and subjective thermal responses of 11 older healthy male and 10 young male volunteers throughout 42°C and 39°C bathing in a room at 20°C with 50% humidity. RESULTS At 42°C bathing, the rectal temperature during bathing and in the post-bathing period were significantly lower in the older men than in the young men, and skin temperature during the post-bathing period decreased gradually in the older men. Systolic blood pressure and pulse rate immediately increased just after entering 42°C water and decreased during bathing in the older men. With the activities of dressing, systolic blood pressure increased followed by a decrease during the post-bathing period. Thus, double product (pulse rate × systolic blood pressure) increased during the bathing period. Although there was no significant difference in body fluid loss between the older and younger men in 42°C water, the older men produced significantly less sweat. The older men also reported feeling less warm after 42°C bathing, and feeling less cold during the post-bathing period after 39°C bathing. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that hot water bathing during cold seasons might induce more serious physiological changes in older people. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2164-2170.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Ono
- Department of Health Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuko Hashiguchi
- Department of Health Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sawatari
- Department of Health Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ohkusa
- Faculty of Health Science, Ube Frontier University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Sleep Apnea Center, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mami Miyazono
- School of Nursing, Fukuoka Prefectural University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Su-Young Son
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chie Magota
- Department of Health Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.,Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tochihara
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akiko Chishaki
- Department of Health Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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17
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Carter HH, Gong P, Kirk RW, Es'haghian S, Atkinson CL, Sampson DD, Green DJ, McLaughlin RA. Optical coherence tomography in the assessment of acute changes in cutaneous vascular diameter induced by heat stress. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:965-972. [PMID: 27586840 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00918.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are limited imaging technologies available that can accurately assess or provide surrogate markers of the in vivo cutaneous microvessel network in humans. In this study, we establish the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) as a novel imaging technique to assess acute changes in cutaneous microvessel area density and diameter in humans. OCT speckle decorrelation images of the skin on the ventral side of the forearm up to a depth of 500 μm were obtained prior to and following 20-25 min of lower limb heating in eight healthy men [30.3 ± 7.6 (SD) yr]. Skin red blood cell flux was also collected using laser Doppler flowmetry probes immediately adjacent to the OCT skin sites, along with skin temperature. OCT speckle decorrelation images were obtained at both baseline and heating time points. Forearm skin flux increased significantly (0.20 ± 0.15 to 1.75 ± 0.38 cutaneous vascular conductance, P < 0.01), along with forearm skin temperature (32.0 ± 1.2 to 34.3 ± 1.0°C, P < 0.01). Quantitative differences in the automated calculation of vascular area densities (26 ± 9 to 49 ± 19%, P < 0.01) and individual microvessel diameters (68 ± 17 to 105 ± 25 μm, P < 0.01) were evident following the heating session. This is the first in vivo within-subject assessment of acute changes in the cutaneous microvasculature in response to heating in humans and highlights the use of OCT as an exciting new imaging approach for skin physiology and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard H Carter
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peijun Gong
- School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rodney W Kirk
- School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shaghayegh Es'haghian
- School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ceri L Atkinson
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David D Sampson
- School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A McLaughlin
- School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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18
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de Moraes R, Van Bavel D, Gomes MDB, Tibiriçá E. Effects of non-supervised low intensity aerobic excise training on the microvascular endothelial function of patients with type 1 diabetes: a non-pharmacological interventional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2016; 16:23. [PMID: 26817606 PMCID: PMC4728937 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-016-0191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in microvascular density and reactivity in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) resulting from low intensity chronic exercise training. Methods This study included 22 (34 ± 7 years) consecutive outpatients with T1D and disease duration > 6 years. We used intravital video-microscopy to measure basal skin capillary density and capillary recruitment using post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) in the dorsum of the fingers. Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation of the skin microcirculation was evaluated in the forearm with a laser Doppler flow monitoring (LDF) system in combination with acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside iontophoresis, PORH and local thermal hyperemia. Results The basal mean capillary density (MCD) after exercise training was significantly higher than before exercise (134 ± 25 vs. 119 ± 19 capillaries/mm2, respectively; P = 0.0013). MCD during PORH was also higher after exercise (140 ± 26 vs. 121 ± 24 capillaries/mm2, respectively; P < 0.0001). Endothelium-dependent capillary recruitment during PORH was also significantly higher after exercise (140 ± 26 vs. 134 ± 25 capillaries/mm2, respectively; P < 0.0012). There were no significant changes in skin microvascular reactivity after exercise as investigated using LDF. Conclusions Our results showed that low intensity aerobic exercise, performed four times per week for 12 weeks by patients with T1D, induces significant increases in microvascular density and endothelial-dependent capillary reactivity. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02441504. Registered 7 May 2015. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12872-016-0191-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger de Moraes
- National Institute of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences of the Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo Van Bavel
- National Institute of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marília de Brito Gomes
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Tibiriçá
- National Institute of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Ingenwerth M, Noichl E, Stahr A, Korf HW, Reinke H, von Gall C. Heat Shock Factor 1 Deficiency Affects Systemic Body Temperature Regulation. Neuroendocrinology 2016; 103:605-15. [PMID: 26513256 DOI: 10.1159/000441947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is a ubiquitous heat-sensitive transcription factor that mediates heat shock protein transcription in response to cellular stress, such as increased temperature, in order to protect the organism against misfolded proteins. In this study, we analysed the effect of HSF1 deficiency on core body temperature regulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Body temperature, locomotor activity, and food consumption of wild-type mice and HSF1-deficient mice were recorded. Prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were measured by ELISA. Gene expression in brown adipose tissue was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR. Hypothalamic HSF1 and its co-localisation with tyrosine hydroxylase was analysed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS HSF1-deficient mice showed an increase in core body temperature (hyperthermia), decreased overall locomotor activity, and decreased levels of prolactin in pituitary and blood plasma reminiscent of cold adaptation. HSF1 could be detected in various hypothalamic regions involved in temperature regulation, suggesting a potential role of HSF1 in hypothalamic thermoregulation. Moreover, HSF1 co-localises with tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis, suggesting a potential role of HSF1 in the hypothalamic control of prolactin release. In brown adipose tissue, levels of prolactin receptor and uncoupled protein 1 were increased in HSF1-deficient mice, consistent with an up-regulation of heat production. CONCLUSION Our data suggest a role of HSF1 in systemic thermoregulation.
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20
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Pranskunas A, Pranskuniene Z, Bernatoniene J, Vaitkaitiene E, Brazaitis M. Microcirculatory effects of L-arginine during acute anaerobic exercise in healthy men: A pilot study. J Exerc Sci Fit 2015. [PMID: 29541100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective We hypothesized that L-arginine supplementation increases sublingual capillary perfusion during acute anaerobic exercise. Methods In a double-blind randomized study, 20 healthy men were randomly assigned to an L-arginine group or a placebo group. Both groups performed a standard 60-second duration BOSCO jumping test. Before the exercise, immediately after, and 30 minutes after exercise, systemic hemodynamic parameters were recorded. Sublingual evaluation of microcirculation using sidestream dark field (SDF) videomicroscopy was also carried out. Results There were no differences in mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output between the placebo and L-arginine groups immediately after exercise and at 30 minutes after exercise. Both groups had no changes in the microvascular flow index and proportion of perfused vessels of small vessels over the testing period. We observed significantly higher functional capillary density [14.1 (12.5 - 16.0) vs. 11.7 (10.9 - 12.9) 1/mm, p = 0.021] and total vessel density of small vessels [27.8 (24.4 - 29.2) vs. 23.0 (21.6 - 24.2) mm/mm2, p = 0.041] in the L-arginine group compared with the placebo group immediately after exercise, but after 30 minutes these differences had disappeared. Conclusion Our findings show that supplementation with L-arginine may cause additional effects on the acute anaerobic exercise-induced transient increase in capillary density in the sublingual mucosa of untrained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrius Pranskunas
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Zivile Pranskuniene
- Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jurga Bernatoniene
- Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Egle Vaitkaitiene
- Department of Disaster Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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21
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Bienz M, Drullinsky D, Stevens LM, Bracco D, Noiseux N. Microcirculatory response during on-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Perfusion 2015; 31:207-15. [PMID: 26091812 DOI: 10.1177/0267659115590481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is associated with a systemic inflammatory response, resulting in altered microcirculation. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether beating heart surgery can preserve the microcirculation. METHODS Sublingual microcirculation was characterized by a Sidestream Darkfield Imaging Microscope during off-pump (OPCABG) and on-pump (ONCABG) surgery. Microcirculatory parameters were evaluated during eight precise perioperative time points. RESULTS The quality of the microcirculation decreased during early ONCABG. OPCABG resulted in a significantly better microcirculation compared to ONCABG for three of six parameters during surgery. However, by the end of surgery and postoperatively, the microcirculatory parameters were no different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS While the results do not show a marked preservation of the microcirculation during and after OPCABG compared to ONCABG, they coincide with the body temperature fluctuations of each group during and after surgery. Our work suggests that active warming could impact the microcirculation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bienz
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Drullinsky
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Hospital Center (MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis-Mathieu Stevens
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Bracco
- Department of Anesthesia, MUHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Noiseux
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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22
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Brazaitis M, Eimantas N, Daniuseviciute L, Vitkauskiene A, Paulauskas H, Skurvydas A. Two strategies for the acute response to cold exposure but one strategy for the response to heat stress. Int J Hyperthermia 2015; 31:325-35. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2015.1004135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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