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Roberts MJ, Hamrouni M, Wadley AJ, Bishop NC. Adipose inflammation: South Asian ethnicity and central obesity are independently associated with higher immune cell recruitment to adipose-specific media: A pilot study in men. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15883. [PMID: 38011590 PMCID: PMC10681421 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A South Asian (SA) cardiovascular phenomenon exists whereby SAs have excess burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) despite having low prevalence of recognized CVD risk factors. The aim of the current study was to determine whether perturbations in monocyte biology contribute to this phenomenon via higher circulating cell numbers, a more pro-inflammatory phenotype, and higher transmigration and adhesion. Adhesion is linked to vascular inflammation whereas transmigration is linked to tissue inflammation. SA men with (N = 10; SAs with central obesity [CO-SA]) and without (N = 10; lean SA [LE-SA]) central obesity, plus White European counterparts (N = 10; white Europeans with central obesity [CO-WE], N = 10; lean white Europeans [LE-WE]) participated. An ex vivo assay mimicking blood flow dynamics coupled to flow cytometry determined the adhesion and transmigration of monocyte subsets toward chemokine-rich media cultured from pre-adipocytes (absolute responses). Migration and adhesion were also standardized for differences in numbers of circulating monocytes between participants (relative responses). Metabolic and inflammatory markers were assessed. SAs had higher absolute (but not relative) adhesion and migration of monocytes than WEs. Central obesity was associated with higher absolute and relative adhesion and migration of monocytes. SAs had higher concentrations of all monocyte subsets compared with WEs coinciding with adverse cardiovascular-inflammatory profiles. LE-SAs had similar monocyte concentrations, transmigration, and adhesion compared with CO-WEs, corresponding with similar cardiovascular-inflammatory profiles. The study provides novel evidence for higher monocyte counts associated with higher transmigration and adhesion in SA compared with WE men. Importantly, similar monocyte biology and cardiovascular-inflammatory profiles were seen in LE-SAs compared with CO-WEs, which may contribute to the higher risk of CVD at lower body mass index experienced by SAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Roberts
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals of Leicester, National Health Service (NHS) Trust and the University of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Malik Hamrouni
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals of Leicester, National Health Service (NHS) Trust and the University of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Alex J. Wadley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Nicolette C. Bishop
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals of Leicester, National Health Service (NHS) Trust and the University of LeicesterLeicesterUK
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ROBERTS MATTHEWJ, THACKRAY ALICEE, WADLEY ALEXJ, ALOTAIBI TAREQF, HUNTER DAVIDJ, THOMPSON JULIE, FUJIHIRA KYOKO, MIYASHITA MASASHI, MASTANA SARABJIT, BISHOP NICOLETTEC, O’DONNELL EMMA, DAVIES MELANIEJ, KING JAMESA, YATES THOMAS, WEBB DAVID, STENSEL DAVIDJ. Effect of Acute Walking on Endothelial Function and Postprandial Lipemia in South Asians and White Europeans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:794-802. [PMID: 36729923 PMCID: PMC10090289 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION South Asians (SAs) have an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with White Europeans (WEs). Postprandial endothelial function (flow-mediated dilatation (FMD%)) in SA women and SA men with central obesity has not been investigated. Research in other populations has highlighted that a 1% higher FMD% is associated with a ~13% lower risk of future CVD events. We investigated whether FMD% and lipemia, two markers for CVD risk, were higher in SAs versus WEs, whether walking improved FMD% and lipemia, and if there were ethnic differences in the response. METHODS Lean premenopausal women (study 1; 12 SA, 12 WE) and men with central obesity (study 2; 15 SA, 15 WE) completed two 2-d trials. On day 1, participants walked for 60 min at 60% of their peak oxygen uptake or rested. On day 2, participants rested and consumed two high-fat meals over 8 h. Repeated ultrasound assessments of endothelial function and venous blood samples for CVD risk markers were taken. RESULTS Compared with WEs, SAs had lower postprandial FMD% (study 1, -1.32%; study 2, -0.54%) and higher postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations (study 1, 0.31 mmol·L -1 ·h -1 ; study 2, 0.55 mmol·L -1 ·h -1 ). Walking improved postprandial FMD% (study 1, 1.12%; study 2, 0.94%) and resulted in no significant change or small reductions in postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations (study 1, -0.01 mmol·L -1 ·h -1 ; study 2, -0.25 mmol·L -1 ·h -1 ). Exercise-induced changes in FMD% and triacylglycerol were consistent between ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS Walking mitigated the adverse postprandial effect of a high-fat diet on FMD% to a similar extent in SA and WE women and men, even with no/small improvements in triacylglycerol. This study highlights the importance of exercise to clinically improve FMD% in SAs and WEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- MATTHEW J. ROBERTS
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, National Health Service Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - ALICE E. THACKRAY
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, National Health Service Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - ALEX J. WADLEY
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - TAREQ F. ALOTAIBI
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Respiratory Therapy Department, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA
| | - DAVID J. HUNTER
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - JULIE THOMPSON
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - KYOKO FUJIHIRA
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, JAPAN
| | | | - SARABJIT MASTANA
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - NICOLETTE C. BISHOP
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, National Health Service Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - EMMA O’DONNELL
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, National Health Service Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - MELANIE J. DAVIES
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, National Health Service Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - JAMES A. KING
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, National Health Service Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - THOMAS YATES
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, National Health Service Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - DAVID WEBB
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, National Health Service Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - DAVID J. STENSEL
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, National Health Service Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, JAPAN
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Effect of Prior Exercise on Postprandial Lipemia: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:501-518. [PMID: 36028221 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the results from current literature examining the effects of prior exercise on the postprandial triglyceride (TG) response to evaluate current literature and provide future direction. A quantitative review was performed using meta-analytic methods to quantify individual effect sizes. A moderator analysis was performed to investigate potential variables that could influence the effect of prior exercise on postprandial TG response. Two hundred and seventy-nine effects were retrieved from 165 studies for the total TG response and 142 effects from 87 studies for the incremental area under the curve TG response. There was a moderate effect of exercise on the total TG response (Cohen's d = -0.47; p < .0001). Moderator analysis revealed exercise energy expenditure significantly moderated the effect of prior exercise on the total TG response (p < .0001). Exercise modality (e.g., cardiovascular, resistance, combination of both cardiovascular and resistance, or standing), cardiovascular exercise type (e.g., continuous, interval, concurrent, or combined), and timing of exercise prior to meal administration significantly affected the total TG response (p < .001). Additionally, exercise had a moderate effect on the incremental area under the curve TG response (Cohen's d = -0.40; p < .0001). The current analysis reveals a more homogeneous data set than previously reported. The attenuation of postprandial TG appears largely dependent on exercise energy expenditure (∼2 MJ) and the timing of exercise. The effect of prior exercise on the postprandial TG response appears to be transient; therefore, exercise should be frequent to elicit an adaptation.
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Petridou A, Mougios V. Exercise to lower postprandial lipemia: why, when, what and how. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:1013-1022. [PMID: 35345016 DOI: 10.1055/a-1810-5118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We review recent findings on the ability of exercise to lower postprandial lipemia (PPL). Specifically, we answer why exercise is important in lowering PPL, when it is most effective to exercise to achieve this, what the preferred exercise is and how exercise reduces PPL. Most findings confirm the power of exercise to lower PPL, which is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Exercise is most effective when performed on the day preceding a high- or moderate-fat meal. This effect lasts up to approximately two days; therefore, one should exercise frequently to maintain this benefit. However, the time of exercise relative to a meal is not that important in real-life conditions, since one consumes several meals during the day; thus, an exercise bout will inevitably exert its lowering effect on PPL in one or more of the subsequent meals. Although moderate-intensity continuous exercise, high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE), resistance exercise and accumulation of short bouts of exercise throughout the day are all effective in lowering PPL, submaximal, high-volume interval exercise seems to be superior, provided it is tolerable. Finally, exercise reduces PPL by both lowering the rate of appearance and increasing the clearance of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoli Petridou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Mougios
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Nagayama C, Burns SF, Thackray AE, Stensel DJ, Miyashita M. Postprandial Metabolism and Physical Activity in Asians: A Narrative Review. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:953-966. [PMID: 34374040 PMCID: PMC8486483 DOI: 10.1055/a-1493-2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The widespread benefits of physical activity in enhancing health and lowering the risk of non-communicable chronic diseases are well established across populations globally. Nevertheless, the prevalence of several lifestyle-related chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, varies markedly across countries and ethnicities. Direct ethnic comparative studies on the health benefits of physical activity are sparse and evidence-based physical activity guidelines are not ethnicity-specific. Indeed, physical activity guidelines in some Asian countries were developed primarily based on data from Western populations even though the magnitude of potential benefit may not be the same among different ethnic groups. Unfavorable diurnal perturbations in postprandial triglycerides and glucose are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This narrative review summarizes differences in these risk factors primarily between individuals of Asian and white European descent but also within different Asian groups. Moreover, the variable effects of physical activity on mitigating risk factors among these ethnic groups are highlighted along with the underlying metabolic and hormonal factors that potentially account for these differences. Future ethnic comparative studies should include investigations in understudied ethnic groups, such as those of East Asian origin, given that the effectiveness of physical activity for ameliorating cardiovascular disease varies even among Asian groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Nagayama
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Stephen F Burns
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Alice E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - David J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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6
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ALOTAIBI TAREQF, THACKRAY ALICEE, ROBERTS MATTHEWJ, ALANAZI TURKIM, BISHOP NICOLETTEC, WADLEY ALEXJ, KING JAMESA, O’DONNELL EMMA, STEINER MICHAELC, SINGH SALLYJ, STENSEL DAVIDJ. Acute Running and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Markers in Male Cigarette Smokers and Nonsmokers: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1021-1032. [PMID: 33196606 PMCID: PMC8048727 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease and is associated with impaired postprandial metabolism. Acute exercise reduces postprandial lipemia and improves other coronary heart disease risk markers in nonsmokers. Less is known about responses in cigarette smokers. METHODS Twelve male cigarette smokers (mean ± SD; age = 23 ± 4 yr, body mass index = 24.9 ± 3.0 kg·m-2) and 12 male nonsmokers (age = 24 ± 4 yr, body mass index = 24.1 ± 2.0 kg·m-2) completed two, 2-d conditions (control and exercise) in a randomized crossover design. On day 1, participants rested for 9 h (0800-1700) in both conditions except a 60-min treadmill run (65% ± 7% peak oxygen uptake, 2.87 ± 0.54 MJ) was completed between 6.5 and 7.5 h (1430-1530) in the exercise condition. On day 2 of both conditions, participants rested and consumed two high-fat meals over 8 h (0900-1700) during which 13 venous blood samples and nine resting arterial blood pressure measurements were collected. RESULTS Smokers exhibited higher postprandial triacylglycerol and C-reactive protein than nonsmokers (main effect group effect size [Cohen's d] ≥ 0.94, P ≤ 0.034). Previous day running reduced postprandial triacylglycerol, insulin, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (main effect condition d ≥ 0.28, P ≤ 0.044) and elevated postprandial nonesterified fatty acid and C-reactive protein (main effect condition d ≥ 0.41, P ≤ 0.044). Group-condition interactions were not apparent for any outcome across the total postprandial period (0-8 h; all P ≥ 0.089), but the exercise-induced reduction in postprandial triacylglycerol in the early postprandial period (0-4 h) was greater in nonsmokers than smokers (-21%, d = 0.43, vs -5%, d = 0.16, respectively; group-condition interaction P = 0.061). CONCLUSIONS Acute moderate-intensity running reduced postprandial triacylglycerol, insulin, and resting arterial blood pressure the day after exercise in male cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. These findings highlight the ability of acute exercise to augment the postprandial metabolic health of cigarette smokers and nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- TAREQ F. ALOTAIBI
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA
| | - ALICE E. THACKRAY
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - MATTHEW J. ROBERTS
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - TURKI M. ALANAZI
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA
| | - NICOLETTE C. BISHOP
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre–Respiratory, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - ALEX J. WADLEY
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - JAMES A. KING
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - EMMA O’DONNELL
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - MICHAEL C. STEINER
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre–Respiratory, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - SALLY J. SINGH
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre–Respiratory, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - DAVID J. STENSEL
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
- Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
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7
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Sargeant JA, Jelleyman C, Coull NA, Edwardson CL, Henson J, King JA, Khunti K, McCarthy M, Rowlands AV, Stensel DJ, Waller HL, Webb DR, Davies MJ, Yates T. Improvements in Glycemic Control After Acute Moderate-Intensity Continuous or High-Intensity Interval Exercise Are Greater in South Asians Than White Europeans With Nondiabetic Hyperglycemia: A Randomized Crossover Study. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:201-209. [PMID: 33158948 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether circulating metabolic responses to low-volume high-intensity interval exercise (LV-HIIE) or continuous moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (CME) differ between white Europeans and South Asians with nondiabetic hyperglycemia (NDH). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Thirteen white Europeans and 10 South Asians (combined median [interquartile range] age 67 [60-68] years, HbA1c 5.9% [5.8-6.1%] [41.0 (39.9-43.2) mmol ⋅ mol-1]) completed three 6-h conditions (sedentary control [CON], LV-HIIE, and CME) in a randomized order. Exercise conditions contained a single bout of LV-HIIE and CME, respectively (each ending at 2 h), with meals provided at 0 and 3 h. Circulating glucose (primary outcome), insulin, insulin resistance index (IRI), triglycerides, and nonesterified fatty acids were measured at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, and 6 h. Data were analyzed as postexercise time-averaged area under the curve (AUC) adjusted for age, sex, and preexercise AUC. RESULTS Glucose was similar in each condition and with ethnicity, with no condition-by-ethnicity interaction (P ≥ 0.28). However, insulin was lower in LV-HIIE (mean [95% CI] -44.4 [-23.7, -65.1] mU ⋅ L-1) and CME (-33.8 [-13.7, -53.9] mU ⋅ L-1) compared with CON. Insulin responses were greater in South Asians (interaction P = 0.03) such that values were similar in each ethnicity during exercise conditions, despite being 33% higher in South Asians during CON. IRI followed a similar pattern to insulin. Lipids were unaffected by exercise. CONCLUSIONS Reductions in insulin and insulin resistance after acute LV-HIIE and CME are greater in South Asians than in white Europeans with NDH. Further trials are required to examine the longer-term impact of LV-HIIE and CME on cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Sargeant
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K. .,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, U.K
| | - Charlotte Jelleyman
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, U.K.,School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole A Coull
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, U.K
| | - Charlotte L Edwardson
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, U.K
| | - Joseph Henson
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, U.K
| | - James A King
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, U.K.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, U.K
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K.,NIHR Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands, Leicester, U.K.,Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, U.K
| | - Matthew McCarthy
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, U.K
| | - Alex V Rowlands
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, U.K
| | - David J Stensel
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, U.K.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, U.K
| | - Helen L Waller
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, U.K
| | - David R Webb
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, U.K
| | - Melanie J Davies
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, U.K.,Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, U.K
| | - Thomas Yates
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, U.K
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8
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Nagayama C, Burns SF, Stensel DJ, Thackray AE, Takahashi M, Miyashita M. Effects of a single bout of walking on postprandial triglycerides in men of Chinese, European and Japanese descent: a multisite randomised crossover trial. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000928. [PMID: 33376598 PMCID: PMC7745685 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Elevated non-fasting triglyceride (TG) concentrations are a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases but can be reduced after acute exercise. Ethnic-based differences in the magnitude of postprandial lipaemia and the extent that acute exercise reduces postprandial TG are poorly characterised across some ethnicities including those of East Asian origin. This paper describes the protocol of a multisite randomised crossover study comparing the effect of acute walking on postprandial TG in two groups of East Asian men with European men. Methods and analysis Twenty Japanese, 20 Singaporean Chinese and 20 white British healthy men (21–39 years) recruited from Japan, Singapore and the UK, respectively, will complete two, 2-day trials. Fasted and postprandial venous blood samples and arterial blood pressure measurements will be taken over 6 hours the day after either: (1) 60-min treadmill walking; or (2) a rest day of normal living. The primary outcome is the difference in postprandial TG among ethnic groups after rest and walking. Secondary outcomes include cholesterol, glucose, insulin, ketone bodies, preheparin lipoprotein lipase, C-reactive protein and systolic/diastolic blood pressure. Ethics and dissemination The study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee on Research with Human Subjects of Waseda University and the Nanyang Technological University Institutional Review Board. Relevant approval will be obtained from the UK site. Research findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal publication and health conferences. Trial registration number UMIN000038625.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Nagayama
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Stephen F Burns
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - David J Stensel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS and University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Alice E Thackray
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS and University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Singapore
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9
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Plasma Free Fatty Acids Metabolic Profile with LC-MS and Appetite-Related Hormones in South Asian and White European Men in Relation to Adiposity, Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Cross-Sectional Study. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9040071. [PMID: 31013892 PMCID: PMC6523813 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
South Asians have a greater cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk than white Europeans, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. This study examined ethnic differences in free fatty acids (FFAs) metabolic profile (assessed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry), appetite-related hormones and traditional CVD and T2D risk markers in blood samples collected from 16 South Asian and 16 white European men and explored associations with body composition, objectively-measured physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness. South Asians exhibited higher concentrations of five FFAs (laurate, myristate, palmitate, linolenic, linoleate; p ≤ 0.040), lower acylated ghrelin (ES = 1.00, p = 0.008) and higher leptin (ES = 1.11, p = 0.004) than white Europeans; total peptide YY was similar between groups (p = 0.381). South Asians exhibited elevated fasting insulin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, triacylglycerol and ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and lower fasting HDL-C (all ES ≥ 0.74, p ≤ 0.053). Controlling for body fat percentage (assessed using air displacement plethysmography) attenuated these differences. Despite similar habitual moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (ES = 0.18, p = 0.675), V˙O2max was lower in South Asians (ES = 1.36, p = 0.001). Circulating FFAs in South Asians were positively correlated with body fat percentage (r2 = 0.92), body mass (r2 = 0.86) and AUC glucose (r2 = 0.89) whereas in white Europeans FFAs were negatively correlated with total step counts (r2 = 0.96). In conclusion, South Asians exhibited a different FFA profile, lower ghrelin, higher leptin, impaired CVD and T2D risk markers and lower cardiorespiratory fitness than white Europeans.
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10
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A single day of mixed-macronutrient overfeeding does not elicit compensatory appetite or energy intake responses but exaggerates postprandial lipaemia during the next day in healthy young men. Br J Nutr 2019; 121:945-954. [PMID: 30696504 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Discrete episodes of overconsumption may induce a positive energy balance and impair metabolic control. However, the effects of an ecologically relevant, single day of balanced macronutrient overfeeding are unknown. Twelve healthy men (of age 22 (sd 2) years, BMI 26·1 (sd 4·2) kg/m2) completed two 28 h, single-blind experimental trials. In a counterbalanced repeated measures design, participants either consumed their calculated daily energy requirements (energy balance trial (EB): 10 755 (sd 593) kJ) or were overfed by 50 % (overfeed trial (OF): 16 132 (sd 889) kJ) under laboratory supervision. Participants returned to the laboratory the next day, after an overnight fast, to complete a mixed-meal tolerance test (MTT). Appetite was not different between trials during day 1 (P>0·211) or during the MTT in the fasted or postprandial state (P>0·507). Accordingly, plasma acylated ghrelin, total glucagon-like peptide-1 and total peptide YY concentrations did not differ between trials during the MTT (all P>0·335). Ad libitum energy intake, assessed upon completion of the MTT, did not differ between trials (EB 6081 (sd 2260) kJ; OF 6182 (sd 1960) kJ; P=0·781). Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were not different between trials (P>0·715). Fasted NEFA concentrations were lower in OF compared with EB (P=0·005), and TAG concentrations increased to a greater extent on OF than on EB during the MTT (P=0·009). The absence of compensatory changes in appetite-related variables after 1 d of mixed macronutrient overfeeding highlights the limited physiological response to defend against excess energy intake. This supports the concept that repeated discrete episodes of overconsumption may promote weight gain, while elevations in postprandial lipaemia may increase CVD risk.
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11
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Kashiwabara K, Kidokoro T, Yanaoka T, Burns SF, Stensel DJ, Miyashita M. Different Patterns of Walking and Postprandial Triglycerides in Older Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:79-87. [PMID: 28857839 PMCID: PMC5757650 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Although a single bout of continuous exercise (≥30 min) reduces postprandial triglyceride (TG), little evidence is available regarding the effect of multiple short (≤10 min) bouts of exercise on postprandial TG in individuals at increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. This study compared the effects of different patterns of walking on postprandial TG in postmenopausal, older women with hypertriglyceridemia. Methods Twelve inactive women (mean age ± SD, 71 ± 5 yr) with hypertriglyceridemia (fasting TG ≥1.70 mmol·L−1) completed three, 1-d laboratory-based trials in a random order: 1) control, 2) continuous walking, and 3) multiple short bouts of walking. On the control trial, participants sat in a chair for 8 h. For the walking trials, participants walked briskly in either one 30-min bout in the morning (0900–0930 h) or twenty 90-s bouts over 8 h. Except for walking, both exercise trials mimicked the control trial. In each trial, participants consumed a standardized breakfast (0800 h) and lunch (1100 h). Venous blood samples were collected in the fasted state and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after breakfast. Results The serum TG incremental area under the curve was 35% and 33% lower on the continuous and multiple short bouts of walking trials than that on the control trial (8.2 ± 3.1 vs 8.5 ± 5.4 vs 12.7 ± 5.8 mmol per 8 h·L−1, respectively; main effect of trial: effect size = 0.459, P = 0.001). Conclusions Accumulating walking in short bouts limits postprandial TG in at-risk, inactive older women with fasting hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Kashiwabara
- 1Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, JAPAN; 2Institute of Health and Sports Science and Medicine, Juntendo University, Chiba, JAPAN; 3Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, JAPAN; 4Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, Nanyang Technological University, SINGAPORE; 5National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM; and 6Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, JAPAN
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12
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Emerson SR, Kurti SP, Harms CA, Haub MD, Melgarejo T, Logan C, Rosenkranz SK. Magnitude and Timing of the Postprandial Inflammatory Response to a High-Fat Meal in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2017; 8:213-225. [PMID: 28298267 PMCID: PMC5347112 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.014431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Research findings over the past several decades have shown that inflammation is a prominent feature of many chronic diseases, with poor diet being one likely inflammatory stimulus. Specifically, a single high-fat meal (HFM) has been suggested to increase inflammation, although there is currently no consensus with regard to the specific changes in many of the proinflammatory markers that are frequently assessed after an HFM. The aim of this systematic review was to objectively describe the postprandial timing and magnitude of changes in 5 common inflammatory markers: interleukin (IL) 6, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, IL-1β, and IL-8. Ten relevant databases were searched, yielding 494 results, of which 47 articles met the pre-established inclusion criteria: 1) healthy men and women aged 18-60 y, 2) consuming a single HFM (≥30% fat, ≥500 kcal), and 3) assessing relevant inflammatory markers postmeal for ≥2 h. The only marker found to consistently change in the postprandial period was IL-6: on average, from a baseline of ∼1.4 pg/mL, it peaked at ∼2.9 pg/mL ∼6 h post-HFM (an average relative change of ∼100%). CRP, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 did not change significantly in 79% (23 of 29), 68% (19 of 28), 67% (2 of 3), and 75% (3 of 4) of included studies, respectively. We conclude that there is strong evidence that CRP and TNF-α are not responsive at the usual time scale observed in postprandial studies in healthy humans younger than age 60 y. However, future research should further investigate the role of IL-6 in the postprandial period, because it routinely increases even in healthy participants. We assert that the findings of this systematic review on markers of inflammation in the postprandial period will considerably aid in informing future research and advancing clinical knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam R Emerson
- Departments of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health and .,Physical Activity and Nutrition Clinical Research Consortium, and
| | - Stephanie P Kurti
- Kinesiology,,Physical Activity and Nutrition Clinical Research Consortium, and
| | - Craig A Harms
- Kinesiology,,Physical Activity and Nutrition Clinical Research Consortium, and
| | - Mark D Haub
- Departments of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health and,Physical Activity and Nutrition Clinical Research Consortium, and
| | | | - Cindy Logan
- Academic Services, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Sara K Rosenkranz
- Departments of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health and,Physical Activity and Nutrition Clinical Research Consortium, and
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