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Fujimoto T, Matsuura Y, Baba Y, Hara R. Effect of Wetsuit Use on Body Temperature and Swimming Performance During Training in the Pool: Recommendations for Open-Water Swimming Training With Wetsuits. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:407-411. [PMID: 38194956 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Open-water swimmers need to train with wetsuits to get familiar with them; however, body core temperature (Tcore) kinetics when using wetsuits in swimming-pool training remains unclear. The present study assessed the effects of wetsuit use in pool training on Tcore, subjective perceptions, and swimming performance to obtain suggestions for wearing wetsuits in training situations. METHODS Four elite/international-level Japanese swimmers (2 female, age 24 [1] y) completed two 10-km trials with (WS) and without wetsuit (SS) in the swimming pool (Tw: 29.0 °C). During the trial, swimmers were allowed to remove their wetsuit if they could no longer tolerate the heat. Tcore was continuously recorded via ingestible temperature sensors. Swimming speed was estimated from every 100-m lap time. RESULTS Tcore increased by distance in both trials in all swimmers. Tcore when swimmers removed their wetsuit in the WS (distance: 3800 [245] m, time: 2744 [247] s) was higher than that at the same distance in the SS in all swimmers. Rating of perceived exertion was higher in the SS than the WS, and swimming speed was slower in the WS than the SS in all swimmers. CONCLUSION Wetsuit use during pool training increases Tcore and decreases swimming performance. Although wearing wetsuits in training situations is important for familiarization, for the safety of the swimmers, it is recommended that they remove their wetsuit if they feel too hot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Fujimoto
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuiko Matsuura
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Baba
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Reira Hara
- College of Sports Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
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Wheelock CE, Lavoie EM, Stooks J, Schwob J, Hess HW, Pryor RR, Hostler D. Carbohydrate or Electrolyte Rehydration Recovers Plasma Volume but Not Post-immersion Performance Compared to Water After Immersion Diuresis. Mil Med 2023:usad379. [PMID: 37776545 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usad379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We tested the hypothesis that a carbohydrate (CHO: 6.5%) or carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO + E: 6.5% + 50 mmol/L NaCl) drink would better recover plasma volume (PV) and exercise performance compared to water (H2O) after immersion diuresis. METHODS Twelve men (24 ± 2 years; 82.4 ± 15.5 kg; and V̇O2max: 49.8 ± 5.1 mL · kg-1 · min-1) completed four experimental visits: a no-immersion control (CON) and three 4-h cold-water (18.0 °C) immersion trials (H2O, CHO, and CHO + E) followed by exercise in a warm environment (30 °C, 50% relative humidity). The exercise was a 60-minute loaded march (20.4 kg; 55% VO2max) followed by a 10-minute intermittent running protocol. After immersion, subjects were rehydrated with 100% of body mass loss from immersion diuresis during the ruck march. PV is reported as a percent change after immersion, after the ruck march, and after the intermittent running protocol. The intermittent running protocol distance provided an index of exercise performance. Data are reported as mean ± SD. RESULTS After immersion, body mass loss was 2.3 ± 0.7%, 2.3 ± 0.5%, and 2.3 ± 0.6% for H2O, CHO, and CHO + E. PV loss after immersion was 19.8 ± 8.5% in H2O, 18.2 ± 7.0% in CHO, and 13.9 ± 9.3% in CHO + E, which was reduced after the ruck march to 14.7 ± 4.7% (P = .13) in H2O, 8.8 ± 8.3% (P < .01) in CHO, and 4.4 ± 10.9% (P = .02) in CHO + E. The intermittent running protocol distance was 1.4 ± 0.1 km in CON, 1.4 ± 0.2 km in H2O, 1.4 ± 0.1 km in CHO, and 1.4 ± 0.2 km in CHO + E (P = .28). CONCLUSIONS Although CHO and CHO + E better restored PV after immersion, post-immersion exercise performance was not augmented compared to H2O, highlighting that fluid replacement following immersion diuresis should focus on restoring volume lost rather than fluid constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E Wheelock
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments (CRESE), Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Lavoie
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments (CRESE), Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Jocelyn Stooks
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments (CRESE), Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Jacqueline Schwob
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments (CRESE), Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Hayden W Hess
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments (CRESE), Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Riana R Pryor
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments (CRESE), Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - David Hostler
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments (CRESE), Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Ota K, Sasaki K. Influence of temperature on twitch potentiation following submaximal voluntary contractions in human plantar flexor muscles. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15802. [PMID: 37620102 PMCID: PMC10449604 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the influence of temperature on post-activation twitch potentiation, a possible indicator of fast-twitch fiber activation during a preceding voluntary contraction. Ten healthy males immersed their left lower leg in water of different temperatures (cold: 0°C, neutral: 32-35°C, hot: ~43°C) for 20 min each. In each temperature condition, they performed submaximal (10%-50% of maximal voluntary contraction torque measured before water immersion) and maximal plantar flexions. Immediately after each voluntary contraction, twitch contractions were evoked with supramaximal stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve. The magnitude of twitch potentiation, defined as a percent increase in twitch torque following a voluntary contraction, increased with the intensity of the preceding voluntary contraction. The magnitude of twitch potentiation after the maximal voluntary contraction was smaller in Cold than in the other temperature conditions. However, temperature had no influence on the relative magnitude of twitch potentiation following the submaximal contractions. In addition, there was no difference in electromyographic activity between the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles in any temperature conditions. Collectively, the temperature dependence was not observed when using twitch potentiation or electromyographic amplitude as an indicator of fast-twitch fiber activation during brief submaximal voluntary contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ota
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kazushige Sasaki
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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Nicolò A, Sacchetti M. Differential control of respiratory frequency and tidal volume during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:215-242. [PMID: 36326866 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The lack of a testable model explaining how ventilation is regulated in different exercise conditions has been repeatedly acknowledged in the field of exercise physiology. Yet, this issue contrasts with the abundance of insightful findings produced over the last century and calls for the adoption of new integrative perspectives. In this review, we provide a methodological approach supporting the importance of producing a set of evidence by evaluating different studies together-especially those conducted in 'real' exercise conditions-instead of single studies separately. We show how the collective assessment of findings from three domains and three levels of observation support the development of a simple model of ventilatory control which proves to be effective in different exercise protocols, populations and experimental interventions. The main feature of the model is the differential control of respiratory frequency (fR) and tidal volume (VT); fR is primarily modulated by central command (especially during high-intensity exercise) and muscle afferent feedback (especially during moderate exercise) whereas VT by metabolic inputs. Furthermore, VT appears to be fine-tuned based on fR levels to match alveolar ventilation with metabolic requirements in different intensity domains, and even at a breath-by-breath level. This model reconciles the classical neuro-humoral theory with apparently contrasting findings by leveraging on the emerging control properties of the behavioural (i.e. fR) and metabolic (i.e. VT) components of minute ventilation. The integrative approach presented is expected to help in the design and interpretation of future studies on the control of fR and VT during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
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Hoshi D, Fukuie M, Hashitomi T, Tarumi T, Sugawara J, Watanabe K. Respiratory function and breathing response to water- and land-based cycling at the matched oxygen uptake. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15475. [PMID: 36117322 PMCID: PMC9483428 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of underwater exercise on respiratory function remains unclear when its metabolic rate is matched with exercise performed on land. Therefore, we compared the breathing responses and respiratory function during and after water (WC)- and land (LC)-based cycling performed at the matched oxygen uptake (VO2 ). Twelve healthy men performed 15 min of incremental WC and LC on separate days. During WC, participants cycled continuously at 30, 45, and 60 rpm (stages 1, 2, and 3) for 5 min each. During LC, participants cycled at 60 rpm for 15 min while wattage was increased every 5 min and adjusted to match VO2 to the WC condition. Breathing patterns during cycling and spirometry data before and after cycling were collected. VO2 during WC and LC was similar. Respiratory rate (WC: 27 ± 3 vs. LC: 23 ± 4 bpm, p = 0.012) and inspiratory flow (WC: 1233 ± 173 vs. LC: 1133 ± 200 ml/s, p = 0.035) were higher and inspiratory time (WC: 1.0 ± 0.1 vs. LC: 1.2 ± 0.2 s, p = 0.025) was shorter at stage 3 during WC than LC. After WC, forced vital capacity (p = 0.010) significantly decreased while no change was observed after LC. These results suggest that at similar metabolic rates during WC and LC, breathing is slightly shallower during WC which may have chronic effects on respiratory muscle function after multiple bouts of aquatic cycling. Underwater exercise may be beneficial for respiratory muscle rehabilitation when performed on a chronic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hoshi
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research InstituteNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and TechnologyTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Marina Fukuie
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research InstituteNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and TechnologyTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Tatsuya Hashitomi
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Takashi Tarumi
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research InstituteNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and TechnologyTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Faculty of Health and Sports SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Jun Sugawara
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research InstituteNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and TechnologyTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Faculty of Health and Sports SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Koichi Watanabe
- Faculty of Health and Sports SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
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Nicolò A, Massaroni C, Schena E, Sacchetti M. The Importance of Respiratory Rate Monitoring: From Healthcare to Sport and Exercise. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6396. [PMID: 33182463 PMCID: PMC7665156 DOI: 10.3390/s20216396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory rate is a fundamental vital sign that is sensitive to different pathological conditions (e.g., adverse cardiac events, pneumonia, and clinical deterioration) and stressors, including emotional stress, cognitive load, heat, cold, physical effort, and exercise-induced fatigue. The sensitivity of respiratory rate to these conditions is superior compared to that of most of the other vital signs, and the abundance of suitable technological solutions measuring respiratory rate has important implications for healthcare, occupational settings, and sport. However, respiratory rate is still too often not routinely monitored in these fields of use. This review presents a multidisciplinary approach to respiratory monitoring, with the aim to improve the development and efficacy of respiratory monitoring services. We have identified thirteen monitoring goals where the use of the respiratory rate is invaluable, and for each of them we have described suitable sensors and techniques to monitor respiratory rate in specific measurement scenarios. We have also provided a physiological rationale corroborating the importance of respiratory rate monitoring and an original multidisciplinary framework for the development of respiratory monitoring services. This review is expected to advance the field of respiratory monitoring and favor synergies between different disciplines to accomplish this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carlo Massaroni
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy;
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Inoue K, Yamashita N, Kume M, Yoshida T. Changes in the physiological strain and graded exercise performance due to warming or cooling of the lower body in a temperate environment. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:18-26. [PMID: 32936567 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of a reduced or mildly elevated exercising muscle temperature on the graded exercise test (GXT) performance have yet to be studied. The present study clarified the effects of a range of exercising muscle temperatures on GXT performance in a temperate environment. METHODS Eight male subjects (age: 24.0±0.5 years old; height: 175±2 cm; weight: 64.8±2.0 kg; peak oxygen consumption [V̇O<inf>2peak</inf>]: 51.1±2.4 mL/kg/min) performed 4 GXTs at different exercising muscle temperatures using a cycle-ergometer in a temperate environment (24.1±0.2 °C). The exercise began at 0.3 kilopond (kp) with 60 revolutions per minute (rpm) and increased 0.3 kp every minute until volitional exhaustion. Subjects passively cooled (averaged deep thigh and calf temperature [Tmm], cold: 31 °C or cool: 33 °C) or warmed (Tmm; warm: 35 °C or hot: 37 °C) the exercising muscle using water perfusion pants throughout the test. The peak oxygen consumption (V̇O<inf>2peak</inf>), exercise time to exhaustion (TTE), heart rate (HR), tympanic (Tty) and mean body temperature (Tb), and total sweat loss were also measured. RESULTS No significant differences were observed in the V̇O<inf>2peak</inf> or TTE among the 4 conditions; however, the HR, Tb, and total sweat loss were significantly higher (P<0.05) under warming conditions than cooling conditions. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that although the cardiovascular and thermoregulatory strain is higher under warming conditions than cooling conditions, the exercising muscle temperature does not affect the performance of a GXT lasting approximately 15 min in a temperate environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Inoue
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamashita
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Kume
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Bunkyo Junior College, Uji, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan -
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8
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Nicolò A, Marcora SM, Sacchetti M. Time to reconsider how ventilation is regulated above the respiratory compensation point during incremental exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1447-1449. [PMID: 32053402 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00814.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Samuele M Marcora
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
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Wakabayashi H, Osawa M, Koga S, Li K, Sakaue H, Sengoku Y, Takagi H. Effects of muscle cooling on kinetics of pulmonary oxygen uptake and muscle deoxygenation at the onset of exercise. Physiol Rep 2019; 6:e13910. [PMID: 30381894 PMCID: PMC6209689 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated effects of skeletal muscle cooling on the metabolic response and kinetics of pulmonary oxygen uptake (V˙O2) and skeletal muscle deoxygenation during submaximal exercise. In the cooling condition (C), after immersion of the lower body into 12°C water for 30 min, eight healthy males performed 30‐min cycling exercise at the lactate threshold while undergoing thigh cooling by a water‐circulating pad. In the normal condition (N) as control, they conducted the same exercise protocol without cooling. Blood lactate concentration was significantly higher in C than N at 10 min after onset of exercise (4.0 ± 1.7 and 2.4 ± 1.2 mmol/L in C and N, P < 0.05). The percent change in the tissue oxygen saturation of the vastus lateralis, measured by a near‐infrared spectroscopy, was significantly lower in C at 2, 8, 10, and 20 min after the exercise onset compared with N (P < 0.05). The percent change in deoxy hemoglobin+myoglobin concentration (Deoxy[Hb+Mb]) showed a transient peak at the onset of exercise and significantly higher value in C at 10, 20, and 30 min after the exercise onset (P < 0.05). Compared to N, slower V˙O2 kinetics (mean response time) was observed in C (45.6 ± 7.8 and 36.1 ± 7.7 sec in C and N, P < 0.05). The mean response time in C relative to N was significantly correlated with the transient peak of Deoxy[Hb+Mb] in C (r = 0.84, P < 0.05). These results suggest that lower oxygen delivery to the hypothermic skeletal muscle might induce greater glycolytic metabolism during exercise and slower V˙O2 kinetics at the onset of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mizuki Osawa
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Koga
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Kobe Design University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ke Li
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakaue
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sengoku
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hideki Takagi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Fujimoto T, Tsuji B, Sasaki Y, Dobashi K, Sengoku Y, Fujii N, Nishiyasu T. Low-intensity exercise delays the shivering response to core cooling. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R535-R542. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00203.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypothermia can occur during aquatic exercise despite production of significant amounts of heat by the active muscles. Because the characteristics of human thermoregulatory responses to cold during exercise have not been fully elucidated, we investigated the effect of low-intensity exercise on the shivering response to core cooling in cool water. Eight healthy young men (24 ± 3 yr) were cooled through cool water immersion while resting (rest trial) and during loadless pedaling on a water cycle ergometer (exercise trial). Before the cooling, body temperature was elevated by hot water immersion to clearly detect a core temperature at which shivering initiates. Throughout the cooling period, mean skin temperature remained around the water temperature (25°C) in both trials, whereas esophageal temperature (Tes) did not differ between the trials ( P > 0.05). The Tes at which oxygen uptake (V̇o2) rapidly increased, an index of the core temperature threshold for shivering, was lower during exercise than rest (36.2 ± 0.4°C vs. 36.5 ± 0.4°C, P < 0.05). The sensitivity of the shivering response, as indicated by the slope of the Tes-V̇o2 relation, did not differ between the trials (−441.3 ±177.4 ml·min−1·°C−1 vs. −411.8 ± 268.1 ml·min−1·°C−1, P > 0.05). The thermal sensation response to core cooling, assessed from the slope and intercept of the regression line relating Tes and thermal sensation, did not differ between the trials ( P > 0.05). These results suggest that the core temperature threshold for shivering is delayed during low-intensity exercise in cool water compared with rest although shivering sensitivity is unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Fujimoto
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Bun Tsuji
- Department of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sasaki
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Faculty of Economics, Niigata Sangyo University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kohei Dobashi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sengoku
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoto Fujii
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishiyasu
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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11
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Jones DM, Roelands B, Bailey SP, Buono MJ, Meeusen R. Impairment of exercise performance following cold water immersion is not attenuated after 7 days of cold acclimation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1189-1197. [PMID: 29556772 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3848-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is well-documented that severe cold stress impairs exercise performance. Repeated immersion in cold water induces an insulative type of cold acclimation, wherein enhanced vasoconstriction leads to greater body heat retention, which may attenuate cold-induced exercise impairments. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to investigate changes in exercise performance during a 7-day insulative type of cold acclimation. METHODS Twelve healthy participants consisting of eight males and four females (mean ± SD age: 25.6 ± 5.2 years, height: 174.0 ± 8.9 cm, weight: 75.6 ± 13.1 kg) performed a 20 min self-paced cycling test in 23 °C, 40% humidity without prior cold exposure. Twenty-four hours later they began a 7-day cold acclimation protocol (daily 90 min immersion in 10 °C water). On days one, four, and seven of cold acclimation, participants completed the same cycling test. Measurements of work completed, core and skin temperatures, heart rate, skin blood flow, perceived exertion, and thermal sensation were measured during each cycling test. RESULTS Successful insulative cold acclimation was observed. Work produced during the baseline cycling test (220 ± 70 kJ) was greater (p < 0.001) than all three tests that were performed following immersions (195 ± 58, 197 ± 60, and 194 ± 62 kJ) despite similar ratings of perceived exertion during each test, suggesting that cold exposure impaired cycling performance. This impairment, however, was not attenuated over the cold acclimation period. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that insulative cold acclimation does not attenuate impairments in exercise performance that were observed following acute cold water immersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Jones
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium. .,San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
| | - Bart Roelands
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium
| | | | - Michael J Buono
- San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium
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Abstract
Background Human adaptability to cold environment has been focused on in the physiological anthropology and related research area. Concerning the human acclimatization process in the natural climate, it is necessary to conduct a research assessing comprehensive effect of cold environment and physical activities in cold. This study investigated the effect of cold water immersion on the exercise performance and neuromuscular function during maximal and submaximal isometric knee extension. Methods Nine healthy males participated in this study. They performed maximal and submaximal (20, 40, and 60% maximal load) isometric knee extension pre- and post-immersion in 23, 26, and 34 °C water. The muscle activity of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) was measured using surface electromyography (EMG). The percentages of the maximum voluntary contraction (%MVC) and mean power frequency (MPF) of EMG data were analyzed. Results The post-immersion maximal force was significantly lower in 23 °C than in 26 and 34 °C conditions (P < 0.05). The post-immersion %MVC of RF was significantly higher than pre-immersion during 60% maximal exercise in 23 and 26 °C conditions (P < 0.05). In the VL, the post-immersion %MVC was significantly higher than pre-immersion in 23 and 26 °C conditions during 20% maximal exercise and in 26 °C at 40 and 60% maximal intensities (P < 0.05). The post-immersion %MVC of VL was significantly higher in 26 °C than in 34 °C at 20 and 60% maximal load (P < 0.05). The post-immersion MPF of RF during 20% maximal intensity was significantly lower in 23 °C than in 26 and 34 °C conditions (P < 0.05), and significantly different between three water temperature conditions at 40 and 60% maximal intensities (P < 0.05). The post-immersion MPF of VL during three submaximal trials were significantly lower in 23 and 26 °C than in 34 °C conditions (P < 0.05). Conclusions The lower shift of EMG frequency would be connected with the decrease in the nerve and muscle fibers conduction velocity. To compensate for the impairment of each muscle fibers function, more muscle fibers might be recruited to maintain the working load. This might result in the greater amplitude of EMG after the cold immersion.
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Aquatic cycling-What do we know? A scoping review on head-out aquatic cycling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177704. [PMID: 28520802 PMCID: PMC5433763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, aquatic cycling has become a trending fitness activity. However, the literature has not been reviewed exhaustively. Therefore, using scoping review methodology, the aim of this review was to explore the current state of the literature concerning aquatic cycling. This study specifically focused on study designs, populations and outcomes. A comprehensive search of seven databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Cinahl, Embase, PEDro,Web of Science, WorldCat) was conducted up to 30th September 2016. GoogleScholar, World Cat, ResearchGate, specific aquatic therapy websites and aquatic therapy journals were searched to identify additional literature. Full-text publications in English, German or Dutch were included. Studies were included when the intervention involved head-out cycling carried out in 10° to 35° Celsius water. Exclusion criteria were the use of wet suits or confounding interventions that would affect participants’ homeostasis. 63 articles were included and the study parameters of these studies were summarized. Using three grouping themes, included studies were categorised as 1) single session tests comparing aquatic versus land cycling, or 2) aquatic cycling only sessions investigating different exercise conditions and 3) aquatic cycling intervention programmes. Although the experimental conditions differed noticeably across the studies, shared characteristics were identified. Cardiovascular parameters were investigated by many of the studies with the results suggesting that the cardiac demand of aquatic cycling seems similar to land-based cycling. Only six studies evaluated the effect of aquatic cycling interventions. Therefore, future research should investigate the effects of aquatic cycling interventions, preferably in individuals that are expected to gain health benefits from aquatic cycling. Moreover, this comprehensive outline of available literature could serve as a starting point for systematic reviews or clinical studies on the effects of aquatic cycling on the cardiovascular responses.
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