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Scrivano L, Tessari A, Marcora SM, Manners DN. Active mobility and mental health: A scoping review towards a healthier world. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2023; 11:e1. [PMID: 38390252 PMCID: PMC10882204 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2023.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Research has proven that engaging in active mobility (AM), namely walking and cycling for transportation, significantly enhances physical activity levels, leading to better physical health. It is still unclear whether AM could also offer any mental health benefits. This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current knowledge on the relationship between AM and mental health, given its crucial role in public health. The authors searched online databases to isolate primary studies written in English involving an adult sample (16 or over). AM was the exposure factor. Many mental health elements were included as outcomes (depression, anxiety, self-esteem, self-efficacy, stress, psychological and subjective well-being, resilience, loneliness and social support, quality of life, mood, life satisfaction and sleep). The results were organised in a narrative summary per each outcome selected, graphical syntheses and an overview of gaps to be further examined. The authors identified a total of 55 papers as relevant. The results show inconsistency in study designs, definition and operationalisation of the variables, approach and methodologies used. A cross-sectional design was the dominant choice, primarily examining data from national public health surveys. Nonetheless, there has been improvement in outcomes of interests, initially mainly the quality of life and affect. Lately, authors have focused on a broader range of mental health-related factors (such as travel satisfaction). The experimental studies showed promising mental health improvements in those who used active modes more than those who used motorised vehicles. It creates a rationale for further research towards implementing a unified theoretical and methodological framework to study the link between AM and mental health. The ultimate goal is to generate solid conclusions that could support building societies and cities through public health promotion and sustainable strategies, like walking and cycling as a means of transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Scrivano
- Department of Sciences for the Quality of Life, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Tessari
- Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Samuele M Marcora
- Department of Sciences for the Quality of Life, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - David N Manners
- Department of Sciences for the Quality of Life, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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2
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Bergevin M, Steele J, Payen de la Garanderie M, Feral-Basin C, Marcora SM, Rainville P, Caron JG, Pageaux B. Pharmacological Blockade of Muscle Afferents and Perception of Effort: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:415-435. [PMID: 36318384 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The perception of effort provides information on task difficulty and influences physical exercise regulation and human behavior. This perception differs from other-exercise related perceptions such as pain. There is no consensus on the role of group III/IV muscle afferents as a signal processed by the brain to generate the perception of effort. OBJECTIVE The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effect of pharmacologically blocking muscle afferents on the perception of effort. METHODS Six databases were searched to identify studies measuring the ratings of perceived effort during physical exercise, with and without pharmacological blockade of muscle afferents. Articles were coded based on the operational measurement used to distinguish studies in which perception of effort was assessed specifically (effort dissociated) or as a composite experience including other exercise-related perceptions (effort not dissociated). Articles that did not provide enough information for coding were assigned to the unclear group. RESULTS The effort dissociated group (n = 6) demonstrated a slight increase in ratings of perceived effort with reduced muscle afferent feedback (standard mean change raw, 0.39; 95% confidence interval 0.13-0.64). The group effort not dissociated (n = 2) did not reveal conclusive results (standard mean change raw, - 0.29; 95% confidence interval - 2.39 to 1.8). The group unclear (n = 8) revealed a slight ratings of perceived effort decrease with reduced muscle afferent feedback (standard mean change raw, - 0.27; 95% confidence interval - 0.50 to - 0.04). CONCLUSIONS The heterogeneity in results between groups reveals that the inclusion of perceptions other than effort in its rating influences the ratings of perceived effort reported by the participants. The absence of decreased ratings of perceived effort in the effort dissociated group suggests that muscle afferent feedback is not a sensory signal for the perception of effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Bergevin
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activite physique (EKSAP), Faculté de médecine, Université́ de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, Canada
| | - James Steele
- School of Sport, Health and Social Sciences, Southampton, UK
| | - Marie Payen de la Garanderie
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activite physique (EKSAP), Faculté de médecine, Université́ de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Camille Feral-Basin
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activite physique (EKSAP), Faculté de médecine, Université́ de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Samuele M Marcora
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierre Rainville
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, Canada.,Département de stomatologie, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jeffrey G Caron
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activite physique (EKSAP), Faculté de médecine, Université́ de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation du Montréal métropolitain, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Benjamin Pageaux
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activite physique (EKSAP), Faculté de médecine, Université́ de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, Canada. .,Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Montreal, QC, Canada.
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3
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Albertella L, Kirkham R, Adler AB, Crampton J, Drummond SPA, Fogarty GJ, Gross JJ, Zaichkowsky L, Andersen JP, Bartone PT, Boga D, Bond JW, Brunyé TT, Campbell MJ, Ciobanu LG, Clark SR, Crane MF, Dietrich A, Doty TJ, Driskell JE, Fahsing I, Fiore SM, Flin R, Funke J, Gatt JM, Hancock PA, Harper C, Heathcote A, Heatown KJ, Helsen WF, Hussey EK, Jackson RC, Khemlani S, Killgore WDS, Kleitman S, Lane AM, Loft S, MacMahon C, Marcora SM, McKenna FP, Meijen C, Moulton V, Moyle GM, Nalivaiko E, O'Connor D, O’Conor D, Patton D, Piccolo MD, Ruiz C, Schücker L, Smith RA, Smith SJR, Sobrino C, Stetz M, Stewart D, Taylor P, Tucker AJ, van Stralen H, Vickers JN, Visser TAW, Walker R, Wiggins MW, Williams AM, Wong L, Aidman E, Yücel M. Building a transdisciplinary expert consensus on the cognitive drivers of performance under pressure: An international multi-panel Delphi study. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1017675. [PMID: 36755983 PMCID: PMC9901503 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1017675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ability to perform optimally under pressure is critical across many occupations, including the military, first responders, and competitive sport. Despite recognition that such performance depends on a range of cognitive factors, how common these factors are across performance domains remains unclear. The current study sought to integrate existing knowledge in the performance field in the form of a transdisciplinary expert consensus on the cognitive mechanisms that underlie performance under pressure. Methods International experts were recruited from four performance domains [(i) Defense; (ii) Competitive Sport; (iii) Civilian High-stakes; and (iv) Performance Neuroscience]. Experts rated constructs from the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework (and several expert-suggested constructs) across successive rounds, until all constructs reached consensus for inclusion or were eliminated. Finally, included constructs were ranked for their relative importance. Results Sixty-eight experts completed the first Delphi round, with 94% of experts retained by the end of the Delphi process. The following 10 constructs reached consensus across all four panels (in order of overall ranking): (1) Attention; (2) Cognitive Control-Performance Monitoring; (3) Arousal and Regulatory Systems-Arousal; (4) Cognitive Control-Goal Selection, Updating, Representation, and Maintenance; (5) Cognitive Control-Response Selection and Inhibition/Suppression; (6) Working memory-Flexible Updating; (7) Working memory-Active Maintenance; (8) Perception and Understanding of Self-Self-knowledge; (9) Working memory-Interference Control, and (10) Expert-suggested-Shifting. Discussion Our results identify a set of transdisciplinary neuroscience-informed constructs, validated through expert consensus. This expert consensus is critical to standardizing cognitive assessment and informing mechanism-targeted interventions in the broader field of human performance optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Albertella
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Lucy Albertella,
| | - Rebecca Kirkham
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy B. Adler
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - John Crampton
- APS College of Sport and Exercise Psychologists, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean P. A. Drummond
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gerard J. Fogarty
- School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Leonard Zaichkowsky
- Wheelock College of Education and Human Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Danny Boga
- Australian Army Psychology Corps, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jeffrey W. Bond
- APS College of Sport and Exercise Psychologists, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tad T. Brunyé
- U.S. Army DEVCOM Analysis Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Mark J. Campbell
- Physical Education & Sport Sciences Department, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Liliana G. Ciobanu
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Scott R. Clark
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Monique F. Crane
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arne Dietrich
- Department of Psychology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tracy J. Doty
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | - Ivar Fahsing
- Norwegian Police University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephen M. Fiore
- Department of Psychology, and Institute of Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Rhona Flin
- Aberdeen Business School, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Funke
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justine M. Gatt
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P. A. Hancock
- Department of Psychology, and Institute of Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Craig Harper
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Heathcote
- The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin J. Heatown
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Robin C. Jackson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Sangeet Khemlani
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Sabina Kleitman
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Lane
- Sport, Physical Activity Research Centre (SPARC), School of Sport, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Shayne Loft
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Clare MacMahon
- School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Samuele M. Marcora
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Frank P. McKenna
- Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Meijen
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gene M. Moyle
- Faculty of Creative Industries, Education and Social Justice, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Eugene Nalivaiko
- The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Donna O'Connor
- Sydney School of Education and Social Work, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Debra Patton
- United States Department of Defense, Washington DC, United States
| | | | - Coleman Ruiz
- Mission Critical Team Institute, Annapolis, MD, United States
| | - Linda Schücker
- Department of Sport Psychology, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Sarah J. R. Smith
- Defense Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Chava Sobrino
- NSW Institute of Sport and Diving, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melba Stetz
- Independent Practitioner, Grand Ledge, MI, United States
| | | | - Paul Taylor
- The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Tucker
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Joan N. Vickers
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Troy A. W Visser
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rohan Walker
- The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark W. Wiggins
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Leonard Wong
- United States Army War College, Carlisle, PA, United States
| | - Eugene Aidman
- The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia,Decision Sciences Division, Defense Science and Technology Group, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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4
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Valenzuela PL, Mateo-March M, Muriel X, Zabala M, Lucia A, Barranco-Gil D, Millet GP, Brocherie F, Burtscher J, Burtscher M, Ryan BJ, Gioscia-Ryan RA, Perrey S, Rodrigo-Carranza V, González-Mohíno F, González-Ravé JM, Santos-Concejero J, Denadai BS, Greco CC, Casado A, Foster C, Mazzolari R, Baldrighi GN, Pastorio E, Malatesta D, Patoz A, Borrani F, Ives SJ, DeBlauw JA, Dantas de Lucas R, Borszcz FK, Fernandes Nascimento EM, Antonacci Guglielmo LG, Turnes T, Jaspers RT, van der Zwaard S, Lepers R, Louis J, Meireles A, de Souza HLR, de Oliveira GT, dos Santos MP, Arriel RA, Marocolo M, Hunter B, Meyler S, Muniz-Pumares D, Ferreira RM, Sogard AS, Carter SJ, Mickleborough TD, Saborosa GP, de Oliveira Freitas RD, Alves dos Santos PS, de Souza Ferreira JP, de Assis Manoel F, da Silva SF, Triska C, Karsten B, Sanders D, Lipksi ES, Spindler DJ, Hesselink MKC, Zacca R, Goethel MF, Pyne DB, Wood BM, Allen PE, Gabelhausen JL, Keller AM, Lige MT, Oumsang AS, Smart GL, Paris HL, Dewolf AH, Toffoli G, Martinez-Gonzalez B, Marcora SM, Terson de Paleville D, Fernandes RJ, Soares SM, Abraldes JA, Matta G, Bossi AH, McCarthy DG, Bostad W, Gibala J, Vagula M. Commentaries on Viewpoint: Using V̇o 2max as a marker of training status in athletes - can we do better? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:148-164. [PMID: 35819399 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00224.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Valenzuela
- Grupo de Investigación en Actividad física y Salud (PaHerg), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Mateo-March
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Sport Science Department. Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Xabier Muriel
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mikel Zabala
- Department of Physical Education & Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Grupo de Investigación en Actividad física y Salud (PaHerg), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benjamin J Ryan
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | | | - Stephane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Fernando González-Mohíno
- Sport Training Lab, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Benedito S Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Camila C Greco
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Arturo Casado
- Center for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carl Foster
- University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin
| | - Raffaele Mazzolari
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Nicole Baldrighi
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences − Medical and Genomic Statistics Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Pastorio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Patoz
- Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Borrani
- Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephen J Ives
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York
| | - Justin A DeBlauw
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York
| | | | | | | | | | - Tiago Turnes
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan van der Zwaard
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR1093 CAPS, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anderson Meireles
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Hiago L. R. de Souza
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Géssyca T de Oliveira
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Marcelo P dos Santos
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Rhaí A Arriel
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - B Hunter
- Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - S Meyler
- Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - D Muniz-Pumares
- Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Renato M Ferreira
- Aquatic Activities Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Abigail S Sogard
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Stephen J Carter
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana,Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Timothy D Mickleborough
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Guilherme Pereira Saborosa
- Study Group and Research in Neuromuscular Responses, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil,Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Raphael Dinalli de Oliveira Freitas
- Study Group and Research in Neuromuscular Responses, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil,Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Paula Souza Alves dos Santos
- Study Group and Research in Neuromuscular Responses, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil,Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - João Pedro de Souza Ferreira
- Study Group and Research in Neuromuscular Responses, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil,Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | | | - Sandro Fernandes da Silva
- Study Group and Research in Neuromuscular Responses, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil,Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Christoph Triska
- Institute of Sport Science, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,Leistungssport Austria, Brunn am Gebirge, Austria
| | - Bettina Karsten
- European University of Applied Sciences (EUFH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dajo Sanders
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elliot S Lipksi
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David J Spindler
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K. C. Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Zacca
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal,Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcio Fagundes Goethel
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - David Bruce Pyne
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Brayden M Wood
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California
| | - Peyton E Allen
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California
| | - Jaden L Gabelhausen
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California
| | - Alexandra M Keller
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California
| | - Mast T Lige
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California
| | - Alicia S Oumsang
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California
| | - Greg L Smart
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California
| | - Arthur H Dewolf
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biomechanics of Human Locomotion, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Toffoli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Samuele M Marcora
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana M Soares
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J. Arturo Abraldes
- Research Group MS&SPORT, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Guilherme Matta
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Social Sciences, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur Henrique Bossi
- MeFit Prehabilitation Service, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Gillingham, United Kingdom
| | - D G McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - W Bostad
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Jeffries AC, Marcora SM, Coutts AJ, Wallace L, McCall A, Impellizzeri FM. Development of a Revised Conceptual Framework of Physical Training for Use in Research and Practice. Sports Med 2021; 52:709-724. [PMID: 34519982 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A conceptual framework has a central role in the scientific process. Its purpose is to synthesize evidence, assist in understanding phenomena, inform future research and act as a reference operational guide in practical settings. We propose an updated conceptual framework intended to facilitate the validation and interpretation of physical training measures. This revised conceptual framework was constructed through a process of qualitative analysis involving a synthesis of the literature, analysis and integration with existing frameworks (Banister and PerPot models). We identified, expanded, and integrated four constructs that are important in the conceptualization of the process and outcomes of physical training. These are: (1) formal introduction of a new measurable component 'training effects', a higher-order construct resulting from the combined effect of four possible responses (acute and chronic, positive and negative); (2) explanation, clarification and examples of training effect measures such as performance, physiological, subjective and other measures (cognitive, biomechanical, etc.); (3) integration of the sport performance outcome continuum (from performance improvements to overtraining); (4) extension and definition of the network of linkages (uni and bidirectional) between individual and contextual factors and other constructs. Additionally, we provided constitutive and operational definitions, and examples of theoretical and practical applications of the framework. These include validation and conceptualization of constructs (e.g., performance readiness), and understanding of higher-order constructs, such as training tolerance, when monitoring training to adapt it to individual responses and effects. This proposed conceptual framework provides an overarching model that may help understand and guide the development, validation, implementation and interpretation of measures used for athlete monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie C Jeffries
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Samuele M Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lee Wallace
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alan McCall
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Arsenal Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | - Franco M Impellizzeri
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Nicolò A, Marcora SM, Sacchetti M. Last Word on Viewpoint: Time to reconsider how ventilation is regulated above the respiratory compensation point during incremental exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1456. [PMID: 32412391 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00285.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Samuele M Marcora
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
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Ahmed HS, Marcora SM, Dixon D, Davison G. The Effect of a Competitive Futsal Match on Psychomotor Vigilance in Referees. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1297-1302. [PMID: 32335534 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Referees' physical and cognitive performance are important for successful officiating in team sports. There is a lack of research on cognitive performance of referees in general, and none in futsal. PURPOSE To assess referees' performance on the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) before and after competitive futsal matches during the Football Association (FA) National Futsal League 2015/16. METHODS Fourteen futsal referees (mean [SD] age 34.3 [10.0] y) from the FA National Futsal group were included. The referees were required to undertake a 10-min PVT 60 min before the match kickoff time (pretest) and immediately after matches (posttest). They also completed the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) questionnaire before the prematch PVT and after the postmatch PVT. RESULT Data were analyzed by paired t tests comparing prematch and postmatch results. There was a significant difference in BRUMS parameters vigor (9.5 [2.5] prematch vs 6.3 [2.4] postmatch, P = .001) and fatigue (1.4 [1.3] prematch vs 5.6 [3.1] postmatch, P < .001). However, PVT performance was significantly improved (mean reaction time 248.3 [26.2] ms prematch vs 239.7 [22.4] ms postmatch, P = .023). CONCLUSIONS The present results show, contrary to the authors' initial hypothesis, that psychomotor performance is improved as opposed to decreased after a single match. The postmatch improvement suggests that exercise can acutely enhance cognitive performance, which could be used to inform warm-up practices (eg, optimal duration and intensity) geared toward optimizing referees' cognitive performance during matches.
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Pageaux B, Clos P, Impellizzeri F, Audiffren M, Stapley P, Grémeaux V, Perrey S, O’Connor PJ, Marcora SM, Lepers R, Laroche D. Towards Standardized Instructions For Measuring Perception Of Effort And Muscle Pain During Physical Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000679556.09727.4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nicolò A, Marcora SM, Sacchetti M. Time to reconsider how ventilation is regulated above the respiratory compensation point during incremental exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1447-1449. [PMID: 32053402 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00814.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Samuele M Marcora
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
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Angius L, Santarnecchi E, Pascual-Leone A, Marcora SM. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Improves Inhibitory Control and Endurance Performance in Healthy Individuals. Neuroscience 2019; 419:34-45. [PMID: 31493549 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a crucial brain region for inhibitory control, an executive function essential for behavioral self-regulation. Recently, inhibitory control has been shown to be important for endurance performance. Improvement in inhibitory control was found following transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied over the left DLPFC (L-DLPFC). This study examined the effect tDCS on both an inhibitory control and endurance performance in a group of healthy individuals. Twelve participants received either real tDCS (Real-tDCS) or placebo tDCS (Sham-tDCS) in randomized order. The anodal electrode was placed over the L-DLPFC while the cathodal electrode was placed above Fp2. Stimulation lasted 30min with current intensity set at 2mA. A Stroop test was administered to assess inhibitory control. Heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and leg muscle pain (PAIN) were monitored during the cycling time to exhaustion (TTE) test, while blood lactate accumulation (∆B[La-]) was measured at exhaustion. Stroop task performance was improved after Real-tDCS as demonstrated by a lower number of errors for incongruent stimuli (p=0.012). TTE was significantly longer following Real-tDCS compared to Sham-tDCS (p=0.029, 17±8 vs 15±8min), with significantly lower HR (p=0.002) and RPE (p<0.001), while no significant difference was found for PAIN (p>0.224). ∆B[La-] was significantly higher at exhaustion in Real-tDCS (p=0.040). Our findings provide preliminary evidence that tDCS with the anodal electrode over the L-DLPFC can improve both inhibitory control and endurance cycling performance in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Angius
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - E Santarnecchi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitacio Guttmann, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S M Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, United Kingdom; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Abstract
This investigation assessed the impact of three cognitively demanding tasks on cognitive performance, subjective, and physiological indicators of mental fatigue. Following familiarization, participants completed four testing sessions, separated by 48 h. During each session, participants watched a 45-min emotionally neutral documentary (control) or completed one of the following computer tasks: Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT); AX-Continuous Performance Test (AX-CPT); or Stroop Task. Mental fatigue was assessed before and at regular periods for 60 min following the 45-min treatments. Cognitive performance was assessed using 3-min PVT, and task performance. Subjective assessments were conducted using the Brunel Mood Scale, and visual analog scales (VAS). Physiological indicators of mental fatigue included electroencephalography (EEG), and heart rate variability (HRV). Subjective ratings of mental fatigue increased from pre to 0-min post in all-treatments, but not the documentary (p < 0.05). Subjective fatigue (VAS) remained higher (p < 0.05) than pretreatment values for 20-, 50-, and 60-min following the PVT, Stroop, and AX-CPT respectively. The cognitively demanding tasks had unclear effects on 3-min PVT, EEG, and HRV assessments. Tasks requiring response inhibition appear to induce fatigue for longer durations than a simple vigilance task. Simple VAS appear to be the most practical method for assessing mental fatigue.
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12
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Angius L, Marcora SM, Hopker JG, Mauger AR. The Effect of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over Left and Right Temporal Cortex on the Cardiovascular Response: A Comparative Study. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1822. [PMID: 30618831 PMCID: PMC6305457 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Stimulation of the right and left anterior insular cortex, increases and decreases the cardiovascular response respectively, thus indicating the brain’s lateralization of the neural control of circulation. Previous experiments have demonstrated that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates the autonomic cardiovascular control when applied over the temporal cortex. Given the importance of neural control for a normal hemodynamic response, and the potential for the use of tDCS in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, this study investigated whether tDCS was capable of modulating autonomic regulation. Methods: Cardiovascular response was monitored during a post-exercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) test, which is well-documented to increase sympathetic drive. A group of 12 healthy participants performed a PEMI test in a control (Control), sham (Sham) and two different experimental sessions where the anodal electrode was applied over the left temporal cortex and right temporal cortex with the cathodal electrode placed over the contralateral supraorbital area. Stimulation lasted 20 min at 2 mA. The hemodynamic profile was measured during a PEMI test. The cardiovascular parameters were continuously measured with a transthoracic bio-impedance device both during the PEMI test and during tDCS. Results: None of the subjects presented any side effects during or after tDCS stimulation. A consistent cardiovascular response during PEMI test was observed in all conditions. Statistical analysis did not find any significant interaction and any significant main effect of condition on cardiovascular parameters (all ps > 0.316) after tDCS. No statistical differences regarding the hemodynamic responses were found between conditions and time during tDCS stimulation (p > 0.05). Discussion: This is the first study comparing the cardiovascular response after tDCS stimulation of left and right TC both during exercise and at rest. The results of the current study suggest that anodal tDCS of the left and right TC does not affect functional cardiovascular response during exercise PEMI test and during tDCS. In light of the present and previous findings, the effect of tDCS on the cardiovascular response remains inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Angius
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Samuele M Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - James G Hopker
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis R Mauger
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
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Saville CWN, de Morree HM, Dundon NM, Marcora SM, Klein C. Effects of caffeine on reaction time are mediated by attentional rather than motor processes. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:749-759. [PMID: 29273820 PMCID: PMC5847000 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4790-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine has a well-established effect on reaction times (RTs) but the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying this are unclear. METHODS In the present study, 15 female participants performed an oddball task after ingesting caffeine or a placebo, and electroencephalographic data were obtained. Single-trial P3b latencies locked to the stimulus and to the response were extracted and mediation models were fitted to the data to test whether caffeine's effect on RTs was mediated by its effect on either type of P3b latencies. RESULTS Stimulus-locked latencies showed clear evidence of mediation, with approximately a third of the effect of caffeine on RTs running through the processes measured by stimulus-locked latencies. Caffeine did not affect response-locked latencies, so could not mediate the effect. DISCUSSION These findings are consistent with caffeine's effect on RTs being a result of its effect on perceptual-attentional processes, rather than motor processes. The study is the first to apply mediation analysis to single-trial P3b data and this technique holds promise for mental chronometric studies into the effects of psychopharmacological agents. The R code for performing the single trial analysis and mediation analysis are included as supplementary materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W N Saville
- North Wales Clinical Psychology Programme, School of Psychology, Bangor University, Adeilad Brigantia, Ffordd Penrallt, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, LL57 2AS, UK.
| | - H M de Morree
- Personal Health Department, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Neil M Dundon
- North Wales Clinical Psychology Programme, School of Psychology, Bangor University, Adeilad Brigantia, Ffordd Penrallt, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, LL57 2AS, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S M Marcora
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Kent, England, UK
| | - C Klein
- North Wales Clinical Psychology Programme, School of Psychology, Bangor University, Adeilad Brigantia, Ffordd Penrallt, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, LL57 2AS, UK
- Personal Health Department, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE Time to exhaustion (TTE) tests used in the determination of critical power (CP) and curvature constant (W') of the power-duration relationship are strongly influenced by the perception of effort (PE). This study aimed to investigate whether manipulation of the PE alters the CP and W'. METHODS Eleven trained cyclists completed a series of TTE tests to establish CP and W' under two conditions, following a mentally fatiguing (MF), or a control (CON) task. Both cognitive tasks lasted 30 min followed by a TTE test. Ratings of PE and heart rate (HR) were measured during each TTE. Blood lactate was taken pre and post each TTE test. Ratings of perceived mental and physical fatigue were taken pre- and post-cognitive task, and following each TTE test. RESULTS Perceived MF significantly increased as a result of the MF task compared to baseline and the CON task (P < 0.05), without a change in perceived physical fatigue (P > 0.05). PE was significantly higher during TTE in the MF condition (P < 0.05). Pre-post blood lactate accumulation was significantly lower after each TTE in MF condition (P < 0.05). HR was not significant different between conditions (P > 0.05). Neither cognitive task induced any change in CP (MF 253 ± 51 vs. CON 247 ± 58W; P > 0.05), although W' was significantly reduced in the MF condition (MF 22.8 ± 4.5 vs. CON 29.3 ± 6.3 kJ; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION MF has no effect of CP, but reduces the W' in trained cyclists. Lower lactate accumulation during TTE tests following MF suggests that cyclists were not able to fully expend W' even though they exercised to volitional exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawbeer Salam
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Samuele M Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - James G Hopker
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK.
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Angius L, Mauger AR, Hopker J, Pascual-Leone A, Santarnecchi E, Marcora SM. Bilateral extracephalic transcranial direct current stimulation improves endurance performance in healthy individuals. Brain Stimul 2017; 11:108-117. [PMID: 29079458 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used to enhance endurance performance but its precise mechanisms and effects remain unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of bilateral tDCS on neuromuscular function and performance during a cycling time to task failure (TTF) test. METHODS Twelve participants in randomized order received a placebo tDCS (SHAM) or real tDCS with two cathodes (CATHODAL) or two anodes (ANODAL) over bilateral motor cortices and the opposite electrode pair over the ipsilateral shoulders. Each session lasted 10 min and current was set at 2 mA. Neuromuscular assessment was performed before and after tDCS and was followed by a cycling time to task failure (TTF) test. Heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), leg muscle pain (PAIN) and blood lactate accumulation (ΔB[La-]) in response to the cycling TTF test were measured. RESULTS Corticospinal excitability increased in the ANODAL condition (P < 0.001) while none of the other neuromuscular parameters showed any change. Neuromuscular parameters did not change in the SHAM and CATHODAL conditions. TTF was significantly longer in the ANODAL (P = 0.003) compared to CATHODAL and SHAM conditions (12.61 ± 4.65 min; 10.61 ± 4.34 min; 10.21 ± 3.47 min respectively), with significantly lower RPE and higher ΔB[La-] (P < 0.001). No differences between conditions were found for HR (P = 0.803) and PAIN during the cycling TTF test (P = 0.305). CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that tDCS with the anode over both motor cortices using a bilateral extracephalic reference improves endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Angius
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK
| | - A R Mauger
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK.
| | - J Hopker
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK
| | - A Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitacio Guttmann, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Santarnecchi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S M Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK
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Nicolò A, Marcora SM, Bazzucchi I, Sacchetti M. Differential control of respiratory frequency and tidal volume during high-intensity interval training. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:934-949. [PMID: 28560751 DOI: 10.1113/ep086352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? By manipulating recovery intensity and exercise duration during high-intensity interval training (HIIT), we tested the hypothesis that fast inputs contribute more than metabolic stimuli to respiratory frequency (fR ) regulation. What is the main finding and its importance? Respiratory frequency, but not tidal volume, responded rapidly and in proportion to changes in workload during HIIT, and was dissociated from some markers of metabolic stimuli in response to both experimental manipulations, suggesting that fast inputs contribute more than metabolic stimuli to fR regulation. Differentiating between fR and tidal volume may help to unravel the mechanisms underlying exercise hyperpnoea. Given that respiratory frequency (fR ) has been proposed as a good marker of physical effort, furthering the understanding of how fR is regulated during exercise is of great importance. We manipulated recovery intensity and exercise duration during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to test the hypothesis that fast inputs (including central command) contribute more than metabolic stimuli to fR regulation. Seven male cyclists performed an incremental test, a 10 and a 20 min continuous time trial (TT) as preliminary tests. Subsequently, recovery intensity and exercise duration were manipulated during HIIT (30 s work and 30 s active recovery) by performing four 10 min and one 20 min trial (recovery intensities of 85, 70, 55 and 30% of the 10 min TT mean workload; and 85% of the 20 min TT mean workload). The work intensity of the HIIT sessions was self-paced by participants to achieve the best performance possible. When manipulating recovery intensity, fR , but not tidal volume (VT ), showed a fast response to the alternation of the work and recovery phases, proportional to the extent of workload variations. No association between fR and gas exchange responses was observed. When manipulating exercise duration, fR and rating of perceived exertion were dissociated from VT , carbon dioxide output and oxygen uptake responses. Overall, the rating of perceived exertion was strongly correlated with fR (r = 0.87; P < 0.001) but not with VT . These findings may reveal a differential control of fR and VT during HIIT, with fast inputs appearing to contribute more than metabolic stimuli to fR regulation. Differentiating between fR and VT may help to unravel the mechanisms underlying exercise hyperpnoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy
| | - Samuele M Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Ilenia Bazzucchi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy
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Dyer J, Davison G, Marcora SM, Mauger AR. Effect of a Mediterranean Type Diet on Inflammatory and Cartilage Degradation Biomarkers in Patients with Osteoarthritis. J Nutr Health Aging 2017; 21:562-566. [PMID: 28448087 PMCID: PMC5405095 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-016-0806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of a Mediterranean type diet on patients with osteoarthritis (OA). PARTICIPANTS Ninety-nine volunteers with OA (aged 31 - 90 years) completed the study (83% female). SETTING Southeast of England, UK. DESIGN Participants were randomly allocated to the dietary intervention (DIET, n = 50) or control (CON, n = 49). The DIET group were asked to follow a Mediterranean type diet for 16 weeks whereas the CON group were asked to follow their normal diet. MEASUREMENTS All participants completed an Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale (AIMS2) pre-, mid- and post- study period. A subset of participants attended a clinic at the start and end of the study for assessment of joint range of motion, ROM (DIET = 33, CON = 28), and to provide blood samples (DIET = 29, CON = 25) for biomarker analysis (including serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (sCOMP) (a marker of cartilage degradation) and a panel of other relevant biomarkers including pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines). RESULTS There were no differences between groups in the response of any AIMS2 components and most biomarkers (p > 0.05), except the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1α, which decreased in the DIET group (~47%, p = 0.010). sCOMP decreased in the DIET group by 1 U/L (~8%, p = 0.014). There was a significant improvement in knee flexion and hip rotation ROM in the DIET group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The average reduction in sCOMP in the DIET group (1 U/L) represents a meaningful change, but the longer term effects require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dyer
- Dr. Alexis R. Mauger, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, The Medway Campus, University of Kent, KENT, ME4 4AG, United Kingdom, Telephone: +44 (0)1634 888997, Fax: +44 (0)1634 888890,
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Smirmaul BPC, de Moraes AC, Angius L, Marcora SM. Effects of caffeine on neuromuscular fatigue and performance during high-intensity cycling exercise in moderate hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 117:27-38. [PMID: 27864638 PMCID: PMC5306327 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effects of caffeine on performance, neuromuscular fatigue and perception of effort during high-intensity cycling exercise in moderate hypoxia. Methods Seven adult male participants firstly underwent an incremental exercise test on a cycle ergometer in conditions of acute normobaric hypoxia (fraction inspired oxygen = 0.15) to establish peak power output (PPO). In the following two visits, they performed a time to exhaustion test (78 ± 3% PPO) in the same hypoxic conditions after caffeine ingestion (4 mg kg−1) and one after placebo ingestion in a double-blind, randomized, counterbalanced cross-over design. Results Caffeine significantly improved time to exhaustion by 12%. A significant decrease in subjective fatigue was found after caffeine consumption. Perception of effort and surface electromyographic signal amplitude of the vastus lateralis were lower and heart rate was higher in the caffeine condition when compared to placebo. However, caffeine did not reduce the peripheral and central fatigue induced by high-intensity cycling exercise in moderate hypoxia. Conclusion The caffeine-induced improvement in time to exhaustion during high-intensity cycling exercise in moderate hypoxia seems to be mediated by a reduction in perception of effort, which occurs despite no reduction in neuromuscular fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P C Smirmaul
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luca Angius
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4AG, UK
| | - Samuele M Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4AG, UK.
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Hopker JG, Caporaso G, Azzalin A, Carpenter R, Marcora SM. Locomotor Muscle Fatigue Does Not Alter Oxygen Uptake Kinetics during High-Intensity Exercise. Front Physiol 2016; 7:463. [PMID: 27790156 PMCID: PMC5061996 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The V˙O2 slow component (V˙O2sc) that develops during high-intensity aerobic exercise is thought to be strongly associated with locomotor muscle fatigue. We sought to experimentally test this hypothesis by pre-fatiguing the locomotor muscles used during subsequent high-intensity cycling exercise. Over two separate visits, eight healthy male participants were asked to either perform a non-metabolically stressful 100 intermittent drop-jumps protocol (pre-fatigue condition) or rest for 33 min (control condition) according to a random and counterbalanced order. Locomotor muscle fatigue was quantified with 6-s maximal sprints at a fixed pedaling cadence of 90 rev·min−1. Oxygen kinetics and other responses (heart rate, capillary blood lactate concentration and rating of perceived exertion, RPE) were measured during two subsequent bouts of 6 min cycling exercise at 50% of the delta between the lactate threshold and V˙O2max determined during a preliminary incremental exercise test. All tests were performed on the same cycle ergometer. Despite significant locomotor muscle fatigue (P = 0.03), the V˙O2sc was not significantly different between the pre-fatigue (464 ± 301 mL·min−1) and the control (556 ± 223 mL·min−1) condition (P = 0.50). Blood lactate response was not significantly different between conditions (P = 0.48) but RPE was significantly higher following the pre-fatiguing exercise protocol compared with the control condition (P < 0.01) suggesting higher muscle recruitment. These results demonstrate experimentally that locomotor muscle fatigue does not significantly alter the V˙O2 kinetic response to high intensity aerobic exercise, and challenge the hypothesis that the V˙O2sc is strongly associated with locomotor muscle fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Hopker
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent Chatham, UK
| | - Giuseppe Caporaso
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of KentChatham, UK; Applied Sport Science Research Group, School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East LondonLondon, UK
| | - Andrea Azzalin
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of KentChatham, UK; Leicester City Football ClubLeicester, UK
| | - Roger Carpenter
- Applied Sport Science Research Group, School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London London, UK
| | - Samuele M Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent Chatham, UK
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Angius L, Pageaux B, Hopker J, Marcora SM, Mauger AR. Transcranial direct current stimulation improves isometric time to exhaustion of the knee extensors. Neuroscience 2016; 339:363-375. [PMID: 27751960 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can increase cortical excitability of a targeted brain area, which may affect endurance exercise performance. However, optimal electrode placement for tDCS remains unclear. We tested the effect of two different tDCS electrode montages for improving exercise performance. Nine subjects underwent a control (CON), placebo (SHAM) and two different tDCS montage sessions in a randomized design. In one tDCS session, the anodal electrode was placed over the left motor cortex and the cathodal on contralateral forehead (HEAD), while for the other montage the anodal electrode was placed over the left motor cortex and cathodal electrode above the shoulder (SHOULDER). tDCS was delivered for 10min at 2.0mA, after which participants performed an isometric time to exhaustion (TTE) test of the right knee extensors. Peripheral and central neuromuscular parameters were assessed at baseline, after tDCS application and after TTE. Heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and leg muscle exercise-induced muscle pain (PAIN) were monitored during the TTE. TTE was longer and RPE lower in the SHOULDER condition (P<0.05). Central and peripheral parameters, and HR and PAIN did not present any differences between conditions after tDCS stimulation (P>0.05). In all conditions maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) significantly decreased after the TTE (P<0.05) while motor-evoked potential area (MEP) increased after TTE (P<0.05). These findings demonstrate that SHOULDER montage is more effective than HEAD montage to improve endurance performance, likely through avoiding the negative effects of the cathode on excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Angius
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK
| | - B Pageaux
- Laboratoire INSERM U1093, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - J Hopker
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK
| | - S M Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK
| | - A R Mauger
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK.
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Smith MR, Coutts AJ, Merlini M, Deprez D, Lenoir M, Marcora SM. Mental Fatigue Impairs Soccer-Specific Physical and Technical Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:267-76. [PMID: 26312616 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of mental fatigue on soccer-specific physical and technical performance. METHODS This investigation consisted of two separate studies. Study 1 assessed the soccer-specific physical performance of 12 moderately trained soccer players using the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). Study 2 assessed the soccer-specific technical performance of 14 experienced soccer players using the Loughborough Soccer Passing and Shooting Tests (LSPT, LSST). Each test was performed on two occasions and preceded, in a randomized, counterbalanced order, by 30 min of the Stroop task (mentally fatiguing treatment) or 30 min of reading magazines (control treatment). Subjective ratings of mental fatigue were measured before and after treatment, and mental effort and motivation were measured after treatment. Distance run, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion were recorded during the Yo-Yo IR1. LSPT performance time was calculated as original time plus penalty time. LSST performance was assessed using shot speed, shot accuracy, and shot sequence time. RESULTS Subjective ratings of mental fatigue and effort were higher after the Stroop task in both studies (P < 0.001), whereas motivation was similar between conditions. This mental fatigue significantly reduced running distance in the Yo-Yo IR1 (P < 0.001). No difference in heart rate existed between conditions, whereas ratings of perceived exertion were significantly higher at iso-time in the mental fatigue condition (P < 0.01). LSPT original time and performance time were not different between conditions; however, penalty time significantly increased in the mental fatigue condition (P = 0.015). Mental fatigue also impaired shot speed (P = 0.024) and accuracy (P < 0.01), whereas shot sequence time was similar between conditions. CONCLUSIONS Mental fatigue impairs soccer-specific running, passing, and shooting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R Smith
- 1Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, AUSTRALIA; 2Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, BELGIUM; and 3Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent at Medway, UNITED KINGDOM
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Pageaux B, Lepers R, Marcora SM. Reliability of a Novel High Intensity One Leg Dynamic Exercise Protocol to Measure Muscle Endurance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163979. [PMID: 27706196 PMCID: PMC5051904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently developed a high intensity one leg dynamic exercise (OLDE) protocol to measure muscle endurance and investigate the central and peripheral mechanisms of muscle fatigue. The aims of the present study were to establish the reliability of this novel protocol and describe the isokinetic muscle fatigue induced by high intensity OLDE and its recovery. Eight subjects performed the OLDE protocol (time to exhaustion test of the right leg at 85% of peak power output) three times over a week period. Isokinetic maximal voluntary contraction torque at 60 (MVC60), 100 (MVC100) and 140 (MVC140) deg/s was measured pre-exercise, shortly after exhaustion (13 ± 4 s), 20 s (P20) and 40 s (P40) post-exercise. Electromyographic (EMG) signal was analyzed via the root mean square (RMS) for all three superficial knee extensors. Mean time to exhaustion was 5.96 ± 1.40 min, coefficient of variation was 8.42 ± 6.24%, typical error of measurement was 0.30 min and intraclass correlation was 0.795. MVC torque decreased shortly after exhaustion for all angular velocities (all P < 0.001). MVC60 and MVC100 recovered between P20 (P < 0.05) and exhaustion and then plateaued. MVC140 recovered only at P40 (P < 0.05). High intensity OLDE did not alter maximal EMG RMS of the three superficial knee extensors during MVC. The results of this study demonstrate that this novel high intensity OLDE protocol could be reliably used to measure muscle endurance, and that muscle fatigue induced by high intensity OLDE should be examined within ~ 30 s following exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pageaux
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Kent at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, United Kingdom
- CAPS UMR1093, INSERM, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Romuald Lepers
- CAPS UMR1093, INSERM, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Samuele M. Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Kent at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, United Kingdom
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Inzlicht M, Marcora SM. The Central Governor Model of Exercise Regulation Teaches Us Precious Little about the Nature of Mental Fatigue and Self-Control Failure. Front Psychol 2016; 7:656. [PMID: 27199874 PMCID: PMC4854881 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-control is considered broadly important for many domains of life. One of its unfortunate features, however, is that it tends to wane over time, with little agreement about why this is the case. Recently, there has been a push to address this problem by looking to the literature in exercise physiology, specifically the work on the central governor model of physical fatigue. Trying to explain how and why mental performance wanes over time, the central governor model suggests that exertion is throttled by some central nervous system mechanism that receives information about energetic bodily needs and motivational drives to regulate exertion and, ultimately, to prevent homeostatic breakdown, chiefly energy depletion. While we admire the spirit of integration and the attempt to shed light on an important topic in psychology, our concern is that the central governor model is very controversial in exercise physiology, with increasing calls to abandon it altogether, making it a poor fit for psychology. Our concerns are threefold. First, while we agree that preservation of bodily homeostasis makes for an elegant ultimate account, the fact that such important homeostatic concerns can be regularly overturned with even slight incentives (e.g., a smile) renders the ultimate account impotent and points to other ultimate functions for fatigue. Second, despite the central governor being thought to take as input information about the metabolic needs of the body, there is no credible evidence that mental effort actually consumes inordinate amounts of energy that are not already circulating in the brain. Third, recent modifications of the model make the central governor appear like an all-knowing homunculus and unfalsifiable in principle, thus contributing very little to our understanding of why people tend to disengage from effortful tasks over time. We note that the latest models in exercise physiology have actually borrowed concepts and models from psychology to understand physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Inzlicht
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto ScarboroughToronto, ON, Canada
- Rotman School of Management, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samuele M. Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent at MedwayChatham, England
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Nicolò A, Marcora SM, Sacchetti M. Respiratory frequency is strongly associated with perceived exertion during time trials of different duration. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:1199-206. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1102315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Angius L, Hopker JG, Marcora SM, Mauger AR. The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex on exercise-induced pain. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2311-9. [PMID: 26148882 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) provides a new exciting means to investigate the role of the brain during exercise. However, this technique is not widely used in exercise science, with little known regarding effective electrode montages. This study investigated whether tDCS of the motor cortex (M1) would elicit an analgesic response to exercise-induced pain (EIP). METHODS Nine participants completed a VO2max test and three time to exhaustion (TTE) tasks on separate days following either 10 min 2 mA tDCS of the M1, a sham or a control. Additionally, seven participants completed 3 cold pressor tests (CPT) following the same experimental conditions (tDCS, SHAM, CON). Using a well-established tDCS protocol, tDCS was delivered by placing the anodal electrode above the left M1 with the cathodal electrode above dorsolateral right prefrontal cortex. Gas exchange, blood lactate, EIP and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored during the TTE test. Perceived pain was recorded during the CPT. RESULTS During the TTE, no significant differences in time to exhaustion, RPE or EIP were found between conditions. However, during the CPT, perceived pain was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in the tDCS condition (7.4 ± 1.2) compared with both the CON (8.6 ± 1.0) and SHAM (8.4 ± 1.3) conditions. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that stimulation of the M1 using tDCS does not induce analgesia during exercise, suggesting that the processing of pain produced via classic measures of experimental pain (i.e., a CPT) is different to that of EIP. These results provide important methodological advancement in developing the use of tDCS in exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Angius
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4AG, UK
| | - James G Hopker
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4AG, UK
| | - Samuele M Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4AG, UK
| | - Alexis R Mauger
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4AG, UK.
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Marcora SM, Staiano W, Merlini M. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Brain Endurance Training (BET) to Reduce Fatigue During Endurance Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000476967.03579.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pageaux B, Angius L, Hopker JG, Lepers R, Marcora SM. Central alterations of neuromuscular function and feedback from group III-IV muscle afferents following exhaustive high-intensity one-leg dynamic exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R1008-20. [PMID: 25855308 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00280.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this investigation were to describe the central alterations of neuromuscular function induced by exhaustive high-intensity one-leg dynamic exercise (OLDE, study 1) and to indirectly quantify feedback from group III-IV muscle afferents via muscle occlusion (MO, study 2) in healthy adult male humans. We hypothesized that these central alterations and their recovery are associated with changes in afferent feedback. Both studies consisted of two time-to-exhaustion tests at 85% peak power output. In study 1, voluntary activation level (VAL), M-wave, cervicomedullary motor evoked potential (CMEP), motor evoked potential (MEP), and MEP cortical silent period (CSP) of the knee extensor muscles were measured. In study 2, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and leg muscle pain were measured during MO. Measurements were performed preexercise, at exhaustion, and after 3 min recovery. Compared with preexercise values, VAL was lower at exhaustion (-13 ± 13%, P < 0.05) and after 3 min of recovery (-6 ± 6%, P = 0.05). CMEP area/M area was lower at exhaustion (-38 ± 13%, P < 0.01) and recovered after 3 min. MEP area/M area was higher at exhaustion (+25 ± 27%, P < 0.01) and after 3 min of recovery (+17 ± 20%, P < 0.01). CSP was higher (+19 ± 9%, P < 0.01) only at exhaustion and recovered after 3 min. Markers of afferent feedback (MAP and leg muscle pain during MO) were significantly higher only at exhaustion. These findings suggest that the alterations in spinal excitability and CSP induced by high-intensity OLDE are associated with an increase in afferent feedback at exhaustion, whereas central fatigue does not fully recover even when significant afferent feedback is no longer present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pageaux
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Luca Angius
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom; and
| | - James G Hopker
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Romuald Lepers
- Laboratoire Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médical U1093, Université de Bourgogne, Faculté des Sciences du Sports, UFR STAPS, Dijon, France
| | - Samuele M Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom; and
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Pageaux B, Marcora SM, Rozand V, Lepers R. Mental fatigue induced by prolonged self-regulation does not exacerbate central fatigue during subsequent whole-body endurance exercise. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:67. [PMID: 25762914 PMCID: PMC4340216 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that the mental fatigue induced by prolonged self-regulation increases perception of effort and reduces performance during subsequent endurance exercise. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying these negative effects of mental fatigue are unclear. The primary aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that mental fatigue exacerbates central fatigue induced by whole-body endurance exercise. Twelve subjects performed 30 min of either an incongruent Stroop task to induce a condition of mental fatigue or a congruent Stroop task (control condition) in a random and counterbalanced order. Both cognitive tasks (CTs) were followed by a whole-body endurance task (ET) consisting of 6 min of cycling exercise at 80% of peak power output measured during a preliminary incremental test. Neuromuscular function of the knee extensors was assessed before and after CT, and after ET. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was measured during ET. Both CTs did not induce any decrease in maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque (p = 0.194). During ET, mentally fatigued subjects reported higher RPE (mental fatigue 13.9 ± 3.0, control 13.3 ± 3.2, p = 0.044). ET induced a similar decrease in MVC torque (mental fatigue -17 ± 15%, control -15 ± 11%, p = 0.001), maximal voluntary activation level (mental fatigue -6 ± 9%, control -6 ± 7%, p = 0.013) and resting twitch (mental fatigue -30 ± 14%, control -32 ± 10%, p < 0.001) in both conditions. These findings reject our hypothesis and confirm previous findings that mental fatigue does not reduce the capacity of the central nervous system to recruit the working muscles. The negative effect of mental fatigue on perception of effort does not reflect a greater development of either central or peripheral fatigue. Consequently, mentally fatigued subjects are still able to perform maximal exercise, but they are experiencing an altered performance during submaximal exercise due to higher-than-normal perception of effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pageaux
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Kent at MedwayChatham Maritime, UK
- Laboratoire INSERM U1093, Faculté des Sciences du Sports – UFR Staps, Université de BourgogneDijon, France
| | - Samuele M. Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Kent at MedwayChatham Maritime, UK
| | - Vianney Rozand
- Laboratoire INSERM U1093, Faculté des Sciences du Sports – UFR Staps, Université de BourgogneDijon, France
| | - Romuald Lepers
- Laboratoire INSERM U1093, Faculté des Sciences du Sports – UFR Staps, Université de BourgogneDijon, France
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Abstract
Caffeine intake results in a decrease in perception of effort, but the cortical substrates of this perceptual effect of caffeine are unknown. The aim of this randomized counterbalanced double-blind crossover study was to investigate the effect of caffeine on the motor-related cortical potential (MRCP) and its relationship with rating of perceived effort (RPE). We also investigated whether MRCP is associated with the increase in RPE occurring over time during submaximal exercise. Twelve healthy female volunteers performed 100 intermittent isometric knee extensions at 61 ± 5% of their maximal torque 1.5 h after either caffeine (6 mg/kg) or placebo ingestion, while RPE, vastus lateralis electromyogram (EMG), and MRCP were recorded. RPE and MRCP amplitude at the vertex during the first contraction epoch (0–1 s) were significantly lower after caffeine ingestion compared with placebo ( P < 0.05) and were significantly higher during the second half of the submaximal intermittent isometric knee-extension protocol compared with the first half ( P < 0.05). No significant effects of caffeine and time-on-task were found for EMG amplitude and submaximal force output variables. The covariation between MRCP and RPE across both caffeine and time-on-task ( r10 = −0.335, P < 0.05) provides evidence in favor of the theory that perception of effort arises from neurocognitive processing of corollary discharges from premotor and motor areas of the cortex. Caffeine seems to reduce perception of effort through a reduction in the activity of cortical premotor and motor areas necessary to produce a submaximal force, and time-on-task has the opposite effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helma M. de Morree
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Klein
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Samuele M. Marcora
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
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Rozand V, Pageaux B, Marcora SM, Papaxanthis C, Lepers R. Does mental exertion alter maximal muscle activation? Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:755. [PMID: 25309404 PMCID: PMC4176059 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental exertion is known to impair endurance performance, but its effects on neuromuscular function remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that mental exertion reduces torque and muscle activation during intermittent maximal voluntary contractions of the knee extensors. Ten subjects performed in a randomized order three separate mental exertion conditions lasting 27 min each: (i) high mental exertion (incongruent Stroop task), (ii) moderate mental exertion (congruent Stroop task), (iii) low mental exertion (watching a movie). In each condition, mental exertion was combined with 10 intermittent maximal voluntary contractions of the knee extensor muscles (one maximal voluntary contraction every 3 min). Neuromuscular function was assessed using electrical nerve stimulation. Maximal voluntary torque, maximal muscle activation and other neuromuscular parameters were similar across mental exertion conditions and did not change over time. These findings suggest that mental exertion does not affect neuromuscular function during intermittent maximal voluntary contractions of the knee extensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianney Rozand
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Burgundy Dijon, France
| | - Benjamin Pageaux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Burgundy Dijon, France ; Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent at Medway Chatham Maritime, UK
| | - Samuele M Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent at Medway Chatham Maritime, UK
| | - Charalambos Papaxanthis
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Burgundy Dijon, France
| | - Romuald Lepers
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Burgundy Dijon, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses that prolonged mental exertion (i) reduces maximal muscle activation and (ii) increases the extent of central fatigue induced by subsequent endurance exercise. METHODS The neuromuscular function of the knee extensor muscles was assessed in 10 male subjects in two different conditions: (i) before and after prolonged mental exertion leading to mental fatigue and (ii) before and after an easy cognitive task (control). Both cognitive tasks lasted 90 min and were followed by submaximal isometric knee extensor exercise until exhaustion (endurance task), and a third assessment of neuromuscular function. RESULTS Time to exhaustion was 13% ± 4% shorter in the mental fatigue condition (230 ± 22 s) compared with the control condition (266 ± 26 s) (P < 0.01). Prolonged mental exertion did not have any significant effect on maximal voluntary contraction torque, voluntary activation level, and peripheral parameters of neuromuscular function. A similar significant decrease in maximal voluntary contraction torque (mental fatigue condition: -26.7% ± 5.7%; control condition: -27.6% ± 3.3%, P < 0.001), voluntary activation level (mental fatigue: -10.6% ± 4.3%; control condition: -11.2% ± 5.2%, P < 0.05), and peripheral parameters of neuromuscular function occurred in both conditions after the endurance task. However, mentally fatigued subjects rated perceived exertion significantly higher during the endurance task compared with the control condition (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the first experimental evidence that prolonged mental exertion (i) does not reduce maximal muscle activation and (ii) does not increase the extent of central fatigue induced by subsequent endurance exercise. The negative effect of mental fatigue on endurance performance seems to be mediated by the higher perception of effort rather than impaired neuromuscular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pageaux
- 1Endurance Research Group, School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Kent at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UNITED KINGDOM; and 2Laboratoire INSERM U1093, Université de Bourgogne, Faculté des Sciences du Sports-UFR STAPS, Dijon, FRANCE
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Pageaux B, Angius L, Hopker JG, Lepers R, Marcora SM. On the Importance of Testing Time Delay to Assess Central Fatigue Induced by Endurance Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000493181.35455.b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatigue is one of the most prevalent symptoms in chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, fatigue mechanisms are poorly understood due in part to nonspecific definitions. This study investigates exertional fatigue during simulated activities of daily living, focusing on oxygen delivery and utilization. STUDY DESIGN "Explanatory" matched-cohort study. PARTICIPANTS & SETTING 13 patients with CKD (stages 3b-4; mean age, 62 ± 13 [SD] years) and 13 healthy controls, mean matched for age, height, body mass and composition, and physical activity level. Participants completed an incremental cycle ergometer test to simulate energy expenditure of typical activities of daily living. FACTOR 4 exercise intensities: 1, 1.8, 2.4, and 3.1 metabolic equivalent tasks (METs). OUTCOMES The primary outcome was exertional fatigue by rating of perceived exertion (RPE) on a 6-20 scale. MEASUREMENTS Other multidimensional measures of fatigue: UK Short Form Health Survey 36 (UK SF-36) Vitality and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue) subscales. Physiologic measures of the oxygen transport and utilization chain (expired gas analysis, cardiac output, and arterial oxygen content) and blood lactate. RESULTS RPE was increased in patients compared with controls at 2.4 (10.5 [ie, light] ± 2.7 vs 8.7 [very light] ± 1.7 units) and 3.1 (12.5 [somewhat hard] ± 2.6 vs 10.2 [light] ± 1.7 units) METs (interaction P = 0.03), which was consistent with higher chronic fatigue in patients by both the UK SF-36 Vitality (P = 0.01) and FACIT-Fatigue (P = 0.004) subscales. Arterial oxygen content was decreased in patients (P = 0.001), but cardiac output and oxygen extraction ratio were unchanged, decreasing oxygen delivery (P = 0.04). Respiratory exchange ratio (P = 0.004) and blood lactate production (P = 0.002) were increased. LIMITATIONS Those inherent to a matched-cohort study. CONCLUSIONS Using a novel application of the outcome measure RPE, patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD reported considerable exertional fatigue during simulated activities of daily living. Poor compensation for mild anemia contributed to this symptom. In addition to anemia, the entire oxygen transport chain needs to be targeted to treat fatigue in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie H Macdonald
- College of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom.
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Morree HM, Klein C, Marcora SM. Perception of effort reflects central motor command during movement execution. Psychophysiology 2012; 49:1242-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lemmey AB, Williams SL, Marcora SM, Jones J, Maddison PJ. Are the benefits of a high-intensity progressive resistance training program sustained in rheumatoid arthritis patients? A 3-year followup study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012; 64:71-5. [PMID: 21671413 DOI: 10.1002/acr.20523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients were reassessed for body composition and physical function mean ± SD 39 ± 6 months after commencing a randomized controlled trial involving 24 weeks of either high-intensity progressive resistance training (PRT) or low-intensity range of movement exercise (control) to determine whether the benefits of PRT (i.e., reduced fat mass [FM], increased lean mass [LM], and improved function) were retained. METHODS Nine PRT and 9 control subjects were reassessed for body composition (dual x-ray absorptiometry) and function (knee extensor strength, chair test, arm curl test, 50-foot walk) approximately 3 years after resuming normal activity following the exercise intervention. RESULTS At followup, PRT subjects remained significantly leaner than control subjects (P = 0.03), who conversely had accumulated considerable FM during the study period (approximately -1.0 kg versus +2.4 kg, PRT versus controls). PRT subjects also retained most of the improvement in walking speed gained from training (P = 0.03 versus controls at followup). In contrast, the PRT-induced gains in LM and strength-related function were completely lost. Data from the controls suggest that established and stable RA patients have similar rates of LM loss but elevated rates of FM accretion relative to age-matched sedentary non-RA controls. CONCLUSION We found that long-term resumption of normal activity resulted in loss of PRT-induced improvements in LM and strength-related function, but substantial retention of the benefits in FM reduction and walking ability. The relatively long-term benefit of reduced adiposity, in particular, is likely to be clinically significant, as obesity is very prevalent among RA patients and is associated with their disability and exacerbated cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Lemmey
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, UK.
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Marcora SM. Role of feedback from Group III and IV muscle afferents in perception of effort, muscle pain, and discomfort. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:1499; author reply 1500. [PMID: 21562154 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00146.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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de Morree HM, Marcora SM. The face of effort: frowning muscle activity reflects effort during a physical task. Biol Psychol 2010; 85:377-82. [PMID: 20832447 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
It is a common observation that exertion of effort is associated with a specific facial expression. However, this facial expression has never been quantified during physical tasks and its relationship with effort is unknown. The aims of the present study were to measure frowning muscle activity during a physical task with electromyography (EMG) and to investigate the relationship between facial EMG and effort. Effort was experimentally manipulated by increasing task difficulty and inducing muscle weakness. Twenty men performed leg extensions with four relative workloads. The fatigue group (n=10) repeated the leg extensions after fatiguing eccentric exercise, and the control group repeated just the leg extensions. Facial EMG amplitude, ratings of perceived effort (RPE), and leg EMG amplitude increased significantly with increasing task difficulty and with muscle fatigue. Facial EMG, RPE, and leg EMG all correlated significantly. The results suggest that frowning muscle activity reflects effort during physical tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helma M de Morree
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Wales, United Kingdom
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de Morree HM, Marcora SM, Klein C. Neural Correlates of Effort during Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000384906.12388.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lemmey AB, Marcora SM, Chester K, Wilson S, Casanova F, Maddison PJ. Effects of high-intensity resistance training in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 61:1726-34. [PMID: 19950325 DOI: 10.1002/art.24891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To confirm, in a randomized controlled trial (RCT), the efficacy of high-intensity progressive resistance training (PRT) in restoring muscle mass and function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Additionally, to investigate the role of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy in the context of RA. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with established, controlled RA were randomized to either 24 weeks of twice-weekly PRT (n = 13) or a range of movement home exercise control group (n = 15). Dual x-ray absorptiometry-assessed body composition (including lean body mass [LBM], appendicular lean mass [ALM], and fat mass); objective physical function; disease activity; and muscle IGFs were assessed at weeks 0 and 24. RESULTS Analyses of variance revealed that PRT increased LBM and ALM (P < 0.01); reduced trunk fat mass by 2.5 kg (not significant); and improved training-specific strength by 119%, chair stands by 30%, knee extensor strength by 25%, arm curls by 23%, and walk time by 17% (for objective function tests, P values ranged from 0.027 to 0.001 versus controls). In contrast, body composition and physical function remained unchanged in control patients. Changes in LBM and regional lean mass were associated with changes in objective function (P values ranged from 0.126 to <0.0001). Coinciding with muscle hypertrophy, previously diminished muscle levels of IGF-1 and IGF binding protein 3 both increased following PRT (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In an RCT, 24 weeks of PRT proved safe and effective in restoring lean mass and function in patients with RA. Muscle hypertrophy coincided with significant elevations of attenuated muscle IGF levels, revealing a possible contributory mechanism for rheumatoid cachexia. PRT should feature in disease management.
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Marcora SM. Commentaries on Viewpoint: Evidence that reduced skeletal muscle recruitment explains the lactate paradox during exercise at high altitude. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 106:743-4. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.zdg-8397-vpcomm.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Mental fatigue is a psychobiological state caused by prolonged periods of demanding cognitive activity. Although the impact of mental fatigue on cognitive and skilled performance is well known, its effect on physical performance has not been thoroughly investigated. In this randomized crossover study, 16 subjects cycled to exhaustion at 80% of their peak power output after 90 min of a demanding cognitive task (mental fatigue) or 90 min of watching emotionally neutral documentaries (control). After experimental treatment, a mood questionnaire revealed a state of mental fatigue (P = 0.005) that significantly reduced time to exhaustion (640 +/- 316 s) compared with the control condition (754 +/- 339 s) (P = 0.003). This negative effect was not mediated by cardiorespiratory and musculoenergetic factors as physiological responses to intense exercise remained largely unaffected. Self-reported success and intrinsic motivation related to the physical task were also unaffected by prior cognitive activity. However, mentally fatigued subjects rated perception of effort during exercise to be significantly higher compared with the control condition (P = 0.007). As ratings of perceived exertion increased similarly over time in both conditions (P < 0.001), mentally fatigued subjects reached their maximal level of perceived exertion and disengaged from the physical task earlier than in the control condition. In conclusion, our study provides experimental evidence that mental fatigue limits exercise tolerance in humans through higher perception of effort rather than cardiorespiratory and musculoenergetic mechanisms. Future research in this area should investigate the common neurocognitive resources shared by physical and mental activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele M Marcora
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, United Kingdom.
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Marcora SM. Do we really need a central governor to explain brain regulation of exercise performance? Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 104:929-31; author reply 933-5. [PMID: 18618133 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper two different models of brain regulation of exercise performance are critically compared: the central governor model proposed by Noakes and colleagues, and an alternative psycholobiological model based on motivational intensity theory.
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Abstract
PURPOSE There is widespread misunderstanding about the ability of constant-power tests to quantify changes in endurance performance. We have therefore compared the sensitivity of a constant-power test with that of a time trial for the effects of arterial oxygenation on endurance performance. METHODS Eight cyclists performed three constant-power rides to exhaustion and three 5-km time trials on a cycle ergometer in conditions of normoxia, hypoxia, and hyperoxia. After logarithmic transformation of performance times, sensitivity was calculated as the mean change in time divided by the error of measurement derived from the standard deviation of change scores. RESULTS In normoxia, performance times were 488 +/- 77 s for the constant-power test and 454 +/- 16 s (mean +/- SD) for the time trial. The mean and standard deviation of the change in performance time from normoxia to hypoxia were much larger in the constant-power test (-45% +/- 13%) than in the time trial (5.7% +/- 1.6%); there was a similar disparity in the change from normoxia to hyperoxia (123% +/- 37% and -4.1% +/- 1.4%, respectively). However, sensitivity for the normoxia-hypoxia change in performance in the constant-power test (6.3, 90% confidence interval 4.3-11.4) was similar to that in the time trial (4.5, 3.0-8.2); sensitivities were also similar for the normoxia-hyperoxia changes (3.2, 2.1-6.0; 3.8, 2.5-6.9, respectively). P values for mean performance changes (range, 0.0002-0.000002) reflected these sensitivities. CONCLUSIONS Time to exhaustion has sensitivity similar to that of time-trial time for the effects of arterial oxygenation and presumably other factors affecting endurance performance. Sensitivity need not be a concern when using constant-power tests to quantify changes in endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Amann
- The John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Marcora SM, Bosio A, de Morree HM. Locomotor muscle fatigue increases cardiorespiratory responses and reduces performance during intense cycling exercise independently from metabolic stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 294:R874-83. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00678.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Locomotor muscle fatigue, defined as an exercise-induced reduction in maximal voluntary force, occurs during prolonged exercise, but its effects on cardiorespiratory responses and exercise performance are unknown. In this investigation, a significant reduction in locomotor muscle force (−18%, P < 0.05) was isolated from the metabolic stress usually associated with fatiguing exercise using a 100-drop-jumps protocol consisting of one jump every 20 s from a 40-cm-high platform. The effect of this treatment on time to exhaustion during high-intensity constant-power cycling was measured in study 1 ( n = 10). In study 2 ( n = 14), test duration (871 ± 280 s) was matched between fatigue and control condition (rest). In study 1, locomotor muscle fatigue caused a significant curtailment in time to exhaustion (636 ± 278 s) compared with control (750 ± 281 s) ( P = 0.003) and increased cardiac output. Breathing frequency was significantly higher in the fatigue condition in both studies despite similar oxygen consumption and blood lactate accumulation. In study 2, high-intensity cycling did not induce further fatigue to eccentrically-fatigued locomotor muscles. In both studies, there was a significant increase in heart rate in the fatigue condition, and perceived exertion was significantly increased in study 2 compared with control. These results suggest that locomotor muscle fatigue has a significant influence on cardiorespiratory responses and exercise performance during high-intensity cycling independently from metabolic stress. These effects seem to be mediated by the increased central motor command and perception of effort required to exercise with weaker locomotor muscles.
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Coutts AJ, Rampinini E, Marcora SM, Castagna C, Impellizzeri FM. Heart rate and blood lactate correlates of perceived exertion during small-sided soccer games. J Sci Med Sport 2008; 12:79-84. [PMID: 18068433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) could be a practical measure of global exercise intensity in team sports. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between heart rate (%HR(peak)) and blood lactate ([BLa(-)]) measures of exercise intensity with each player's RPE during soccer-specific aerobic exercises. Mean individual %HR(peak), [BLa(-)] and RPE (Borg's CR 10-scale) were recorded from 20 amateur soccer players from 67 soccer-specific small-sided games training sessions over an entire competitive season. The small-sided games were performed in three 4min bouts separated with 3min recovery on various sized pitches and involved 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-players on each side. A stepwise linear multiple regression was used to determine a predictive equation to estimate global RPE for small-sided games from [BLa(-)] and %HR(peak). Partial correlation coefficients were also calculated to assess the relationship between RPE, [BLa(-)] and %HR(peak). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that 43.1% of the adjusted variance in RPE could be explained by HR alone. The addition of [BLa(-)] data to the prediction equation allowed for 57.8% of the adjusted variance in RPE to be predicted (Y=-9.49-0.152 %HR(peak)+1.82 [BLa(-)], p<0.001). These results show that the combination of [BLa(-)] and %HR(peak) measures during small-sided games is better related to RPE than either %HR(peak) or [BLa(-)] measures alone. These results provide further support the use of RPE as a measure of global exercise intensity in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Coutts
- School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia.
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Impellizzeri FM, Rampinini E, Maffiuletti N, Marcora SM. A vertical jump force test for assessing bilateral strength asymmetry in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 39:2044-50. [PMID: 17986914 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31814fb55c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish the validity and reliability of a new vertical jump force test (VJFT) for the assessment of bilateral strength asymmetry in a total of 451 athletes. METHODS The VJFT consists of countermovement jumps with both legs simultaneously: one on a single force platform, the other on a leveled wooden platform. Jumps with the right or the left leg on the force platform were alternated. Bilateral strength asymmetry was calculated as [(stronger leg - weaker leg)/stronger leg] x 100. A positive sign indicates a stronger right leg; a negative sign indicates a stronger left leg. Studies 1 (N = 59) and 2 (N = 41) examined the correlation between the VJFT and other tests of lower-limb bilateral strength asymmetry in male athletes. In study 3, VJFT reliability was assessed in 60 male athletes. In study 4, the effect of rehabilitation on bilateral strength asymmetry was examined in seven male and female athletes 8-12 wk after unilateral knee surgery. In study 5, normative data were determined in 313 male soccer players. RESULTS Significant correlations were found between VJFT and both the isokinetic leg extension test (r = 0.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.66) and the isometric leg press test (r = 0.83; 0.70-0.91). VJFT test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.91 (0.85-0.94), and typical error was 2.4%. The change in mean [-0.40% (-1.25 to 0.46%)] was not substantial. Rehabilitation decreased bilateral strength asymmetry (mean +/- SD) of the athletes recovering from unilateral knee surgery from 23 +/- 3 to 10 +/- 4% (P < 0.01). The range of normal bilateral strength asymmetry (2.5th to 97.5th percentiles) was -15 to 15%. CONCLUSIONS The assessment of bilateral strength asymmetry with the VJFT is valid and reliable, and it may be useful in sports medicine.
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Marcora SM, Casanova F, Fortes MB, Maddison PJ. Validity and reliability of the Siconolfi Step Test for assessment of physical fitness in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 57:1007-11. [PMID: 17665489 DOI: 10.1002/art.22886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have poor physical fitness as measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)), which is associated with disability and fatigue. The purpose of this study was to validate, in this population, the Siconolfi Step Test (SST) developed to predict VO(2max) in healthy individuals. METHODS Thirty patients with well-controlled SLE were tested on a cycle ergometer until volitional exhaustion, and 25 women and 4 men (mean +/- SD age 48 +/- 14 years, weight 71.5 +/- 13.7 kg) fulfilled the criteria for maximal effort. VO(2max) measured during this incremental test was compared with VO(2max) predicted by the SST using Bland and Altman 95% limits of agreement (LOA) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The SST was repeated twice to assess its reliability. RESULTS The ICC between predicted and measured VO(2max) (mean +/- SD 1.67 +/- 0.41 liters/minute versus 1.57 +/- 0.39 liters/minute) was moderately high (0.73, P < 0.001). Bland and Altman analysis revealed a trend for a positive bias (P = 0.083) and 95% LOA of +/-0.58 liters/minute. There was a very high ICC (0.97, P < 0.001) between VO(2max) predicted by the first and second SST (mean +/- SD 1.66 +/- 0.40 liters/minute versus 1.67 +/- 0.41 liters/minute), and no significant bias (P = 0.500). The 95% LOA were +/-0.20 liters/minute. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that the SST is well tolerated, reasonably valid, and highly reliable in patients with well-controlled SLE. Therefore, this simple, submaximal exercise test might be useful for assessing physical fitness in clinical practice and epidemiologic studies.
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Rampinini E, Impellizzeri FM, Castagna C, Abt G, Chamari K, Sassi A, Marcora SM. Factors influencing physiological responses to small-sided soccer games. J Sports Sci 2007; 25:659-66. [PMID: 17454533 DOI: 10.1080/02640410600811858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of exercise type, field dimensions, and coach encouragement on the intensity and reproducibility of small-sided games. Data were collected on 20 amateur soccer players (body mass 73.1 +/- 8.6 kg, stature 1.79 +/- 0.05 m, age 24.5 +/- 4.1 years, VO(2max) 56.3 +/- 4.8 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)). Aerobic interval training was performed during three-, four-, five- and six-a-side games on three differently sized pitches, with and without coach encouragement. Heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) on the CR10-scale, and blood lactate concentration were measured. Main effects were found for exercise type, field dimensions, and coach encouragement (P < 0.05), but there were no interactions between any of the variables (P > 0.15). During a six-a-side game on a small pitch without coach encouragement, exercise intensity was 84 +/- 5% of maximal heart rate, blood lactate concentration was 3.4 +/- 1.0 mmol x l(-1), and the RPE was 4.8. During a three-a-side game on a larger pitch with coach encouragement, exercise intensity was 91 +/- 2% of maximal heart rate, blood lactate concentration was 6.5 +/- 1.5 mmol x l(-1), and the RPE was 7.2. Typical error expressed as a coefficient of variation ranged from 2.0 to 5.4% for percent maximal heart rate, from 10.4 to 43.7% for blood lactate concentration, and from 5.5 to 31.9% for RPE. The results demonstrate that exercise intensity during small-sided soccer games can be manipulated by varying the exercise type, the field dimensions, and whether there is any coach encouragement. By using different combinations of these factors, coaches can modulate exercise intensity within the high-intensity zone and control the aerobic training stimulus.
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Macdonald JH, Marcora SM, Jibani MM, Kumwenda MJ, Ahmed W, Lemmey AB. Nandrolone Decanoate as Anabolic Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Randomized Phase II Dose-Finding Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 106:c125-35. [PMID: 17522475 DOI: 10.1159/000103000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) receiving adequate erythropoietin therapy, the ideal dose of nandrolone decanoate (ND) to enhance muscle mass is not known. METHODS In this phase II dose-finding study, 54 patients with CKD stage 5 were randomized to either low, medium or high doses of ND (50, 100 or 200 mg/week for 24 weeks, respectively, in males; doses halved in females), while 7 patients acted as non-randomized controls. The primary outcome measure was appendicular lean mass (ALM) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fluid overload (hydration of the fat-free mass) and indicators of physical functioning were secondary measures. Harms were also recorded. Data were analysed using Quade's (1967) non-parametric analysis of covariance. RESULTS ND increased ALM in a dose-responsive manner (change scores = 0.3 +/- 0.3 vs. 0.8 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 2.1 +/- 0.4 kg, control vs. low vs. medium vs. high dose groups, respectively, p < 0.001) with no increases in fluid overload but no consistent effect on physical functioning. The highest dose of ND (100 mg/week) was intolerable in females because of virilizing effects. CONCLUSION If goals of future studies are to improve body composition, dosing of ND up to 200 mg/week in males and 50 mg/week in females should be investigated. However, to realize improvements in physical functioning, future phase III trials of ND may require additional interventions such as exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie H Macdonald
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, University of Wales-Bangor, Bangor, UK.
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Abstract
Mountain biking is a popular outdoor recreational activity and an Olympic sport. Cross-country circuit races have a winning time of approximately equal 120 minutes and are performed at an average heart rate close to 90% of the maximum, corresponding to 84% of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). More than 80% of race time is spent above the lactate threshold. This very high exercise intensity is related to the fast starting phase of the race; the several climbs, forcing off-road cyclists to expend most of their effort going against gravity; greater rolling resistance; and the isometric contractions of arm and leg muscles necessary for bike handling and stabilisation. Because of the high power output (up to 500W) required during steep climbing and at the start of the race, anaerobic energy metabolism is also likely to be a factor of off-road cycling and deserves further investigation. Mountain bikers' physiological characteristics indicate that aerobic power (VO2max >70 mL/kg/min) and the ability to sustain high work rates for prolonged periods of time are prerequisites for competing at a high level in off-road cycling events. The anthropometric characteristics of mountain bikers are similar to climbers and all-terrain road cyclists. Various parameters of aerobic fitness are correlated to cross-country performance, suggesting that these tests are valid for the physiological assessment of competitive mountain bikers, especially when normalised to body mass. Factors other than aerobic power and capacity might influence off-road cycling performance and require further investigation. These include off-road cycling economy, anaerobic power and capacity, technical ability and pre-exercise nutritional strategies.
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