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Katsura Y, Takeda N, Inami T, Yamaguchi S, Takahashi S, Nakamura M, Nosaka K. Effects of lunges inserted in walking (eccentric walking) on lower limb muscle strength, physical and cognitive function of regular walkers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05453-y. [PMID: 38467835 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Walking is a popular exercise but does not increase lower limb muscle strength and balance. We hypothesized that muscle strength, physical and cognitive function would be improved by inserting lunges in conventional walking. METHODS Eleven regular walkers (54-88 years) who had more than 5000 steps in exercise walking a day at least 5 days a week participated in this study. They walked as usual for the first 4 weeks and included lunges and descending stairs or slope walking (i.e., eccentric walking) for the next 8 weeks. The steps of eccentric walking were gradually increased from 100 to 1000 steps per week over 8 weeks. RESULTS The average steps per day were 10,535 ± 3516 in the first 4 weeks, and 10,118 ± 3199 in the eccentric walking period without a significant difference. No significant changes in maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque of the knee extensors (MVC), 30-s chair stand (CS), 2-min step, balance assessed by center of pressure movement area with eyes close, sit and reach, a digit symbol substitution test (DSST) for cognitive function were observed in the first 4 weeks. However, significant (P < 0.05) improvements were evident in MVC (18.6 ± 15.7%), CS (24.2 ± 17.3%), balance ( - 45.3 ± 34.5%), and DSST (20.8 ± 16.7%) from weeks 4 to 12. Serum complement component 1q concentration decreased (P < 0.05) from weeks 4 to 12, although no changes in serum glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations were observed. CONCLUSION These results supported the hypothesis, and suggest that eccentric walking provides effects that are not achieved by conventional walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Katsura
- Centre for Promotion of Higher Education, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan.
| | - Noriko Takeda
- Centre for Promotion of Higher Education, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Takayuki Inami
- Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan
| | - Shota Yamaguchi
- Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan
| | - Sho Takahashi
- Sports Science, Daito Bunka University, 1-9-1, Takashimadaira, Itabashi, Tokyo, 175-8571, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, 4490-9, Kanzaki, Saga, 842-8585, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
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Borot L, Pageaux B, Laroche D, Vergotte G, Lepers R, Perrey S. Eccentric cycling involves greater mental demand and cortical activation of the frontoparietal network. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14517. [PMID: 37814520 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Eccentric, compared to concentric exercise, is proposed to involve different neuro-motor processing strategies and a higher level of mental demand. This study compared eccentric and concentric cycling at matched perceived effort and torque for the mental demand and related-cortical activation patterns. Nineteen men (30 ± 6 years) performed four different 5-min cycling conditions at 30 RPM on a semi-recumbent isokinetic cycle ergometer: (1) concentric at a moderate perceived effort (23 on the CR100® scale) without torque feedback; (2) concentric and (3) eccentric at the same average torque produced in the first condition; and (4) eccentric at the same moderate perceived effort than the first concentric condition. The conditions two to four were randomized. After each condition, mental demand was monitored using the NASA Task Load Index scale. Changes in oxy-(O2 Hb) and deoxy-(HHb) hemoglobin during exercise were measured over both prefrontal cortices and the right parietal lobe from a 15-probe layout using a continuous-wave NIRS system. Mental demand was significantly higher during eccentric compared to concentric cycling (+52%, p = 0.012) and when the exercise intensity was fixed by the torque rather than the perceived effort (+70%, p < 0.001). For both torque- or perceived effort-matched exercises, O2 Hb increased significantly (p < 0.001) in the left and right prefrontal cortices, and right parietal lobe, and HHb decreased in the left, and right, prefrontal cortices during eccentric compared to concentric cycling. This study supports that acute eccentric cycling, compared to concentric cycling, involves a higher mental demand, and frontoparietal network activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lénaic Borot
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Benjamin Pageaux
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique (EKSAP), Faculté de médecine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Davy Laroche
- INSERM UMR 1093-CAPS, Univ. Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
- INSERM, CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC 1432, Module Plurithématique, Plateforme d'Investigation Technologique, Dijon, France
| | - Grégoire Vergotte
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR 1093-CAPS, Univ. Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
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Barreto RV, Lima LC, Borszcz FK, de Lucas RD, Denadai BS. Acute physiological responses to eccentric cycling: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:1051-1068. [PMID: 37410446 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.14971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Eccentric cycling (ECCCYC) has attracted considerable interest due to its potential applicability for exercise treatment/training of patients with poor exercise tolerance as well as healthy and trained individuals. Conversely, little is known about the acute physiological responses to this exercise modality, thus challenging its proper prescription. This study aimed to provide precise estimates of the acute physiological responses to ECCCYC in comparison to traditional concentric cycling (CONCYC). EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Searches were performed until November 2021 using the PubMed, Embase, and ScienceDirect databases. Studies that examined individuals' cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and perceptual responses to ECCCYC and CONCYC sessions were included. Bayesian multilevel meta-analysis models were used to estimate the population mean difference between acute physiological responses from ECCCYC and CONCYC bouts. Twenty-one studies were included in this review. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The meta-analyses showed that ECCCYC induced lower cardiorespiratory (i.e., V̇O2, V̇E, and HR), metabolic (i.e., [BLa]), and perceptual (i.e., RPE) responses than CONCYC performed at the same absolute power output, while greater cardiovascular strain (i.e., greater increases in HR, Q, MAP, [norepinephrine], and lower SV) was detected when compared to CONCYC performed at the same V̇O2. CONCLUSIONS The prescription of ECCCYC based on workloads used in the CONCYC sessions may be considered safe and, therefore, feasible for the rehabilitation of individuals with poor exercise tolerance. However, the prescription of ECCCYC based on the V̇O2 obtained during CONCYC sessions should be conducted with caution, especially in clinical settings, since there is a high probability of additional cardiovascular overload in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan V Barreto
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil -
| | - Leonardo Cr Lima
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando K Borszcz
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D de Lucas
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Benedito S Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
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Walsh JA, McAndrew DJ, Shemmell J, Stapley PJ. Reliability and Variability of Lower Limb Muscle Activation as Indicators of Familiarity to Submaximal Eccentric Cycling. Front Physiol 2022; 13:953517. [PMID: 35874539 PMCID: PMC9304807 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.953517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Submaximal eccentric (ECC) cycling exercise is commonly used in research studies. No previous study has specified the required time naïve participants take to familiarize with submaximal ECC cycling. Therefore, we designed this study to determine whether critical indicators of cycling reliability and variability stabilize during 15 min of submaximal, semi-recumbent ECC cycling (ECC cycling). Twenty-two participants, aged between 18–51 years, volunteered to complete a single experimental session. Each participant completed three peak eccentric torque protocol (PETP) tests, nine countermovement jumps and 15 min of submaximal (i.e., 10% peak power output produced during the PETP tests) ECC cycling. Muscle activation patterns were recorded from six muscles (rectus femoris, RF; vastus lateralis, VL; vastus medialis, VM; soleus, SOL; medial gastrocnemius, GM; tibialis anterior, TA), during prescribed-intensity ECC cycling, using electromyography (EMG). Minute-to-minute changes in the reliability and variability of EMG patterns were examined using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and variance ratios (VR). Differences between target and actual power output were also used as an indicator of familiarization. Activation patterns for 4/6 muscles (RF, VL, VM and GM) became more consistent over the session, the RF, VL and VM increasing from moderate (ICC = 0.5–0.75) to good (ICC = 0.75–0.9) reliability by the 11th minute of cycling and the GM good reliability from the 1st minute (ICC = 0.79, ICC range = 0.70–0.88). Low variability (VR ≤ 0.40) was maintained for VL, VM and GM from the 8th, 8th and 1st minutes, respectively. We also observed a significant decrease in the difference between actual and target power output (χ214 = 30.895, p = 0.006, W = 0.105), expressed primarily between the 2nd and 3rd minute of cycling (Z = -2.677, p = 0.007). Indicators of familiarization during ECC cycling, including deviations from target power output levels and the reliability and variability of muscle activation patterns stabilized within 15 min of cycling. Based upon this data, it would be reasonable for future studies to allocate ∼ 15 min to familiarize naïve participants with a submaximal ECC cycling protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Walsh
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Darryl J. McAndrew
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Graduate School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan Shemmell
- Neuromotor Adaptation Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul J. Stapley
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Paul J. Stapley,
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Training Monitoring in Sports: It Is Time to Embrace Cognitive Demand. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10040056. [PMID: 35447866 PMCID: PMC9028378 DOI: 10.3390/sports10040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate training burden monitoring is still a challenge for the support staff, athletes, and coaches. Extensive research has been done in recent years that proposes several external and internal indicators. Among all measurements, the importance of cognitive factors has been indicated but has never been really considered in the training monitoring process. While there is strong evidence supporting the use of cognitive demand indicators in cognitive neuroscience, their importance in training monitoring for multiple sports settings must be better emphasized. The aims of this scoping review are to (1) provide an overview of the cognitive demand concept beside the physical demand in training; (2) highlight the current methods for assessing cognitive demand in an applied setting to sports in part through a neuroergonomics approach; (3) show how cognitive demand metrics can be exploited and applied to our better understanding of fatigue, sport injury, overtraining and individual performance capabilities. This review highlights also the potential new ways of brain imaging approaches for monitoring in situ. While assessment of cognitive demand is still in its infancy in sport, it may represent a very fruitful approach if applied with rigorous protocols and deep knowledge of both the neurobehavioral and cognitive aspects. It is time now to consider the cognitive demand to avoid underestimating the total training burden and its management.
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Rivas-Campo Y, García-Garro PA, Aibar-Almazán A, Martínez-Amat A, Vega-Ávila GC, Afanador-Restrepo DF, León-Morillas F, Hita-Contreras F. The Effects of High-Intensity Functional Training on Cognition in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:670. [PMID: 35455847 PMCID: PMC9025277 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10040670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) is a new exercise modality that emphasizes multi-joint functional movements adaptable to any fitness level and promotes greater muscle recruitment. Previous studies have evaluated the positive effects of HIFT on mental and cognitive health but have not evaluated it in older people. This study aims to conduct a systematic review of randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of HIFT on general cognition in older adults with cognitive impairment. (2) Methods: Following the PRISMA 2020 guideline, articles that did a high-intensity functional physical exercise intervention on cognitive performance in older adults with mild to moderate cognitive impairment (MMSE > 10) or dementia, aged 55 years or older, published between 2011 and 2021 in five different electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, and Cochrane plus were included. (3) Results: 7 articles were included, all having general cognition as their primary outcome. All assessed general cognition using the Mini-Mental State Examination, the ADAS-Cog, or both. All studies had at least one HIFT experimental group with a frequency of 2 sessions per week and a variable duration between protocols of 12, 13, 16, and 26 weeks. Two articles showed that a progressive HIFT program improves general cognition, four articles showed no significant changes within or between groups and one article concluded that a HIFT intervention does not slow cognitive decline. (4) Conclusions: Evidence exists of the benefits of HIFT on general cognition in older adults with cognitive impairment, assessed using the MMSE, the ADAS-cog, or both. Two articles that showed improvement in cognitive function used progressive HIFT with 80% RM at 6, 12, and 1 weeks; however, in the other articles, due to the heterogeneity of intervention protocols, measurement time points, and control group activities, mixed results were evidenced
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulieth Rivas-Campo
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of San Buenaventura—Cali, Santiago de Cali 760016, Colombia;
| | - Patricia Alexandra García-Garro
- School by Faculty of Distance Learning and Virtual Education, Antonio José Camacho University Institution, Santiago de Cali 760016, Colombia; (P.A.G.-G.); (G.C.V.-Á.)
| | - Agustín Aibar-Almazán
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (A.M.-A.); (F.H.-C.)
| | - Antonio Martínez-Amat
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (A.M.-A.); (F.H.-C.)
| | - Gloria Cecilia Vega-Ávila
- School by Faculty of Distance Learning and Virtual Education, Antonio José Camacho University Institution, Santiago de Cali 760016, Colombia; (P.A.G.-G.); (G.C.V.-Á.)
| | | | - Felipe León-Morillas
- Department of Physiotherapy, Catholic University of Murcia UCAM, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Fidel Hita-Contreras
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (A.M.-A.); (F.H.-C.)
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Walsh JA, McAndrew DJ, Henness DJ, Shemmell J, Cuicuri D, Stapley PJ. A Semi-recumbent Eccentric Cycle Ergometer Instrumented to Isolate Lower Limb Muscle Contractions to the Appropriate Phase of the Pedal Cycle. Front Physiol 2021; 12:756805. [PMID: 34912239 PMCID: PMC8667581 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.756805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric (ECC) cycling is used in rehabilitation and sports conditioning settings. We present the construction and mode of operation of a custom-built semi-recumbent ECC cycle designed to limit the production of lower limb muscle activity to the phase of the pedal cycle known to produce ECC contractions. A commercially available semi-recumbent frame and seat (Monarch, 837E Semi-recumbent Bike, Sweden) were used to assemble the ergometer. An electrical drive train system was constructed using individual direct drive servo motors. To avoid active muscle activation occurring during the non-ECC pedaling phase of cycling, a “trip” mechanism was integrated into the drivetrain system using a servo-driven regenerative braking mechanism based on the monitoring of the voltage produced over and above a predetermined threshold produced by the motors. The servo drive internal (DC bus) voltage is recorded and internally monitored during opposing (OPP) and non-opposing (N-OPP) phases of the pedal cycle. To demonstrate that the cycle functions as desired and stops or “trips” when it is supposed to, we present average (of 5 trials) muscle activation patterns of the principal lower limb muscles for regular ECC pedal cycles in comparison with one pedal cycle during which the muscles activated outside the desired phase of the cycle for a sample participant. This semi-recumbent ECC cycle ergometer has the capacity to limit the occurrence of muscle contraction only to the ECC phase of cycling. It can be used to target that mode of muscle contraction more precisely in rehabilitation or training studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Walsh
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Darryl J McAndrew
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Douglas J Henness
- Electrical Workshop, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan Shemmell
- Neuromotor Adaptation Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Dominic Cuicuri
- Electrical Workshop, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul J Stapley
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Clos P, Mater A, Laroche D, Lepers R. Concentric versus eccentric cycling at equal power output or effort perception: Neuromuscular alterations and muscle pain. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:45-59. [PMID: 34533875 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare neuromuscular alterations and perceptions of effort and muscle pain induced by concentric and eccentric cycling performed at the same power output or effort perception. Fifteen participants completed three 30-min sessions: one in concentric at 60% peak power output (CON) and two in eccentric, at the same power output (ECCPOWER ) or same perceived effort (ECCEFFORT ). Muscle pain, perception of effort, oxygen uptake as well as rectus femoris and vastus lateralis electromyographic activities were collected when pedaling. The knee extensors maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque, the torque evoked by double stimulations at 100 Hz and 10 Hz (Dt100; Dt10), and the voluntary activation level (VAL) were evaluated before and after exercise. Power output was higher in ECCEFFORT than CON (89.1 ± 23.3% peak power). Muscle pain and effort perception were greater in CON than ECCPOWER (p < 0.03) while muscle pain was similar in CON and ECCEFFORT (p > 0.43). MVC torque, Dt100, and VAL dropped in all conditions (p < 0.04). MVC torque (p < 0.001) and the Dt10/ Dt100 ratio declined further in ECCEFFORT (p < 0.001). Eccentric cycling perceived as difficult as concentric cycling caused similar muscle pain but more MVC torque decrease. A given power output induced lower perceptions of pain and effort in eccentric than in concentric yet similar MVC torque decline. While neural impairments were similar in all conditions, eccentric cycling seemed to alter excitation-contraction coupling. Clinicians should thus be cautious when setting eccentric cycling intensity based on effort perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Clos
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Adrien Mater
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Davy Laroche
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
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Bayne F, Racinais S, Mileva K, Hunter S, Gaoua N. Less Is More-Cyclists-Triathlete's 30 min Cycling Time-Trial Performance Is Impaired With Multiple Feedback Compared to a Single Feedback. Front Psychol 2021; 11:608426. [PMID: 33424719 PMCID: PMC7786101 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.608426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this article was to (i) compare different modes of feedback (multiple vs. single) on 30 min cycling time-trial performance in non-cyclist’s and cyclists-triathletes, and (ii) investigate cyclists-triathlete’s information acquisition. Methods: 20 participants (10 non-cyclists, 10 cyclists-triathletes) performed two 30 min self-paced cycling time-trials (TT, ∼5–7 days apart) with either a single feedback (elapsed time) or multiple feedback (power output, elapsed distance, elapsed time, cadence, speed, and heart rate). Cyclists-triathlete’s information acquisition was also monitored during the multiple feedback trial via an eye tracker. Perceptual measurements of task motivation, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and affect were collected every 5 min. Performance variables (power output, cadence, distance, speed) and heart rate were recorded continuously. Results: Cyclists-triathletes average power output was greater compared to non-cyclists with both multiple feedback (227.99 ± 42.02 W; 137.27 ± 27.63 W; P < 0.05) and single feedback (287.9 ± 60.07 W; 131.13 ± 25.53 W). Non-cyclist’s performance did not differ between multiple and single feedback (p > 0.05). Whereas, cyclists-triathletes 30 min cycling time-trial performance was impaired with multiple feedback (227.99 ± 42.02 W) compared to single feedback (287.9 ± 60.07 W; p < 0.05), despite adopting and reporting a similar pacing strategy and perceptual responses (p > 0.05). Cyclists-triathlete’s primary and secondary objects of regard were power (64.95 s) and elapsed time (64.46 s). However, total glance time during multiple feedback decreased from the first 5 min (75.67 s) to the last 5 min (22.34 s). Conclusion: Cyclists-triathletes indoor 30 min cycling TT performance was impaired with multiple feedback compared to single feedback. Whereas non-cyclist’s performance did not differ between multiple and single feedback. Cyclists-triathletes glanced at power and time which corresponds with the wireless sensor networks they use during training. However, total glance time during multiple feedback decreased over time, and therefore, overloading athletes with feedback may decrease performance in cyclists-triathletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya Bayne
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katya Mileva
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Hunter
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Gaoua
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
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Converging Evidence Supporting the Cognitive Link between Exercise and Esport Performance: A Dual Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110859. [PMID: 33203067 PMCID: PMC7696945 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Research into action video games (AVG) has surged with the popularity of esports over the past three decades. Specifically, evidence is mounting regarding the importance of enhanced cognitive abilities for successful esports performance. However, due to the sedentary nature in which AVGs are played, concerns are growing with the increased engagement young adults have with AVGs. While evidence exists supporting the benefits of exercise for cognition generally in older adult, children and clinical populations, little to no work has synthesized the existing knowledge regarding the effect of exercise specifically on the cognitive abilities required for optimal esports performance in young adults. (2) Method: We conducted a dual-systematic review to identify the cognitive abilities integral to esports performance (Phase 1) and the efficacy of exercise to enhance said cognitive abilities (Phase 2). (3) Results: We demonstrate the importance of four specific cognitive abilities for AVG play (attention, task-switching, information processing, and memory abilities) and the effect that different types and durations of physical exercise has on each. (4) Conclusion: Together, these results highlight the role that exercise can have on not only combating the sedentary nature of gaming, but also its potential role in facilitating the cognitive aspects of gaming performance.
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Barreto RV, de Lima LCR, Denadai BS. Moving forward with backward pedaling: a review on eccentric cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:381-407. [PMID: 33180156 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a profound gap in the understanding of the eccentric cycling intensity continuum, which prevents accurate exercise prescription based on desired physiological responses. This may underestimate the applicability of eccentric cycling for different training purposes. Thus, we aimed to summarize recent research findings and screen for possible new approaches in the prescription and investigation of eccentric cycling. METHOD A search for the most relevant and state-of-the-art literature on eccentric cycling was conducted on the PubMed database. Literature from reference lists was also included when relevant. RESULTS Transversal studies present comparisons between physiological responses to eccentric and concentric cycling, performed at the same absolute power output or metabolic load. Longitudinal studies evaluate responses to eccentric cycling training by comparing them with concentric cycling and resistance training outcomes. Only one study investigated maximal eccentric cycling capacity and there are no investigations on physiological thresholds and/or exercise intensity domains during eccentric cycling. No study investigated different protocols of eccentric cycling training and the chronic effects of different load configurations. CONCLUSION Describing physiological responses to eccentric cycling based on its maximal exercise capacity may be a better way to understand it. The available evidence indicates that clinical populations may benefit from improvements in aerobic power/capacity, exercise tolerance, strength and muscle mass, while healthy and trained individuals may require different eccentric cycling training approaches to benefit from similar improvements. There is limited evidence regarding the mechanisms of acute physiological and chronic adaptive responses to eccentric cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Vieira Barreto
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Benedito Sérgio Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
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New Directions in Exercise Prescription: Is There a Role for Brain-Derived Parameters Obtained by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy? Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060342. [PMID: 32503207 PMCID: PMC7348779 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the literature, it is well established that regular physical exercise is a powerful strategy to promote brain health and to improve cognitive performance. However, exact knowledge about which exercise prescription would be optimal in the setting of exercise–cognition science is lacking. While there is a strong theoretical rationale for using indicators of internal load (e.g., heart rate) in exercise prescription, the most suitable parameters have yet to be determined. In this perspective article, we discuss the role of brain-derived parameters (e.g., brain activity) as valuable indicators of internal load which can be beneficial for individualizing the exercise prescription in exercise–cognition research. Therefore, we focus on the application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), since this neuroimaging modality provides specific advantages, making it well suited for monitoring cortical hemodynamics as a proxy of brain activity during physical exercise.
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