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Garcia-Retortillo S, Romero-Gómez C, Ivanov PC. Network of muscle fibers activation facilitates inter-muscular coordination, adapts to fatigue and reflects muscle function. Commun Biol 2023; 6:891. [PMID: 37648791 PMCID: PMC10468525 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fundamental movement patterns require continuous skeletal muscle coordination, where muscle fibers with different timing of activation synchronize their dynamics across muscles with distinct functions. It is unknown how muscle fibers integrate as a network to generate and fine tune movements. We investigate how distinct muscle fiber types synchronize across arm and chest muscles, and respond to fatigue during maximal push-up exercise. We uncover that a complex inter-muscular network of muscle fiber cross-frequency interactions underlies push-up movements. The network exhibits hierarchical organization (sub-networks/modules) with specific links strength stratification profile, reflecting distinct functions of muscles involved in push-up movements. We find network reorganization with fatigue where network modules follow distinct phase-space trajectories reflecting their functional role and adaptation to fatigue. Consistent with earlier observations for squat movements under same protocol, our findings point to general principles of inter-muscular coordination for fundamental movements, and open a new area of research, Network Physiology of Exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Garcia-Retortillo
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27190, USA
- Complex Systems in Sport, INEFC University of Barcelona, 08038, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Romero-Gómez
- Complex Systems in Sport, INEFC University of Barcelona, 08038, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Plamen Ch Ivanov
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str. Block 21, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria.
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2
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de Abreu RM, Cairo B, Porta A. On the significance of estimating cardiorespiratory coupling strength in sports medicine. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 2:1114733. [PMID: 36926078 PMCID: PMC10013023 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2022.1114733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The estimation of cardiorespiratory coupling (CRC) is attracting interest in sports physiology as an important tool to characterize cardiac neural regulation genuinely driven by respiration. When applied in sports medicine, cardiorespiratory coupling measurements can provide information on the effects of training, pre-competition stress, as well as cardiovascular adjustments during stressful stimuli. Furthermore, since the cardiorespiratory coupling is strongly affected by physical activity, the study of the cardiorespiratory coupling can guide the application of specific training methods to optimize the coupling between autonomic activity and heart with possible effects on performance. However, a consensus about the physiological mechanisms, as well as methodological gold standard methods to quantify the cardiorespiratory coupling, has not been reached yet, thus limiting its application in experimental settings. This review supports the relevance of assessing cardiorespiratory coupling in the sports medicine, examines the possible physiological mechanisms involved, and lists a series of methodological approaches. cardiorespiratory coupling strength seems to be increased in athletes when compared to sedentary subjects, in addition to being associated with positive physiological outcomes, such as a possible better interaction of neural subsystems to cope with stressful stimuli. Moreover, cardiorespiratory coupling seems to be influenced by specific training modalities, such as inspiratory muscle training. However, the impact of cardiorespiratory coupling on sports performance still needs to be better explored through ad hoc physical exercise tests and protocols. In addition, this review stresses that several bivariate and multivariate methods have been proposed to assess cardiorespiratory coupling, thus opening new possibilities in estimating cardiorespiratory interactions in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Martins de Abreu
- Department of Physiotherapy, LUNEX University, International University of Health, Exercise & Sports S.A., Differdange, Luxembourg
- LUNEX ASBL Luxembourg Health & Sport Sciences Research Institute, Differdange, Luxembourg
| | - Beatrice Cairo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Porta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
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3
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Papadakis Z, Etchebaster M, Garcia-Retortillo S. Cardiorespiratory Coordination in Collegiate Rowing: A Network Approach to Cardiorespiratory Exercise Testing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13250. [PMID: 36293862 PMCID: PMC9603738 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Collegiate rowing performance is often assessed by a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Rowers' on-water performance involves non-linear dynamic interactions and synergetic reconfigurations of the cardiorespiratory system. Cardiorespiratory coordination (CRC) method measures the co-variation among cardiorespiratory variables. Novice (n = 9) vs. Intermediate (n = 9) rowers' CRC (H0: Novice CRC = Intermediate CRC; HA: Novice CRC < Intermediate CRC) was evaluated through principal components analysis (PCA). A female NCAA Division II team (N = 18) grouped based on their off-water performance on 6000 m time trial. Rowers completed a customized CPET to exhaustion and a variety of cardiorespiratory values were recorded. The number of principal components (PCs) and respective PC eigenvalues per group were computed on SPSS vs28. Intermediate (77%) and Novice (33%) groups showed one PC1. Novice group formed an added PC2 due to the shift of expired fraction of oxygen or, alternatively, heart rate/ventilation, from the PC1 cluster of examined variables. Intermediate rowers presented a higher degree of CRC, possible due to their increased ability to utilize the bicarbonate buffering system during the CPET. CRC may be an alternative measure to assess aerobic fitness providing insights to the complex cardiorespiratory interactions involved in rowing during a CPET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Papadakis
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health Promotion and Clinical Practice, College of Health and Wellness, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL 33161, USA
| | - Michelle Etchebaster
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health Promotion and Clinical Practice, College of Health and Wellness, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL 33161, USA
| | - Sergi Garcia-Retortillo
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC) University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Montull L, Slapšinskaitė-Dackevičienė A, Kiely J, Hristovski R, Balagué N. Integrative Proposals of Sports Monitoring: Subjective Outperforms Objective Monitoring. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:41. [PMID: 35348932 PMCID: PMC8964908 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current trends in sports monitoring are characterized by the massive collection of tech-based biomechanical, physiological and performance data, integrated through mathematical algorithms. However, the application of algorithms, predicated on mechanistic assumptions of how athletes operate, cannot capture, assess and adequately promote athletes' health and performance. The objective of this paper is to reorient the current integrative proposals of sports monitoring by re-conceptualizing athletes as complex adaptive systems (CAS). CAS contain higher-order perceptual units that provide continuous and multilevel integrated information about performer-environment interactions. Such integrative properties offer exceptional possibilities of subjective monitoring for outperforming any objective monitoring system. Future research should investigate how to enhance this human potential to contribute further to athletes' health and performance. This line of argument is not intended to advocate for the elimination of objective assessments, but to highlight the integrative possibilities of subjective monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluc Montull
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- University School of Health and Sport, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Agne Slapšinskaitė-Dackevičienė
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Nursing and Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Robert Hristovski
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Natàlia Balagué
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Pérez-Gosalvez A, García-Muro San José F, Carrión-Otero O, Pérez-Fernández T, Fernández-Rosa L. Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Responses to an Isokinetic Testing Protocol in Professional Soccer Players. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061539. [PMID: 35329865 PMCID: PMC8952197 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) responses triggered during an isokinetic testing protocol in professional soccer players and compare cardiovascular parameters at completion of this isokinetic protocol with those during a treadmill test. Using purposive sampling, 63 professional soccer players were recruited. Cardiovascular responses were measured noninvasively during a bilateral testing protocol of knee flexion and extension. Treadmill ergospirometry following an incremental speed protocol was performed to analyze the same cardiovascular parameters at rest and at completion of this test. There were significant differences in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and HR according to field position. The parameters presented high homogeneity at both competitive levels. Systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, HR, and rate pressure product at completion of the treadmill test were significantly higher than those at completion of the isokinetic protocol. Intermittent isokinetic testing protocol of the knee triggers normal and safe BP and HR responses in healthy professional soccer players. The HR of the defenders was higher than those of the forwards and midfielders but was independent of the competitive level. The values of cardiovascular parameters at isokinetic protocol completion were lower than those during the treadmill test.
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Fang B, Kim Y, Choi M. Effect of Cycle-Based High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate to Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Adolescent Soccer Players. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9121628. [PMID: 34946354 PMCID: PMC8701016 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9121628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness, anaerobic power, and lower extremity strength are essential for soccer players at all levels. An effective program should be developed to improve physical strength for adolescent soccer players who need to combine academic and technical training. This study analyzed the impact of short-term high intensity interval training (HIIT) training and traditional moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on adolescent soccer players. Participants included 56 adolescent soccer players who were divided into HIIT and MICT groups. The training program was conducted 3 times a week for 4 weeks using cycle ergometer. Each session included the same resistance training program, and the characteristics of HIIT and MICT were applied to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and anaerobic power. Body composition analysis, graded exercise test for peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), Wingate anaerobic power test, and isokinetic knee strength test were performed. VO2 peak was improved in HIIT and MICT, but anaerobic threshold and heart rate recovery significantly improved in the HIIT group. Wingate anaerobic peak power had increased significantly in sets 1, 2, and 3 in the HIIT group, but showed significant improvement only in set 1 in the MICT group. The isokinetic strength improved significantly in the HIIT group at 60°/s and in the MICT group at 240°/s. There was no significant change in body composition in either group. In conclusion, short-term HIIT administered to adolescent soccer players effectively improved cardiorespiratory fitness in HIIT and MICT groups. While HIIT increased anaerobic threshold and power, MICT effectively improved muscle endurance. Short-term intensive training can be considered a time-efficient training strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Fang
- College of Physical Education, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China;
| | - Yonghwan Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea;
| | - Moonyoung Choi
- Department of Sports Science Convergence, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2260-8741; Fax: +82-2-2260-3741
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Oviedo GR, Garcia-Retortillo S, Carbó-Carreté M, Guerra-Balic M, Balagué N, Javierre C, Guàrdia-Olmos J. Cardiorespiratory Coordination During Exercise in Adults With Down Syndrome. Front Physiol 2021; 12:704062. [PMID: 34566677 PMCID: PMC8455928 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.704062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Down syndrome (DS) is a chromosomal disorder affecting simultaneously cardiovascular and respiratory systems. There is no research studying the coupling between these systems during cardiorespiratory exercise testing in a population with DS. Cardiorespiratory coordination (CRC), evaluated through principal component analysis (PCA), measures the covariation of cardiorespiratory variables during exercise. Objective: To investigate and compare CRC in adults with and without DS during maximal cardiorespiratory exercise testing. Methods: Fifteen adults with DS and 15 adults without disabilities performed a maximal cardiorespiratory exercise test on a treadmill. First, the slope, and afterward the velocity was increased regularly until participants reached exhaustion. The time series of six selected cardiorespiratory variables [ventilation per minute, an expired fraction of O2, the expired fraction of CO2, heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)] were extracted for the analysis. The number of principal components (PCs), the first PC eigenvalues (PC1), and the information entropy were computed for each group (non-DS and DS) and compared using a t-test or a Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Two PCs in the non-DS group and three PCs in the DS group captured the variance of the studied cardiorespiratory variables. The formation of an additional PC in the DS group was the result of the shift of SBP and DBP from the PC1 cluster of variables. Eigenvalues of PC1 were higher in the non-DS (U = 30; p = 0.02; d = 1.47) than in the DS group, and the entropy measure was higher in the DS compared with the non-DS group (U = 37.5; p = 0.008; d = 0.70). Conclusion: Adults with Down syndrome showed higher CRC dimensionality and a higher entropy measure than participants without disabilities. Both findings point toward a lower efficiency of the cardiorespiratory function during exercise in participants with DS. CRC appears as an alternative measure to investigate the cardiorespiratory function and its response to exercise in the DS population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo R Oviedo
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Health Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Garcia-Retortillo
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,School of Health and Sport Sciences (EUSES), Universitat de Girona, Salt, Spain.,Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC) University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Carbó-Carreté
- Serra Hunter Fellow, Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Myriam Guerra-Balic
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natàlia Balagué
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC) University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Casimiro Javierre
- Department Physiological Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Guàrdia-Olmos
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Barcelona, Spain
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Comparison of Aerobic Capacity Changes as a Result of a Polarized or Block Training Program among Trained Mountain Bike Cyclists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168865. [PMID: 34444612 PMCID: PMC8393863 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effectiveness of a block training program and a polarized training program in developing aerobic capacity in twenty trained mountain bike cyclists. The cyclists were divided into two groups: the block training program group (BT) and the polarized training program group (PT). The experiment lasted 8 weeks. During the experiment, the BT group alternated between 17-day blocks consisting of dominant low-intensity training (LIT) and 11-day blocks consisting of sprint interval training (SIT), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), while the PT group performed SIT, HIIT, and LIT simultaneously. Before and after the experiment, the cyclists performed incremental tests during which maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal aerobic power (Pmax), power achieved at the first ventilatory threshold (PVT1), and at the second ventilatory threshold (PVT2) were measured. VO2max increased in BT group (from 3.75 ± 0.67 to 4.00 ± 0.75 L∙min-1) and PT group (from 3.66 ± 0.73 to 4.20 ± 0.89 L∙min-1). In addition, Pmax, PVT1, and PVT2 increased in both groups to a similar extent. In conclusion, the polarized training program was more effective in developing the VO2max compared to the block program. In terms of developing other parameters characterizing the cyclists' aerobic capacity, the block and polarized program induced similar results.
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Gultyaeva VV, Uryumtsev DY, Zinchenko MI, Melnikov VN, Balioz NV, Krivoschekov SG. Cardiorespiratory Coordination in Hypercapnic Test Before and After High-Altitude Expedition. Front Physiol 2021; 12:673570. [PMID: 34108888 PMCID: PMC8181754 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.673570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination of cardiovascular and respiratory systems enables a wide range of human adaptation and depends upon the functional state of an individual organism. Hypoxia is known to elicit changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide sensitivity, while training alters cardiorespiratory coordination (CRC). The delayed effect of high altitude (HA) acclimatization on CRC in mountaineers remains unknown. The objective of this study was to compare CRC in acute hypercapnia in mountaineers before and after a HA expedition. Nine trained male mountaineers were investigated at sea level before (Pre-HA) and after a 20-day sojourn at altitudes of 4,000–7,000 m (Post-HA) in three states (Baseline, Hypercapnic Rebreathing, and Recovery). A principal component (PC) analysis was performed to evaluate the CRC. The number of mountaineers with one PC increased Post-HA (nine out of nine), compared to Pre-HA (five out of nine) [Chi-square (df = 1) = 5.14, P = 0.023]; the percentage of total variance explained by PC1 increased [Pre-HA median 65.6 (Q1 64.9/Q3 74.9), Post-HA 75.6 (73.3/77.9), P = 0.028]. Post-HA, the loadings of the expired fraction of O2, CO2, and ventilation onto PC1 did not change, and the loading of heart rate increased [Pre-HA 0.64 (0.45/0.68) and Post-HA 0.76 (0.65/0.82), P = 0.038]. During the Recovery, the percentage of total variance explained by PC1 was higher than during the Baseline. Post-HA, there was a high correlation between the Exercise addiction scores and the eigenvalues of PC1 (r = 0.9, P = 0.001). Thus, acute hypercapnic exposure reveals the Post-HA increase in cardiorespiratory coordination, which is highly related to the level of exercise addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina V Gultyaeva
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of Human Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Y Uryumtsev
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of Human Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Margarita I Zinchenko
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of Human Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Melnikov
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of Human Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia V Balioz
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of Human Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey G Krivoschekov
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of Human Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Balagué N, Hristovski R, Almarcha M, Garcia-Retortillo S, Ivanov PC. Network Physiology of Exercise: Vision and Perspectives. Front Physiol 2020; 11:611550. [PMID: 33362584 PMCID: PMC7759565 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.611550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic theoretical assumptions of Exercise Physiology and its research directions, strongly influenced by reductionism, may hamper the full potential of basic science investigations, and various practical applications to sports performance and exercise as medicine. The aim of this perspective and programmatic article is to: (i) revise the current paradigm of Exercise Physiology and related research on the basis of principles and empirical findings in the new emerging field of Network Physiology and Complex Systems Science; (ii) initiate a new area in Exercise and Sport Science, Network Physiology of Exercise (NPE), with focus on basic laws of interactions and principles of coordination and integration among diverse physiological systems across spatio-temporal scales (from the sub-cellular level to the entire organism), to understand how physiological states and functions emerge, and to improve the efficacy of exercise in health and sport performance; and (iii) to create a forum for developing new research methodologies applicable to the new NPE field, to infer and quantify nonlinear dynamic forms of coupling among diverse systems and establish basic principles of coordination and network organization of physiological systems. Here, we present a programmatic approach for future research directions and potential practical applications. By focusing on research efforts to improve the knowledge about nested dynamics of vertical network interactions, and particularly, the horizontal integration of key organ systems during exercise, NPE may enrich Basic Physiology and diverse fields like Exercise and Sports Physiology, Sports Medicine, Sports Rehabilitation, Sport Science or Training Science and improve the understanding of diverse exercise-related phenomena such as sports performance, fatigue, overtraining, or sport injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Balagué
- Complex Systems in Sport, INEFC Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Hristovski
- Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Maricarmen Almarcha
- Complex Systems in Sport, INEFC Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Garcia-Retortillo
- Complex Systems in Sport, INEFC Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Plamen Ch. Ivanov
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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11
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Bonet JB, Magalhães J, Viscor G, Pagès T, Ventura JL, Torrella JR, Javierre C. Inter-Individual Different Responses to Continuous and Interval Training in Recreational Middle-Aged Women Runners. Front Physiol 2020; 11:579835. [PMID: 33192585 PMCID: PMC7642248 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.579835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A crucial subject in sports is identifying the inter-individual variation in response to training, which would allow creating individualized pre-training schedules, improving runner’s performance. We aimed to analyze heterogeneity in individual responses to two half-marathon training programs differing in running volume and intensity in middle-aged recreational women. 20 women (40 ± 7 years, 61 ± 7 kg, 167 ± 6 cm, and VO2max = 48 ± 6 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1) underwent either moderate-intensity continuous (MICT) or high-intensity interval (HIIT) 12-week training. They were evaluated before and after training with maximal incremental tests in the laboratory (VO2max) and in the field (time to exhaustion, TTE; short interval series and long run). All the women participated in the same half-marathon and their finishing times were compared with their previous times. Although the improvements in the mean finishing times were not significant, MICT elicited a greater reduction (3 min 50 s, P = 0.298), with more women (70%) improving on their previous times, than HIIT (reduction of 2 min 34 s, P = 0.197, 50% responders). Laboratory tests showed more differences in the HIIT group (P = 0.008), while both groups presented homogeneous significant (P < 0.05) increases in TTE. Both in the short interval series and in the long run, HIIT induced better individual improvements, with a greater percentage of responders compared to MICT (100% vs 50% in the short series and 78% vs 38% in the long run). In conclusion, variability in inter-individual responses was observed after both MICT and HIIT, with some participants showing improvements (responders) while others did not (non-responders) in different performance parameters, reinforcing the idea that individualized training prescription is needed to optimize performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jèssica B Bonet
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Magalhães
- LaMetEx-Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise, Faculdade de Desporto, Centro de Investigação em Atividade Física e Lazer, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Pagès
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep L Ventura
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan R Torrella
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Casimiro Javierre
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Ye S, Pope ZC, Lee JE, Gao Z. Effects of School-Based Exergaming on Urban Children's Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Quasi-Experimental Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214080. [PMID: 31652857 PMCID: PMC6862233 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Modern-day technology is appealing to children. Few studies, however, have conducted longitudinal analyses of a school-based exergaming program’s effect on physical activity (PA) behaviors and fitness in children. Therefore, this study examined the longitudinal effect of an 8-month school-based exergaming intervention on children’s objectively-measured PA and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Materials and Methods: Eighty-one fourth grade students (X¯age = 9.23 ± 0.62; 39 girls; 54.3% African American, 30.9% Non-Hispanic White, 14.8% other) participated in this study from 2014–2015. The intervention school’s children participated in a once-weekly 50-min exergaming intervention during recess throughout the school year, while the control school continued regular recess. Children’s in-school PA and sedentary behavior (SB) were measured with ActiGraphGT3X+ accelerometers, with CRF assessed via the half-mile run. All measurements were taken at baseline, mid-intervention (four months) and post-intervention (eight months). Repeated-measures two-way ANCOVAs using age and race as covariates were conducted to examine between-school differences over time for SB, light PA (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and CRF. Results: Significant time by group interactions were observed for LPA, F(1, 79) = 7.82, η2 = 0.09, p < 0.01, and MVPA, F(1, 79) = 4.58, η2 = 0.06, p < 0.05, as LPA increased among the control group, while MVPA increased among intervention group. Children in both groups experienced decreased SB during the intervention (intervention: −7.63 min; control: −17.59 min), but demonstrated lower CRF over time (intervention: +46.73 s; control: +61.60 s). Conclusions: Observations suggested that school-based exergaming implementation may be effective in increasing children’s MVPA and decreasing their SB over the course an academic year (i.e., ~eight months). More research is needed, however, to discern how modifications to school-based exergaming might also promote improved CRF in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyue Ye
- Institute of Child Development, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zachary C Pope
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | - Zan Gao
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Agbangla NF, Fraser SA, Albinet CT. An Overview of the Cardiorespiratory Hypothesis and Its Potential Contribution to the Care of Neurodegenerative Disease in Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55090601. [PMID: 31533346 PMCID: PMC6780802 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55090601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One hypothesis that could explain the beneficial effects of physical exercise on cognitive function is the cardiorespiratory hypothesis. This hypothesis proposes that improved cognitive functioning may be in part a result of the physiological processes that occur after physical exercise such as: Increased cerebral perfusion and regional cerebral blood flow. These processes ensure increased oxygenation and glucose transportation to the brain, which together can improve cognitive function. The objective of this narrative review is to examine the contribution of this hypothesis in the care of African older adults with neurodegenerative conditions (i.e., dementia (Alzheimer’s disease)) or with mild cognitive impairments. Although studies in developed countries have examined people of African descent (i.e., with African Americans), only the limited findings presented in this review reflect how these conditions are also important for the African continent. This review revealed that no studies have examined the effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on neurodegenerative disease in Africa. African nations, like many other developing countries, have an aging population that is growing and will face an increased risk of neurodegenerative declines. It is therefore imperative that new research projects be developed to explore the role of the cardiorespiratory fitness in neurodegenerative disease prevention in African nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nounagnon Frutueux Agbangla
- Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société (URePSSS-EA 7369), Univ. Artois, Univ. Lille, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Sarah A Fraser
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5S9, Canada.
| | - Cédric T Albinet
- Laboratoire Sciences de la Cognition, Technologie, Ergonomie (SCoTE-EA7420), Université de Toulouse, INU Champollion, 81012 Albi, France.
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Garcia-Retortillo S, Javierre C, Hristovski R, Ventura JL, Balagué N. Principal component analysis as a novel approach for cardiorespiratory exercise testing evaluation. Physiol Meas 2019; 40:084002. [PMID: 31239421 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab2ca0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to apply a principal component analysis (PCA) approach to cardiorespiratory exercise to test evaluation and its sensitivity to workload accumulation. APPROACH Twenty-five healthy young adults performed a progressive and maximal cycling test, which was divided into two parts: moderate and high workload intensities, using a ventilatory threshold as a cut point. A PCA of the time series of cardiovascular and respiratory variables was performed in each part and the number of principal components (PCs), the eigenvalues of the first PC (PC1), and the information entropy were calculated. MAIN RESULTS The number of PCs increased, the eigenvalues of PC1 decreased (t = 5.32; p < 0.001; d = 1.39) and entropy was significantly higher (Z = 3.10; p = .002; d = 1.16) at high workload intensities, compared to moderate intensities. SIGNIFICANCE Results showed the sensitivity of the PCA approach to workload accumulation and corroborates its potential for improving the evaluation and interpretation of cardiorespiratory exercise testing. In particular, it points to being a good candidate to objectively detect qualitative changes or thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Garcia-Retortillo
- Complex Systems in Sport, INEFC Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain. School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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Pereira-Ferrero VH, Lewis TG, Ferrero LGP, Duarte LT. Complex Networks Models and Spectral Decomposition in the Analysis of Swimming Athletes' Performance at Olympic Games. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1134. [PMID: 31551810 PMCID: PMC6733958 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to present complex network models which analyze professional swimmers of 50-m freestyle Olympic competitions, comparing characteristics and variables that are considered performance determinants. This comparative research includes Olympic medalists’ versus non-medalists’ behavior. Using data from 40 athletes with a mean age, weight and height of 26 ± 2.9 years, 87 ± 5.59 kg, 193 ± 3.85 cm, respectively, at the Olympics of 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016 (16-year interval), we built two types of complex networks (graphs) for each edition, using mathematical correlations, metrics and the spectral decomposition analysis. It is possible to show that complex metrics behave differently between medalists and non-medalists. The spectral radius (SR) proved to be an important form of evaluation since in all 5 editions it was higher among medalists (SR results: 3.75, 3.5, 3.39, 2.91, and 3.66) compared to non-medalists (2.18, 2.51, 2.23, 2.07, and 2.04), with significantly differences between. This study introduces a remarkable tool in the evaluation of the performance of groups of swimming athletes by complex networks, and is relevant to athletes, coaches, and even amateurs, regarding how individual variables relate to competition results and are reflected in the SR for the best performance. In addition, this is a general method and may, in the future, be developed in the analysis of other competitive sports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodore Gyle Lewis
- Center for Homeland Defense and Security, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, United States
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Bell CA, Carver NS, Zbaracki JA, Kelty-Stephen DG. Non-linear Amplification of Variability Through Interaction Across Scales Supports Greater Accuracy in Manual Aiming: Evidence From a Multifractal Analysis With Comparisons to Linear Surrogates in the Fitts Task. Front Physiol 2019; 10:998. [PMID: 31447691 PMCID: PMC6692465 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement coordination depends on directing our limbs to the right place and in the right time. Movement science can study this central requirement in the Fitts task that asks participants to touch each of two targets in alternation, as accurately and as fast as they can. The Fitts task is an experimental attempt to focus on how the movement system balances its attention to speed and to accuracy. This balance in the Fitts task exhibits a hierarchical organization according to which finer details (e.g., kinematics of single sweeps from one target to the other) change with relatively broader constraints of task parameters (e.g., distance between targets and width of targets). The present work seeks to test the hypothesis that this hierarchical organization of movement coordination reflects a multifractal tensegrity in which non-linear interactions across scale support stability. We collected movement series data during a easy variant of the Fitts task to apply just such a multifractal analysis with surrogate comparison to allow clearer test of non-linear interactions across scale. Furthermore, we test the role of visual feedback both in potential and in fact, i.e., by manipulating both whether experimenters instructed participants that they might potentially have to close their eyes during the task and whether participants actually closed their eyes halfway through the task. We predict that (1) non-linear interactions across scales in hand movement series will produce variability that will actually stabilize aiming in the Fitts task, reducing standard deviation of target contacts; (2) non-linear interactions across scales in head sway will stabilize aiming following the actual closing eyes; and (3) non-linear interactions across scales in head sway and in hand movements will interact to support stabilizing effects of expectation about closing eyes. In sum, this work attempts to make the case that the multifractal-tensegrity hypothesis supports more accurate aiming behavior in the Fitts task.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole S. Carver
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - John A. Zbaracki
- Department of Psychology, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA, United States
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