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Borrelli M, Shokohyar S, Rampichini S, Bruseghini P, Doria C, Limonta EG, Ferretti G, Esposito F. Energetics of sinusoidal exercise below and across critical power and the effects of fatigue. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1845-1859. [PMID: 38242972 PMCID: PMC11130025 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies investigating sinusoidal exercise were not devoted to an analysis of its energetics and of the effects of fatigue. We aimed to determine the contribution of aerobic and anaerobic lactic metabolism to the energy balance and investigate the fatigue effects on the cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to sinusoidal protocols, across and below critical power (CP). METHODS Eight males (26.6 ± 6.2 years; 75.6 ± 8.7 kg; maximum oxygen uptake 52.8 ± 7.9 ml·min-1·kg-1; CP 218 ± 13 W) underwent exhausting sinusoidal cycloergometric exercises, with sinusoid midpoint (MP) at CP (CPex) and 50 W below CP (CP-50ex). Sinusoid amplitude (AMP) and period were 50 W and 4 min, respectively. MP, AMP, and time-delay (tD) between mechanical and metabolic signals of expiratory ventilation (V ˙ E ), oxygen uptake (V ˙ O 2 ), and heart rate ( f H ) were assessed sinusoid-by-sinusoid. Blood lactate ([La-]) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined at each sinusoid. RESULTS V ˙ O 2 AMP was 304 ± 11 and 488 ± 36 ml·min-1 in CPex and CP-50ex, respectively. Asymmetries between rising and declining sinusoid phases occurred in CPex (36.1 ± 7.7 vs. 41.4 ± 9.7 s forV ˙ O 2 tD up and tD down, respectively; P < 0.01), with unchanged tDs.V ˙ O 2 MP and RPE increased progressively during CPex. [La-] increased by 2.1 mM in CPex but remained stable during CP-50ex. Anaerobic contribution was larger in CPex than CP-50ex. CONCLUSION The lower aerobic component during CPex than CP-50ex associated with lactate accumulation explained lowerV ˙ O 2 AMP in CPex. The asymmetries in CPex suggest progressive decline of muscle phosphocreatine concentration, leading to fatigue, as witnessed by RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Borrelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sheida Shokohyar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Rampichini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bruseghini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Christian Doria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Eloisa Guglielmina Limonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi - Sant'Ambrogio, Via Cristina Belgioioso, 173, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Ferretti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi - Sant'Ambrogio, Via Cristina Belgioioso, 173, 20157, Milan, Italy
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Girardi M, Gattoni C, Stringer WW, Rossiter HB, Casaburi R, Ferguson C, Capelli C. Current definitions of the breathing cycle in alveolar breath-by-breath gas exchange analysis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 325:R433-R445. [PMID: 37519253 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00065.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the breathing cycle forms the basis of any breath-by-breath gas exchange analysis. Classically, the breathing cycle is defined as the time interval between the beginning of two consecutive inspiration phases. Based on this definition, several research groups have developed algorithms designed to estimate the volume and rate of gas transferred across the alveolar membrane ("alveolar gas exchange"); however, most algorithms require measurement of lung volume at the beginning of the ith breath (VLi-1; i.e., the end-expiratory lung volume of the preceding ith breath). The main limitation of these algorithms is that direct measurement of VLi-1 is challenging and often unavailable. Two solutions avoid the requirement to measure VLi-1 by redefining the breathing cycle. One method defines the breathing cycle as the time between two equal fractional concentrations of lung expired oxygen (Fo2) (or carbon dioxide; Fco2), typically in the alveolar phase, whereas the other uses the time between equal values of the Fo2/Fn2 (or Fco2/Fn2) ratios [i.e., the ratio of fractional concentrations of lung expired O2 (or CO2) and nitrogen (N2)]. Thus, these methods identify the breathing cycle by analyzing the gas fraction traces rather than the gas flow signal. In this review, we define the traditional approach and two alternative definitions of the human breathing cycle and present the rationale for redefining this term. We also explore the strengths and limitations of the available approaches and provide implications for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Girardi
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Gattoni
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - William W Stringer
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States
| | - Harry B Rossiter
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States
| | - Richard Casaburi
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States
| | - Carrie Ferguson
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States
| | - Carlo Capelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Fujita M, Kamibayashi K, Horiuchi M, Ebine N, Fukuoka Y. Alterations in step frequency and muscle activities using body weight support influence the ventilatory response to sinusoidal walking in humans. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15534. [PMID: 37726511 PMCID: PMC10509255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42811-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of body weight support (BWS) can reveal important insights into the relationship between lower-limb muscle activities and the ventilatory response during sinusoidal walking. Here, healthy participants (n = 15) walked on a treadmill while 0%, 30%, and 50% of their body weight was supported with BWS. The walking speed was varied sinusoidally between 3 and 6 km h-1, and three different frequencies, and periods ranging from 2 to 10 min were used. Breath-by-breath ventilation ([Formula: see text]) and CO2 output ([Formula: see text]) were measured. The tibialis anterior (TA) muscle activity was measured by electromyography throughout the walking. The amplitude (Amp), normalized Amp [Amp ratio (%)], and phase shift (PS) of the sinusoidal variations in measurement variables were calculated using a Fourier analysis. The results revealed that the Amp ratio in [Formula: see text] increased with the increase in BWS. A steeper slope of the [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] relationship and greater [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] values were observed under reduced body weight conditions. The Amp ratio in TA muscle was significantly positively associated with the Amp ratio in the [Formula: see text] (p < 0.001). These findings indicate that the greater amplitude in the TA muscle under BWS may have been a potent stimulus for the greater response of ventilation during sinusoidal walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mako Fujita
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Kamibayashi
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Masahiro Horiuchi
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Ebine
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuoka
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan.
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Nicolò A, Girardi M, Bazzucchi I, Sacchetti M, Felici F. Ventilation and perceived exertion are sensitive to changes in exercise tolerance: arm+leg cycling vs. leg cycling. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1226421. [PMID: 37593234 PMCID: PMC10427861 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1226421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Growing evidence suggests that respiratory frequency (f R) is a marker of physical effort and a variable sensitive to changes in exercise tolerance. The comparison between arm+leg cycling (Arm+leg) and leg cycling (Leg) has the potential to further test this notion because a greater exercise tolerance is expected in the Arm+leg modality. We systematically compared Arm+leg vs. Leg using different performance tests. Methods: Twelve males underwent six performance tests in separate, randomized visits. Three tests were performed in each of the two exercise modalities, i.e. an incremental test and two time-to-exhaustion (TTE) tests performed at 90% or 75% of the peak power output reached in the Leg incremental test (PPOLeg). Exercise tolerance, perceived exertion, and cardiorespiratory variables were recorded during all the tests. Results: A greater exercise tolerance (p < 0.001) was found for Arm+leg in the incremental test (337 ± 32 W vs. 292 ± 28 W), in the TTE test at 90% of PPOLeg (638 ± 154 s vs. 307 ± 67 s), and in the TTE test at 75% of PPOLeg (1,675 ± 525 s vs. 880 ± 363 s). Unlike V ˙ O2 and heart rate, both f R and minute ventilation were lower (p < 0.003) at isotime in all the Arm+leg tests vs. Leg tests. Furthermore, a lower perceived exertion was observed in the Arm+leg tests, especially during the TTE tests (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Minute ventilation, f R and perceived exertion are sensitive to the improvements in exercise tolerance observed when comparing Arm+leg vs. Leg, unlike V ˙ O2 and heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolò
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Girardi
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Ilenia Bazzucchi
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Felici
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
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Romano C, Nicolò A, Innocenti L, Sacchetti M, Schena E, Massaroni C. Design and Testing of a Smart Facemask for Respiratory Monitoring during Cycling Exercise. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:369. [PMID: 36979581 PMCID: PMC10046471 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Given the importance of respiratory frequency (fR) as a valid marker of physical effort, there is a growing interest in developing wearable devices measuring fR in applied exercise settings. Biosensors measuring chest wall movements are attracting attention as they can be integrated into textiles, but their susceptibility to motion artefacts may limit their use in some sporting activities. Hence, there is a need to exploit sensors with signals minimally affected by motion artefacts. We present the design and testing of a smart facemask embedding a temperature biosensor for fR monitoring during cycling exercise. After laboratory bench tests, the proposed solution was tested on cyclists during a ramp incremental frequency test (RIFT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), both indoors and outdoors. A reference flowmeter was used to validate the fR extracted from the temperature respiratory signal. The smart facemask showed good performance, both at a breath-by-breath level (MAPE = 2.56% and 1.64% during RIFT and HIIT, respectively) and on 30 s average fR values (MAPE = 0.37% and 0.23% during RIFT and HIIT, respectively). Both accuracy and precision (MOD ± LOAs) were generally superior to those of other devices validated during exercise. These findings have important implications for exercise testing and management in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Romano
- The Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Nicolò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Innocenti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Schena
- The Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Massaroni
- The Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
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Sharpe E, Butler MP, Clark-Stone J, Soltanzadeh R, Jindal R, Hanes D, Bradley R. A closer look at yoga nidra- early randomized sleep lab investigations. J Psychosom Res 2023; 166:111169. [PMID: 36731199 PMCID: PMC9973252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine trial feasibility plus physiological and psychological effects of a guided meditation practice, Yoga Nidra, in adults with self-reported insomnia. METHODS Twenty-two adults with self-reported insomnia were recruited to attend two visits at our research center. At Visit 1 (V1), participants were asked to lie quietly for ninety minutes. The primary outcome was change in electroencephalography (EEG). Heart rate variability (HRV), respiratory rate and self-reported mood and anxiety were also measured. At Visit 2 (V2), the same protocol was followed, except half of participants were randomized to practice Yoga Nidra for the first 30-min. RESULTS There were no between-group changes (V1-V2) in alpha EEG power at O1 (Intervention: 13 ± 70%; Control: -20 ± 40%), HRV or sleep onset latency in response to Yoga Nidra. Respiratory rate, however, showed statistically significant difference between groups (Yoga Nidra -1.4 breaths per minute (bpm) change during and - 2.1 bpm afterwards vs. Control +0.2 bpm during and + 0.4 bpm after; p = .03 for both during and after). The intervention displayed good acceptability (well-tolerated) and credibility (perceived benefit ratings) with implementation success (target sample size reached; 5% dropout rate). CONCLUSIONS This preliminary clinical trial provides early evidence that Yoga Nidra is a well-tolerated, feasible intervention for adults reporting insomnia. Decreased respiratory rate in response to Yoga Nidra needs to be confirmed in more definitive studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION This trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov as "A Closer Look at Yoga Nidra: Sleep Lab Analyses" (NCT#03685227).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Sharpe
- National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR, USA; State University of New York at Canton, Canton, NY, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Ripu Jindal
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Douglas Hanes
- National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Ryan Bradley
- National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR, USA; University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Nicolò A, Sacchetti M. Differential control of respiratory frequency and tidal volume during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:215-242. [PMID: 36326866 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The lack of a testable model explaining how ventilation is regulated in different exercise conditions has been repeatedly acknowledged in the field of exercise physiology. Yet, this issue contrasts with the abundance of insightful findings produced over the last century and calls for the adoption of new integrative perspectives. In this review, we provide a methodological approach supporting the importance of producing a set of evidence by evaluating different studies together-especially those conducted in 'real' exercise conditions-instead of single studies separately. We show how the collective assessment of findings from three domains and three levels of observation support the development of a simple model of ventilatory control which proves to be effective in different exercise protocols, populations and experimental interventions. The main feature of the model is the differential control of respiratory frequency (fR) and tidal volume (VT); fR is primarily modulated by central command (especially during high-intensity exercise) and muscle afferent feedback (especially during moderate exercise) whereas VT by metabolic inputs. Furthermore, VT appears to be fine-tuned based on fR levels to match alveolar ventilation with metabolic requirements in different intensity domains, and even at a breath-by-breath level. This model reconciles the classical neuro-humoral theory with apparently contrasting findings by leveraging on the emerging control properties of the behavioural (i.e. fR) and metabolic (i.e. VT) components of minute ventilation. The integrative approach presented is expected to help in the design and interpretation of future studies on the control of fR and VT during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
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Abreu RMD, Porta A, Rehder-Santos P, Cairo B, Sakaguchi CA, da Silva CD, Signini ÉDF, Milan-Mattos JC, Catai AM. Cardiorespiratory coupling strength in athletes and non-athletes. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2022; 305:103943. [PMID: 35835289 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the relevant presence of nonlinear components on heart period (HP) likely due to cardiorespiratory coupling (CRC), the HP is frequently analyzed in absence of concomitant recordings of respiratory movements (RESP). This study aims to assess the cardiovascular dynamics and CRC during postural challenge in athletes and non-athletes via joint symbolic analysis (JSA). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in 50 men, aged between 20 and 40 yrs, divided into athletes (n = 25) and non-athletes (n = 25) groups. The electrocardiogram, blood pressure and RESP signals were recorded during 15 min in both supine position (REST) and after active postural maneuver (STAND). From the beat-to-beat series of HP, systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and RESP, we computed the time and frequency domain indexes and baroreflex sensitivity. The JSA was based on the definition of symbolic HP and RESP patterns and on the evaluation of the rate of their simultaneous occurrence in both HP and RESP series. RESULTS The JSA analysis was able to identify higher CRC strength at REST in athletes. Moreover, the response of CRC to STAND depended on the time scales of the analysis and was much more evident in athletes than in non-athletes, thus indicating a more reactive autonomic control in athletes. CONCLUSION Assessing CRC in athletes via JSA provides additional information compared to standard linear time and frequency domain tools likely due to the more relevant presence of nonlinearities in HP-RESP variability relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Martins de Abreu
- LUNEX University, International University of Health, Exercise & Sports S.A. 50, Department of Physiotherapy, Differdange, Luxembourg; LUNEX ASBL Luxembourg Health & Sport Sciences Research Institute, Differdange, Luxembourg; Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Physical Therapy, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Alberto Porta
- University of Milan, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia Rehder-Santos
- Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Physical Therapy, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatrice Cairo
- University of Milan, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Milan, Italy
| | - Camila Akemi Sakaguchi
- Appalachian State University, Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, NC, USA
| | | | - Étore De Favari Signini
- Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Physical Therapy, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Aparecida Maria Catai
- Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Physical Therapy, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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How to Investigate the Effect of Music on Breathing during Exercise: Methodology and Tools. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22062351. [PMID: 35336520 PMCID: PMC8953998 DOI: 10.3390/s22062351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Music is an invaluable tool to improve affective valence during exercise, with the potential contribution of a mechanism called rhythmic entrainment. However, several methodological limitations impair our current understanding of the effect of music on relevant psychophysiological responses to exercise, including breathing variables. This study presents conceptual, methodological, and operational insight favoring the investigation of the effect of music on breathing during exercise. Three tools were developed for the quantification of the presence, degree, and magnitude of music-locomotor, locomotor-breathing, and music-breathing entrainment. The occurrence of entrainment was assessed during 30 min of moderate cycling exercise performed either when listening to music or not, and was complemented by the recording of relevant psychophysiological and mechanical variables. Respiratory frequency and expiratory time were among the physiological variables that were affected to a greater extent by music during exercise, and a significant (p < 0.05) music-breathing entrainment was found in all 12 participants. These findings suggest the importance of evaluating the effect of music on breathing responses to exercise, with potential implications for exercise prescription and adherence, and for the development of wearable devices simultaneously measuring music, locomotor, and breathing signals.
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Girardi M, Gattoni C, Mauro L, Capelli C. The effects of sinusoidal linear drifts on the estimation of cardiorespiratory dynamic parameters during sinusoidal workload forcing: a simulation study. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 289:103652. [PMID: 33677090 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating whether: 1) different sinusoidal linear drifts would affect the estimation of the dynamic parameters amplitude (A) and phase lag (φ) of minute ventilation (V˙E), oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production and heart rate (HR) sinusoidal responses when the frequency analysis technique (F) is performed; 2) the Marquardt-Levenberg non-linear fitting technique (ML) would provide more precise estimations of A and φ of drifted sinusoidal responses compared to F. For each cardiorespiratory variable, fifteen responses to sinusoidal forcing of different sinusoidal periods were simulated by using a first-order dynamic linear model. A wide range of linear drifts were subsequently applied. A and φ were computed for all drifted and non-drifted responses by using both F (AF and φF) and ML (AML and φML). For non-drifted responses, no differences between AF vs AML and φF vs φML were found. Whereas AF and φF were affected by the sinusoidal linear drifts, AML and φML were not. Significant interaction effects (technique x drift) were found for A (P < 0.001; ƞP2 > 0.247) and φ (P < 0.001; ƞP2 > 0.851). Higher goodness of fit values were observed when using ML for drifted V˙E and HR responses only. The present findings suggest ML as a recommended technique to use when sinusoidal linear drifts occur during sinusoidal exercise, and provide new insights on how to analyse drifted cardiorespiratory sinusoidal responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Girardi
- Centre for Brain Science, Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Chiara Gattoni
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4AG, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Mauro
- Department of Computer, Control and Management Engineering, University of Rome "La Sapienza", via Ariosto 25, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Capelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, via Felice Casorati 43, 1-37131, Verona, Italy
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Girardi M, Gattoni C, Capelli C, Nicolò A, Sacchetti M. Commentaries on Viewpoint: Nondyspnogenic acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in COVID-19 pneumonia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:898-899. [PMID: 33724896 PMCID: PMC7984240 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01036.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Girardi
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Brain Science, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Gattoni
- Endurance Research Group, School Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Capelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Nicolò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico,” Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico,” Rome, Italy
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12
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Nicolò A, Massaroni C, Schena E, Sacchetti M. The Importance of Respiratory Rate Monitoring: From Healthcare to Sport and Exercise. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6396. [PMID: 33182463 PMCID: PMC7665156 DOI: 10.3390/s20216396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory rate is a fundamental vital sign that is sensitive to different pathological conditions (e.g., adverse cardiac events, pneumonia, and clinical deterioration) and stressors, including emotional stress, cognitive load, heat, cold, physical effort, and exercise-induced fatigue. The sensitivity of respiratory rate to these conditions is superior compared to that of most of the other vital signs, and the abundance of suitable technological solutions measuring respiratory rate has important implications for healthcare, occupational settings, and sport. However, respiratory rate is still too often not routinely monitored in these fields of use. This review presents a multidisciplinary approach to respiratory monitoring, with the aim to improve the development and efficacy of respiratory monitoring services. We have identified thirteen monitoring goals where the use of the respiratory rate is invaluable, and for each of them we have described suitable sensors and techniques to monitor respiratory rate in specific measurement scenarios. We have also provided a physiological rationale corroborating the importance of respiratory rate monitoring and an original multidisciplinary framework for the development of respiratory monitoring services. This review is expected to advance the field of respiratory monitoring and favor synergies between different disciplines to accomplish this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carlo Massaroni
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy;
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