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Yamashita Y, Umemura Y. Effect of High-Intensity With Short-Duration Re-Warm-Up on Subsequent Performance in a Cold Environment. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e280-e287. [PMID: 38595296 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Yamashita, Y and Umemura, Y. Effect of high-intensity with short-duration re-warm up on subsequent performance in a cold environment. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): e280-e287, 2024-The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity, short-duration re-warm-up (RW) during half time (HT) on subsequent performance in a cold environment. Eleven male subjects (age, 21 ± 2 years; height, 172.4 ± 4.5 cm; body mass, 65.6 ± 7.1 kg; V̇ o2 max, 47.5 ± 4.8 ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ) performed 2 experimental trials comprising 40 minutes of intermittent cycling exercise, which consisted of 15-second rest, 25-second unloading cycling, 10-second high-intensity cycling, and 70-second moderate-intensity cycling as the first half. In the second half, a cycling intermittent-sprint protocol (CISP) was performed, separated by a 15-minute HT period in cold conditions (5 °C, 50% relative humidity). Two experimental trials were included in a random order: (a) approximately 1 minute of high-intensity, short-duration RW (3 sets of 3-second maximal pedaling [body weight × 0.075 kp]) trial high-intensity intermittent cycling trials (HII); (b) 15 minutes of seated rest trial (CON). Cycling intermittent-sprint protocol consisted of 10 sets of a 2-minute exercise protocol, and each set consisted of 10-second rest, 5-second maximal pedaling (body weight × 0.075 kp), and 105-second active recovery at 50% maximum oxygen uptake (V̇ o2 max). Peak power output of 5-second maximal pedaling during CISP was higher in HII trials than in CON trials (HII: 807 ± 81 W, CON: 791 ± 78 W, p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in rectal temperature between trial types ( p > 0.05). These results suggest that high-intensity, short-duration RW may be a useful HT strategy for improving subsequent performance in cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Yamashita
- Laboratory for Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics, Graduate School of Health and Sports Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
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Albertus-Cámara I, Paredes-Ruiz MJ, Martínez-González-Moro I. Analysis of Muscle Oxygenation after a Normobaric Hypoxia Tolerance Test. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:86. [PMID: 38804452 PMCID: PMC11130857 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to analyze the influence of acute normobaric hypoxia on quadricep oxygenation. Muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) was measured using near-infrared spectrometry (NIRS) technology during a normobaric hypoxia tolerance test (NHTT). SmO2 was measured with a Humon Hex® device. In total, 54 healthy subjects participated, 68.5 of which were males and 31.5% of which were females. They performed an NHTT with the IAltitude® simulator, breathing air with an FiO2 level of 11% (equivalent to 5050 m). The maximum duration of the NHTT was set at 10 min, stopping if it reached 83% SpO2. The initial values (PRE) were compared with those obtained at the end of the test (POST) and after 10 min of recovery. The participants were divided into two groups based on whether (G1) they completed the ten minutes or not (G2). In total, 35.1% of men and 41.2% of women completed the 10 min. In both groups, significant differences were observed in the decrease in SmO2 values (p < 0.0001) (G1: PRE = 59.5 ± 12.48%; POST = 55.95 ± 14.30%; G2: PRE = 60.06 ± 13.46%; POST = 57.2 ± 12.3%). There were no differences between groups in any of the three periods. Exposure to normobaric hypoxia produces a decrease in quadricep levels of SmO2 in both sexes, regardless of whether the test is completed. Two patterns appeared: A.-less time and more hypoxia; B. a longer duration and less hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ignacio Martínez-González-Moro
- Physical Exercise and Human Performance Research Group, Mare Nostrum Campus, University of Murcia, 30001 Murcia, Spain; (I.A.-C.); (M.-J.P.-R.)
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Perrey S, Quaresima V, Ferrari M. Muscle Oximetry in Sports Science: An Updated Systematic Review. Sports Med 2024; 54:975-996. [PMID: 38345731 PMCID: PMC11052892 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01987-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last 5 years since our last systematic review, a significant number of articles have been published on the technical aspects of muscle near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), the interpretation of the signals and the benefits of using the NIRS technique to measure the physiological status of muscles and to determine the workload of working muscles. OBJECTIVES Considering the consistent number of studies on the application of muscle oximetry in sports science published over the last 5 years, the objectives of this updated systematic review were to highlight the applications of muscle oximetry in the assessment of skeletal muscle oxidative performance in sports activities and to emphasize how this technology has been applied to exercise and training over the last 5 years. In addition, some recent instrumental developments will be briefly summarized. METHODS Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews guidelines were followed in a systematic fashion to search, appraise and synthesize existing literature on this topic. Electronic databases such as Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed and SPORTDiscus were searched from March 2017 up to March 2023. Potential inclusions were screened against eligibility criteria relating to recreationally trained to elite athletes, with or without training programmes, who must have assessed physiological variables monitored by commercial oximeters or NIRS instrumentation. RESULTS Of the identified records, 191 studies regrouping 3435 participants, met the eligibility criteria. This systematic review highlighted a number of key findings in 37 domains of sport activities. Overall, NIRS information can be used as a meaningful marker of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and can become one of the primary monitoring tools in practice in conjunction with, or in comparison with, heart rate or mechanical power indices in diverse exercise contexts and across different types of training and interventions. CONCLUSIONS Although the feasibility and success of the use of muscle oximetry in sports science is well documented, there is still a need for further instrumental development to overcome current instrumental limitations. Longitudinal studies are urgently needed to strengthen the benefits of using muscle oximetry in sports science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University of Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | - Valentina Quaresima
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Mihailovic T, Groslambert A, Bouzigon R, Feaud S, Millet GP, Gimenez P. Acute Responses to Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia Combined With Whole-Body Cryotherapy: A Preliminary Study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:280-289. [PMID: 38171353 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate acute psychophysiological responses to repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) combined with whole-body cryotherapy (WBC). METHOD Sixteen trained cyclists performed 3 sessions in randomized order: RSH, WBC-RSH (WBC pre-RSH), and RSH-WBC (WBC post-RSH). RSH consisted of 3 sets of 5 × 10-second sprints with 20-second recovery at a simulated altitude of 3000 m. Power output, muscle oxygenation (tissue saturation index), heart-rate variability, and recovery perception were analyzed. Sleep quality was assessed on the nights following test sessions and compared with a control night using nocturnal ActiGraphy and heart-rate variability. RESULTS Power output did not differ between the conditions (P = .27), while the decrease in tissue saturation index was reduced for WBC-RSH compared to RSH-WBC in the last set. In both conditions with WBC, the recovery perception was higher compared to RSH (WBC-RSH: +15.4%, and RSH-WBC: +21.9%, P < .05). The number of movements during the RSH-WBC night was significantly lower than for the control night (-18.7%, P < .01) and WBC-RSH (-14.9%, P < .05). RSH led to a higher root mean square of the successive differences of R-R intervals and high-frequency band during the first hour of sleep compared to the control night (P < .05) and RSH-WBC (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Inclusion of WBC in an RSH session did not modify the power output but could improve prolonged performance in hypoxia by maintaining muscle oxygenation. A single RSH session did not deteriorate sleep quality. WBC, particularly when performed after RSH, positively influenced recovery perception and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Mihailovic
- Laboratory of Culture, Sport, Health, Society (C3S-UR 4660), Sport and Performance Department, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
- Inside the Athletes 3.0 (ITA 3.0), Besançon, France
- Besancon Fitness, Besancon, France
| | - Alain Groslambert
- Laboratory of Culture, Sport, Health, Society (C3S-UR 4660), Sport and Performance Department, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
- Locomotion Athlete Material Environment Platform (Laboratory C3S-Groupama FDJ cycling team), Besançon, France
| | - Romain Bouzigon
- Laboratory of Culture, Sport, Health, Society (C3S-UR 4660), Sport and Performance Department, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
- Inside the Athletes 3.0 (ITA 3.0), Besançon, France
- Besancon Fitness, Besancon, France
| | - Simon Feaud
- Laboratory of Culture, Sport, Health, Society (C3S-UR 4660), Sport and Performance Department, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Gimenez
- Laboratory of Culture, Sport, Health, Society (C3S-UR 4660), Sport and Performance Department, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
- Locomotion Athlete Material Environment Platform (Laboratory C3S-Groupama FDJ cycling team), Besançon, France
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Geng Z, Wang J, Cao G, Tan C, Li L, Qiu J. Differential impact of heat and hypoxia on dynamic oxygen uptake and deoxyhemoglobin parameters during incremental exhaustive exercise. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1247659. [PMID: 38260100 PMCID: PMC10801013 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1247659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to explore the relationship between the dynamic changes in oxygen uptake (V ˙ O 2 ) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) and peripheral fatigue in athletes during incremental exhaustive exercise under different environmental conditions, including high temperature and humidity environment, hypoxic environment, and normal conditions. Methods: 12 male modern pentathlon athletes were recruited and performed incremental exhaustive exercise in three different environments: normal condition (23°C, 45%RH, FiO2 = 21.0%, CON), high temperature and humidity environment (35°C, 70%RH, FiO2 = 21.0%, HOT), and hypoxic environment (23°C, 45%RH, FiO2 = 15.6%, HYP). Gas metabolism data of the athletes were collected, and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) and total hemoglobin content in the vastus lateralis muscles (VL) were measured to calculate the deoxyhemoglobin content. Linear and nonlinear function models were used to fit the characteristic parameters of V ˙ O 2 and HHb changes. Results: The results showed that compared to the CON, V ˙ O 2 , V ˙ CO 2 , and exercise time were decreased in the HOT and HYP (p < 0.05). Δ E V ˙ O 2 and OUES were reduced in the HOT and HYP compared to the CON (p < 0.05). The Gas exchange threshold in the CON corresponded to higher V ˙ O 2 than in the HYP and HOT (p < 0.05). Δ E V ˙ O 2 - 1 was reduced in the HOT compared to the HYP (p < 0.05). ΔEHHb was higher in the HOT compared to the CON (p < 0.05). ΔEHHb-1 was increased in the HYP compared to the CON (p < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between ΔEHHb and corresponding V ˙ O 2 max in the HOT (r = -0.655, p < 0.05), and a negative correlation between ΔEHHb-1 and corresponding V ˙ O 2 max in the HYP (r = -0.606, p < 0.05). Conclusion: Incremental exhaustive exercise in hypoxic environment and high temperature and humidity environments inhibits gas exchange and oxygen supply to skeletal muscle tissue in athletes. For athletes, the accelerated deoxygenation response of skeletal muscles during incremental exhaustive exercise in high temperature and humidity environments, as well as the excessive deoxygenation response before BP of deoxyhemoglobin in hypoxic environment, may be contributing factors to peripheral fatigue under different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhong Geng
- School of Sports and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhao Wang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohuan Cao
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhao Tan
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Longji Li
- School of Sports and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Qiu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
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Yamaguchi K, Hayashi N, Sumi D, Ono M, Koizumi T, Sato W, Takeuchi F, Adachi Y, Goto K. Sodium L-Aspartate Supplementation Improves Repeated-Sprint Performance. Nutrients 2023; 15:5117. [PMID: 38140376 PMCID: PMC10746991 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspartate supplementation has been reported to improve endurance performance by facilitating the tricarboxylic acid cycle flux. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of aspartate supplementation on repeated-sprint performance and blood pH. Following an overnight fast, fourteen healthy males completed three sets of 10 × 6 s maximal sprints after consuming sodium L-aspartate (ASP) or placebo (PLA), in a double-blind manner. Both supplements were taken twice on each test day (2 × 4.5 g). Exercise performance (e.g., cadence and power output) and blood variables (e.g., pH and plasma amino acid levels) were measured. The ASP trial evidenced significantly higher plasma aspartate concentration during the first (ASP, 45.3 ± 9.2 μM; PLA, 6.1 ± 0.8 μM) and the second exercise sets (ASP, 24.2 ± 4.5 μM; PLA, 6.6 ± 0.9 μM) and peak cadence during the second set (ASP, 153 ± 3 rpm; PLA, 152 ± 3 rpm) compared with the PLA trial (all p < 0.05). The peak power output during the second exercise set (ASP, 743 ± 32 W; PLA, 734 ± 31 W; p = 0.060) and the blood pH immediately before (ASP, 7.280 ± 0.020; PLA, 7.248 ± 0.016; p = 0.087) and after the third exercise set (ASP, 7.274 ± 0.019; PLA, 7.242 ± 0.018; p = 0.093) tended to be higher in the ASP than in the PLA trial. In conclusion, ASP supplementation partially improved repeated-sprint performance (peak cadence during the second exercise set). However, it did not affect the mean power output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
- Japan Society for Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Nanako Hayashi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
- Japan Society for Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Daichi Sumi
- Japan Society for Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Miho Ono
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | | | - Wataru Sato
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
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Adding heat stress to repeated-sprint training in hypoxia does not enhance performance improvements in canoe/kayak athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:339-349. [PMID: 36278988 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study investigated the effects of adding heat stress to repeated-sprint training in hypoxia on performance and physiological adaptations in well-trained athletes. METHODS Sixteen canoe/kayak sprinters conducted 2 weeks of repeated-sprint training consisting of three sets of 5 × 10 s sprints with 20 s active recovery periods under conditions of either normobaric hypoxia (RSH, FiO2: 14.5%, ambient temperature: 18 ℃, n = 8) or combined heat and normobaric hypoxia (RSHH, FiO2: 14.5%, ambient temperature: 38 ℃, n = 8). Before and after training, the 10 × 10 s repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test and 500 m time trial were performed on a canoe/kayak ergometer. RESULTS Peak and average power outputs during the RSA test were significantly improved after training in both RSH (peak power: + 21.5 ± 4.6%, P < 0.001; average power: + 12.5 ± 1.9%, P < 0.001) and RSHH groups (peak power: + 18.8 ± 6.6%, P = 0.005; average power: + 10.9 ± 6.8%, P = 0.030). Indirect variables of skeletal muscle oxygen extraction (deoxygenated hemoglobin) and blood perfusion (total hemoglobin) during the RSA test were significantly increased after training in the RSH group (P = 0.041 and P = 0.034, respectively) but not in the RSHH group. In addition, finish time during the 500 m time trial was significantly shortened after the training only in the RSH group (RSH: - 3.9 ± 0.8%, P = 0.005; RSHH: - 3.1 ± 1.4%, P = 0.078). CONCLUSION Adding heat stress to RSH does not enhance performance improvement and may partially mask muscle tissue adaptation.
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Gutknecht AP, Gonzalez-Figueres M, Brioche T, Maurelli O, Perrey S, Favier FB. Maximizing anaerobic performance with repeated-sprint training in hypoxia: In search of an optimal altitude based on pulse oxygen saturation monitoring. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1010086. [PMID: 36311239 PMCID: PMC9597871 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) leads to great improvements in anaerobic performance. However, there is no consensus about the optimal level of hypoxia that should be used during training to maximize subsequent performances. This study aimed to establish whether such an optimal altitude can be determined and whether pulse oxygen saturation during RSH is correlated with training-induced improvement in performance. Methods: Peak and mean power outputs of healthy young males [age (mean ± SD) 21.7 ± 1.4 years] were measured during a Wingate (30 s) and a repeated-sprint ability (RSA; 10 x 6-s sprint with 24-s recovery) test before and after RSH. Participants performed six cycling sessions comprising three sets of 8 x 6-s sprint with 24-s recovery in normobaric hypoxia at a simulated altitude of either 1,500 m, 2,100 m, or 3,200 m (n = 7 per group). Heart rate variability was assessed at rest and during recovery from Wingate test before and after RSH. Results: The subjective rating of perceived exertion and the relative exercise intensity during training sessions did not differ between the three groups, contrary to pulse oxygen saturation (p < 0.001 between each group). Mean and peak power outputs were significantly increased in all groups after training, except for the mean power in the RSA test for the 3200 m group. Change in mean power on RSA test (+8.1 ± 6.6%) was the only performance parameter significantly correlated with pulse oxygen saturation during hypoxic training (p < 0.05, r = 0.44). The increase in LnRMSSD during recovery from the Wingate test was enhanced after training in the 1,500 m (+22%) but not in the two other groups (≈– 6%). Moreover, the increase in resting heart rate with standing after training was negatively correlated with SpO2 (p < 0.01, r =–0.63) suggesting that hypoxemia level during training differentially altered autonomic nervous system activity. Conclusion: These data indicate that RSH performed as early as 1,500 m of altitude is effective in improving anaerobic performance in moderately trained subjects without strong association with pulse oxygen saturation monitoring during training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Brioche
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Stéphane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University of Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | - François B. Favier
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: François B. Favier,
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Imai A, Yamaguchi K, Goto K. Comparison of systemic and peripheral responses during high-intensity interval exercise under voluntary hypoventilation vs. hypoxic conditions. Phys Act Nutr 2022; 26:8-16. [PMID: 35982624 PMCID: PMC9395251 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2022.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study aimed to determine the systemic and peripheral responses to high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) with voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume (VHL) or HIIE under hypoxic conditions. [Methods] Ten male participants completed a single session of HIIE (three sets of 6 × 8-s high-intensity pedaling at 170% of maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max]) under three different conditions: normoxia with normal breathing (NOR: 23 °C, 20.9% of fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2]), hypoxia with normal breathing (HYP: 23 °C, 14.5% FiO2), and normoxia with VHL (VHL: 23 °C, 20.9% FiO2). A randomized crossover design was used. Power output, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate, and muscle oxygenation were monitored during the exercise and the 16-s recovery. Muscle blood flow (mBF) of the vastus lateralis was also evaluated. [Results] SpO2 during the exercise and the 16-s recovery in the VHL group was significantly lower than in that of the NOR group. However, this parameter in the VHL group was significantly higher than that of the HYP group (NOR: 94.9 ± 0.4%, HYP: 82.8 ± 1.2%, VHL: 90.4 ± 0.5%; p < 0.001). Muscle oxygen saturation was significantly lower in the HYP group than those in the VHL and NOR groups (NOR: 79.6 ± 17.4%, HYP: 65.5 ± 7.7%, VHL: 74.4 ± 7.8%; p = 0.024). No significant difference in this parameter was observed between the VHL and NOR groups (p > 0.05). Additionally, the exercise-induced increase in mBF did not differ significantly among three groups (p > 0.05). [Conclusion] HIIE-induced SpO2 decrease was smaller under hypoxic conditions than during VHL. Moreover, mBF was not enhanced by the addition of VHL during HIIE.
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Hohenauer E, Freitag L, Herten M, Siallagan J, Pollock E, Taube W, Clijsen R. The Methodological Quality of Studies Investigating the Acute Effects of Exercise During Hypoxia Over the Past 40 years: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2022; 13:919359. [PMID: 35784889 PMCID: PMC9243659 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.919359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise under hypoxia and the physiological impact compared to normoxia or hypoxia has gained attention in the last decades. However, methodological quality assessment of articles in this area is lacking in the literature. Therefore, this article aimed to evaluate the methodologic quality of trials studying exercise under hypoxia. An electronic search was conducted until December 2021. The search was conducted in PubMed, CENTRAL, and PEDro using the PICO model. (P) Participants had to be healthy, (I) exercise under normobaric or hypobaric hypoxia had to be (C) compared to exercise in normoxia or hypoxia on (O) any physiological outcome. The 11-item PEDro scale was used to assess the methodological quality (internal validity) of the studies. A linear regression model was used to evaluate the evolution of trials in this area, using the total PEDro score of the rated trials. A total of n = 81 studies met the inclusion criteria and were processed in this study. With a mean score of 5.1 ± 0.9 between the years 1982 and 2021, the mean methodological quality can be described as “fair.” Only one study reached the highest score of 8/10, and n = 2 studies reached the lowest observed value of 3/10. The linear regression showed an increase of the PEDro score of 0.1 points per decade. A positive and small tendency toward increased methodologic quality was observed. The current results demonstrate that a positive and small tendency can be seen for the increase in the methodological quality in the field of exercise science under hypoxia. A “good” methodological quality, reaching a PEDro score of 6 points can be expected in the year 2063, using a linear regression model analysis. To accelerate this process, future research should ensure that methodological quality criteria are already included during the planning phase of a study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Hohenauer
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RES Lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Erich Hohenauer,
| | - Livia Freitag
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RES Lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Herten
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RES Lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - Julia Siallagan
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RES Lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - Elke Pollock
- Department of Physiotherapy, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Taube
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ron Clijsen
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RES Lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Berne, Switzerland
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Dennis MC, Goods PSR, Binnie MJ, Girard O, Wallman KE, Dawson B, Billaut F, Peeling P. Repeated-sprint training in heat and hypoxia: effect of exercise-to-rest ratio. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35698899 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2085631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate acute performance and physiological responses to the manipulation of exercise-to-rest ratio (E:R) during repeated-sprint hypoxic training (RSH) in hot conditions. Twelve male team-sport players completed two experimental sessions at a simulated altitude of ∼3000 m (FIO2 0.144), air temperature of 40°C and relative humidity of 50%. Exercise involved either 3×5×10-s (E:R1:2) or 3×10×5-s (E:R1:4) maximal cycling sprints interspersed with active recoveries at 120W (20-s between sprints, 2.5 and 5-min between sets for E:R1:2 and E:R1:4 respectively). Sessions were matched for overall sprint and total session duration (47.5-min). Peak and mean power output, and total work were greater in E:R1:4 than E:R1:2 (p < 0.05). Peak core temperature was significantly higher in E:R1:4 than E:R1:2 (38.44 ± 0.33 vs. 38.20 ± 0.35°C, p = 0.028). Muscle deoxygenation magnitude during sprints was greater in E:R1:2 (28.2 ± 1.6 vs. 22.4 ± 4.6%, p < 0.001), while muscle reoxygenation did not differ between conditions (p > 0.05).These results indicate E:R1:4 increased mechanical power output and core temperature compared to E:R1:2. Both protocols had different effects on measures of muscle oxygenation, with E:R1:2 generating greater muscle oxygen extraction and E:R1:4 producing more muscle oxygenation flux, which are both important signals for peripheral adaptation. We conclude that the E:R manipulation during RSH in the heat might be used to target different physiological and performance outcomes, with these findings forming a strong base for future mechanistic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles C Dennis
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 6009.,Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia, 6010
| | - Paul S R Goods
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia, 6010.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, WA, Australia, 6150.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia, 6150
| | - Martyn J Binnie
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 6009.,Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia, 6010
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 6009
| | - Karen E Wallman
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 6009
| | - Brian Dawson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 6009
| | - Francois Billaut
- Department of Kinesiology, University Laval, Quebec, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 6009.,Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia, 6010
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Ienaga K, Yamaguchi K, Ota N, Goto K. Augmented muscle deoxygenation during repeated sprint exercise with post-exercise blood flow restriction. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15294. [PMID: 35586958 PMCID: PMC9117971 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood flow restriction (BFR) during low-intensity exercise has been known to be a potent procedure to alter metabolic and oxygen environments in working muscles. Moreover, the use of BFR during inter-set rest periods of repeated sprint exercise has been recently suggested to be a potent procedure for improving training adaptations. The present study was designed to determine the effect of repeated sprint exercise with post-exercise BFR (BFR during rest periods between sprints) on muscle oxygenation in working muscles. Eleven healthy males performed two different conditions on different days: either repeated sprint exercise with BFR during rest periods between sets (BFR condition) or without BFR (CON condition). A repeated sprint exercise consisted of three sets of 3 × 6-s maximal sprints (pedaling) with 24s rest periods between sprints and 5 min rest periods between sets. In BFR condition, two min of BFR (100-120 mmHg) for both legs was conducted between sets. During the exercise, power output and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) were evaluated. Muscle oxygenation for the vastus lateralis muscle, exercise-induced changes in muscle blood flow, and muscle oxygen consumption were measured. During BFR between sets, BFR condition presented significantly higher deoxygenated hemoglobin + myoglobin (p < 0.01) and lower tissue saturation index (p < 0.01) than those in CON condition. However, exercise-induced blood lactate elevation and reduction of blood pH did not differ significantly between the conditions. Furthermore, power output throughout nine sprints did not differ significantly between the two conditions. In conclusion, repeated sprint exercise with post-exercise BFR augmented muscle deoxygenation and local hypoxia, without interfering power output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Ienaga
- Graduate School of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Naoki Ota
- Graduate School of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
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13
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Yamaguchi K, Imai T, Yatsutani H, Goto K. A Combined Hot and Hypoxic Environment during Maximal Cycling Sprints Reduced Muscle Oxygen Saturation: A Pilot Study. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:684-689. [PMID: 35321130 PMCID: PMC8488822 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of a combined hot and hypoxic environment on muscle oxygenation during repeated 15-s maximal cycling sprints. In a single-blind, cross-over study, nine trained sprinters performed three 15-s maximal cycling sprints interspersed with 7-min passive recovery in normoxic (NOR; 23℃, 50%, FiO2 20.9%), normobaric hypoxic (HYP; 23℃, FiO2 14.5%), and hot normobaric hypoxic (HH; 35℃, FiO2 14.5%) environments. Relative humidity was set to 50% in all trials. The vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation was evaluated during exercise using near-infrared spectroscopy. The oxygen uptake (VO2) and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) were also monitored. There was no significant difference in peak or mean power output among the three conditions. The reduction in tissue saturation index was significantly greater in the HH (-17.0 ± 2.7%) than in the HYP (-10.4 ± 2.8%) condition during the second sprint (p < 0.05). The average VO2 and SpO2 were significantly lower in the HYP (VO2 = 980 ± 52 mL/min, SpO2 = 82.9 ± 0.8%) and HH (VO2 = 965 ± 42 mL/min, SpO2 = 83.2 ± 1.2%) than in the NOR (VO2 = 1149 ± 40 mL/min, SpO2 = 90.6 ± 1.4%; p < 0.05) condition. In conclusion, muscle oxygen saturation was reduced to a greater extent in the HH than in the HYP condition during the second bout of three 15-s maximal cycling sprints, despite the equivalent hypoxic stress between HH and HYP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Imai
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Haruka Yatsutani
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
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