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Brandlhuber M, Benhaqi P, Brandlhuber B, Koliogiannis V, Kasparek MS, Mueller MH, Kreis ME. The role of vagal innervation on the early development of postoperative ileus in mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14308. [PMID: 34962331 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative ileus (POI) involves an intestinal inflammatory response that is modulated by afferent and efferent vagal activation. We aimed to identify the potential influence of the vagus nerve on POI by tracking central vagal activation and its role for peripheral inflammatory changes during the early hours after surgery. METHODS C57BL6 mice were vagotomized (V) 3-4 days prior to experiments, while control animals received sham vagotomy (SV). Subgroups underwent either laparotomy (sham operation; S-POI) or laparotomy followed by standardized small bowel manipulation to induce postoperative ileus (POI). Three hours and 9 h later, respectively, a jejunal segment was harvested and infiltration of inflammatory cells in intestinal muscularis was evaluated by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) avidin and myeloperoxidase (MPO) staining. Moreover, the brain stem was harvested, and central nervous activation was investigated by Fos immunochemistry in both the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the area postrema (AP). Data are presented as mean ± SEM, and a p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. KEY RESULTS Three hour experiments revealed no significant differences between all experimental groups, except MPO staining: 3 h after abdominal surgery, there were significantly more MPO-positive cells in vagotomized S-POI animals compared to sham-vagotomized S-POI animals (26.7 ± 7.1 vs. 5.1 ± 2.4, p < 0.01). Nine hour postoperatively intramuscular mast cells (IMMC) were significantly decreased in the intestinal muscularis of V/POI animals compared to SV/POI animals (1.5 ± 0.3 vs. 5.9 ± 0.2, p < 0.05), while MPO-positive cells were increased in V/POI animals compared to SV/POI animals (713.2 ± 99.4 vs. 46.9 ± 5.8, p < 0.05). There were less Fos-positive cells in the NTS of V/POI animals compared to SV/POI animals (64.7 ± 7.8 vs. 132.8 ± 23.9, p < 0.05) and more Fos-positive cells in the AP of V/POI animals compared to SV/POI animals 9 h postoperatively (38.0 ± 2.0 vs. 13.7 ± 0.9, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND INTERFERENCES Afferent nerve signaling to the central nervous system during the development of early POI seems to be mediated mainly via the vagus nerve and to a lesser degree via systemic circulation. During the early hours of POI, the intestinal immune response may be attenuated by vagal modulation, suggesting interactions between the central nervous system and the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Brandlhuber
- Department of Radiology, Grosshadern Clinic, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Benhaqi
- Center for Human Genetics and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Labs Martinsried, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Vanessa Koliogiannis
- Department of Radiology, Grosshadern Clinic, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Mario H Mueller
- Department of Surgery and Minimal-Invasive Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin E Kreis
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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Zheng JJ, Zhang TY, Liu HT, Huang ZX, Teng JM, Deng JX, Zhong JG, Qian X, Sheng XW, Ding JQ, He SQ, Zhao X, Ji WD, Qi DF, Li W, Zhang M. Cytisine Exerts an Anti-Epileptic Effect via α7nAChRs in a Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:706225. [PMID: 34248648 PMCID: PMC8263902 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.706225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common chronic neurological disease that is often invulnerable to anti-epileptic drugs. Increasing data have demonstrated that acetylcholine (ACh) and cholinergic neurotransmission are involved in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Cytisine, a full agonist of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs) and a partial agonist of α4β2nAChRs, has been widely applied for smoking cessation and has shown neuroprotection in neurological diseases. However, whether cytisine plays a role in treating TLE has not yet been determined. Experimental Approach: In this study, cytisine was injected intraperitoneally into pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats for three weeks. Alpha-bungarotoxin (α-bgt), a specific α7nAChR antagonist, was used to evaluate the mechanism of action of cytisine. Rats were assayed for the occurrence of seizures and cognitive function by video surveillance and Morris water maze. Hippocampal injuries and synaptic structure were assessed by Nissl staining and Golgi staining. Furthermore, levels of glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), ACh, and α7nAChRs were measured. Results: Cytisine significantly reduced seizures and hippocampal damage while improving cognition and inhibiting synaptic remodeling in TLE rats. Additionally, cytisine decreased glutamate levels without altering GABA levels, and increased ACh levels and α7nAChR expression in the hippocampi of TLE rats. α-bgt antagonized the above-mentioned effects of cytisine treatment. Conclusion and Implications: Taken together, these findings indicate that cytisine exerted an anti-epileptic and neuroprotective effect in TLE rats via activation of α7nAChRs, which was associated with a decrease in glutamate levels, inhibition of synaptic remodeling, and improvement of cholinergic transmission in the hippocampus. Hence, our findings not only suggest that cytisine represents a promising anti-epileptic drug, but provides evidence of α7nAChRs as a novel therapeutic target for TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Teng-Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Mei Teng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Xian Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Gui Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Qian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Wen Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Qiang Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Qiao He
- Department of Pharmacy, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Dong Ji
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - De-Feng Qi
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hop-ital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Fang JF, Fang JQ, Shao XM, Du JY, Liang Y, Wang W, Liu Z. Electroacupuncture treatment partly promotes the recovery time of postoperative ileus by activating the vagus nerve but not regulating local inflammation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39801. [PMID: 28051128 PMCID: PMC5209726 DOI: 10.1038/srep39801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative ileus (POI) after abdominal surgery significantly lowers the life quality of patients and increase hospital costs. However, few treatment strategies have successfully shortened the duration of POI. Electroacupuncture (EA) is a modern way of administering acupuncture and widely used in various gastrointestinal (GI) diseases in the world. Here, we studied the effect of EA on POI and its underlying mechanisms. Intestinal manipulation resulted in significant delays of GI transit, colonic transit and gastric emptying. Surgery also up-regulated c-fos in nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and induced inflammation response in the small intestine. Further, operation and inhale anesthesia inhibited NTS neuron excitation duration for the whole observation time. EA administered at ST36 indeed shortened the recovery time of GI and colonic transit, and significantly increased the gastric emptying. EA also significantly activated the NTS neurons after operation. However, there was no anti-inflammation effect of EA during the whole experiment. Finally, atropine blocked the regulatory effect of EA on GI function, when it was injected after surgery, but not before surgery. Thus, the regulatory effect of EA on POI was mainly mediated by exciting NTS neurons to improve the GI tract transit function but not by activating cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Fan Fang
- Department of Neurobiology &Acupuncture Research, the Third Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Qiao Fang
- Department of Neurobiology &Acupuncture Research, the Third Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Shao
- Department of Neurobiology &Acupuncture Research, the Third Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ying Du
- Department of Neurobiology &Acupuncture Research, the Third Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Department of Neurobiology &Acupuncture Research, the Third Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Neurobiology &Acupuncture Research, the Third Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Neurobiology &Acupuncture Research, the Third Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Tropskaya NS, Kislyakova EA, Popova TS. Effect of Tributyrin on Electrical Activity in the Small Intestine during Early Postoperative Period. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 160:219-22. [PMID: 26645288 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-3133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of enteral administration of tributyrin on electrical activity in the upper segments of the small intestine was examined in rats on the model of postoperative ileus. This postoperative state is characterized with pronounced and long-term disturbances in generation of migrating myoelectric complex of the small intestine. The enteral administration of tributyrin in the early postoperative period aimed to suppress the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic influences and activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways is an effective procedure to normalize the migrating myoelectric complex and therefore the coordinated propulsive peristalsis in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Tropskaya
- N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | - E A Kislyakova
- N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - T S Popova
- N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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Hu S, Zhao ZK, Liu R, Wang HB, Gu CY, Luo HM, Wang H, Du MH, Lv Y, Shi X. Electroacupuncture activates enteric glial cells and protects the gut barrier in hemorrhaged rats. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:1468-1478. [PMID: 25663766 PMCID: PMC4316089 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i5.1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether electroacupuncture ST36 activates enteric glial cells, and alleviates gut inflammation and barrier dysfunction following hemorrhagic shock.
METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to approximately 45% total blood loss and randomly divided into seven groups: (1) sham: cannulation, but no hemorrhage; (2) subjected to hemorrhagic shock (HS); (3) electroacupuncture (EA) ST36 after hemorrhage; (4) vagotomy (VGX)/EA: VGX before hemorrhage, then EA ST36; (5) VGX: VGX before hemorrhage; (6) α-bungarotoxin (BGT)/EA: intraperitoneal injection of α-BGT before hemorrhage, then EA ST36; and (7) α-BGT group: α-BGT injection before hemorrhage. Morphological changes in enteric glial cells (EGCs) were observed by immunofluorescence, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; a protein marker of enteric glial activation) was evaluated using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Intestinal cytokine levels, gut permeability to 4-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, and the expression and distribution of tight junction protein zona occludens (ZO)-1 were also determined.
RESULTS: EGCs were distorted following hemorrhage and showed morphological abnormalities. EA ST36 attenuated the morphological changes in EGCs at 6 h, as compared with the VGX, α-BGT and HS groups. EA ST36 increased GFAP expression to a greater degree than in the other groups. EA ST36 decreased intestinal permeability to FITC-dextran (760.5 ± 96.43 ng/mL vs 2466.7 ± 131.60 ng/mL, P < 0.05) and preserved ZO-1 protein expression and localization at 6 h after hemorrhage compared with the HS group. However, abdominal VGX and α-BGT treatment weakened or eliminated the effects of EA ST36. EA ST36 reduced tumor necrosis factor-α levels in intestinal homogenates after blood loss, while vagotomy or intraperitoneal injection of α-BGT before EA ST36 abolished its anti-inflammatory effects.
CONCLUSION: EA ST36 attenuates hemorrhage-induced intestinal inflammatory insult, and protects the intestinal barrier integrity, partly via activation of EGCs.
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Du MH, Luo HM, Tian YJ, Zhang LJ, Zhao ZK, Lv Y, Xu RJ, Hu S. Electroacupuncture ST36 prevents postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions formation. J Surg Res 2014; 195:89-98. [PMID: 25619463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently proved electroacupuncture (EA) ST36 exerted an anti-inflammatory effect in the early phase of intra-abdominal adhesion formation. Evidences indicate that the anti-inflammatory effect of EA ST36 involves a cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway-dependent mechanism via the vagus nerve. However, the exact effects and accurate vagal modulation of acupuncture in prevention of postoperative intra-abdominal adhesion formation has not been thoroughly evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to abdominal adhesion lesions operation at the cecum and abdominal wall were randomly divided into six groups as follows: (a) EAN: EA non-channel acupoints; (b) EA: EA ST36 after abdominal lesions; (c) VGX/EA: vagotomy (VGX) after abdominal lesions, then EA ST36; (d) VGX/EAN: VGX after abdominal lesions, then EAN; (e) α-BGT/EA: intraperitoneal injection of α-bungarotoxin (α-BGT, an antagonist of α7 subunit of cholinergic nicotinic receptor) before EA ST36, and (f) α-BGT/EAN group: α-BGT injection before EAN. Seven days after abdominal surgical lesions, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the adhesive tissue were evaluated, macroscopic observation and histopathologic evaluation of adhesion formation and assessment of angiogenesis by immunohistochemical staining of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31) were performed. RESULTS EA ST36 reduced TNF-α and VEGF levels in adhesive tissue homogenates 7 d after surgery, whereas vagotomy or intraperitoneal injection of α-BGT before EA ST36 reversed its suppressive effects. EA at non-channel acupoints with or without vagotomy or intraperitoneal injection of α-BGT before EA had no suppressive effects on TNF-α and VEGF levels. EA ST36 alleviated the adhesion formation, with both of macroscopic and histopathologic adhesion scores significantly lower than those of the EAN group (1.56 ± 0.29 versus 3.00 ± 0.82, 1.35 ± 0.4 versus 3.91 ± 0.8, respectively, both P < 0.05). Compared with the EAN group, EA ST36 significantly decreased angiogenesis evidenced by reduced CD31 positive microvessel density in adhesive tissue. CONCLUSIONS EA ST36 might reduce the postoperative local inflammatory response, attenuate the angiogenesis, and alleviate the adhesion formation partly via activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Du
- Research Laboratory of Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Min Luo
- Research Laboratory of Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Burns, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Jun Tian
- Research Laboratory of Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Jian Zhang
- Research Laboratory of Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng-Kai Zhao
- Research Laboratory of Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Research Laboratory of Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Jiang Xu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Hu
- Research Laboratory of Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Du MH, Luo HM, Hu S, Lv Y, Lin ZL, Ma L. Electroacupuncture improves gut barrier dysfunction in prolonged hemorrhagic shock rats through vagus anti-inflammatory mechanism. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:5988-5999. [PMID: 24106399 PMCID: PMC3785620 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i36.5988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether electroacupuncture (EA) at Zusanli (ST36) prevents intestinal barrier and remote organ dysfunction following prolonged hemorrhagic shock through a vagus anti-inflammatory mechanism.
METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to about 45% of total blood volume loss followed by delayed fluid replacement (DFR) with Ringer lactate 3h after hemorrhage. In a first study, rats were randomly divided into six groups: (1) EAN: EA at non-channel acupoints followed by DFR; (2) EA: EA at ST36 after hemorrhage followed by DFR; (3) VGX/EA: vagotomy (VGX) before EA at ST36 and DFR; (4) VGX/EAN: VGX before EAN and DFR; (5) α-bungarotoxin (α-BGT)/EA: intraperitoneal injection of α-BGT before hemorrhage, followed by EA at ST36 and DFR; and (6) α-BGT/EAN group: α-BGT injection before hemorrhage followed by EAN and DFR. Survival and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were monitored over the next 12 h. In a second study, with the same grouping and treatment, cytokine levels in plasma and intestine, organ parameters, gut injury score, gut permeability to 4 kDa FITC-dextran, and expression and distribution of tight junction protein ZO-1 were evaluated.
RESULTS: MAP was significantly lowered after blood loss; EA at ST36 improved the blood pressure at corresponding time points 3 and 12 h after hemorrhage. EA at ST36 reduced tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in both plasma and intestine homogenates after blood loss and DFR, while vagotomy or intraperitoneal injection of α-BGT before EA at ST36 reversed its anti-inflammatory effects, and EA at ST36 did not influence IL-10 levels in plasma and intestine. EA at ST36 alleviated the injury of intestinal villus, the gut injury score being significantly lower than that of EAN group (1.85 ± 0.33 vs 3.78 ± 0.59, P < 0.05). EA at ST36 decreased intestinal permeability to FITC-dextran compared with EAN group (856.95 ng/mL ± 90.65 ng/mL vs 2305.62 ng/mL ± 278.32 ng/mL, P < 0.05). EA at ST36 significantly preserved ZO-1 protein expression and localization at 12 h after hemorrhage. However, EA at non-channel acupoints had no such effect, and abdominal vagotomy and α-BGT treatment could weaken or eliminate the effects of EA at ST36. Besides, EA at ST36 decreased blood aminotransferase, MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase and creatinine vs EAN group at corresponding time points. At the end of 12-h experiment, the survival rate of the EA group was significantly higher than that of the other groups.
CONCLUSION: EA at ST36 attenuates the systemic inflammatory response, protects intestinal barrier integrity, improves organ function and survival rate after hemorrhagic shock via activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory mechanism.
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Li YY, Cao MH, Goetz B, Chen CQ, Feng YJ, Chen CJ, Kasparek MS, Sibaev A, Storr M, Kreis ME. The dual effect of cannabinoid receptor-1 deficiency on the murine postoperative ileus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67427. [PMID: 23844009 PMCID: PMC3701010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intestinal inflammatory responses play a critical role in the pathogenesis of postoperative ileus (POI). As cannabinoid receptor-1 (CB1) is involved in inhibiting gastrointestinal (GI) motility and anti-inflammation, we aimed to explore its contribution to POI. Methods Experimental POI was induced in adult female CB1-deficient (CB1–/–) mice and wild-type littermates (C57BL/6N) by standardized small bowel manipulation. Twenty-four hours after surgery, GI transit was assessed by charcoal transport. FITC avidin, F4/80, and myeloperoxidase immunohistochemistry techniques were used to evaluate the inflammatory response in the muscularis of ileum and colon. Expressions of p38MAPK and its phosphorylated form (pp38) in the intestine were determined. Plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were measured by ELISA as well. Results POI was characterized by decreased GI transit (p<0.01) and accompanied by a marked intestinal and systematic inflammatory response in wild-type and CB1–/– mice. Increased numbers of inflammatory cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, and mast cells were observed in the muscularis of ileum and colon (p<0.01, or p<0.05). Plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1/KC), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were elevated (p<0.01, or p<0.05). Expression of p38 and pp38 increased in the intestine (p<0.01, or p<0.05). CB1–/– mice showed an increased inflammatory response during POI, especially the systemic inflammatory markers, such as IL-6, KC, CINC1, and pp38 expression were increased as compared to those in WT mice (p<0.05). Conclusions Intestinal motility was inhibited during POI. In this condition, inhibition of motility did not seem to be altered by the absence of CB1 receptors, however, an increased inflammatory response was observed in CB1–/– mice. Hence, CB1 receptor activation rather than inhibition may reduce the inflammatory response in POI, which has a remote potential to relate into reduced inhibition of intestinal motility during POI.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokine CCL2/blood
- Colon/metabolism
- Colon/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Motility/genetics
- Ileum/metabolism
- Ileum/pathology
- Ileus/genetics
- Ileus/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/blood
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth/pathology
- Postoperative Complications/genetics
- Postoperative Complications/metabolism
- Postoperative Period
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/deficiency
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-yu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Digestive Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Electroacupuncture at Zusanli (ST36) Prevents Intestinal Barrier and Remote Organ Dysfunction following Gut Ischemia through Activating the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory-Dependent Mechanism. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:592127. [PMID: 23662144 PMCID: PMC3638586 DOI: 10.1155/2013/592127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the protective effect and mechanism of electroacupuncture at ST36 points on the intestinal barrier dysfunction and remote organ injury after intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. Rats were subjected to gut ischemia for 30 min, and then received electroacupuncture for 30 min with or without abdominal vagotomy or intraperitoneal administration of cholinergic α 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ( α 7nAChR) inhibitor. Then we compared its effects with electroacupuncture at nonchannel points, vagal nerve stimulation, or intraperitoneal administration of cholinergic agonist. Cytokine levels in plasma and tissue of intestine, lung, and liver were assessed 60 min after reperfusion. Intestinal barrier injury was detected by histology, gut injury score, the permeability to 4 kDa FITC-dextran, and changes in tight junction protein ZO-1 using immunofluorescence and Western blot. Electroacupuncture significantly lowered the levels of tumor necrosis factor- α and interleukin-8 in plasma and organ tissues, decreased intestinal permeability to FITC-dextran, and prevented changes in ZO-1 protein expression and localization. However, abdominal vagotomy or intraperitoneal administration of cholinergic α 7nAChR inhibitor reversed these effects of electroacupuncture. These findings suggest that electroacupuncture attenuates the systemic inflammatory response through protection of intestinal barrier integrity after intestinal ischemia injury in the presence of an intact vagus nerve.
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10
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Yuan ML, Yang Z, Li YC, Shi LL, Guo JL, Huang YQ, Kang X, Cheng JJ, Chen Y, Yu T, Cao DQ, Pang H, Zhang X. Comparison of different methods of intestinal obstruction in a rat model. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:692-705. [PMID: 23430052 PMCID: PMC3574595 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i5.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate different methods of creating incomplete intestinal obstruction in a rat model and to compare their electrophysiologic, morphologic and histologic characteristics.
METHODS: Rat ileum was partially obstructed by the respective application of: braided silk (penetrated the mesentery and surrounded intestine); half ligation (penetrated directly and ligated 1/2 cross-section of the intestine); wide pipe (6 mm in width, surrounded the intestine); narrow pipe (2 mm in width, surrounded the intestine). A control was also included (no obstruction). Various behavioral and electrophysiologic variables, as well as morphologic and immunohistochemical observations were recorded by blinded investigators at different time points (12, 24, 48, 72 h), including daily general condition, ileal wet weight and circumference, macromorphous and micromorphous intestine, bowel movement capability in vivo and in vitro, slow wave and neural electrical activity, and the number of c-Kit positive interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC).
RESULTS: Despite being of a similar general condition, these methods resulted in different levels of obstruction in each group compared with the control at different time points (12, 24, 48, 72 h). However, these fields of the wide pipe rat showed significantly differences when compared with the other three obstructed groups at 12 to 72 h, including macroscopic and histological presentation, intestinal transit ratio and contractility, circumference and wet weight, amplitude and frequency of nerve electrical discharge and slow wave, and ICC numbers (all P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: The wide pipe rat method is significantly more reliable and stable than the other methods of obstruction, demonstrating that use of the wide pipe method can be a useful model of incomplete intestinal obstruction.
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Abstract
Endoneurial fibroblast-like cells (EFLCs) have been described for more than 60 years, but the embryology, functions, and pathology of these cells are not well defined. Several hypotheses of their origin have been proposed. A previous study suggesting that they were of neural crest origin is supported by our data in humans. This lineage might account for EFLCs having multiple biologic functions and involvement in pathological processes. Here, we review what is known about the origin; functions in collagen synthesis, phagocytosis, inflammatory responses, and immune surveillance; and the pathological alterations of EFLCs based on the literature and on our personal observations.
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Tanaka K, Yano M, Motoori M, Kishi K, Miyashiro I, Ohue M, Ohigashi H, Asahara T, Nomoto K, Ishikawa O. Impact of perioperative administration of synbiotics in patients with esophageal cancer undergoing esophagectomy: A prospective randomized controlled trial. Surgery 2012; 152:832-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pathophysiological riddle of the clinically important postoperative ileus (POI) has been solved more and more over the last decade. The POI is caused by inflammation and paralysis at the manipulated site propagating to the entire, unmanipulated gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal macrophages produce mediators that paralyze myocytes, but it is unclear how macrophages are activated, particularly those in unmanipulated areas. In addition to direct or neurally mediated activation of intestinal macrophages, a new immunologically mediated activation has been proposed. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, it has been shown that the surgical trauma induces interleukin-12 (IL-12) production by intestinal dendritic cells, which activates TH1-memory cells at the manipulated site. Those TH1-memory cells produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Those TH1 CCR9 cells also migrate to unmanipulated parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Their IFN-γ stimulates intestinal macrophages to produce nitirc oxide paralyzing myocytes leading to gastrointestinal hypomotility. SUMMARY The involvement of the adaptive (T-helper type 1 cell-mediated immune response) and of the innate (mast cells, intestinal macrophages) immune system in the pathophysiology of POI displays possible targets for objective monitoring and treatment of POI.
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Königsrainer I, Türck MH, Eisner F, Meile T, Hoffmann J, Küper M, Zieker D, Glatzle J. The Gut is not only the Target but a Source of Inflammatory Mediators Inhibiting Gastrointestinal Motility During Sepsis. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:753-60. [DOI: 10.1159/000335769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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