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Soh JEC, Shimizu A, Sato A, Ogita H. Novel cardiovascular protective effects of RhoA signaling and its therapeutic implications. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115899. [PMID: 37907138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) belongs to the Rho GTPase superfamily, which was first studied in cancers as one of the essential regulators controlling cellular function. RhoA has long attracted attention as a key molecule involved in cell signaling and gene transcription, through which it affects cellular processes. A series of studies have demonstrated that RhoA plays crucial roles under both physiological states and pathological conditions in cardiovascular diseases. RhoA has been identified as an important regulator in cardiac remodeling by regulating actin stress fiber dynamics and cytoskeleton formation. However, its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, preventing definitive conclusions being drawn about its protective role in the cardiovascular system. In this review, we outline the characteristics of RhoA and its related signaling molecules, and present an overview of RhoA classical function and the corresponding cellular responses of RhoA under physiological and pathological conditions. Overall, we provide an update on the novel signaling under RhoA in the cardiovascular system and its potential clinical and therapeutic targets in cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ern Chi Soh
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Akio Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Ogita
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
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2
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Su YN, Lu PP, Yan SY, Guo XT, Ma J, Guo CX, Ma LH. Xinfuli granule alleviates metabolic remodeling through inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial injury in heart failure. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 303:115782. [PMID: 36198376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE "Qi deficiency-blood stasis-water retention syndrome" was the most frequent syndrome among heart failure(HF) patients according to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory. Xinfuli Granule (XG) was constructed on the basis of classical formula "Baoyuan decoction" to enhance the function of nourishing Qi, activating blood and removing water retention. XG treatment has obtained clinical effect on HF patients. AIM OF THE STUDY The regulation of XG on energy metabolism of HF was investigated with special focus on endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and mitochondrial function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Components of XG was acquired by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS Analysis, left anterior descending ligation(LAD)-induced HF rats model and hypoxia-ischemia(H-I)-induced H9c2 cells model were constructed to evaluate the effect of XG treatment. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiographic parameters, energy metabolism was evaluated by metabolites and ATP/ADP/AMP levels in blood samples, cardiomyocyte morphology and myocardial fibrosis were assessed by HE staining and Masson staining, mitochondrial ultrastructure was observed under Transmission Electron Microscope, viability and apoptosis rate of H9c2 cells was detected by cell counting kit-8 reaction and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of H9c2 cells was observed by JC-1 kit under fluorescent microscope, expression of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-coactivator (PGC1α), ERS-related genes and RHOA/ROCK pathway were analysed by Quantitative Real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western Blot. RESULTS Here, we showed that XG alleviated cardiac metabolic remodeling and stimulated ATP production through elevated expression of PGC1α in HF rats. XG also helped recover mitochondrial deformation and decrease apoptosis rate accompanied by an increase of the Bcl2/Bax ratio and the mitochondrial membrane potential in hypoxia-ischemia (H-I) H9c2 cells. In addition, we found that XG downregulated ERS-related proteins ATF4, CHOP, Phospho-eIF2α, and Phospho-PERK, and suppressed the RHOA/ROCK pathway, which served as a potential mediator of ERS. CONCLUSIONS we found that XG improved energy production by alleviating mitochondrial injury and inhibiting ERS in heart failures mediated by the RHOA/ROCK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ni Su
- Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Pei Lu
- Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Yu Yan
- Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan-Tong Guo
- Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cai-Xia Guo
- Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Li-Hong Ma
- Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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3
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Dai W, Kesaraju S, Weber CR. Transcriptional factors in calcium mishandling and atrial fibrillation development. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1177-1197. [PMID: 34003377 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02553-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Healthy cardiac conduction relies on the coordinated electrical activity of distinct populations of cardiomyocytes. Disruption of cell-cell conduction results in cardiac arrhythmias, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent genetic studies have highlighted a major heritable component and identified numerous loci associated with risk of atrial fibrillation, including transcription factor genes, particularly those important in cardiac development, microRNAs, and long noncoding RNAs. Identification of such genetic factors has prompted the search to understand the mechanisms that underlie the genetic component of AF. Recent studies have found several mechanisms by which genetic alterations can result in AF formation via disruption of calcium handling. Loss of developmental transcription factors in adult cardiomyocytes can result in disruption of SR calcium ATPase, sodium calcium exchanger, calcium channels, among other ion channels, which underlie action potential abnormalities and triggered activity that can contribute to AF. This review aims to summarize the complex network of transcription factors and their roles in calcium handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Dai
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sneha Kesaraju
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Pang Y, Thomas P. Involvement of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+-ATPase (SERCA) in mPRα (PAQR7)-mediated progesterone induction of vascular smooth muscle relaxation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E453-E466. [PMID: 33427050 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00359.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone acts directly on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) through activation of membrane progesterone receptor α (mPRα)-dependent signaling to rapidly decrease cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations and induce muscle relaxation. However, it is not known whether this progesterone action involves uptake of Ca2+ by the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR) and increased sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) activity. The present results show that treatment of cultured human VSMCs with progesterone and the selective mPR agonist Org OD-02-0 (OD 02-0) but not with the nuclear PR agonist R5020 increased SERCA protein expression, which was blocked by knockdown of mPRα with siRNA. Moreover, treatments with progesterone and OD 02-0, but not with R5020, increased phospholamban (PLB) phosphorylation, which would result in disinhibition of SERCA function. Progesterone and OD 02-0 significantly increased Ca2+ levels in the SR and caused VSMC relaxation. These effects were blocked by pretreatment with cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a SERCA inhibitor, and by knockdown of SERCA2 with siRNA, suggesting that SERCA2 plays a critical role in progesterone induction of VSMC relaxation. Treatment with inhibitors of inhibitory G proteins (Gi, NF023), MAP kinase (AZD 6244), Akt/Pi3k (wortmannin), and a Rho activator (calpeptin) blocked the progesterone- and OD 02-0-induced increase in Ca2+ levels in the SR and SERCA expressions. These results suggest that the rapid effects of progesterone on cytosolic Ca2+ levels and relaxation of VSMCs through mPRα involve regulation of the functions of SERCA2 and PLB through Gi, MAP kinase, and Akt signaling pathways and downregulation of RhoA activity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The rapid effects of progesterone on cytosolic Ca2+ levels and relaxation of VSMCs through mPRα involve regulation of the functions of SERCA2 and PLB through Gi, MAP kinase, and Akt signaling pathways and downregulation of RhoA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefei Pang
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas
| | - Peter Thomas
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas
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Li X, Zhou Q, Wang S, Wang P, Li J, Xie Z, Liu C, Wen J, Wu X. Prolonged treatment with Y-27632 promotes the senescence of primary human dermal fibroblasts by increasing the expression of IGFBP-5 and transforming them into a CAF-like phenotype. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:16621-16646. [PMID: 32843583 PMCID: PMC7485707 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Rho-kinases (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 has been shown to promote the growth of epidermal cells, however, its potential effects on human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) need to be clarified. Here we show that prolonged treatment of HDFs with Y-27632 decreased their growth by inducing senescence, which was associated with induction of the senescence markers p16 and p21, and downmodulation of the ERK pathways. The senescent HDFs induced by Y-27632 acquired a cancer-associated-fibroblast (CAF)-like phenotype to promote squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell growth in vitro. Expression of a newly identified target of Y-27632 by RNA-seq, insulin growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP-5), was dramatically increased after 24 h of treatment with Y-27632. Adding recombinant IGFBP-5 protein to the culture medium produced similar phenotypes of HDFs as did treatment with Y-27632, and knockdown of IGFBP-5 blocked the Y-27632-induced senescence. Furthermore, Y-27632 induced the expression of an IGFBP-5 upstream gene, GATA4, and knockdown of GATA4 also reduced the Y-27632-induced senescence. In summary, these results demonstrate for the first time that Y-27632 promotes cellular senescence in primary HDFs by inducing the expression of IGFBP-5 and that prolonged treatment with Y-27632 potentially transforms primary HDFs into CAF-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyong Li
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Biological Resource Utilization in Universities of Shandong and College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Outpatient Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Biological Resource Utilization in Universities of Shandong and College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Xie
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Department of Stomatology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Xunwei Wu
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
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Soppert J, Lehrke M, Marx N, Jankowski J, Noels H. Lipoproteins and lipids in cardiovascular disease: from mechanistic insights to therapeutic targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:4-33. [PMID: 32730849 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, effective and cost-efficient therapies to reduce cardiovascular risk are highly needed. Lipids and lipoprotein particles crucially contribute to atherosclerosis as underlying pathology of cardiovascular disease and influence inflammatory processes as well as function of leukocytes, vascular and cardiac cells, thereby impacting on vessels and heart. Statins form the first-line therapy with the aim to block cholesterol synthesis, but additional lipid-lowering drugs are sometimes needed to achieve low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol target values. Furthermore, beyond LDL cholesterol, also other lipid mediators contribute to cardiovascular risk. This review comprehensively discusses low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), triglycerides as well as fatty acids and derivatives in the context of cardiovascular disease, providing mechanistic insights into their role in pathological processes impacting on cardiovascular disease. Also, an overview of applied as well as emerging therapeutic strategies to reduce lipid-induced cardiovascular burden is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Soppert
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Lehrke
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
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7
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Ma Y, Su KN, Pfau D, Rao VS, Wu X, Hu X, Leng L, Du X, Piecychna M, Bedi K, Campbell SG, Eichmann A, Testani JM, Margulies KB, Bucala R, Young LH. Cardiomyocyte d-dopachrome tautomerase protects against heart failure. JCI Insight 2019; 4:128900. [PMID: 31484822 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms contributing to heart failure remain incompletely understood. d-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT) is a member of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor family of cytokines and is highly expressed in cardiomyocytes. This study examined the role of cardiomyocyte DDT in the setting of heart failure. Patients with advanced heart failure undergoing transplantation demonstrated decreased cardiac DDT expression. To understand the effect of loss of cardiac DDT in experimental heart failure, cardiomyocyte-specific DDT-KO (DDT-cKO) and littermate control mice underwent surgical transverse aortic constriction (TAC) to induce cardiac pressure overload. DDT-cKO mice developed more rapid cardiac contractile dysfunction, greater cardiac dilatation, and pulmonary edema after TAC. Cardiomyocytes from DDT-cKO mice after TAC had impaired contractility, calcium transients, and reduced expression of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase. The DDT-cKO hearts also exhibited diminished angiogenesis with reduced capillary density and lower VEGF-A expression after TAC. In pharmacological studies, recombinant DDT (rDDT) activated endothelial cell ERK1/2 and Akt signaling and had proangiogenic effects in vitro. The DDT-cKO hearts also demonstrated more interstitial fibrosis with enhanced collagen and connective tissue growth factor expression after TAC. In cardiac fibroblasts, rDDT had an antifibrotic action by inhibiting TGF-β-induced Smad-2 activation. Thus, endogenous cardiomyocyte DDT has pleiotropic actions that are protective against heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Ma
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center.,Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Kevin N Su
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniel Pfau
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center.,Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Veena S Rao
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center.,Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center.,Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Xiaoyue Hu
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center.,Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | | | - Kenneth Bedi
- The Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stuart G Campbell
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anne Eichmann
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center.,Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Jeffrey M Testani
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center.,Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Kenneth B Margulies
- The Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Lawrence H Young
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center.,Department of Internal Medicine, and.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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8
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Gómez-Mendoza DP, Marques FD, Melo-Braga MN, Sprenger RR, Sinisterra RD, Kjeldsen F, Santos RA, Verano-Braga T. Angiotensin-(1-7) oral treatment after experimental myocardial infarction leads to downregulation of CXCR4. J Proteomics 2019; 208:103486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Yang Y, Rong X, Lv X, Jiang W, Yang Y, Lai D, Xu S, Fu G. Inhibition of mevalonate pathway prevents ischemia-induced cardiac dysfunction in rats via RhoA-independent signaling pathway. Cardiovasc Ther 2018; 35. [PMID: 28665545 DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We previously demonstrated that anoxia-mediated Ca2+ handling dysfunction could be ameliorated through inhibition of mevalonate pathway via RhoA- and Ras-related mechanisms in H9c2 cells. In this study, we further explored whether inhibition of mevalonate pathway is associated with cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in ischemic cardiomyopathy, and discussed the possible role of Ras, Rac and RhoA in cardiac dysfunction. METHODS We investigated the role of mevalonate pathway in cardiac remodeling and cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling proteins expression in a rat model of cardiac dysfunction due to myocardial infarction (MI). After MI, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with drugs that antagonize key components in mevalonate pathway, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, and Rho-kinase for 10 weeks. The protein expression of ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2), sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) 2a, phospholamban (PLB), phospho-PLB at serine-16 (PSer16-PLB), FKBP12.6, and RhoA as well as RyR2 and FKBP12.6 mRNA levels was evaluated. RESULTS Rosuvastatin and alendronate treatment prevented myocardial remodeling, improved cardiac function and reduced infarct size. Furthermore, rosuvastatin and alendronate promoted an increase in the protein expression of SERCA2a and PSer16-PLB/PLB ratio as well as partially restored the RyR2 and FKBP12.6 gene and protein expression. Fasudil failed to exert these beneficial effects. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that mevalonate pathway inhibition by rosuvastatin and alendronate prevents cardiac remodeling and dysfunction possibly through RhoA-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiqing Rong
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenbing Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongwu Lai
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiming Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guosheng Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Olgar Y, Celen MC, Yamasan BE, Ozturk N, Turan B, Ozdemir S. Rho-kinase inhibition reverses impaired Ca 2+ handling and associated left ventricular dysfunction in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Cell Calcium 2017; 67:81-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Martewicz S, Serena E, Zatti S, Keller G, Elvassore N. Substrate and mechanotransduction influence SERCA2a localization in human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes affecting functional performance. Stem Cell Res 2017; 25:107-114. [PMID: 29125993 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical cues are major determinants of cellular phenotype and evoke physiological and pathological responses on cell structure and function. Cellular models aim to recapitulate basic functional features of their in vivo counterparts or tissues in order to be of use in in vitro disease modeling or drug screening and testing. Understanding how culture systems affect in vitro development of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derivatives allows optimization of cellular human models and gives insight in the processes involved in their structural organization and function. In this work, we show involvement of the mechanotransduction pathway RhoA/ROCK in the structural reorganization of hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes after adhesion plating. These structural changes have a major impact on the intracellular localization of SERCA2 pumps and concurrent improvement in calcium cycling. The process is triggered by cell interaction with the culture substrate, which mechanical cues drive sarcomeric alignment and SERCA2a spreading and relocalization from a perinuclear to a whole-cell distribution. This structural reorganization is mediated by the mechanical properties of the substrate, as shown by the process failure in hPSC-CMs cultured on soft 4kPa hydrogels as opposed to physiologically stiff 16kPa hydrogels and glass. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) by different compounds identifies this specific signaling pathway as a major player in SERCA2 localization and the associated improvement in hPSC-CMs calcium handling ability in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Martewicz
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, Padova 35131, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, Padova 35129, Italy; Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Elena Serena
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, Padova 35131, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, Padova 35129, Italy
| | - Susi Zatti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, Padova 35131, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, Padova 35129, Italy
| | - Gordon Keller
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, Padova 35131, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, Padova 35129, Italy; Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China; Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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12
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Phosphodiesterase inhibitor KMUP-3 displays cardioprotection via protein kinase G and increases cardiac output via G-protein-coupled receptor agonist activity and Ca(2+) sensitization. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2016; 32:55-67. [PMID: 26944323 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KMUP-3 (7-{2-[4-(4-nitrobenzene) piperazinyl]ethyl}-1, 3-dimethylxanthine) displays cardioprotection and increases cardiac output, and is suggested to increase cardiac performance and improve myocardial infarction. To determine whether KMUP-3 improves outcomes in hypoperfused myocardium by inducing Ca(2+) sensitization to oppose protein kinase (PK)G-mediated Ca(2+) blockade, we measured left ventricular systolic blood pressure, maximal rates of pressure development, mean arterial pressure and heart rate in rats, and measured contractility and expression of PKs/RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK)II in beating guinea pig left atria. Hemodynamic changes induced by KMUP-3 (0.5-3.0 mg/kg, intravenously) were inhibited by Y27632 [(R)-(+)-trans-4-1-aminoethyl)-N-(4-Pyridyl) cyclohexane carboxamide] and ketanserin (1 mg/kg, intravenously). In electrically stimulated left guinea pig atria, positive inotropy induced by KMUP-3 (0.1-100μM) was inhibited by the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) inhibitors N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and 7-nitroindazole, cyclic AMP antagonist SQ22536 [9-(terahydro-2-furanyl)-9H-purin-6-amine], soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) antagonist ODQ (1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo[4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-one), RhoA inhibitor C3 exoenzyme, β-blocker propranolol, 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A antagonist ketanserin, ROCK inhibitor Y27632 and KMUP-1 (7-{2-[4-(2-chlorobenzene) piperazinyl]ethyl}-1, 3-dimethylxanthine) at 10μM. Western blotting assays indicated that KMUP-3 (0.1-10μM) increased PKA, RhoA/ROCKII, and PKC translocation and CIP-17 (an endogenous 17-kDa inhibitory protein) activation. In spontaneous right atria, KMUP-3 induced negative chronotropy that was blunted by 7-nitroindazole and atropine. In neonatal myocytes, L-NAME inhibited KMUP-3-induced eNOS phosphorylation and RhoA/ROCK activation. In H9c2 cells, Y-27632 (50μM) and PKG antagonist KT5823 [2,3,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-10R- methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-1-oxo-9S,12R-epoxy-1H-diindolo(1,2,3-fg:3',2',1'-kl) pyrrolo(3,4-i)(1,6)benzodiazocine-10-carboxylic acid, methyl ester] (3μM) reversed KMUP-3 (1-100μM)-induced Ca(2+)-entry blockade. GPCR agonist activity of KMUP-3 appeared opposed to KMUP-1, and increased cardiac output via Ca(2+) sensitization, and displayed cardioprotection via cyclic GMP/PKG-mediated myocardial preconditioning in animal studies.
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Bai X, Dee R, Mangum KD, Mack CP, Taylor JM. RhoA signaling and blood pressure: The consequence of failing to “Tone it Down”. World J Hypertens 2016; 6:18-35. [DOI: 10.5494/wjh.v6.i1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled high blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure and contributes to an estimated 25% of deaths worldwide. Despite numerous treatment options, estimates project that reasonable blood pressure (BP) control is achieved in only about half of hypertensive patients. Improvements in the detection and management of hypertension will undoubtedly be accomplished through a better understanding of the complex etiology of this disease and a more comprehensive inventory of the genes and genetic variants that influence BP regulation. Recent studies (primarily in pre-clinical models) indicate that the small GTPase RhoA and its downstream target, Rho kinase, play an important role in regulating BP homeostasis. Herein, we summarize the underlying mechanisms and highlight signaling pathways and regulators that impart tight spatial-temporal control of RhoA activity. We also discuss known allelic variations in the RhoA pathway and consider how these polymorphisms may affect genetic risk for hypertension and its clinical manifestations. Finally, we summarize the current (albeit limited) clinical data on the efficacy of targeting the RhoA pathway in hypertensive patients.
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Human myoblast transplantation in mice infarcted heart alters the expression profile of cardiac genes associated with left ventricle remodeling. Int J Cardiol 2016; 202:710-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.09.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Hartmann S, Ridley AJ, Lutz S. The Function of Rho-Associated Kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2 in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:276. [PMID: 26635606 PMCID: PMC4653301 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2 are serine/threonine kinases that are downstream targets of the small GTPases RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC. ROCKs are involved in diverse cellular activities including actin cytoskeleton organization, cell adhesion and motility, proliferation and apoptosis, remodeling of the extracellular matrix and smooth muscle cell contraction. The role of ROCK1 and ROCK2 has long been considered to be similar; however, it is now clear that they do not always have the same functions. Moreover, depending on their subcellular localization, activation, and other environmental factors, ROCK signaling can have different effects on cellular function. With respect to the heart, findings in isoform-specific knockout mice argue for a role of ROCK1 and ROCK2 in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis and cardiac hypertrophy, respectively. Increased ROCK activity could play a pivotal role in processes leading to cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, angina pectoris, vasospastic angina, heart failure, and stroke, and thus ROCK activity is a potential new biomarker for heart disease. Pharmacological ROCK inhibition reduces the enhanced ROCK activity in patients, accompanied with a measurable improvement in medical condition. In this review, we focus on recent findings regarding ROCK signaling in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, with a special focus on differences between ROCK1 and ROCK2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Hartmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Susanne Lutz
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Göttingen, Germany
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Mera C, Godoy I, Ramírez R, Moya J, Ocaranza MP, Jalil JE. Mechanisms of favorable effects of Rho kinase inhibition on myocardial remodeling and systolic function after experimental myocardial infarction in the rat. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 10:4-20. [PMID: 26490279 DOI: 10.1177/1753944715609516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the molecular mechanisms by which cardiac Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) activation after myocardial infarction (MI) does intervene in cardiac systolic function decline and remodeling. METHODS Simultaneous measurement of different cardiac ROCK target proteins levels, in vivo left ventricular (LV) systolic function, myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy in rats with MI under ROCK inhibition with fasudil. RESULTS Seven days after MI, the ventricular mass increased significantly by 5.6% in the MI group and was reduced with fasudil. LV systolic dysfunction improved significantly with fasudil whereas cardiac ROCK activation was reduced to sham levels. The ROCK inhibitor also reduced increased cardiac levels of both ROCK1 and ROCK2 isoforms, cardiomyocyte ROCK2 fluorescence levels and β-myosin heavy chain (MHC) levels in addition to myocardial collagen volume fraction decline. Compared with sham rats, troponin phosphorylation levels after MI were similar and ROCK inhibition reduced them. MI significantly increased phosphorylation levels of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 42 and ERK 44 by twofold and 63%, respectively, whereas in the fasudil-treated MI group these levels were similar to those in the sham group. MI significantly increased phosphorylated levels of the transcription factor GATA-4 and the ROCK inhibitor normalized them. CONCLUSIONS LV systolic dysfunction after MI was strongly associated with cardiac ROCK activation and subsequent phosphorylation of ROCK target proteins that promote ventricular remodeling such as β-MHC and the ERK/GATA-4 pathway. ROCK inhibition with fasudil significantly improved systolic function, diminished myocardial fibrosis and normalized β-MHC and ERK/GATA-4 phosphorylation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mera
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Godoy
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renato Ramírez
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jackeline Moya
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Paz Ocaranza
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, ChileDivision of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge E Jalil
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Marcoleta 367 Piso 8, Santiago, Chile
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Yang Y, Lu X, Rong X, Jiang W, Lai D, Ma Y, Zhou K, Fu G, Xu S. Inhibition of the mevalonate pathway ameliorates anoxia-induced down-regulation of FKBP12.6 and intracellular calcium handling dysfunction in H9c2 cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 80:166-74. [PMID: 25636197 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Statins have beneficial pleiotropic effects beyond lipid lowering on the cardiovascular system. These cardio-protective effects are mediated through inhibition of the intracellular mevalonate pathway, by decreasing isoprenoid intermediate synthesis and the subsequent post-translational modification of small GTPases, such as Ras, Rho, and Rac. Impaired intracellular calcium handling is considered an important pathophysiologic mechanism responsible for cardiac dysfunction. Our study aimed at investigating the influence of mevalonate pathway, including its downstream small GTPases (Ras, RhoA, and Rac1) on anoxia-mediated alterations of calcium handling in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Cultured H9c2 cardiomyocytes were exposed to acute anoxia after pretreatment with different drugs that specifically antagonize five key components in the mevalonate pathway, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, Rho-kinase, Rac1 and Ras farnesyltransferase. Thereafter, we evaluated the effects of the mevalonate pathway on anoxia-induced cell death, expression of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor 2) and its regulator FK506-binding protein 12.6, as well as functional calcium release from intracellular calcium stores. Our experiments confirmed the role of prenylated proteins in regulating cardiomyocyte dysfunction, especially via RhoA- and Ras-related signaling pathways. Furthermore, our data demonstrated that inhibition of the mevalonate pathway could ameliorate anoxia-mediated calcium handling dysfunction with the up-regulated expression of FK506-binding protein 12.6 and consequently provided evidence for FK506-binding protein 12.6 as a "stabilizer" of ryanodine receptor 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xue Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiqing Rong
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenbing Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongwu Lai
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guosheng Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiming Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Abstract
Rho kinase (ROCK) is a major downstream effector of the small GTPase RhoA. ROCK family, consisting of ROCK1 and ROCK2, plays central roles in the organization of actin cytoskeleton and is involved in a wide range of fundamental cellular functions, such as contraction, adhesion, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. Due to the discovery of effective inhibitors, such as fasudil and Y27632, the biological roles of ROCK have been extensively explored with particular attention on the cardiovascular system. In many preclinical models of cardiovascular diseases, including vasospasm, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, stroke, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and heart failure, ROCK inhibitors have shown a remarkable efficacy in reducing vascular smooth muscle cell hypercontraction, endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory cell recruitment, vascular remodeling, and cardiac remodeling. Moreover, fasudil has been used in the clinical trials of several cardiovascular diseases. The continuing utilization of available pharmacological inhibitors and the development of more potent or isoform-selective inhibitors in ROCK signaling research and in treating human diseases are escalating. In this review, we discuss the recent molecular, cellular, animal, and clinical studies with a focus on the current understanding of ROCK signaling in cardiovascular physiology and diseases. We particularly note that emerging evidence suggests that selective targeting ROCK isoform based on the disease pathophysiology may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the disease treatment including cardiovascular diseases.
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Dostal DE, Feng H, Nizamutdinov D, Golden HB, Afroze SH, Dostal JD, Jacob JC, Foster DM, Tong C, Glaser S, Gerilechaogetu F. Mechanosensing and Regulation of Cardiac Function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 5:314. [PMID: 25485172 PMCID: PMC4255974 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9880.1000314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The role of mechanical force as an important regulator of structure and function of mammalian cells, tissues, and organs has recently been recognized. However, mechanical overload is a pathogenesis or comorbidity existing in a variety of heart diseases, such as hypertension, aortic regurgitation and myocardial infarction. Physical stimuli sensed by cells are transmitted through intracellular signal transduction pathways resulting in altered physiological responses or pathological conditions. Emerging evidence from experimental studies indicate that β1-integrin and the angiotensin II type I (AT1) receptor play critical roles as mechanosensors in the regulation of heart contraction, growth and leading to heart failure. Integrin link the extracellular matrix and the intracellular cytoskeleton to initiate the mechanical signalling, whereas, the AT1 receptor could be activated by mechanical stress through an angiotensin-II-independent mechanism. Recent studies show that both Integrin and AT1 receptor and their downstream signalling factors including MAPKs, AKT, FAK, ILK and GTPase regulate heart function in cardiac myocytes. In this review we describe the role of mechanical sensors residing within the plasma membrane, mechanical sensor induced downstream signalling factors and its potential roles in cardiac contraction and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Dostal
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA ; Division of Molecular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Texas A&M University Health Science Centre, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Hao Feng
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Texas A&M University Health Science Centre, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Damir Nizamutdinov
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Texas A&M University Health Science Centre, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Honey B Golden
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Texas A&M University Health Science Centre, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Syeda H Afroze
- Scott & White Healthcare - Digestive Disease Research Centre, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph D Dostal
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Texas A&M University Health Science Centre, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - John C Jacob
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Texas A&M University Health Science Centre, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Donald M Foster
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Carl Tong
- Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, the Texas A&M University Health Science Centre, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA ; Scott & White Healthcare - Digestive Disease Research Centre, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Fnu Gerilechaogetu
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Texas A&M University Health Science Centre, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
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Loirand G, Sauzeau V, Pacaud P. Small G Proteins in the Cardiovascular System: Physiological and Pathological Aspects. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1659-720. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Small G proteins exist in eukaryotes from yeast to human and constitute the Ras superfamily comprising more than 100 members. This superfamily is structurally classified into five families: the Ras, Rho, Rab, Arf, and Ran families that control a wide variety of cell and biological functions through highly coordinated regulation processes. Increasing evidence has accumulated to identify small G proteins and their regulators as key players of the cardiovascular physiology that control a large panel of cardiac (heart rhythm, contraction, hypertrophy) and vascular functions (angiogenesis, vascular permeability, vasoconstriction). Indeed, basal Ras protein activity is required for homeostatic functions in physiological conditions, but sustained overactivation of Ras proteins or spatiotemporal dysregulation of Ras signaling pathways has pathological consequences in the cardiovascular system. The primary object of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current progress in our understanding of the role of small G proteins and their regulators in cardiovascular physiology and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervaise Loirand
- INSERM, UMR S1087; University of Nantes; and CHU Nantes, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Sauzeau
- INSERM, UMR S1087; University of Nantes; and CHU Nantes, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Pacaud
- INSERM, UMR S1087; University of Nantes; and CHU Nantes, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
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Ozturk N, Yaras N, Ozmen A, Ozdemir S. Long-term administration of rosuvastatin prevents contractile and electrical remodelling of diabetic rat heart. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2013; 45:343-52. [PMID: 23640692 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-013-9514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many findings have been presented about the potential benefit of statin therapy on diabetes-induced cardiovascular complications. Cardioprotective effects of statins were suggested to be mediated at least in part through inhibition of small GTPases, particularly those of the Rho family. The present study was designed to examine whether rosuvastatin can improve electrical remodeling and contractile dysfunction in type 1 diabetic rat heart via modulation of RhoA pathway. Type 1 diabetes was induced by single dose injection of STZ (50 mg/kg). One week after injection rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg/day) and sham treatment was given for 5 weeks in the diabetic rats, as well as in control groups. Shortening and Ca²⁺ transients were recorded in myocytes loaded with Fura2-AM. Membrane currents and Ca²⁺ transients were measured synchronously via whole-cell patch clamping. In untreated diabetic rats, relaxation of shortening and decay of the matched Ca²⁺ transients were prolonged. Fractional shortening and Ca²⁺ transients were also decreased. Rosuvastatin treatment reversed those changes. I(CaL) density did not change in either group but rosuvastatin recovered the loss of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ and Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange as evidenced from amplitude and decay of caffeine-induced Ca²⁺ transients, peak INCX and calculated sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ content. Diabetes-induced attenuation of I(to) and I(sus) was also reversed, whilst I(K1) was unchanged in diabetes and unaffected by treatment. Rosuvastatin prevented the diabetes-induced increase in RhoA expression. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were higher in diabetic rats, but rosuvastatin reduced only the latter. In conclusion, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor rosuvastatin can prevent diabetes-induced electrical and functional remodeling of heart due to inhibition of RhoA signalling rather than reduction of cholesterol level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Ozturk
- Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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Surma M, Wei L, Shi J. Rho kinase as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. Future Cardiol 2012; 7:657-71. [PMID: 21929346 DOI: 10.2217/fca.11.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho kinase (ROCK) belongs to the AGC (PKA/PKG/PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases and is a major downstream effector of the small GTPase RhoA. ROCK plays central roles in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton and is involved in a wide range of fundamental cellular functions such as contraction, adhesion, migration, proliferation and gene expression. Two ROCK isoforms, ROCK1 and ROCK2, are assumed to be functionally redundant, based largely on the major common activators, the high degree of homology within the kinase domain and studies from overexpression with kinase constructs and chemical inhibitors (e.g., Y27632 and fasudil), which inhibit both ROCK1 and ROCK2. Extensive experimental and clinical studies support a critical role for the RhoA/ROCK pathway in the vascular bed in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, in which increased ROCK activity mediates vascular smooth muscle cell hypercontraction, endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory cell recruitment and vascular remodeling. Recent experimental studies, using ROCK inhibitors or genetic mouse models, indicate that the RhoA/ROCK pathway in myocardium contributes to cardiac remodeling induced by ischemic injury or persistent hypertrophic stress, thereby leading to cardiac decompensation and heart failure. This article, based on recent molecular, cellular and animal studies, focuses on the current understanding of ROCK signaling in cardiovascular diseases and in the pathogenesis of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Surma
- Riley Heart Research Centre, Wells Centre for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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