Up-regulation of Kv7.1 channels in thromboxane A2-induced colonic cancer cell proliferation

Harnessing Oxylipins and Inflammation Modulation for Prevention and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide, ranking as the third most malignant. The incidence of CRC has been increasing with time, and it is reported that Westernized diet and lifestyle play a significant role in its higher incidence and rapid progression. The intake of high amounts of omega-6 (n - 6) PUFAs and low levels of omega-3 (n - 3) PUFAs has an important role in chronic inflammation and cancer progression, which could be associated with the increase in CRC prevalence. Oxylipins generated from PUFAs are bioactive lipid mediators and have various functions, especially in inflammation and proliferation. Carcinogenesis is often a consequence of chronic inflammation, and evidence has shown the particular involvement of n - 6 PUFA arachidonic acid-derived oxylipins in CRC, which is further described in this review. A deeper understanding of the role and metabolism of PUFAs by their modifying enzymes, their pathways, and the corresponding oxylipins may allow us to identify new approaches to employ oxylipin-associated immunomodulation to enhance immunotherapy in cancer. This paper summarizes oxylipins identified in the context of the initiation, development, and metastasis of CRC. We further explore CRC chemo-prevention strategies that involve oxylipins as potential therapeutics.

Potassium Ion Channels in Malignant Central Nervous System Cancers

Malignant central nervous system (CNS) cancers are among the most difficult to treat, with low rates of survival and a high likelihood of recurrence. This is primarily due to their location within the CNS, hindering adequate drug delivery and tumour access via surgery. Furthermore, CNS cancer cells are highly plastic, an adaptive property that enables them to bypass targeted treatment strategies and develop drug resistance. Potassium ion channels have long been implicated in the progression of many cancers due to their integral role in several hallmarks of the disease. Here, we will explore this relationship further, with a focus on malignant CNS cancers, including high-grade glioma (HGG). HGG is the most lethal form of primary brain tumour in adults, with the majority of patient mortality attributed to drug-resistant secondary tumours. Hence, targeting proteins that are integral to cellular plasticity could reduce tumour recurrence, improving survival. This review summarises the role of potassium ion channels in malignant CNS cancers, specifically how they contribute to proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and plasticity. We will also explore how specific modulation of these proteins may provide a novel way to overcome drug resistance and improve patient outcomes.

Potassium Channels as a Target for Cancer Therapy: Current Perspectives

Potassium (K⁺) channels are highly regulated membrane proteins that control the potassium ion flux and respond to different cellular stimuli. These ion channels are grouped into three major families, Kv (voltage-gated K⁺ channel), Kir (inwardly rectifying K⁺ channel) and K2P (two-pore K⁺ channels), according to the structure, to mediate the K⁺ currents. In cancer, alterations in K⁺ channel function can promote the acquisition of the so-called hallmarks of cancer – cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, metabolic changes, angiogenesis, and migratory capabilities – emerging as targets for the development of new therapeutic drugs. In this review, we focus our attention on the different K⁺ channels associated with the most relevant and prevalent cancer types. We summarize our knowledge about the potassium channels structure and function, their cancer dysregulated expression and discuss the K⁺ channels modulator and the strategies for designing new drugs.

Understanding modulations of lipid mediators in cancer using a murine model of carcinomatous peritonitis

Background

Numerous studies have investigated the possible involvement of eicosanoids, lysophospholipids, and sphingolipids in cancer. We considered that comprehensive measurement of these lipid mediators might provide a better understanding of their involvement in the pathogenesis of cancer. In the present study, we attempted to elucidate the modulations of sphingolipids, lysophospholipids, diacyl‐phospholipids, eicosanoids, and related mediators in cancer by measuring their levels simultaneously by a liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry method in a mouse model of carcinomatous peritonitis.

Methods

We investigated the modulations of these lipids in both ascitic fluid and plasma specimens obtained from Balb/c mice injected intraperitoneally with Colon‐26 cells, as well as the modulations of the lipid contents in the cancer cells obtained from the tumor xenografts.

Results

The results were as follows: the levels of sphingosine 1‐phosphate were increased, while those of lysophosphatidic acid (LysoPA), especially unsaturated long‐chain LysoPA, tended to be increased, in the ascitic fluid. Our findings suggested that ceramides, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylcholine, their precursors, were supplied by both de novo synthesis and from elsewhere in the body. The levels of lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS), lysophosphatidylinositol, lysophosphatidylglycerol, and lysophosphatidylethanolamine were also increased in the ascitic fluid, while those of phosphatidylserine (PS), a precursor of LysoPS, were markedly decreased. The levels of arachidonic acid derivatives, especially PGE2‐related metabolites, were increased, while the plasma levels of eicosanoids and related mediators were decreased. Comprehensive statistical analyses mainly identified PS in the ascitic fluid and eicosanoids in the plasma as having highly negative predictive values for cancer.

Conclusions

The results proposed many unknown associations of lipid mediators with cancer, underscoring the need for further studies. In particular, the PS/LysoPS pathway could be a novel therapeutic target, and plasma eicosanoids could be useful biomarkers for cancer.

Antiplatelet Agents Affecting GPCR Signaling Implicated in Tumor Metastasis

Metastasis requires that cancer cells survive in the circulation, colonize distant organs, and grow. Despite platelets being central contributors to hemostasis, leukocyte trafficking during inflammation, and vessel stability maintenance, there is significant evidence to support their essential role in supporting metastasis through different mechanisms. In addition to their direct interaction with cancer cells, thus forming heteroaggregates such as leukocytes, platelets release molecules that are necessary to promote a disseminating phenotype in cancer cells via the induction of an epithelial-mesenchymal-like transition. Therefore, agents that affect platelet activation can potentially restrain these prometastatic mechanisms. Although the primary adhesion of platelets to cancer cells is mainly independent of G protein-mediated signaling, soluble mediators released from platelets, such as ADP, thromboxane (TX) A2, and prostaglandin (PG) E2, act through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to cause the activation of more additional platelets and drive metastatic signaling pathways in cancer cells. In this review, we examine the contribution of the GPCRs of platelets and cancer cells in the development of cancer metastasis. Finally, the possible use of agents affecting GPCR signaling pathways as antimetastatic agents is discussed.

Prostaglandin Pathways: Opportunities for Cancer Prevention and Therapy

Because of profound effects observed in carcinogenesis, prostaglandins (PGs), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthases, and PG receptors are implicated in cancer development and progression. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of PG actions has potential clinical relevance for cancer prevention and therapy. This review focuses on the current status of PG signaling pathways in modulating cancer progression and aims to provide insights into the mechanistic actions of PGs and their receptors in influencing tumor progression. We also examine several small molecules identified as having anticancer activity that target prostaglandin receptors. The literature suggests that targeting PG pathways could provide opportunities for cancer prevention and therapy.

KCNQ1 Potassium Channel Expressed in Human Sperm Is Involved in Sperm Motility, Acrosome Reaction, Protein Tyrosine Phosphorylation, and Ion Homeostasis During Capacitation

Potassium channels are involved in membrane hyperpolarization and ion homeostasis regulation during human sperm capacitation. However, the types of potassium channels in human sperm remain controversial. The voltage-gated ion channel KCNQ1 is ubiquitously expressed and regulates key physiological processes in the human body. In the present study, we investigated whether KCNQ1 is expressed in human sperm and what role it might have in sperm function. The expression and localization of KCNQ1 in human sperm were evaluated using Western blotting and indirect immunofluorescence. During capacitation incubation, human sperm were treated with KCNQ1- specific inhibitor chromanol 293B. Sperm motility was analyzed using a computer-assisted sperm analyzer. The acrosome reaction was studied using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Pisum sativum agglutinin staining. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation levels and localization after capacitation were determined using Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Intracellular K⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻, pH, and membrane potential were analyzed using fluorescent probes. The results demonstrate that KCNQ1 is expressed and localized in the head and tail regions of human sperm. KCNQ1 inhibition reduced sperm motility, acrosome reaction rates, and protein tyrosine phosphorylation but had no effect on hyperactivation. KCNQ1 inhibition also increased intracellular K⁺, membrane potential, and intracellular Cl⁻, while decreasing intracellular Ca²⁺ and pH. In conclusion, the KCNQ1 channel plays a crucial role during human sperm capacitation.

Flavonoid-Like Components of Peanut Stem and Leaf Extract Promote Sleep by Decreasing Neuronal Excitability

SCOPE

Peanut stem and leaf (PSL), a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used as a dietary supplement to improve sleep quality; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, the study aims to determine whether active compounds in PSL extract exert their effects by mediating neuronal excitability.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Aqueous PSL extract (500 mg kg^-1 BW) increases the duration of total sleep (TS), slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) in BALB/c mice after 7 and 14 continuous days of intragastric administration. Two PSL extract components with flavonoid-like structures: 4',7-di-O-methylnaringenin (DMN, 61 µg kg^-1 BW) and 2'-O-methylisoliquiritigenin (MIL, 12 µg kg^-1 BW), show similar effects on sleep in BALB/c mice. Moreover, incubation with DMN (50 µM) and MIL (50 µM) acutely reduces voltage-gated sodium and potassium currents and suppresses the firing of evoked action potential in mouse cortical neurons, indicating the inhibition on neuronal excitability. Meanwhile, RNA-seq analysis predicts the potential regulation of voltage-gated channels, which is according with the molecular docking simulation that both MIL and DMN can bind to voltage gated sodium channels 1.2 (Na_v 1.2).

CONCLUSIONS

DMN and MIL are the active ingredients of PSL that improve sleep quality, suggesting that PSL promotes sleep by regulating the excitability of neurons.

Role of Nurr1 in Carcinogenesis and Tumor Immunology: A State of the Art Review

Simple Summary

Nuclear receptor related-1 protein (Nurr1) emerges as a therapeutic target in multiple malignancies and immunotherapies. Previous studies have highlighted its association with clinicopathological parameters, tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance in cancers. In addition, recent studies unraveled its contribution to the suppression of antitumor immunity, suggesting that inhibition of Nurr1 is a potential method to repress cancer aggressiveness and disrupt tumor immune tolerance. In line with this evidence, the present review provides the roles of Nurr1 in tumor progression and the associated underlying molecular mechanisms. Moreover, the significance of Nurr1 in promoting immune tolerance and potential strategies for Nurr1 inhibition are highlighted.

Abstract

Nuclear receptor related-1 protein (Nurr1), coded by an early response gene, is involved in multiple cellular and physiological functions, including proliferation, survival, and self-renewal. Dysregulation of Nurr1 has been frequently observed in many cancers and is attributed to multiple transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Besides, Nurr1 exhibits extensive crosstalk with many oncogenic and tumor suppressor molecules, which contribute to its potential pro-malignant behaviors. Furthermore, Nurr1 is a key player in attenuating antitumor immune responses. It not only potentiates immunosuppressive functions of regulatory T cells but also dampens the activity of cytotoxic T cells. The selective accessibility of chromatin by Nurr1 in T cells is closely associated with cell exhaustion and poor efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the reported findings of Nurr1 in different malignancies, the mechanisms that regulate Nurr1 expression, and the downstream signaling pathways that Nurr1 employs to promote a wide range of malignant phenotypes. We also give an overview of the association between Nurr1 and antitumor immunity and discuss the inhibition of Nurr1 as a potential immunotherapeutic strategy.

pH-Channeling in Cancer: How pH-Dependence of Cation Channels Shapes Cancer Pathophysiology

Tissue acidosis plays a pivotal role in tumor progression: in particular, interstitial acidosis promotes tumor cell invasion, and is a major contributor to the dysregulation of tumor immunity and tumor stromal cells. The cell membrane and integral membrane proteins commonly act as important sensors and transducers of altered pH. Cell adhesion molecules and cation channels are prominent membrane proteins, the majority of which is regulated by protons. The pathophysiological consequences of proton-sensitive ion channel function in cancer, however, are scarcely considered in the literature. Thus, the main focus of this review is to highlight possible events in tumor progression and tumor immunity where the pH sensitivity of cation channels could be of great importance.

Remodeling of Kv7.1 and Kv7.5 Expression in Vascular Tumors

Voltage-dependent potassium (Kv) channels contribute to the excitability of nerves and muscles. In addition, Kv participates in several cell functions, including cell cycle progression and proliferation. Kv channel remodeling has been associated with neoplastic cell growth and cancer. Kv7 channels are expressed in blood vessels, and they participate in the maintenance of vascular tone and are implicated in myocyte proliferation. Although evidence links Kv7 remodeling to different types of cancer, its expression in vascular tumors has never been studied. Endothelium-derived vascular neoplasms range from indolent lesions to highly aggressive and metastasizing cancers. Here, we show that Kv7.1 and Kv7.5 are evenly distributed in tunicas as well as the endothelium of healthy veins and arteries. The layered structure of vessels is lost in vascular tumors. By studying eight vascular tumors with different origins and characteristics, we found that Kv7.1 and Kv7.5 expression was changed in vascular cancers. While both channels were generally downregulated, Kv7.5 expression was clearly correlated with neoplastic malignancy. The vascular tumors did not contract; therefore, the role of Kv7 channels is probably related to proliferation rather than controlling vascular tone. Our results identify vascular Kv7 channels as targets for cancer detection and anticancer therapies.

Emerging roles for multifunctional ion channel auxiliary subunits in cancer

Several superfamilies of plasma membrane channels which regulate transmembrane ion flux have also been shown to regulate a multitude of cellular processes, including proliferation and migration. Ion channels are typically multimeric complexes consisting of conducting subunits and auxiliary, non-conducting subunits. Auxiliary subunits modulate the function of conducting subunits and have putative non-conducting roles, further expanding the repertoire of cellular processes governed by ion channel complexes to processes such as transcellular adhesion and gene transcription. Given this expansive influence of ion channels on cellular behaviour it is perhaps no surprise that aberrant ion channel expression is a common occurrence in cancer. This review will focus on the conducting and non-conducting roles of the auxiliary subunits of various Ca2+, K+, Na+ and Cl- channels and the burgeoning evidence linking such auxiliary subunits to cancer. Several subunits are upregulated (e.g. Cavβ, Cavγ) and downregulated (e.g. Kvβ) in cancer, while other subunits have been functionally implicated as oncogenes (e.g. Navβ1, Cavα2δ1) and tumour suppressor genes (e.g. CLCA2, KCNE2, BKγ1) based on in vivo studies. The strengthening link between ion channel auxiliary subunits and cancer has exposed these subunits as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. However further mechanistic understanding is required into how these subunits contribute to tumour progression before their therapeutic potential can be fully realised.

Implication of Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels in Neoplastic Cell Proliferation

Voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv) are the largest group of ion channels. Kv are involved in controlling the resting potential and action potential duration in the heart and brain. Additionally, these proteins participate in cell cycle progression as well as in several other important features in mammalian cell physiology, such as activation, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell volume control. Therefore, Kv remarkably participate in the cell function by balancing responses. The implication of Kv in physiological and pathophysiological cell growth is the subject of study, as Kv are proposed as therapeutic targets for tumor regression. Though it is widely accepted that Kv channels control proliferation by allowing cell cycle progression, their role is controversial. Kv expression is altered in many cancers, and their participation, as well as their use as tumor markers, is worthy of effort. There is an ever-growing list of Kv that remodel during tumorigenesis. This review focuses on the actual knowledge of Kv channel expression and their relationship with neoplastic proliferation. In this work, we provide an update of what is currently known about these proteins, thereby paving the way for a more precise understanding of the participation of Kv during cancer development.

The asparagine 533 residue in the outer pore loop region of the mouse PKD2L1 channel is essential for its voltage-dependent inactivation

Voltage‐dependent inactivation of ion channels contributes to the regulation of the membrane potential of excitable cells. Mouse polycystic kidney disease 2‐like 1 (PKD2L1) forms voltage‐dependent nonselective cation channels, which are activated but subsequently inactivated in response to membrane depolarization. Here, we found that the mutation of an asparagine 533 residue (N533Q) in the outer pore loop region of PKD2L1 caused a marked increase in outward currents induced by depolarization. In addition, the tail current analysis demonstrated that the N533Q mutants are activated during depolarization but the subsequent inactivation does not occur. Interestingly, the N533Q mutants lacked the channel activation triggered by the removal of stimuli such as extracellular alkalization and heating. Our findings suggest that the N533 residue in the outer pore loop region of PKD2L1 has a key role in the voltage‐dependent channel inactivation.

The Role of KV7.3 in Regulating Osteoblast Maturation and Mineralization

KCNQ (KV7) channels are voltage-gated potassium (KV) channels, and the function of KV7 channels in muscles, neurons, and sensory cells is well established. We confirmed that overall blockade of KV channels with tetraethylammonium augmented the mineralization of bone-marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic differentiation, and we determined that KV7.3 was expressed in MG-63 and Saos-2 cells at the mRNA and protein levels. In addition, functional KV7 currents were detected in MG-63 cells. Inhibition of KV7.3 by linopirdine or XE991 increased the matrix mineralization during osteoblast differentiation. This was confirmed by alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and osterix in MG-63 cells, whereas the expression of Runx2 showed no significant change. The extracellular glutamate secreted by osteoblasts was also measured to investigate its effect on MG-63 osteoblast differentiation. Blockade of KV7.3 promoted the release of glutamate via the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-mediated upregulation of synapsin, and induced the deposition of type 1 collagen. However, activation of KV7.3 by flupirtine did not produce notable changes in matrix mineralization during osteoblast differentiation. These results suggest that KV7.3 could be a novel regulator in osteoblast differentiation.