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Shemarova I. The Dysfunction of Ca 2+ Channels in Hereditary and Chronic Human Heart Diseases and Experimental Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15682. [PMID: 37958665 PMCID: PMC10650855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic heart diseases, such as coronary heart disease, heart failure, secondary arterial hypertension, and dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, are widespread and have a fairly high incidence of mortality and disability. Most of these diseases are characterized by cardiac arrhythmias, conduction, and contractility disorders. Additionally, interruption of the electrical activity of the heart, the appearance of extensive ectopic foci, and heart failure are all symptoms of a number of severe hereditary diseases. The molecular mechanisms leading to the development of heart diseases are associated with impaired permeability and excitability of cell membranes and are mainly caused by the dysfunction of cardiac Ca2+ channels. Over the past 50 years, more than 100 varieties of ion channels have been found in the cardiovascular cells. The relationship between the activity of these channels and cardiac pathology, as well as the general cellular biological function, has been intensively studied on several cell types and experimental animal models in vivo and in situ. In this review, I discuss the origin of genetic Ca2+ channelopathies of L- and T-type voltage-gated calcium channels in humans and the role of the non-genetic dysfunctions of Ca2+ channels of various types: L-, R-, and T-type voltage-gated calcium channels, RyR2, including Ca2+ permeable nonselective cation hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN), and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, in the development of cardiac pathology in humans, as well as various aspects of promising experimental studies of the dysfunctions of these channels performed on animal models or in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Shemarova
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Verkerk AO, Wilders R. The Action Potential Clamp Technique as a Tool for Risk Stratification of Sinus Bradycardia Due to Loss-of-Function Mutations in HCN4: An In Silico Exploration Based on In Vitro and In Vivo Data. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2447. [PMID: 37760888 PMCID: PMC10525944 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
These days, in vitro functional analysis of gene variants is becoming increasingly important for risk stratification of cardiac ion channelopathies. So far, such risk stratification has been applied to SCN5A, KCNQ1, and KCNH2 gene variants associated with Brugada syndrome and long QT syndrome types 1 and 2, respectively, but risk stratification of HCN4 gene variants related to sick sinus syndrome has not yet been performed. HCN4 is the gene responsible for the hyperpolarization-activated 'funny' current If, which is an important modulator of the spontaneous diastolic depolarization underlying the sinus node pacemaker activity. In the present study, we carried out a risk classification assay on those loss-of-function mutations in HCN4 for which in vivo as well as in vitro data have been published. We used the in vitro data to compute the charge carried by If (Qf) during the diastolic depolarization phase of a prerecorded human sinus node action potential waveform and assessed the extent to which this Qf predicts (1) the beating rate of the comprehensive Fabbri-Severi model of a human sinus node cell with mutation-induced changes in If and (2) the heart rate observed in patients carrying the associated mutation in HCN4. The beating rate of the model cell showed a very strong correlation with Qf from the simulated action potential clamp experiments (R2 = 0.95 under vagal tone). The clinically observed minimum or resting heart rates showed a strong correlation with Qf (R2 = 0.73 and R2 = 0.71, respectively). While a translational perspective remains to be seen, we conclude that action potential clamp on transfected cells, without the need for further voltage clamp experiments and data analysis to determine individual biophysical parameters of If, is a promising tool for risk stratification of sinus bradycardia due to loss-of-function mutations in HCN4. In combination with an If blocker, this tool may also prove useful when applied to human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) obtained from mutation carriers and non-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie O. Verkerk
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Wilders
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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Wallace MJ, El Refaey M, Mesirca P, Hund TJ, Mangoni ME, Mohler PJ. Genetic Complexity of Sinoatrial Node Dysfunction. Front Genet 2021; 12:654925. [PMID: 33868385 PMCID: PMC8047474 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.654925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pacemaker cells of the cardiac sinoatrial node (SAN) are essential for normal cardiac automaticity. Dysfunction in cardiac pacemaking results in human sinoatrial node dysfunction (SND). SND more generally occurs in the elderly population and is associated with impaired pacemaker function causing abnormal heart rhythm. Individuals with SND have a variety of symptoms including sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest, SAN block, bradycardia/tachycardia syndrome, and syncope. Importantly, individuals with SND report chronotropic incompetence in response to stress and/or exercise. SND may be genetic or secondary to systemic or cardiovascular conditions. Current management of patients with SND is limited to the relief of arrhythmia symptoms and pacemaker implantation if indicated. Lack of effective therapeutic measures that target the underlying causes of SND renders management of these patients challenging due to its progressive nature and has highlighted a critical need to improve our understanding of its underlying mechanistic basis of SND. This review focuses on current information on the genetics underlying SND, followed by future implications of this knowledge in the management of individuals with SND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Wallace
- Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mona El Refaey
- Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Pietro Mesirca
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Laboratory of Excellence ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas J. Hund
- Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Matteo E. Mangoni
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Laboratory of Excellence ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Peter J. Mohler
- Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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