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Verouti S, Aeschlimann G, Wang Q, Del Olmo DA, Peyter AC, Menétrey S, Winter DV, Odermatt A, Pearce D, Hummler E, Vanderriele PE. Salt-sensitive hypertension in GR mutant rats is associated with altered plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and aortic vascular reactivity. Pflugers Arch 2024:10.1007/s00424-024-03014-y. [PMID: 39256246 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-03014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
In humans, glucocorticoid resistance is attributed to mutations in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Most of these mutations result in decreased ligand binding, transactivation, and/or translocation, albeit with normal protein abundances. However, there is no clear genotype‒phenotype relationship between the severity or age at disease presentation and the degree of functional loss of the receptor. Previously, we documented that a GR+/- rat line developed clinical features of glucocorticoid resistance, namely, hypercortisolemia, adrenal hyperplasia, and salt-sensitive hypertension. In this study, we analyzed the GR+/em4 rat model heterozygously mutant for the deletion of exon 3, which encompasses the second zinc finger, including the domains of DNA binding, dimerization, and nuclear localization signals. On a standard diet, mutant rats exhibited a trend toward increased corticosterone levels and a normal systolic blood pressure and heart rate but presented with adrenal hyperplasia. They exhibited increased adrenal soluble epoxide hydroxylase (sEH), favoring an increase in less active polyunsaturated fatty acids. Indeed, a significant increase in nonactive omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as 5(6)-DiHETrE or 9(10)-DiHOME, was observed with advanced age (10 versus 5 weeks old) and following a switch to a high-salt diet accompanied by salt-sensitive hypertension. In thoracic aortas, a reduced soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) protein abundance resulted in altered vascular reactivity upon a standard diet, which was blunted upon a high-salt diet. In conclusion, mutations in the GR affecting the ligand-binding domain as well as the dimerization domain resulted in deregulated GR signaling, favoring salt-sensitive hypertension in the absence of obvious mineralocorticoid excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Verouti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney.CH, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - G Aeschlimann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Q Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Ancin Del Olmo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A C Peyter
- Neonatal Research Laboratory, Clinic of Neonatology, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Menétrey
- Neonatal Research Laboratory, Clinic of Neonatology, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D V Winter
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Pearce
- Department of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - E Hummler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney.CH, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P E Vanderriele
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney.CH, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Albritton CF, Demirci M, Neikirk K, Ertuglu LA, Ishimwe JA, Mutchler AL, Sheng Q, Laffer CL, Wanjalla CN, Ahmed T, Haynes AP, Saleem M, Beasley HK, Marshall AG, Vue Z, Ikizler AT, Kleyman TR, Kon V, Hinton A, Kirabo A. Myeloid Cell Glucocorticoid, Not Mineralocorticoid Receptor Signaling, Contributes to Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in Humans via Cortisol. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.10.598374. [PMID: 38915603 PMCID: PMC11195113 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.10.598374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, yet the etiology is poorly understood. We previously found that serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) regulate epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)-dependent sodium entry into monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and activation of NADPH oxidase, leading to the formation of isolevuglandins (IsoLGs) in SSBP. Whereas aldosterone via the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activates SGK1 leading to hypertension, our past findings indicate that levels of plasma aldosterone do not correlate with SSBP, and there is little to no MR expression in APCs. Thus, we hypothesized that cortisol acting via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), not the MR in APCs mediates SGK1 actions to induce SSBP. METHODS We performed cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-Seq) analysis on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of humans rigorously phenotyped for SSBP using an inpatient salt loading/depletion protocol to determine expression of MR, GR, and SGK1 in immune cells. In additional experiments, we performed bulk transcriptomic analysis on isolated human monocytes following in vitro treatment with high salt from a separate cohort. We then measured urine and plasma cortisol, cortisone, renin, and aldosterone. Subsequently, we measured the association of these hormones with changes in systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure as well as immune cell activation via IsoLG formation. RESULTS We found that myeloid APCs predominantly express the GR and SGK1 with no expression of the MR. Expression of the GR in APCs increased after salt loading and decreased with salt depletion in salt-sensitive but not salt-resistant people and was associated with increased expression of SGK1. Moreover, we found that plasma and urine cortisol/cortisone but not aldosterone/renin correlated with SSBP and APCs activation via IsoLGs. We also found that cortisol negatively correlates with EETs. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that renal cortisol signaling via the GR but not the MR in APCs contributes to SSBP via cortisol. Urine and plasma cortisol may provide an important currently unavailable feasible diagnostic tool for SSBP. Moreover, cortisol-GR-SGK1-ENaC signaling pathway may provide treatment options for SSBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude F. Albritton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208-3501, USA
| | - Mert Demirci
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kit Neikirk
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Lale A. Ertuglu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jeanne A Ishimwe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Ashley L Mutchler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Cheryl L Laffer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Celestine N. Wanjalla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Taseer Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, University Road, Sargodha, Punjab, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Alexandria Porcia Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Mohammad Saleem
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Heather K. Beasley
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Andrea G. Marshall
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Zer Vue
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Alp T Ikizler
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Thomas R. Kleyman
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Valentina Kon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health
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Pearce D, Manis AD, Nesterov V, Korbmacher C. Regulation of distal tubule sodium transport: mechanisms and roles in homeostasis and pathophysiology. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:869-884. [PMID: 35895103 PMCID: PMC9338908 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Regulated Na+ transport in the distal nephron is of fundamental importance to fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Further upstream, Na+ is the principal driver of secondary active transport of numerous organic and inorganic solutes. In the distal nephron, Na+ continues to play a central role in controlling the body levels and concentrations of a more select group of ions, including K+, Ca++, Mg++, Cl-, and HCO3-, as well as water. Also, of paramount importance are transport mechanisms aimed at controlling the total level of Na+ itself in the body, as well as its concentrations in intracellular and extracellular compartments. Over the last several decades, the transporters involved in moving Na+ in the distal nephron, and directly or indirectly coupling its movement to that of other ions have been identified, and their interrelationships brought into focus. Just as importantly, the signaling systems and their components-kinases, ubiquitin ligases, phosphatases, transcription factors, and others-have also been identified and many of their actions elucidated. This review will touch on selected aspects of ion transport regulation, and its impact on fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. A particular focus will be on emerging evidence for site-specific regulation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and its role in both Na+ and K+ homeostasis. In this context, the critical regulatory roles of aldosterone, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), and the kinases SGK1 and mTORC2 will be highlighted. This includes a discussion of the newly established concept that local K+ concentrations are involved in the reciprocal regulation of Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) and ENaC activity to adjust renal K+ secretion to dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pearce
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Anna D. Manis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Viatcheslav Nesterov
- Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Korbmacher
- Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany, Erlangen, Germany
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