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Zhu F, Cao MY, Zhang QP, Mohan R, Schar J, Mitchell M, Chen H, Liu F, Wang D, Fu ZQ. Join the green team: Inducers of plant immunity in the plant disease sustainable control toolbox. J Adv Res 2024; 57:15-42. [PMID: 37142184 PMCID: PMC10918366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crops are constantly attacked by various pathogens. These pathogenic microorganisms, such as fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, threaten global food security by causing detrimental crop diseases that generate tremendous quality and yield losses worldwide. Chemical pesticides have undoubtedly reduced crop damage; however, in addition to increasing the cost of agricultural production, the extensive use of chemical pesticides comes with environmental and social costs. Therefore, it is necessary to vigorously develop sustainable disease prevention and control strategies to promote the transition from traditional chemical control to modern green technologies. Plants possess sophisticated and efficient defense mechanisms against a wide range of pathogens naturally. Immune induction technology based on plant immunity inducers can prime plant defense mechanisms and greatly decrease the occurrence and severity of plant diseases. Reducing the use of agrochemicals is an effective way to minimize environmental pollution and promote agricultural safety. AIM OF REVIEW The purpose of this workis to offer valuable insights into the current understanding and future research perspectives of plant immunity inducers and their uses in plant disease control, ecological and environmental protection, and sustainable development of agriculture. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW In this work, we have introduced the concepts of sustainable and environment-friendly concepts of green disease prevention and control technologies based on plant immunity inducers. This article comprehensively summarizes these recent advances, emphasizes the importance of sustainable disease prevention and control technologies for food security, and highlights the diverse functions of plant immunity inducers-mediated disease resistance. The challenges encountered in the potential applications of plant immunity inducers and future research orientation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Meng-Yao Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Qi-Ping Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | | | - Jacob Schar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | - Huan Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Cordelier S, Crouzet J, Gilliard G, Dorey S, Deleu M, Dhondt-Cordelier S. Deciphering the role of plant plasma membrane lipids in response to invasion patterns: how could biology and biophysics help? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2765-2784. [PMID: 35560208 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have to constantly face pathogen attacks. To cope with diseases, they have to detect the invading pathogen as early as possible via the sensing of conserved motifs called invasion patterns. The first step of perception occurs at the plasma membrane. While many invasion patterns are perceived by specific proteinaceous immune receptors, several studies have highlighted the influence of the lipid composition and dynamics of the plasma membrane in the sensing of invasion patterns. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on how some microbial invasion patterns could interact with the lipids of the plasma membrane, leading to a plant immune response. Depending on the invasion pattern, different mechanisms are involved. This review outlines the potential of combining biological with biophysical approaches to decipher how plasma membrane lipids are involved in the perception of microbial invasion patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Cordelier
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Jérôme Crouzet
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Guillaume Gilliard
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, TERRA Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, TERRA Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Dhondt-Cordelier
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
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3
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Wei Z, Duan F, Sun X, Song X, Zhou W. Leaf photosynthetic and anatomical insights into mechanisms of acclimation in rice in response to long-term fluctuating light. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:747-761. [PMID: 33215722 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Long-term fluctuating light (FL) conditions are very common in natural environments. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms for acclimation to FL differ between species. However, most of the current conclusions regarding acclimation to FL were made based on studies in algae or Arabidopsis thaliana. It is still unclear how rice (Oryza sativa L.) integrate multiple physiological changes to acclimate to long-term FL. In this study, we found that rice growth was repressed under long-term FL. By systematically measuring phenotypes and physiological parameters, we revealed that: (a) under short-term FL, photosystem I (PSI) was inhibited, while after 1-7 days of long-term FL, both PSI and PSII were inhibited. Higher acceptor-side limitation in electron transport and higher overall nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) explained the lower efficiencies of PSI and PSII, respectively. (b) An increase in pH differences across the thylakoid membrane and a decrease in thylakoid proton conductivity revealed a reduction of ATP synthase activity. (c) Using electron microscopy, we showed a decrease in membrane stacking and stomatal opening after 7 days of FL treatment. Taken together, our results show that electron flow, ATP synthase activity and NPQ regulation are the major processes determining the growth performance of rice under long-term FL conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuezhen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xianliang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Mitsopoulou N, Lakiotis K, Golia EE, Khah EM, Pavli OI. Response of hrpZ Psph-transgenic N. benthamiana plants under cadmium stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:3787-3796. [PMID: 32418109 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The hrpZPsph gene from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, in its secretable form (SP/hrpZPsph), has previously proven capable of conferring resistance against rhizomania disease as well as abiotic stresses in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, while enhancing plant growth. This study aimed at investigating the response of SP/hrpZPsph-expressing plants under cadmium stress. Transgenic N. benthamiana lines, homozygous for the SP/hrpZPsph gene, and wild-type plants were exposed to Cd at different stress levels (0, 50, 100, 150 μΜ CdCl2). Plants' response to stress was assessed at germination and at the whole plant level on the basis of physiological and growth parameters, including seed germination percentage, shoot and root length, total chlorophyll content, fresh and dry root weight, as well as overall symptomatology, and Cd content in leaves and roots. At germination phase, significant differences were noted in germination rates and post-germination growth among stress levels, with Cd effects being in most cases analogous to the level applied but also among plant categories. Although seedling growth was adversely affected in all plant categories, especially at high stress level, lines #6 and #9 showed the lowest decrease in root and shoot length over control. The superiority of these lines was further manifested at the whole plant level by the absence of stress-attributed symptoms and the low or zero reduction in chlorophyll content. Interestingly, a differential tissue-specific Cd accumulation pattern was observed in wt- and hrpZPsph-plants, with the former showing an increased Cd content in leaves and the latter retaining Cd in the roots. These data are discussed in the context of possible mechanisms underlying the hrpZPsph-based Cd stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Mitsopoulou
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446, Volos, Greece
| | - Kosmas Lakiotis
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446, Volos, Greece
| | - Evangelia E Golia
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446, Volos, Greece
| | - Ebrahim M Khah
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446, Volos, Greece
| | - Ourania I Pavli
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446, Volos, Greece.
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Wang D, Wang B, Wang J, Wang S, Wang W, Niu Y. Exogenous Application of Harpin Protein Hpa1 onto Pinellia ternata Induces Systemic Resistance Against Tobacco Mosaic Virus. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1189-1198. [PMID: 32141384 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-19-0463-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The harpin protein Hpa1 has various beneficial effects in plants, such as promoting plant growth and inducing pathogen resistance. Our previous study found that Hpa1 could significantly alleviate the mosaic symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in Pinellia ternata, indicating that Hpa1 can effectively stimulate resistance. Here, the potential mechanism of disease resistance and field applicability of Hpa1 against TMV in P. ternata were further investigated. The results showed that 15 µg ml-1 Hpa1 had stronger antiviral activity than the control, and its protective effect was better than its curative effect. Furthermore, Hpa1 could significantly induce an increase in defense-related enzyme activity, including polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase, as well as increase the expression of disease resistance-related genes (PR1, PR3, PR5, and PDF1.2). Concurrently, Hpa1 significantly increased the content of some disease resistance-related substances, including hydrogen peroxide, phenolics, and callose, whereas the content of malondialdehyde was reduced. In addition, field application analysis demonstrated that Hpa1 could effectively elicit a defense response against TMV in P. ternata. Our findings propose a mechanism by which Hpa1 can prevent TMV infection in Pinellia by inducing systemic resistance, thereby providing an environmentally friendly approach for the use of Hpa1 in large-scale applications to improve TMV resistance in Pinellia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Baoxia Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiangran Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Shuting Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Weiyu Wang
- Rongcheng Plant Protection Station, Rongcheng 264300, Shandong, China
| | - Yanbing Niu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
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6
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Lawaju BR, Lawrence KS, Lawrence GW, Klink VP. Harpin-inducible defense signaling components impair infection by the ascomycete Macrophomina phaseolina. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 129:331-348. [PMID: 29936240 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) infection by the charcoal rot (CR) ascomycete Macrophomina phaseolina is enhanced by the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) Heterodera glycines. We hypothesized that G. max genetic lines impairing infection by M. phaseolina would also limit H. glycines parasitism, leading to resistance. As a part of this M. phaseolina resistance process, the genetic line would express defense genes already proven to impair nematode parasitism. Using G. max[DT97-4290/PI 642055], exhibiting partial resistance to M. phaseolina, experiments show the genetic line also impairs H. glycines parasitism. Furthermore, comparative studies show G. max[DT97-4290/PI 642055] exhibits induced expression of the effector triggered immunity (ETI) gene NON-RACE SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE 1/HARPIN INDUCED1 (NDR1/HIN1) that functions in defense to H. glycines as compared to the H. glycines and M. phaseolina susceptible line G. max[Williams 82/PI 518671]. Other defense genes that are induced in G. max[DT97-4290/PI 642055] include the pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) genes ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1), NONEXPRESSOR OF PR1 (NPR1) and TGA2. These observations link G. max defense processes that impede H. glycines parasitism to also potentially function toward impairing M. phaseolina pathogenicity. Testing this hypothesis, G. max[Williams 82/PI 518671] genetically engineered to experimentally induce GmNDR1-1, EDS1-2, NPR1-2 and TGA2-1 expression leads to impaired M. phaseolina pathogenicity. In contrast, G. max[DT97-4290/PI 642055] engineered to experimentally suppress the expression of GmNDR1-1, EDS1-2, NPR1-2 and TGA2-1 by RNA interference (RNAi) enhances M. phaseolina pathogenicity. The results show components of PTI and ETI impair both nematode and M. phaseolina pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisho R Lawaju
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - Kathy S Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Life Science Building, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Gary W Lawrence
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - Vincent P Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
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Cao Y, Yang M, Ma W, Sun Y, Chen G. Overexpression of SSB Xoc, a Single-Stranded DNA-Binding Protein From Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, Enhances Plant Growth and Disease and Salt Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:953. [PMID: 30026748 PMCID: PMC6041465 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that SSBXoc, a highly conserved single-stranded DNA-binding protein from Xanthomonas spp., was secreted through the type III secretion system (T3SS) and functioned as a harpin-like protein to elicit the hypersensitive response (HR) in the non-host plant, tobacco. In this study, we cloned SsbXoc gene from X. oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), the causal agent of bacterial leaf streak in rice, and transferred it into Nicotiana benthamiana via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The expression of SsbXoc in transgenic N. benthamiana enhanced growth of both seedling and adult plants. When inoculated with the harpin Hpa1 or the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000), the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was increased more in SsbXoc transgenic lines than that in wild-type (WT) plants. The expression of pathogenesis-related protein genes (PR1a and SGT1), HR marker genes (HIN1 and HSR203J) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway gene, MPK3, was significantly higher in transgenic lines than in WT after inoculation with Pst DC3000. In addition, SsbXoc transgenic lines showed the enhanced resistance to the pathogenic bacteria P. s. tabaci and the improved tolerance to salt stress, accompanied by the elevated transcription levels of the defense- and stress-related genes. Taken together, these results indicate that overexpression of the SsbXoc gene in N. benthamiana significantly enhanced plant growth and increased tolerance to disease and salt stress via modulating the expression of the related genes, thus providing an alternative approach for development of plants with improved tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Cao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingtao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Wenxiu Ma
- School of Agriculture and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujing Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gongyou Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Du Q, Yang X, Zhang J, Zhong X, Kim KS, Yang J, Xing G, Li X, Jiang Z, Li Q, Dong Y, Pan H. Over-expression of the Pseudomonas syringae harpin-encoding gene hrpZm confers enhanced tolerance to Phytophthora root and stem rot in transgenic soybean. Transgenic Res 2018; 27:277-288. [PMID: 29728957 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-018-0071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phytophthora root and stem rot (PRR) caused by Phytophthora sojae is one of the most devastating diseases reducing soybean (Glycine max) production all over the world. Harpin proteins in many plant pathogenic bacteria were confirmed to enhance disease and insect resistance in crop plants. Here, a harpin protein-encoding gene hrpZpsta from the P. syringae pv. tabaci strain Psta218 was codon-optimized (renamed hrpZm) and introduced into soybean cultivars Williams 82 and Shennong 9 by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Three independent transgenic lines over-expressing hrpZm were obtained and exhibited stable and enhanced tolerance to P. sojae infection in T2-T4 generations compared to the non-transformed (NT) and empty vector (EV)-transformed plants. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the expression of salicylic acid-dependent genes PR1, PR12, and PAL, jasmonic acid-dependent gene PPO, and hypersensitive response (HR)-related genes GmNPR1 and RAR was significantly up-regulated after P. sojae inoculation. Moreover, the activities of defense-related enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenoloxidase (PPO), peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase also increased significantly in the transgenic lines compared to the NT and EV-transformed plants after inoculation. Our results suggest that over-expression of the hrpZm gene significantly enhances PRR tolerance in soybean by eliciting resistance responses mediated by multiple defense signaling pathways, thus providing an alternative approach for development of soybean varieties with improved tolerance against the soil-borne pathogen PRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhong
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | | | - Jing Yang
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Guojie Xing
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Jiang
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Qiyun Li
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Yingshan Dong
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Aljaafri WAR, McNeece BT, Lawaju BR, Sharma K, Niruala PM, Pant SR, Long DH, Lawrence KS, Lawrence GW, Klink VP. A harpin elicitor induces the expression of a coiled-coil nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) defense signaling gene and others functioning during defense to parasitic nematodes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 121:161-175. [PMID: 29107936 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial effector harpin induces the transcription of the Arabidopsis thaliana NON-RACE SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE 1/HARPIN INDUCED1 (NDR1/HIN1) coiled-coil nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) defense signaling gene. In Glycine max, Gm-NDR1-1 transcripts have been detected within root cells undergoing a natural resistant reaction to parasitism by the syncytium-forming nematode Heterodera glycines, functioning in the defense response. Expressing Gm-NDR1-1 in Gossypium hirsutum leads to resistance to Meloidogyne incognita parasitism. In experiments presented here, the heterologous expression of Gm-NDR1-1 in G. hirsutum impairs Rotylenchulus reniformis parasitism. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that Gm-NDR1-1 expression functions broadly in generating a defense response. To examine a possible relationship with harpin, G. max plants topically treated with harpin result in induction of the transcription of Gm-NDR1-1. The result indicates the topical treatment of plants with harpin, itself, may lead to impaired nematode parasitism. Topical harpin treatments are shown to impair G. max parasitism by H. glycines, M. incognita and R. reniformis and G. hirsutum parasitism by M. incognita and R. reniformis. How harpin could function in defense has been examined in experiments showing it also induces transcription of G. max homologs of the proven defense genes ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1), TGA2, galactinol synthase, reticuline oxidase, xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase, alpha soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (α-SNAP) and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT). In contrast, other defense genes are not directly transcriptionally activated by harpin. The results indicate harpin induces pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) defense processes in the root, activating defense to parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weasam A R Aljaafri
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
| | - Brant T McNeece
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
| | - Bisho R Lawaju
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
| | - Keshav Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
| | - Prakash M Niruala
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
| | - Shankar R Pant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
| | - David H Long
- Albaugh, LLC, 4060 Dawkins Farm Drive, Olive Branch, MS 38654, United States.
| | - Kathy S Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Life Science Building, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| | - Gary W Lawrence
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
| | - Vincent P Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
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10
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Liu H, Wang Y, Zhou X, Wang C, Wang C, Fu J, Wei T. Overexpression of a harpin-encoding gene popW from Ralstonia solanacearum primed antioxidant defenses with enhanced drought tolerance in tobacco plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1333-44. [PMID: 27053225 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The tobacco plants transformed with popW gene showed enhanced drought tolerance, and the mechanism was found with primed antioxidant defenses and reduced drought stress damages in the transgenic lines. Harpin proteins are elicitors produced by several gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria, triggering multiple beneficial responses in plants, such as induction of defense response against diverse pathogens and insects, growth promotion, and drought tolerance. In this study, the harpin-encoding gene popW derived from Ralstonia solanacearum ZJ3721 was transferred to tobacco. We examined the tolerance of transgenic tobacco plants toward drought stress under greenhouse conditions and analyzed the molecular mechanisms underlying the enhanced drought tolerance. The results revealed that the transgenic lines primed antioxidant defenses and reduced drought stress damages. In addition, they displayed lower malondialdehyde and relative electrical conductivity, while higher relative water content and recovery intension than the tobacco plants transformed with empty vector pBI121 and the wild-type (WT) plants under drought stress. Furthermore, the transgenic lines displayed a significant increase in peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase activities, and ascorbic acid content compared with control plants under drought stress, and these levels were up to 1.95, 1.68, 1.34, and 1.43 times higher than those of WT plants, respectively. Overexpression of popW in tobacco also significantly enhanced the relative transcript levels of oxidative stress-responsive genes NtAPX, NtCAT1, NtGST, and NtCu/Zn-SOD under drought stress. The relative transcript levels of these genes in the transgenic line PW12 were up to 1.94, 2.36, 5.24, and 3.62 times higher than those of WT plants, respectively. These results confirmed that the popW gene, which was transformed into tobacco primed antioxidant responses, increased tolerance to drought stress in tobacco plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China
| | - Xiaosi Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Cui Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jia Fu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tian Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
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11
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Joshi JR, Burdman S, Lipsky A, Yariv S, Yedidia I. Plant phenolic acids affect the virulence of Pectobacterium aroidearum and P. carotovorum ssp. brasiliense via quorum sensing regulation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:487-500. [PMID: 26177258 PMCID: PMC6638513 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have reported effects of the plant phenolic acids cinnamic acid (CA) and salicylic acid (SA) on the virulence of soft rot enterobacteria. However, the mechanisms involved in these processes are not yet fully understood. Here, we investigated whether CA and SA interfere with the quorum sensing (QS) system of two Pectobacterium species, P. aroidearum and P. carotovorum ssp. brasiliense, which are known to produce N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) QS signals. Our results clearly indicate that both phenolic compounds affect the QS machinery of the two species, consequently altering the expression of bacterial virulence factors. Although, in control treatments, the expression of QS-related genes increased over time, the exposure of bacteria to non-lethal concentrations of CA or SA inhibited the expression of QS genes, including expI, expR, PC1_1442 (luxR transcriptional regulator) and luxS (a component of the AI-2 system). Other virulence genes known to be regulated by the QS system, such as pecS, pel, peh and yheO, were also down-regulated relative to the control. In agreement with the low levels of expression of expI and expR, CA and SA also reduced the level of the AHL signal. The effects of CA and SA on AHL signalling were confirmed in compensation assays, in which exogenous application of N-(β-ketocaproyl)-l-homoserine lactone (eAHL) led to the recovery of the reduction in virulence caused by the two phenolic acids. Collectively, the results of gene expression studies, bioluminescence assays, virulence assays and compensation assays with eAHL clearly support a mechanism by which CA and SA interfere with Pectobacterium virulence via the QS machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janak Raj Joshi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and the Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Saul Burdman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and the Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Lipsky
- Department of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Shaked Yariv
- Department of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Iris Yedidia
- Department of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
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12
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Ouyang Z, Li X, Huang L, Hong Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Li D, Song F. Elicitin-like proteins Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 from Pythium oligandrum trigger hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana and induce resistance against Botrytis cinerea in tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:238-50. [PMID: 25047132 PMCID: PMC6638515 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The biocontrol agent Pythium oligandrum and its elicitin-like proteins oligandrins have been shown to induce disease resistance in a range of plants. In the present study, the ability of two oligandrins, Oli-D1 and Oli-D2, to induce an immune response and the possible molecular mechanism regulating the defence responses in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato were investigated. Infiltration of recombinant Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 proteins induced a typical immune response in N. benthamiana including the induction of a hypersensitive response (HR), accumulation of reactive oxygen species and production of autofluorescence. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assays revealed that full-length Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 were required for full HR-inducing activity in N. benthamiana, and virus-induced gene silencing-mediated knockdown of some of the signalling regulatory genes demonstrated that NbSGT1 and NbNPR1 were required for Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 to induce HR in N. benthamiana. Subcellular localization analyses indicated that both Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 were targeted to the plasma membrane of N. benthamiana. When infiltrated or transiently expressed in leaves, Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 induced resistance against Botrytis cinerea in tomato and activated the expression of a set of genes involved in the jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET)-mediated signalling pathway. Our results demonstrate that Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 are effective elicitors capable of inducing immune responses in plants, probably through the JA/ET-mediated signalling pathway, and that both Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 have potential for the development of bioactive formulae for crop disease control in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Ouyang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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13
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Wang D, Wang Y, Fu M, Mu S, Han B, Ji H, Cai H, Dong H, Zhang C. Transgenic Expression of the Functional Fragment Hpa1 10-42 of the Harpin Protein Hpa1 Imparts Enhanced Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Wheat. PLANT DISEASE 2014; 98:448-455. [PMID: 30708731 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-13-0687-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew, one of devastating diseases of wheat worldwide, is caused by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici, a fungal species with constant population changes, which often poses challenges in disease management with host resistance. Transgenic approaches that utilize broad-spectrum resistance may limit changes of pathogen populations and contribute to effective control of the disease. The harpin protein Hpa1, produced by the rice bacterial blight pathogen, can induce resistance to bacterial blight and blast in rice. The fragment comprising residues 10 through 42 of Hpa1, Hpa110-42, is reportedly three- to eightfold more effective than the full-length protein. This study evaluated the transgenic expression of the Hpa110-42 gene for resistance to powdery mildew in wheat caused by E. graminis f. sp. tritici. Nine Hpa110-42 transgenic wheat lines were generated. The genomic integration of Hpa110-42 was confirmed, and expression of the transgene was detected at different levels in the individual transgenic lines. Following inoculation with the E. graminis f. sp. tritici isolate Egt15 in the greenhouse, five transgenic lines had significantly higher levels of resistance to powdery mildew compared with nontransformed plants. Thus, transgenic expression of Hpa110-42 conferred resistance to one isolate of E. graminis f. sp. tritici in wheat in the greenhouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defu Wang
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yajun Wang
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Maoqiang Fu
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Shuyuan Mu
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Bing Han
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Hongtao Ji
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Hongsheng Cai
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Hansong Dong
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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14
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Choi MS, Kim W, Lee C, Oh CS. Harpins, multifunctional proteins secreted by gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:1115-22. [PMID: 23745678 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-13-0050-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Harpins are glycine-rich and heat-stable proteins that are secreted through type III secretion system in gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria. Many studies show that these proteins are mostly targeted to the extracellular space of plant tissues, unlike bacterial effector proteins that act inside the plant cells. Over the two decades since the first harpin of pathogen origin, HrpN of Erwinia amylovora, was reported in 1992 as a cell-free elicitor of hypersensitive response (HR), diverse functional aspects of harpins have been determined. Some harpins were shown to have virulence activity, probably because of their involvement in the translocation of effector proteins into plant cytoplasm. Based on this function, harpins are now considered to be translocators. Their abilities of pore formation in the artificial membrane, binding to lipid components, and oligomerization are consistent with this idea. When harpins are applied to plants directly or expressed in plant cells, these proteins trigger diverse beneficial responses such as induction of defense responses against diverse pathogens and insects and enhancement of plant growth. Therefore, in this review, we will summarize the functions of harpins as virulence factors (or translocators) of bacterial pathogens, elicitors of HR and immune responses, and plant growth enhancers.
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15
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Sang S, Li X, Gao R, You Z, Lü B, Liu P, Ma Q, Dong H. Apoplastic and cytoplasmic location of harpin protein Hpa1Xoo plays different roles in H2O2 generation and pathogen resistance in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 79:375-91. [PMID: 22581008 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Harpin proteins secreted by phytopathogenic bacteria have been shown to activate the plant defense pathway, which involves transduction of a hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) signal generated in the apoplast. However, the way in which harpins are recognized in the pathway and what role the apoplastic H(2)O(2) plays in plant defenses are unclear. Here, we examine whether the cellular localization of Hpa1(Xoo), a harpin protein produced by the rice bacterial leaf blight pathogen, impacts H(2)O(2) production and pathogen resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Transformation with the hpa1 (Xoo) gene and hpa1 (Xoo) fused to an apoplastic localization signal (shpa1 (Xoo)) generated h pa1 (Xoo)- and sh pa1 (Xoo)-expressing transgenic A . t haliana (HETAt and SHETAt) plants, respectively. Hpa1(Xoo) was associated with the apoplast in SHETAt plants but localized inside the cell in HETAt plants. In addition, Hpa1(Xoo) localization accompanied H(2)O(2) accumulation in both the apoplast and cytoplasm of SHETAt plants but only in the cytoplasm of HETAt plants. Apoplastic H(2)O(2) production via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) located in the plasma membrane is a common feature of plant defenses. In SHETAt plants, H(2)O(2) was generated in apoplasts in a NOX-dependent manner but accumulated to a greater extent in the cytoplasm than in the apoplast. After being applied to the wild-type plant, Hpa1(Xoo) localized to apoplasts and stimulated H(2)O(2) production as in SHETAt plants. In both plants, inhibiting apoplastic H(2)O(2) generation abrogated both cytoplasmic H(2)O(2) accumulation and plant resistance to bacterial pathogens. These results suggest the possibility that the apoplastic H(2)O(2) is subject to a cytoplasmic translocation for participation in the pathogen defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suling Sang
- State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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16
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Malnoy M, Martens S, Norelli JL, Barny MA, Sundin GW, Smits THM, Duffy B. Fire blight: applied genomic insights of the pathogen and host. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2012; 50:475-94. [PMID: 22702352 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-172931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The enterobacterial phytopathogen Erwinia amylovora causes fire blight, an invasive disease that threatens a wide range of commercial and ornamental Rosaceae host plants. The response elicited by E. amylovora in its host during disease development is similar to the hypersensitive reaction that typically leads to resistance in an incompatible host-pathogen interaction, yet no gene-for-gene resistance has been described for this host-pathogen system. Comparative genomic analysis has found an unprecedented degree of genetic uniformity among strains of E. amylovora, suggesting that the pathogen has undergone a recent genetic bottleneck. The genome of apple, an important host of E. amylovora, has been sequenced, creating new opportunities for the study of interactions between host and pathogen during fire blight development and for the identification of resistance genes. This review includes recent advances in the genomics of both host and pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Malnoy
- Department of Biology and Genomics of Fruit Plants, FEM IASMA Research and Innovation Center, Foundation Edmund Mach di San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy.
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17
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Zhang L, Xiao S, Li W, Feng W, Li J, Wu Z, Gao X, Liu F, Shao M. Overexpression of a Harpin-encoding gene hrf1 in rice enhances drought tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:4229-38. [PMID: 21527628 PMCID: PMC3153678 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Harpin proteins are well known as eliciters that induce multiple responses in plants, such as systemic acquired resistance, hypersensitive response, enhancement of growth, resistance to the green peach aphid, and tolerance to drought. Overexpression of Harpin-encoding genes enhances plant resistance to diseases in tobacco, rice, rape, and cotton; however, it is not yet known whether the expression of Harpin-encoding genes in vivo improves plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. The results of this study showed that overexpression of a Harpin-encoding gene hrf1 in rice increased drought tolerance through abscisic acid (ABA) signalling. hrf1- overexpression induces an increase in ABA content and promotes stomatal closure in rice. The hrf1 transgenic rice lines exhibited a significant increase in water retention ability, levels of free proline and soluble sugars, tolerance to oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species-scavenging ability, and expression levels of four stress-related genes, OsLEA3-1, OsP5CS, Mn-SOD, and NM_001074345, under drought stress. The study confirmed that hrf1 conferred enhanced tolerance to drought stress on transgenic crops. These results suggest that Harpins may offer new opportunities for generating drought resistance in other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Min Shao
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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18
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Kong X, Li D. Hydrogen peroxide is not involved in HrpN from Erwinia amylovora-induced hypersensitive cell death in maize leaves. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:1273-9. [PMID: 21344189 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Harpin elicits rapid and localized programmed cell death in plants, also known as the hypersensitive response (HR). Here we report that HrpN from Erwinia amylovora led to rapid cell death in maize leaves within 24 h and also induced the expression of systemic acquired resistance genes, such as ZmPR1 and ZmPR5. Surprisingly, the results of DAB staining showed that there was no H(2)O(2) accumulation in maize leaves during the HR process, and semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed that there was also no difference in the expression of the ZmRboh genes. These results suggest that HrpN-induced cell death may be independent of H(2)O(2) accumulation in maize leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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Pavli OI, Kelaidi GI, Tampakaki AP, Skaracis GN. The hrpZ gene of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola enhances resistance to rhizomania disease in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana and sugar beet. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17306. [PMID: 21394206 PMCID: PMC3048869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore possible sources of transgenic resistance to the rhizomania-causing Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), Nicotiana benthamiana plants were constructed to express the harpin of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (HrpZ(Psph)). The HrpZ protein was expressed as an N-terminal fusion to the PR1 signal peptide (SP/HrpZ) to direct harpin accumulation to the plant apoplast. Transgene integration was verified by mPCR in all primary transformants (T0), while immunoblot analysis confirmed that the protein HrpZ(Psph) was produced and the signal peptide was properly processed. Neither T0 plants nor selfed progeny (T1) showed macroscopically visible necrosis or any other macroscopic phenotypes. However, plants expressing the SP/HrpZ(Psph) showed increased vigor and grew faster in comparison with non-transgenic control plants. Transgenic resistance was assessed after challenge inoculation with BNYVV on T1 progeny by scoring of disease symptoms and by DAS-ELISA at 20 and 30 dpi. Transgenic and control lines showed significant differences in terms of the number of plants that became infected, the timing of infection and the disease symptoms displayed. Plants expressing the SP/HrpZ(Psph) developed localized leaf necrosis in the infection area and had enhanced resistance upon challenge with BNYVV. In order to evaluate the SP/HrpZ-based resistance in the sugar beet host, A. rhizogenes-mediated root transformation was exploited as a transgene expression platform. Upon BNYVV inoculation, transgenic sugar beet hairy roots showed high level of BNYVV resistance. In contrast, the aerial non-transgenic parts of the same seedlings had virus titers that were comparable to those of the seedlings that were untransformed or transformed with wild type R1000 cells. These findings indicate that the transgenically expressed SP/HrpZ protein results in enhanced rhizomania resistance both in a model plant and sugar beet, the natural host of BNYVV. Possible molecular mechanisms underlying the enhanced resistance and plant growth phenotypes observed in SP/HrpZ transgenic plants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ourania I. Pavli
- Department of Crop Sciences, Agricultural
University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia I. Kelaidi
- Department of Crop Sciences, Agricultural
University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia P. Tampakaki
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology,
Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George N. Skaracis
- Department of Crop Sciences, Agricultural
University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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20
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Loebenstein G, David DR, Leibman D, Gal-On A, Vunsh R, Czosnek H, Elad Y. Tomato plants transformed with the inhibitor-of-virus-replication gene are partially resistant to Botrytis cinerea. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2010; 100:225-229. [PMID: 20128695 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-100-3-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tomato plants transformed with a cDNA clone encoding the inhibitor-of-virus-replication (IVR) gene were partially resistant to Botrytis cinerea. This resistance was observed as a significant reduction in the size of lesions induced by the fungus in transgenic plants compared with the lesions on the nontransgenic control plants. This resistance was weakened when plants were kept at an elevated temperature, 32 degrees C, before inoculation with B. cinerea compared with plants kept at 17 to 22 degrees C prior to inoculation. Resistance correlated with the presence of IVR transcripts, as detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. This is one of the few cases in which a gene associated with resistance to a virus also seems to be involved in resistance to a fungal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Loebenstein
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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21
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Shah MR, Mukherjee PK, Eapen S. Expression of a fungal endochitinase gene in transgenic tomato and tobacco results in enhanced tolerance to fungal pathogens. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 16:39-51. [PMID: 23572953 PMCID: PMC3550631 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-010-0006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Development of transgenic Nicotiana tabacum and Lycopersicon esculentum expressing an endochitinase (ech42) gene from biocontrol fungus Trichoderma virens using Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation is reported in this paper. Integration of transgene in the genome of transgenic plants was demonstrated using polymerase chain reaction and Southern-blot hybridization, while expression was ascertained by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Histochemical analysis confirmed the expression of GUS enzyme in transformed shoots. Levels of endochitinase enzyme in transgenic plants were found to be up to 10 fold higher compared to control plants. Endochitinase enzyme of 42 kDa was also visualized on SDS-PAGE gel using fluorimetric zymogram in transgenic plants. Endochitinase activity was found to be higher in leaf and stem than the root tissue in transgenic tomato plants. Transgenic lines of both plants showed enhanced resistance to fungal pathogens and a strong negative correlation was found between expression level of endochitinase enzyme and size of disease lesions. Inheritance of transgene, expression and resistance to fungal pathogens of T1 transgenic tobacco lines was also analysed. The results of the present studies show that ech42 is a promising candidate gene for developing fungal disease resistance in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta R. Shah
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085 India
| | - Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085 India
| | - Susan Eapen
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085 India
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Tampakaki AP, Skandalis N, Gazi AD, Bastaki MN, Sarris PF, Charova SN, Kokkinidis M, Panopoulos NJ. Playing the "Harp": evolution of our understanding of hrp/hrc genes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2010; 48:347-370. [PMID: 20455697 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-073009-114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of recombinant DNA techniques, the field of molecular plant pathology witnessed dramatic shifts in the 1970s and 1980s. The new and conventional methodologies of bacterial molecular genetics put bacteria center stage. The discovery in the mid-1980s of the hrp/hrc gene cluster and the subsequent demonstration that it encodes a type III secretion system (T3SS) common to Gram negative bacterial phytopathogens, animal pathogens, and plant symbionts was a landmark in molecular plant pathology. Today, T3SS has earned a central role in our understanding of many fundamental aspects of bacterium-plant interactions and has contributed the important concept of interkingdom transfer of effector proteins determining race-cultivar specificity in plant-bacterium pathosystems. Recent developments in genomics, proteomics, and structural biology enable detailed and comprehensive insights into the functional architecture, evolutionary origin, and distribution of T3SS among bacterial pathogens and support current research efforts to discover novel antivirulence drugs.
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23
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Yang Y, Zhang H, Li G, Li W, Wang X, Song F. Ectopic expression of MgSM1, a Cerato-platanin family protein from Magnaporthe grisea, confers broad-spectrum disease resistance in Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2009; 7:763-77. [PMID: 19754836 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteins belonging to the newly identified Cerato-platanin (CP) family have been shown to have elicitor activity in inducing disease resistance responses in various plants. In this study, we characterized a gene, MgSM1, from Magnaporthe grisea, encoding a putative small protein belonging to the CP family. MgSM1 was constitutively expressed not only in different fungal growth stages but also during its infection process in rice plants. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of MgSM1 in Arabidopsis resulted in hypersensitive response in the infiltrated local leaves and enhanced disease resistance against Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 in upper leaves of plants, accompanyed by up-regulated expression of defense genes (PR-1, PR-5 and PDF1.2). Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing MgSM1 under control of a dexamethasone (DEX)-inducible promoter were generated. Expression of MgSM1 in transgenic plants was induced by exogenous application of DEX. MgSM1-expressing plants showed normal growth with application of <10 microm DEX. After DEX induction, the MgSM1-expressing plants showed enhanced disease resistance against B. cinerea, Alternaria brassicicola and Psto DC3000 as well as up-regulated expression of some of defense genes. Moreover, accumulation of reactive oxygen species was observed in MgSM1-expressing plants. These results collectively suggest that ectopic expression of MgSM1 in transgenic plants confers broad-spectrum resistance against different types of pathogens. Our study also provides a novel strategy to generate environment-friendly crops with enhanced broad-spectrum resistance through ectopic expression of microbe-derived disease resistance-inducing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang, China
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Chen L, Zhang SJ, Zhang SS, Qu S, Ren X, Long J, Yin Q, Qian J, Sun F, Zhang C, Wang L, Wu X, Wu T, Zhang Z, Cheng Z, Hayes M, Beer SV, Dong H. A fragment of the Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola harpin HpaG Xooc reduces disease and increases yield of rice in extensive grower plantings. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2008; 98:792-802. [PMID: 18943255 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-98-7-0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Harpins of phytopathogenic bacteria stimulate defense and plant growth in many types of plants, conferring disease resistance and enhanced yield. In a previous study, we characterized nine fragments of the harpin protein HpaG(Xooc) from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola for plant defense elicitation and plant growth stimulation activity relative to the intact protein. In plants grown under controlled conditions, the fragment HpaG10-42 was more active in both regards than HpaG(Xooc). Here, we demonstrate that the activity of HpaG10-42 in rice under field conditions significantly exceeds that of HpaG(Xooc), stimulating resistance to three important diseases and increasing grain yield. We carried out tests in 672 experimental plots with nine cultivars of rice planted at three locations. Application protocols were optimized by testing variations in application rate, frequency, and timing with respect to rice growth stage. Of the concentrations (24, 24, 12, and 6 microg/ml), and number and timing of applications (at one to four different stages of growth) tested, HpaG10-42 at 6 microg/ml applied to plants once at nursery seedling stage and three times in the field was most effective. Bacterial blight, rice blast, and sheath blight were reduced 61.6 and 56.4, 93.6 and 76.0, and 93.2 and 55.0% in indica and japonica cultivars, respectively, relative to controls. Grain yields were 22 to 27% greater. These results are similar to results obtained with typical local management practices, including use of chemicals, to decrease disease severities and increase yield in rice. Our results demonstrate that the HpaG10-42 protein fragment can be used effectively to control diseases and increase yield of this staple food crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Plant Growth and Defense Signaling Laboratory, Group of Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Pathogens and Insect Pests, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R. China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Chen L, Qian J, Qu S, Long J, Yin Q, Zhang C, Wu X, Sun F, Wu T, Hayes M, Beer SV, Dong H. Identification of specific fragments of HpaG Xooc, a harpin from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, that induce disease resistance and enhance growth in plants. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2008; 98:781-91. [PMID: 18943254 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-98-7-0781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Harpin proteins from gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria can stimulate hypersensitive cell death (HCD) and pathogen defense as well as enhance growth in plants. Two of these diverse activities clearly are beneficial and may depend on particular functional regions of the proteins. Identification of beneficial and deleterious regions might facilitate the beneficial use of harpin-related proteins on crops without causing negative effects like cell death. Here, we report the identification and testing of nine functional fragments of HpaG(Xooc), a 137-amino-acid harpin protein from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, the pathogen that causes bacterial leaf streak of rice. Polymerase chain reaction-based mutagenesis generated nine proteinaceous fragments of HpaG(Xooc); these caused different responses following their application to Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) and Oryza sativa (rice). Fragment HpaG62-137, which spans the indicated amino acid residues of the HpaG, induced more intense HCD; in contrast, HpaG10-42 did not cause evident cell death in tobacco. However, both fragments stimulated stronger defense responses and enhanced more growth in rice than the full-length parent protein, HpaG(Xooc). Of the nine fragments, the parent protein and one deletion mutant of HpaG(Xooc) tested, HpaG10-42, stimulated higher levels of rice growth and resulted in greater levels of resistance to X. oryzae pv. oryzae and Magnaporthe grisea. These pathogens cause bacterial leaf blight and rice blast, respectively, the two most important diseases of rice world-wide. HpaG10-42 was more active than HpaG(Xooc) in inducing expression of several genes that regulate rice defense and growth processes and activating certain signaling pathways, which may explain the greater beneficial effects observed from treatment with that fragment. Overall, our results suggest that HpaG10-42 holds promise for practical agricultural use to induce disease resistance and enhance growth of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Plant Growth and Defense Signaling Laboratory, Group of Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Pathogens and Insect Pests, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R. China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Wu X, Wu T, Long J, Yin Q, Zhang Y, Chen L, Liu R, Gao T, Dong H. Productivity and biochemical properties of green tea in response to full-length and functional fragments of HpaG Xooc, a harpin protein from the bacterial rice leaf streak pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. J Biosci 2007; 32:1119-31. [PMID: 17954972 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-007-0113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Harpin proteins from plant pathogenic bacteria can stimulate hypersensitive cell death (HCD), drought tolerance, defence responses against pathogens and insects in plants, as well as enhance plant growth. Recently, we identified nine functional fragments of HpaG;Xooc, a harpin protein from Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola, the pathogen that causes bacterial leaf streak in rice. Fragments HpaG;1-94'HpaG;10-42, and HpaG;62-138, which contain the HpaG;Xooc regions of the amino acid sequence as indicated by the number spans, exceed the parent protein in promoting growth, pathogen defence and HCD in plants. Here we report improved productivity and biochemical properties of green tea (Camellia sinensis) in response to the fragments tested in comparison with HpaG;Xooc and an inactive protein control. Field tests suggested that the four proteins markedly increased the growth and yield of green tea, and increased the leaf content of tea catechols, a group of compounds that have relevance in the prevention and treatment of human diseases. In particular, HpaG;1-94 was more active than HpaG;Xooc in expediting the growth of juvenile buds and leaves used as green tea material and increased the catechol content of processed teas. When tea shrubs were treated with HpaH;Xooc and HpaG;1-94 compared with a control, green tea yields were over 55% and 39% greater, and leaf catechols were increased by more than 64% and 72%, respectively. The expression of three homologues of the expansin genes, which regulate plant cell growth, and the CsCHS gene encoding a tea chalcone synthase, which critically regulates the biosynthesis of catechols, were induced in germinal leaves of tea plants following treatment with HpaG;1-94 or HpaG;Xooc. Higher levels of gene expression were induced by the application of HpaG;1-94 than HpaG;Xooc. Our results suggest that the harpin protein, especially the functional fragment HpaG;1-94, can be used to effectively increase the yield and improve the biochemical properties of green tea, a drink with medicinal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Pathogens and Insect Pests, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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