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Poulaki EG, Karamichali I, Lianos O, Alexopoulos V, Dimitrakas V, Amourgis GG, Tjamos SE. Exploring the biocontrol potential of rocket (Eruca sativa) extracts and associated microorganisms against Verticillium wilt. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae070. [PMID: 38503565 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to assess the impact of rocket (Eruca sativa) extract on Verticillium wilt in eggplants, explore rhizospheric microorganisms for disease biocontrol, and evaluate selected strains' induced systemic resistance (ISR) potential while characterizing their genomic and biosynthetic profiles. METHODS AND RESULTS Rocket extract application led to a significant reduction in Verticillium wilt symptoms in eggplants compared to controls. Isolated microorganisms from treated soil, including Paraburkholderia oxyphila EP1, Pseudomonas citronellolis EP2, Paraburkholderia eburnea EP3, and P. oxyphila EP4 and EP5, displayed efficacy against Verticillium dahliae, decreasing disease severity and incidence in planta. Notably, strains EP3 and EP4 triggered ISR in eggplants against V. dahliae. Genomic analysis unveiled shared biosynthetic gene clusters, such as ranthipeptide and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase-metallophore types, among the isolated strains. Additionally, metabolomic profiling of EP2 revealed the production of metabolites associated with amino acid metabolism, putative antibiotics, and phytohormones. CONCLUSIONS The application of rocket extract resulted in a significant reduction in Verticillium wilt symptoms in eggplants, while the isolated microorganisms displayed efficacy against V. dahliae, inducing systemic resistance and revealing shared biosynthetic gene clusters, with metabolomic profiling highlighting potential disease-suppressing metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini G Poulaki
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Karamichali
- Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Applied Biosciences (INAB), Center for Research and Technology (CERTH), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Orestis Lianos
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasilis Alexopoulos
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasilis Dimitrakas
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Grigorios G Amourgis
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios E Tjamos
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
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2
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Zhang H, Yuan M, Tang C, Wang R, Cao M, Chen X, Wang D, Li M, Wu L. A novel nanocomposite that effectively prevents powdery mildew infection in wheat. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 279:153858. [PMID: 36356512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly growing world population is constantly increasing the demand for food. Being the second most consumed food crop, wheat hold an important economic position. However, powdery mildew is a disease that seriously affects the improvement in the yield and quality of wheat. Currently, triadimefon is the chemical pesticide that is predominantly used to prevent powdery mildew during wheat production. However, using triadimefon not only pollutes the environment, but also deteriorates the quality of harvested wheat grains. In this study, a nanocomposite complex with optimal montmorillonite and dimethyl silicone oil (OMM), which interact with each other through numerous hydrogen bonds. OMM was sprayed onto the surface of the wheat leaves to ensure a uniform nano isolation film that was found to effectively inhibit the contact germination of powdery mildew spores and reduce the disease index by 99.30%. OMM also significantly alleviated both physiological and biochemical stress of powdery mildew infection on the wheat. Furthermore, OMM treatment was found to significantly improve the processed quality of harvested grains. These results demonstrate that OMM treatment is an efficient and environmentally sustainable approach that is suitable for the large-scale prevention of powdery mildew infection in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Zhang
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering & Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China
| | - Meng Yuan
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering & Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No.96, JinZhai Road Baohe District, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, PR China
| | - Caiguo Tang
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering & Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China
| | - Ren Wang
- Anhui Guotaizhongxin Testing Technology Co., LTD, Baohe District Dalian Road, Hefei, 230051, Anhui, PR China
| | - Minghui Cao
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering & Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No.96, JinZhai Road Baohe District, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xu Chen
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering & Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No.96, JinZhai Road Baohe District, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, PR China
| | - Dacheng Wang
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering & Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China; Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Minghao Li
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering & Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China
| | - Lifang Wu
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering & Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China; Zhongke Taihe Experimental Station, Jiuxian Town G105 East Side of the National Road, Taihe, 236626, PR China.
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3
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Welch T, Bayon C, Rudd JJ, Kanyuka K, Kettles GJ. Induction of distinct plant cell death programs by secreted proteins from the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17880. [PMID: 36284131 PMCID: PMC9596407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death processes in eukaryotes shape normal development and responses to the environment. For plant-microbe interactions, initiation of host cell death plays an important role in determining disease outcomes. Cell death pathways are frequently initiated following detection of pathogen-derived molecules which can lead to resistance or susceptibility to disease depending on pathogen lifestyle. We previously identified several small secreted proteins (SSPs) from the wheat-infecting fungus Zymoseptoria tritici that induce rapid cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana following Agrobacterium-mediated delivery and expression (agroinfiltration). Here we investigated whether the execution of host cells was mechanistically similar in response to different Z. tritici SSPs. Using RNA sequencing, we found that transient expression of four Z. tritici SSPs led to massive transcriptional reprogramming within 48 h of agroinfiltration. We observed that distinct host gene expression profiles were induced dependent on whether cell death occurs in a cell surface immune receptor-dependent or -independent manner. These gene expression profiles involved differential transcriptional networks mediated by WRKY, NAC and MYB transcription factors. In addition, differential expression of genes belonging to different classes of receptor-like proteins and receptor-like kinases was observed. These data suggest that different Z. tritici SSPs trigger differential transcriptional reprogramming in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Welch
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK ,grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Carlos Bayon
- grid.418374.d0000 0001 2227 9389Wheat Pathogenomics Team, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Jason J. Rudd
- grid.418374.d0000 0001 2227 9389Wheat Pathogenomics Team, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Kostya Kanyuka
- grid.17595.3f0000 0004 0383 6532Cambridge Crop Research, National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE UK
| | - Graeme J. Kettles
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK ,grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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4
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Suleman M, Ma M, Ge G, Hua D, Li H. The role of alternative oxidase in plant hypersensitive response. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:415-419. [PMID: 33480175 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system of plants is crucial in defining the fate of a plant cell during plant-pathogen interactions. This response is often accompanied by a hypersensitive reaction leading to the death of a plant cell and restricted pathogen growth. Plant mitochondria, in this case, play a key role by maintaining a balance between cell respiration and reactive oxygen species formation. One of the key features of the hypersensitive response is the shift of the normal plant respiratory pathway to a special 'alternative' pathway. Plants contain an enzyme, alternative oxidase, for maintaining metabolic homeostasis of the cell. This energy dissipating respiration provides a branch in normal respiration by using ubiquinone to form water and heat, thus maintaining the energy status of the cell. Alternative oxidase is thought to minimize production of reactive oxygen species and can also function in 'anti-apoptotic' machinery in plant cells. In this mini review, we briefly describe the alternative respiratory pathway and explain the role of alternative oxidase in important cellular processes, such as programmed cell death and the hypersensitive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suleman
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - M Ma
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - G Ge
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - D Hua
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - H Li
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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5
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Distéfano AM, López GA, Setzes N, Marchetti F, Cainzos M, Cascallares M, Zabaleta E, Pagnussat GC. Ferroptosis in plants: triggers, proposed mechanisms, and the role of iron in modulating cell death. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2125-2135. [PMID: 32918080 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell death plays key roles during essential processes throughout the plant life cycle. It takes part in specific developmental programs and maintains homeostasis of the organism in response to unfavorable environments. Ferroptosis is a recently discovered iron-dependent cell death pathway characterized by the accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species. In plants, ferroptosis shares all the main hallmarks described in other systems. Those specific features include biochemical and morphological signatures that seem to be conserved among species. However, plant cells have specific metabolic pathways and a high degree of metabolic compartmentalization. Together with their particular morphology, these features add more complexity to the plant ferroptosis pathway. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in elucidating the roles of ferroptosis in plants, focusing on specific triggers, the main players, and underlying pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Mariana Distéfano
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Alejandro López
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Setzes
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Marchetti
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Cainzos
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Milagros Cascallares
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Zabaleta
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Carolina Pagnussat
- Instuto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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6
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Matilla AJ. Cellular oxidative stress in programmed cell death: focusing on chloroplastic 1O 2 and mitochondrial cytochrome-c release. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:179-194. [PMID: 33569718 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The programmed cell death (PCD) occurs when the targeted cells have fulfilled their task or under conditions as oxidative stress generated by ROS species. Thus, plants have to deal with the singlet oxygen 1O2 produced in chloroplasts. 1O2 is unlikely to act as a primary retrograde signal owing to its high reactivity and short half-life. In addition to its high toxicity, the 1O2 generated under an excess or low excitation energy might also act as a highly versatile signal triggering chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling (ChNRS) and nuclear reprogramming or cell death. Molecular and biochemical studies with the flu mutant, which accumulates protochlorophyllide in the dark, demonstrated that chloroplastic 1O2-driven EXECUTER-1 (EX1) and EX2 proteins are involved in the 1O2-dependent response. Both EX1 and EX2 are necessary for full suppression of 1O2-induced gene expression. That is, EXECUTER proteolysis via the ATP-dependent zinc protease (FtsH) is an integral part of 1O2-triggered retrograde signaling. The existence of at least two independent ChNRS involving EX1 and β-cyclocitral, and dihydroactinidiolide and OXI1, respectively, seem clear. Besides, this update also focuses on plant PCD and its relation with mitochondrial cytochrome-c (Cytc) release to cytosol. Changes in the dynamics and morphology of mitochondria were shown during the onset of cell death. The mitochondrial damage and translocation of Cytc may be one of the major causes of PCD triggering. Together, this current overview illustrates the complexity of the cellular response to oxidative stress development. A puzzle with the majority of its pieces still not placed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel J Matilla
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.
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7
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Maenaka R, Tani S, Hikichi Y, Kai K. Actinomycins inhibit the production of the siderophore pyoverdines in the plant pathogen Pseudomonas cichorii SPC9018. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1975-1985. [PMID: 32594848 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1785839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pyoverdines, a group of peptide siderophores produced by Pseudomonas species, function not only in iron acquisition, but also in their virulence in hosts. Thus, chemical inhibition of pyoverdine production may be an effective strategy to control Pseudomonas virulence. In the plant pathogen Pseudomonas cichorii SPC9018 (SPC9018), pyoverdine production is required for virulence on eggplant. We screened microbial culture extracts in a pyoverdine-production inhibition assay of SPC9018 and found Streptomyces sp. RM-32 as a candidate-producer. We isolated two active compounds from RM-32 cultures, and elucidated their structures to be actinomycins X2 and D. Actinomycins X2 and D inhibited pyoverdine production by SPC9018 with IC50 values of 17.6 and 29.6 μM, respectively. Furthermore, pyoverdine production in other Pseudomonas bacteria, such as the mushroom pathogen P. tolaasii, was inhibited by the actinomycins. Therefore, these actinomycins may be useful as chemical tools to examine pyoverdine functions and as seed compounds for anti-Pseudomonas virulence agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Maenaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuji Tani
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Hikichi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Kochi University , Kochi, Japan
| | - Kenji Kai
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka, Japan
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8
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Li Z, Ding B, Zhou X, Wang GL. The Rice Dynamin-Related Protein OsDRP1E Negatively Regulates Programmed Cell Death by Controlling the Release of Cytochrome c from Mitochondria. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006157. [PMID: 28081268 PMCID: PMC5266325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) mediated by mitochondrial processes has emerged as an important mechanism for plant development and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, the role of translocation of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol during PCD remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the rice dynamin-related protein 1E (OsDRP1E) negatively regulates PCD by controlling mitochondrial structure and cytochrome c release. We used a map-based cloning strategy to isolate OsDRP1E from the lesion mimic mutant dj-lm and confirmed that the E409V mutation in OsDRP1E causes spontaneous cell death in rice. Pathogen inoculation showed that dj-lm significantly enhances resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens. Functional analysis of the E409V mutation showed that the mutant protein impairs OsDRP1E self-association and formation of a higher-order complex; this in turn reduces the GTPase activity of OsDRP1E. Furthermore, confocal microscopy showed that the E409V mutation impairs localization of OsDRP1E to the mitochondria. The E409V mutation significantly affects the morphogenesis of cristae in mitochondria and causes the abnormal release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytoplasm. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the mitochondria-localized protein OsDRP1E functions as a negative regulator of cytochrome c release and PCD in plants. Plants have developed a hypersensitive response (HR) that shows rapid programed cell death (PCD) around the infection site, which in turn limits pathogen invasion and restricts the spread of pathogens. Although many studies reported the characterization of PCD in different pathosystems in the last decade, the molecular mechanisms on how PCD is initiated and how it regulates host resistance are still unclear. Lesion mimic mutants exhibit spontaneous HR-like cell death without pathogen invasion and are ideal genetic materials for dissecting the PCD pathway. In this study, we characterized the lesion mimic gene OsDRP1E that negatively regulates plant PCD through the control of cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Our results suggest that the E409V point mutation in the dynamin-related protein OsDRP1E affects the morphogenesis of mitochondrial cristae that leads to the cytochrome c release into cytoplasm. This study provides new insights into the function of dynamin-related proteins in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China and College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (GLW); (BD)
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China and College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GLW); (BD)
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9
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Plant mitochondria under pathogen attack: A sigh of relief or a last breath? Mitochondrion 2014; 19 Pt B:238-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Ito M, Takahashi H, Sawasaki T, Ohnishi K, Hikichi Y, Kiba A. Novel type of adenylyl cyclase participates in tabtoxinine-β-lactam-induced cell death and occurrence of wildfire disease in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e27420. [PMID: 24398509 PMCID: PMC4091384 DOI: 10.4161/psb.27420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tabtoxinine-β-lactam (TβL), a non-specific bacterial toxin, is produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, the causal agent of tobacco wildfire disease. TβL causes the plant cell death by the inhibiting glutamine synthetase, which leads to an abnormal accumulation of ammonium ions. To better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in TβL-induced cell death and necrotic wildfire lesions, we focused on adenylyl cyclase in Nicotiana benthamiana. We isolated the gene designated as NbAC (Nicotiana benthamiana adenylyl cyclase). Recombinant NbAC protein showed adenylyl cyclase activity in vitro. TβL-induced necrotic lesions were significantly suppressed in NbAC-silenced leaves compared with control plant leaves. However, the amount of ammonium ions was scarcely affected by NbAC-silencing. Furthermore, the silencing of NbAC also suppressed l-methionine sulfoximine-induced cell death without any changes in the amount of ammonium accumulated. When inoculated directly with P. syringae pv tabaci, NbAC-silenced plants showed reduced symptoms. These results suggest that NbAC might play an essential role in intracellular signal transduction during TβL-induced cell death and necrotic wildfire disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ito
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology; Faculty of Agriculture; Kochi University; Nankoku, Japan
| | | | | | - Kouhei Ohnishi
- Research Institute of Molecular Genetics; Kochi University; Nankoku, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Hikichi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology; Faculty of Agriculture; Kochi University; Nankoku, Japan
| | - Akinori Kiba
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology; Faculty of Agriculture; Kochi University; Nankoku, Japan
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11
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Gupta M, Yoshioka H, Ohnishi K, Mizumoto H, Hikichi Y, Kiba A. A translationally controlled tumor protein negatively regulates the hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:1403-14. [PMID: 23788648 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We have been isolating and characterizing Ralstonia solanacearum-responsive genes (RsRGs) in Nicotiana plants. In this study we focused on RsRG308, which we renamed NbTCTP (N. benthamiana translationally controlled tumor protein) because it encodes a polypeptide showing similarity to translationally controlled tumor proteins. Induction of the hypersensitive response (HR) was accelerated in NbTCTP-silenced N. benthamiana plants challenged with R. solanacearum 8107 (Rs8107). The Rs8107 population decreased significantly, whereas hin1 gene expression was enhanced in the silenced plant. Accelerated induction of HR was observed in NbTCTP-silenced plants inoculated with Pseudomonas cichorii and P. syringae pv. syringae. Silencing of NbTCTP also accelerated the induction of HR cell death by Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of HR inducers, such as AvrA, BAX, INF1 and NbMEK2(DD). NbTCTP silencing enhanced NbrbohB- and NbMEK2-mediated reactive oxygen species production, leading to HR. Transient expression of both the full-length sequence and the Bcl-xL domain of NbTCTP decreased HR cell death induced by Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of HR inducers. NbTCTP-silenced plants also showed slightly dwarf phenotypes. Therefore, NbTCTP might have a role in cell death regulation during HR to fine-tune programmed cell death-associated plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Gupta
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
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12
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Tanaka M, Wali UM, Nakayashiki H, Fukuda T, Mizumoto H, Ohnishi K, Kiba A, Hikichi Y. Implication of an Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Gene and a Phosphinothricin N-Acetyltransferase Gene in the Diversity of Pseudomonas cichorii Virulence. Genes (Basel) 2011; 3:62-80. [PMID: 24704843 PMCID: PMC3899961 DOI: 10.3390/genes3010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas cichorii harbors the hrp genes. hrp-mutants lose their virulence on eggplant but not on lettuce. A phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase gene (pat) is located between hrpL and an aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (aldH) in the genome of P. cichorii. Comparison of nucleotide sequences and composition of the genes among pseudomonads suggests a common ancestor of hrp and pat between P. cichorii strains and P. viridiflava strains harboring the single hrp pathogenicity island. In contrast, phylogenetic diversification of aldH corresponded to species diversification amongst pseudomonads. In this study, the involvement of aldH and pat in P. cichorii virulence was analyzed. An aldH-deleted mutant (ΔaldH) and a pat-deleted mutant (Δpat) lost their virulence on eggplant but not on lettuce. P. cichorii expressed both genes in eggplant leaves, independent of HrpL, the transcriptional activator for the hrp. Inoculation into Asteraceae species susceptible to P. cichorii showed that the involvement of hrp, pat and aldH in P. cichorii virulence is independent of each other and has no relationship with the phylogeny of Asteraceae species based on the nucleotide sequences of ndhF and rbcL. It is thus thought that not only the hrp genes but also pat and aldH are implicated in the diversity of P. cichorii virulence on susceptible host plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Ullah Md Wali
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Nakayashiki
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Fukuda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Mizumoto
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Kouhei Ohnishi
- Research Institute of Molecular Genetics, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Akinori Kiba
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Yasufumi Hikichi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
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13
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Lu S, Friesen TL, Faris JD. Molecular characterization and genomic mapping of the pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1) gene family in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Mol Genet Genomics 2011; 285:485-503. [PMID: 21516334 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-011-0618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The group 1 pathogenesis-related (PR-1) proteins, known as hallmarks of defense pathways, are encoded by multigene families in plants as evidenced by the presence of 22 and 32 PR-1 genes in the finished Arabidopsis and rice genomes, respectively. Here, we report the initial characterization and mapping of 23 PR-1-like (TaPr-1) genes in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), which possesses one of the largest (>16,000 megabases) genomes among monocot crop plants. Sequence analysis revealed that the 23 TaPr-1 genes all contain intron-free open reading frames that encode a signal peptide at the N-terminus and a conserved PR-1-like domain. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that TaPr-1 genes form three major monophyletic groups along with their counterparts in other monocots; each group consists of genes encoding basic, basic with a C-terminal extension, and acidic PR-1 proteins, respectively, suggesting diversity and conservation of PR-1 gene functions in monocot plants. Mapping analysis assisted by untranslated region-specified discrimination (USD) markers and various cytogenetic stocks located the 23 TaPr-1 genes to seven different chromosomes, with the majority mapping to chromosomes of homoeologous groups 5 and 7. Reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR analysis revealed that 12 TaPr-1 genes were induced or up-regulated upon pathogen challenge. Together, this study provides insights to the origin, evolution, homoeologous relationships, and expression patterns of the TaPr-1 genes. The data presented provide critical information for further genome-wide characterization of the wheat PR-1 gene family and the USD markers developed will facilitate genetic and functional analysis of PR-1 genes associated with plant defense and/or other important traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunwen Lu
- USDA-ARS, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102-2765, USA.
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14
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Guevara-Morato MÁ, de Lacoba MG, García-Luque I, Serra MT. Characterization of a pathogenesis-related protein 4 (PR-4) induced in Capsicum chinense L3 plants with dual RNase and DNase activities. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:3259-71. [PMID: 20511278 PMCID: PMC2905194 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Resistance conferred by the L(3) gene is active against most of the tobamoviruses, including the Spanish strain (PMMoV-S), a P(1),(2) pathotype, but not against certain strains of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), termed as P(1),(2),(3) pathotype, such as the Italian strain (PMMoV-I). PMMoV-S induces a hypersensitive reaction (HR) in C. chinense PI159236 plant leaves with the formation of necrotic local lesions and restriction of the virus at the primary infection sites. In this paper, a C. chinense PR-4 protein induced during both the compatible and the incompatible interactions has been identified. It was strongly associated with HR induction and to a lesser extent with the compatible interaction, but only in the later stages of infection. Moreover, it was found to accumulate during the necrogenic reaction induced by Potato virus X. The C. chinense PR-4 protein belongs to the PR-4 protein subgroup II, based on the absence of a hevein domain. Furthermore, it is shown that the purified protein does not have chitinase activity, as previously proposed for PR-4 proteins. Instead, it has both RNase and DNase activity, although its contribution to the bulk activity of nucleases in infected plants is very low.
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15
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Hillwig MS, Liu X, Liu G, Thornburg RW, MacIntosh GC. Petunia nectar proteins have ribonuclease activity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:2951-65. [PMID: 20460362 PMCID: PMC2892141 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants requiring an insect pollinator often produce nectar as a reward for the pollinator's visitations. This rich secretion needs mechanisms to inhibit microbial growth. In Nicotiana spp. nectar, anti-microbial activity is due to the production of hydrogen peroxide. In a close relative, Petunia hybrida, limited production of hydrogen peroxide was found; yet petunia nectar still has anti-bacterial properties, suggesting that a different mechanism may exist for this inhibition. The nectar proteins of petunia plants were compared with those of ornamental tobacco and significant differences were found in protein profiles and function between these two closely related species. Among those proteins, RNase activities unique to petunia nectar were identified. The genes corresponding to four RNase T2 proteins from Petunia hybrida that show unique expression patterns in different plant tissues were cloned. Two of these enzymes, RNase Phy3 and RNase Phy4 are unique among the T2 family and contain characteristics similar to both S- and S-like RNases. Analysis of amino acid patterns suggest that these proteins are an intermediate between S- and S-like RNases, and support the hypothesis that S-RNases evolved from defence RNases expressed in floral parts. This is the first report of RNase activities in nectar.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert W. Thornburg
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail: Robert Thornburg: ; Gustavo MacIntosh:
| | - Gustavo C. MacIntosh
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail: Robert Thornburg: ; Gustavo MacIntosh:
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16
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Hanqing F, Kun S, Mingquan L, Hongyu L, Xin L, Yan L, Yifeng W. The expression, function and regulation of mitochondrial alternative oxidase under biotic stresses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:429-40. [PMID: 20447290 PMCID: PMC6640418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To survive, plants possess elaborate defence mechanisms to protect themselves against virus or pathogen invasion. Recent studies have suggested that plant mitochondria may play an important role in host defence responses to biotic stresses. In contrast with animal mitochondria, plant mitochondria possess a unique respiratory pathway, the cyanide-insensitive alternative pathway, which is catalysed by the alternative oxidase (AOX). Much work has revealed that the genes encoding AOX, AOX protein and the alternative respiratory pathway are frequently induced during plant-pathogen (or virus) interaction. This raises the possibility that AOX is involved in host defence responses to biotic stresses. Thus, a key to the understanding of the role of mitochondrial respiration under biotic stresses is to learn the function and regulation of AOX. In this article, we focus on the theoretical and experimental progress made in the current understanding of the function and regulation of AOX under biotic stresses. We also address some speculative aspects to aid further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hanqing
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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17
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Maimbo M, Ohnishi K, Hikichi Y, Yoshioka H, Kiba A. S-glycoprotein-like protein regulates defense responses in Nicotiana plants against Ralstonia solanacearum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:2023-35. [PMID: 20118275 PMCID: PMC2850023 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.148189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
RsRGA4 (for Ralstonia solanacearum-responsive gene A4) encodes a polypeptide similar to S-locus glycoprotein (SGP) from Brassica rapa and SGP-like proteins from Ipomoea trifida and Medicago truncatula. Therefore, we designated RsRGA4 as NtSGLP (for Nicotiana tabacum SGP-like protein) and NbSGLP (its Nicotiana benthamiana ortholog). NbSGLP is expressed in root, leaf, petal, gynoecium, and stamen. Expression of NbSGLP was strongly induced by inoculation with an avirulent strain of R. solanacearum (Rs8107) and slightly enhanced by inoculation with virulent R. solanacearum (RsOE1-1). Expression of NbSGLP was induced by inoculation with an hrpY-deficient mutant of RsOE1-1 and Rs8107. Expression was also induced by aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid and salicylic acid. Virus-induced gene silencing of NbSGLP enhanced the growth of Rs8107. Growth of RsOE1-1 and appearance of wilt symptoms were also accelerated in silenced plants. Expression of PR-1a and EREBP was reduced, and markers for basal defense, such as callose deposition and reduced vascular flow, were compromised in NbSGLP-silenced plants. Moreover, growth of Pseudomonas cichorii, Pseudomonas syringae pv tabaci, and P. syringae pv mellea was also enhanced in the silenced plants. On the other hand, silencing of NbSGLP did not interfere with the appearance of the hypersensitive response. NbSGLP was secreted in a signal peptide-dependent manner. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated expression of NbSGLP induced PR-1a and EREBP expression, callose deposition, and reduced vascular flow. NbSGLP-induced callose deposition and reduced vascular flow were not observed in salicylic acid-deficient N. benthamiana NahG plants. Taken together, SGLP might have a role in the induction of basal defense in Nicotiana plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Akinori Kiba
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture (M.M., Y.H., A.K.) and Research Institute of Molecular Genetics (K.O.), Kochi University, Nankoku 783–8502, Japan; and Laboratory of Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464–8601, Japan (H.Y.)
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18
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Seay M, Hayward AP, Tsao J, Dinesh-Kumar SP. Something old, something new: plant innate immunity and autophagy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 335:287-306. [PMID: 19802571 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy performs a variety of established functions during plant growth and development. Recently, autophagy has been further implicated in the regulation of programmed cell death induced during the plant innate immune response. In this chapter we describe specific mechanisms through which autophagy may contribute to a successful defense against pathogen invasion. Accumulating evidence shows that the plant immune system utilizes the chloroplasts as primary sites for the regulation of cell death programs. Viruses also appear to utilize the chloroplast as a site of replication and accumulation, potentially inactivating chloroplast defense signaling in the process. Autophagy-like mechanisms have been observed to target the chloroplast, which we refer to as "chlorophagy," potentially targeting invasive viruses for degradation or regulating chloroplast-based signaling during the immune response. We hypothesize that chlorophagy is significant for the execution of plant immune defenses, during both basal and effector-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montrell Seay
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA
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19
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Kiba A, Lee KY, Ohnishi K, Hikichi Y. Comparative expression analysis of genes induced during development of bacterial rot and induction of hypersensitive cell death in lettuce. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 165:1757-73. [PMID: 18171591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of bacterial rot disease caused by Pseudomonas cichorii is closely associated with programmed cell death. To investigate the molecular events occurring during the development of bacterial rot, we isolated 20 P. cichorii-responsive genes (PcRGs) in lettuce by differential display. Among these PcRGs, signal transduction-, transcription/translation- and defense/stress responses-related PcRGs were subjected to a comparative expression study. We used RNA samples isolated from lettuce leaves inoculated with P. cichorii and hypersensitive response-inducing Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Expression of PcRG1-5-5 (spliceosomal protein), 2-9-2 (protein kinase) and 1-6-2 (ACC oxidase), 7-5 (alternative oxidase) and BI-I (bax inhibitor I) significantly increased in lettuce leaves inoculated with both P. cichorii and P. syringae pv. syringae. Intriguingly, PcRG 1-2-6 (protein phosphatase 2C) and 4-D-5 (protein kinase) were only up-regulated in P. cichorii-inoculated lettuce, whereas expression of PcRG1-3-2 (ribonucleoprotein) was only enhanced in P. syringae pv. syringae-inoculated lettuce. Expressions of PcRG1-3-2, 1-5-5, 1-6-2, 2-9-2, 7-5 and BI-I were induced by treatments with salicylic acid and/or methyl jasmonate. However, expression of PcRG1-2-6 and 4-D-5, which were specifically up-regulated by P. cichorii, were scarcely affected by these chemicals. Pharmacological studies suggested that ethylene and alternative oxidase were commonly related to disease development and hypersensitive responses. By contrast, there may be a different role for protein synthesis and protein kinase during disease development and in hypersensitive responses. These results suggested the overall similarity of genes expressed during disease development and in hypersensitive responses. However, there were differences not only in induction kinetics and the level of gene expression but also in the signal transduction pathway between hypersensitive responses and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Kiba
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku 783-8502, Japan.
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20
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Hojo H, Koyanagi M, Tanaka M, Kajihara S, Ohnishi K, Kiba A, Hikichi Y. The hrp genes of Pseudomonas cichorii are essential for pathogenicity on eggplant but not on lettuce. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2008; 154:2920-2928. [PMID: 18832299 PMCID: PMC2885751 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/021097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas cichorii causes necrotic lesions in eggplant and rot in lettuce. Through transposon insertion into P. cichorii strain SPC9018 we produced two mutants, 4-57 and 2-99, that lost virulence on eggplant but not lettuce. Analyses showed that a transposon was inserted into the hrpG gene in 4-57 and the hrcT gene in 2-99. Nucleotide sequences of the hrp genes of SPC9018 are homologous to those of Pseudomonas viridiflava BS group strains. The pathogenicity of 4-57 on eggplant was restored by transformation with an hrpF operon, originating from either SPC9018 or the BS group member P. viridiflava strain 9504 (Pv9504). These data suggested the involvement of hrp genes in the pathogenicity of SPC9018 on eggplant, and functional conservation of hrpF operons between SPC9018 and Pv9504. Both the hrpS mutant and the hrpL mutant were unable to cause necrotic lesions on eggplant leaves but retained their pathogenicity against lettuce. These results suggest that the pathogenicity of P. cichorii is hrp-dependent in eggplant, but not in lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hojo
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Kochi University, 200 Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Makoto Koyanagi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Kochi University, 200 Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Kochi University, 200 Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kajihara
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Kochi University, 200 Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Kouhei Ohnishi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Kochi University, 200 Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Akinori Kiba
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Kochi University, 200 Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Hikichi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Kochi University, 200 Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
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21
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Hano C, Addi M, Fliniaux O, Bensaddek L, Duverger E, Mesnard F, Lamblin F, Lainé E. Molecular characterization of cell death induced by a compatible interaction between Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. linii and flax (Linum usitatissimum) cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:590-600. [PMID: 18396055 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular events associated with cell death during compatible interaction between Fusarium oxysporum sp. linii and a susceptible flax (Linum usitatissimum) cell suspension are reported here. In order to determine the physiological and molecular sequence of cell death of inoculated cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial potential, lipoxygenase, DNase, protease and caspase-3-like activities, lipid peroxidation and secondary metabolite production were monitored. We also used microscopy, in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) and DNA fragmentation assay. Cell death was associated with specific morphological and biochemical changes that are generally noticed in hypersensitive (incompatible) reaction. An oxidative burst as well as a loss of mitochondrial potential of inoculated cells, an activation of lipoxygenase and lipid peroxidation were noted. Enzyme-mediated nuclear DNA degradation was detectable but oligonucleosomal fragmentation was not observed. Caspase-3-like activity was dramatically increased in inoculated cells. Phenylpropanoid metabolism was also affected as demonstrated by activation of PAL and PCBER gene expressions and reduced soluble lignan and neolignan contents. These results obtained in flax suggest that compatible interaction triggers a cell death sequence sharing a number of common features with the hypersensitive response observed in incompatible interaction and in animal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, UPRES EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France.
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22
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Mur LAJ, Kenton P, Lloyd AJ, Ougham H, Prats E. The hypersensitive response; the centenary is upon us but how much do we know? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:501-20. [PMID: 18079135 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
With the centenary of the first descriptions of 'hypersensitiveness' following pathogenic challenge upon us, it is appropriate to assess our current understanding of the hypersensitive response (HR) form of cell death. In recent decades our understanding of the initiation, associated signalling, and some important proteolytic events linked to the HR has dramatically increased. Genetic approaches are increasingly elucidating the function of the HR initiating resistance genes and there have been extensive analyses of death-associated signals, calcium, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide, salicylic acid, and now sphingolipids. At the same time, attempts to draw parallels between mammalian apoptosis and the HR have been largely unsuccessful and it may be better to consider the HR to be a distinctive form of plant cell death. We will consider if the HR form of cell death may occur through metabolic dysfunction in which malfunctioning organelles may play a major role. This review will highlight that although our knowledge of parts of the HR is excellent, a comprehensive molecular model is still to be attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A J Mur
- University of Wales Aberystwyth, Institute of Biological Sciences, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 2DA, UK.
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Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is now accepted as a fundamental cellular process in plants. It is involved in defence, development and response to stress, and our understanding of these processes would be greatly improved through a greater knowledge of the regulation of plant PCD. However, there may be several types of PCD that operate in plants, and PCD research findings can be confusing if they are not assigned to a specific type of PCD. The various cell-death mechanisms need therefore to be carefully described and defined. This review describes one of these plant cell death processes, namely the apoptotic-like PCD (AL-PCD). We begin by examining the hallmark 'apoptotic-like' features (protoplast condensation, DNA degradation) of the cell's destruction that are characteristic of AL-PCD, and include examples of AL-PCD during the plant life cycle. The review explores the possible cellular 'executioners' (caspase-like molecules; mitochondria; de novo protein synthesis) that are responsible for the hallmark features of the cellular destruction. Finally, senescence is used as a case study to show that a rigorous definition of cell-death processes in plant cells can help to resolve arguments that occur in the scientific literature regarding the timing and control of plant cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa J Reape
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paul F McCabe
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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