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Tran BTT, Watts-Williams SJ, Cavagnaro TR. Impact of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on the growth and nutrition of fifteen crop and pasture plant species. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:732-742. [PMID: 31092308 DOI: 10.1071/fp18327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The formation of arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) can result in positive, neutral or negative responses in the growth and mineral nutrition of host plants, particularly that of P, Zn and other micronutrients. This study examined the growth and nutritional responses of 15 agriculturally important plant species, including cereals, legumes and vegetables, with and without inoculation with the AM fungus (AMF) Rhizophagus irregularis. Furthermore, we explored whether the responses differed between different functional groups of plants such as monocots and dicots, C3 and C4 plants, and N-fixing and non-N-fixing plants. We found that that mycorrhizal colonisation of roots, plant growth and plant nutrient responses differed between plant species. Among the species analysed, leek (Allium ampeloprasum L. var. porrum) was the most mycorrhiza-responsive, displaying the highest mycorrhizal colonisation and biomass response, and the greatest increases in most mineral nutrients. In other plant species, the concentration of P, Cu, Zn and S were generally enhanced by inoculation with AMF. Furthermore, ionomes differed more greatly between plant species than in response to inoculation with AMF. This research further improves our understanding of the responses of different and diverse plant species to the formation of AM in terms of growth and ionomics under standardised growth conditions. The results of this study may be used in further studies and to inform agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh T T Tran
- The Waite Research Institute and The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot city, Daklak Province, 63131, Vietnam
| | - Stephanie J Watts-Williams
- The Waite Research Institute and The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Timothy R Cavagnaro
- The Waite Research Institute and The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Corresponding author.
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Lanfranco L, Fiorilli V, Gutjahr C. Partner communication and role of nutrients in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:1031-1046. [PMID: 29806959 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1031 I. Introduction 1031 II. Interkingdom communication enabling symbiosis 1032 III. Nutritional and regulatory roles for key metabolites in the AM symbiosis 1035 IV. The plant-fungus genotype combination determines the outcome of the symbiosis 1039 V. Perspectives 1039 Acknowledgements 1041 References 1041 SUMMARY: The evolutionary and ecological success of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis relies on an efficient and multifactorial communication system for partner recognition, and on a fine-tuned and reciprocal metabolic regulation of each symbiont to reach an optimal functional integration. Besides strigolactones, N-acetylglucosamine-derivatives released by the plant were recently suggested to trigger fungal reprogramming at the pre-contact stage. Remarkably, N-acetylglucosamine-based diffusible molecules also are symbiotic signals produced by AM fungi (AMF) and clues on the mechanisms of their perception by the plant are emerging. AMF genomes and transcriptomes contain a battery of putative effector genes that may have conserved and AMF- or host plant-specific functions. Nutrient exchange is the key feature of AM symbiosis. A mechanism of phosphate transport inside fungal hyphae has been suggested, and first insights into the regulatory mechanisms of root colonization in accordance with nutrient transfer and status were obtained. The recent discovery of the dependency of AMF on fatty acid transfer from the host has offered a convincing explanation for their obligate biotrophism. Novel studies highlighted the importance of plant and fungal genotypes for the outcome of the symbiosis. These findings open new perspectives for fundamental research and application of AMF in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, D-85354, Freising, Germany
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Chen S, Zhao H, Zou C, Li Y, Chen Y, Wang Z, Jiang Y, Liu A, Zhao P, Wang M, Ahammed GJ. Combined Inoculation with Multiple Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Improves Growth, Nutrient Uptake and Photosynthesis in Cucumber Seedlings. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2516. [PMID: 29312217 PMCID: PMC5742139 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycorrhizal inoculation stimulates growth, photosynthesis and nutrient uptake in a wide range of host plants. However, the ultimate effects of arbuscular mycorrhyzal (AM) symbiosis vary with the plants and fungal species involved in the association. Therefore, identification of the appropriate combinations of AM fungi (AMF) that interact synergistically to improve their benefits is of high significance. Here, three AM fungal compositions namely VT (Claroideoglomus sp., Funneliformis sp., Diversispora sp., Glomus sp., and Rhizophagus sp.) and BF (Glomus intraradices, G. microageregatum BEG and G. Claroideum BEG 210), and Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) were investigated with respect to the growth, gas exchange parameters, enzymes activities in Calvin cycles and related gene expression in cucumber seedlings. The results showed that VT, BF and Fm could successfully colonize cucumber root to a different degree with the colonization rates 82.38, 74.65, and 70.32% at 46 days post inoculation, respectively. The plant height, stem diameter, dry weight, root to shoot ratio of cucumber seedlings inoculated with AMF increased significantly compared with the non-inoculated control. Moreover, AMF colonization greatly increased the root activity, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, light saturated rate of the CO2 assimilation (Asat), maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax) and maximum ribulose-1,5-bis-phosphate (RuBP) regeneration rate (Jmax), which were increased by 52.81, 30.75, 58.76, 47.00, 69.15, and 65.53% when inoculated with VT, respectively. The activities of some key enzymes such RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), D-fructose-6-phosphatase (F6P) and ribulose-5-phosphate kinase (Ru5PK), and related gene expression involved in the Calvin cycle including RCA, FBPase, FBPA, SBPase, rbcS and rbcL were upregulated by AMF colonization. AMF inoculation also improved macro- and micro nutrient contents such as N, P, K, S, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mg, and Zn in roots. Further analysis revealed that inoculation with VT had relatively better effect on growth of cucumber seedling followed by BF and Fm, indicating that AMF composition consisting of distant AMF species may have a better effect than a single or closely related AMF spp. This study advances the understanding of plant responses to different AM fungi toward development of strategies on AMF-promoted vegetable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangchen Chen
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,Department of Plant Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, China
| | - Hongjiao Zhao
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Chenchen Zou
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- College of Horticultural Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yifei Chen
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhonghong Wang
- Department of Plant Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Airong Liu
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Puyan Zhao
- College of Horticultural Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Golam J Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Trade-Offs in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Disease Resistance, Growth Responses and Perspectives for Crop Breeding. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy7040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Welling MT, Liu L, Rose TJ, Waters DLE, Benkendorff K. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: effects on plant terpenoid accumulation. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:552-62. [PMID: 26499392 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a diverse group of soil-dwelling fungi that form symbiotic associations with land plants. AMF-plant associations promote the accumulation of plant terpenoids beneficial to human health, although how AMF mediate terpenoid accumulation is not fully understood. A critical assessment and discussion of the literature relating to mechanisms by which AMF influence plant terpenoid accumulation, and whether this symbiosis can be harnessed in horticultural ecosystems was performed. Modification of plant morphology, phosphorus availability and gene transcription involved with terpenoid biosynthetic pathways were identified as key mechanisms associated with terpenoid accumulation in AMF-colonised plants. In order to exploit AMF-plant symbioses in horticultural ecosystems it is important to consider the specificity of the AMF-plant association, the predominant factor affecting terpenoid accumulation, as well as the end use application of the harvested plant material. Future research should focus on resolving the relationship between ecologically matched AMF genotypes and terpenoid accumulation in plants to establish if these associations are effective in promoting mechanisms favourable for plant terpenoid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Welling
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - L Liu
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - T J Rose
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
- Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - D L E Waters
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - K Benkendorff
- School of Environment, Science & Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
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Groten K, Pahari NT, Xu S, Miloradovic van Doorn M, Baldwin IT. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Using Tobacco Rattle Virus as a Tool to Study the Interaction between Nicotiana attenuata and Rhizophagus irregularis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136234. [PMID: 26291081 PMCID: PMC4546398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Most land plants live in a symbiotic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that belong to the phylum Glomeromycota. Although a number of plant genes involved in the plant-AMF interactions have been identified by analyzing mutants, the ability to rapidly manipulate gene expression to study the potential functions of new candidate genes remains unrealized. We analyzed changes in gene expression of wild tobacco roots (Nicotiana attenuata) after infection with mycorrhizal fungi (Rhizophagus irregularis) by serial analysis of gene expression (SuperSAGE) combined with next generation sequencing, and established a virus-induced gene-silencing protocol to study the function of candidate genes in the interaction. From 92,434 SuperSAGE Tag sequences, 32,808 (35%) matched with our in-house Nicotiana attenuata transcriptome database and 3,698 (4%) matched to Rhizophagus genes. In total, 11,194 Tags showed a significant change in expression (p<0.05, >2-fold change) after infection. When comparing the functions of highly up-regulated annotated Tags in this study with those of two previous large-scale gene expression studies, 18 gene functions were found to be up-regulated in all three studies mainly playing roles related to phytohormone metabolism, catabolism and defense. To validate the function of identified candidate genes, we used the technique of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to silence the expression of three putative N. attenuata genes: germin-like protein, indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase GH3.9 and, as a proof-of-principle, calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK). The silencing of the three plant genes in roots was successful, but only CCaMK silencing had a significant effect on the interaction with R. irregularis. Interestingly, when a highly activated inoculum was used for plant inoculation, the effect of CCaMK silencing on fungal colonization was masked, probably due to trans-complementation. This study demonstrates that large-scale gene expression studies across different species induce of a core set of genes of similar functions. However, additional factors seem to influence the overall pattern of gene expression, resulting in high variability among independent studies with different hosts. We conclude that VIGS is a powerful tool with which to investigate the function of genes involved in plant-AMF interactions but that inoculum strength can strongly influence the outcome of the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Groten
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nabin T. Pahari
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Maja Miloradovic van Doorn
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
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Fernández I, Merlos M, López-Ráez JA, Martínez-Medina A, Ferrol N, Azcón C, Bonfante P, Flors V, Pozo MJ. Defense related phytohormones regulation in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses depends on the partner genotypes. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:791-803. [PMID: 24997625 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses are mutualistic associations between soil fungi and most vascular plants. Modulation of the hormonal and transcriptional profiles, including changes related to defense signalling, has been reported in many host plants during AM symbioses. These changes have been often related to the improved stress tolerance common in mycorrhizal plants. However, results on the alterations in phytohormones content and their role on the symbiosis are controversial. Here, an integrative analysis of the response of phylogenetically diverse plants (i.e., tomato, soybean, and maize) to two mycorrhizal fungi -Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus irregularis- was performed. The analysis of the defense-related hormones salicylic acid, abscisic acid, and jasmonates, and the expression of marker genes of the pathways they regulate, revealed significant changes in the roots of mycorrhizal plants. These changes depended on both the plant and the AM fungus (AMF) involved. However, general trends can be identified: roots associated with the most effective colonizer R. irregularis showed fewer changes in these defense-related traits, while the colonization by F. mosseae led to significant modifications in all plants tested. The up-regulation of the jasmonate pathway by F. mosseae was found to be highly conserved among the different plant species, suggesting an important role of jasmonates during this AM interaction. Our study evidences a strong influence of the AMF genotype on the modulation of host defense signalling, and offers hints on the role of these changes in the symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fernández
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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Parádi I, van Tuinen D, Morandi D, Ochatt S, Robert F, Jacas L, Dumas-Gaudot E. Transcription of two blue copper-binding protein isogenes is highly correlated with arbuscular mycorrhizal development in Medicago truncatula. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:1175-1183. [PMID: 20687807 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-23-9-1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Expression profiling of two paralogous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)-specific blue copper-binding gene (MtBcp1a and MtBcp1b) isoforms was performed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in wild-type Medicago truncatula Jemalong 5 (J5) during the mycorrhizal development with Glomus intraradices for up to 7 weeks. Time-course analysis in J5 showed that expression of both MtBcp1 genes increased continuously and correlated strongly with the colonization intensity and arbuscule content. MtPT4, selected as a reference gene of the functional plant-fungus association, showed a weaker correlation to mycorrhizal development. In a second experiment, a range of mycorrhizal mutants of the wild-type J5 was assessed. Strictly AM-penetration-defective TRV25-C and TRV25-D (dmi3, Mtsym13), hypomycorrhizal TR25 and TR89 (dmi2, Mtsym2) mutants, and a hypermycorrhizal mutant TRV17 (sunn, Mtsym12) were compared with J5 3 and 7 weeks after inoculation. No MtBcp1 transcripts were detected in the mutants blocked at the appressoria stage. Conversely, TR25, TR89, and J5 showed a gradual increase of the expression of both MtBcp1 genes in 3- and 7-week-old plants, similar to the increase in colonization intensity and arbuscule abundance. The strong correlation between the expression level of AM-specific blue copper-binding protein-encoding genes and AM colonization may imply a basic role in symbiotic functioning for these genes, which may serve as new molecular markers of arbuscule development in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Parádi
- UMR 1088 INRA/5184 CNRS/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, Dijon BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
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Recorbet G, Valot B, Robert F, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Dumas-Gaudot E. Identification of in planta-expressed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal proteins upon comparison of the root proteomes of Medicago truncatula colonised with two Glomus species. Fungal Genet Biol 2010; 47:608-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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López-Ráez JA, Verhage A, Fernández I, García JM, Azcón-Aguilar C, Flors V, Pozo MJ. Hormonal and transcriptional profiles highlight common and differential host responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the regulation of the oxylipin pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:2589-601. [PMID: 20378666 PMCID: PMC2882257 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses are mutualistic associations between soil fungi and most vascular plants. The symbiosis significantly affects the host physiology in terms of nutrition and stress resistance. Despite the lack of host range specificity of the interaction, functional diversity between AM fungal species exists. The interaction is finely regulated according to plant and fungal characters, and plant hormones are believed to orchestrate the modifications in the host plant. Using tomato as a model, an integrative analysis of the host response to different mycorrhizal fungi was performed combining multiple hormone determination and transcriptional profiling. Analysis of ethylene-, abscisic acid-, salicylic acid-, and jasmonate-related compounds evidenced common and divergent responses of tomato roots to Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices, two fungi differing in their colonization abilities and impact on the host. Both hormonal and transcriptional analyses revealed, among others, regulation of the oxylipin pathway during the AM symbiosis and point to a key regulatory role for jasmonates. In addition, the results suggest that specific responses to particular fungi underlie the differential impact of individual AM fungi on plant physiology, and particularly on its ability to cope with biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. López-Ráez
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Adriaan Verhage
- Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Iván Fernández
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Juan M. García
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Victor Flors
- Biochemistry and Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department CAMN, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - María J. Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Feddermann N, Finlay R, Boller T, Elfstrand M. Functional diversity in arbuscular mycorrhiza – the role of gene expression, phosphorous nutrition and symbiotic efficiency. FUNGAL ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hata S, Kobae Y, Banba M. Interactions Between Plants and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 281:1-48. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)81001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Grunwald U, Guo W, Fischer K, Isayenkov S, Ludwig-Müller J, Hause B, Yan X, Küster H, Franken P. Overlapping expression patterns and differential transcript levels of phosphate transporter genes in arbuscular mycorrhizal, Pi-fertilised and phytohormone-treated Medicago truncatula roots. PLANTA 2009; 229:1023-34. [PMID: 19169704 PMCID: PMC2757622 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A microarray carrying 5,648 probes of Medicago truncatula root-expressed genes was screened in order to identify those that are specifically regulated by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Gigaspora rosea, by P(i) fertilisation or by the phytohormones abscisic acid and jasmonic acid. Amongst the identified genes, 21% showed a common induction and 31% a common repression between roots fertilised with P(i) or inoculated with the AM fungus G. rosea, while there was no obvious overlap in the expression patterns between mycorrhizal and phytohormone-treated roots. Expression patterns were further studied by comparing the results with published data obtained from roots colonised by the AM fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices, but only very few genes were identified as being commonly regulated by all three AM fungi. Analysis of P(i) concentrations in plants colonised by either of the three AM fungi revealed that this could be due to the higher P(i) levels in plants inoculated by G. rosea compared with the other two fungi, explaining that numerous genes are commonly regulated by the interaction with G. rosea and by phosphate. Differential gene expression in roots inoculated with the three AM fungi was further studied by expression analyses of six genes from the phosphate transporter gene family in M. truncatula. While MtPT4 was induced by all three fungi, the other five genes showed different degrees of repression mirroring the functional differences in phosphate nutrition by G. rosea, G. mosseae and G. intraradices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Grunwald
- Max-Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Wenbing Guo
- Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
- Root Biology Centre, South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Stanislav Isayenkov
- Department of Secondary Metabolism, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, POB 110432, 06018 Halle, Germany
- Biology Department, University of York, Area 9, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Institute for Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Secondary Metabolism, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, POB 110432, 06018 Halle, Germany
| | - Xiaolong Yan
- Root Biology Centre, South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China
| | - Helge Küster
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, 33594 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Philipp Franken
- Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
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Seddas PMA, Arias CM, Arnould C, van Tuinen D, Godfroy O, Benhassou HA, Gouzy J, Morandi D, Dessaint F, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. Symbiosis-related plant genes modulate molecular responses in an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus during early root interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:341-351. [PMID: 19245328 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-3-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To gain further insight into the role of the plant genome in arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) establishment, we investigated whether symbiosis-related plant genes affect fungal gene expression in germinating spores and at the appressoria stage of root interactions. Glomus intraradices genes were identified in expressed sequence tag libraries of mycorrhizal Medicago truncatula roots by in silico expression analyses. Transcripts of a subset of genes, with predicted functions in transcription, protein synthesis, primary or secondary metabolism, or of unknown function, were monitored in spores and germinating spores and during interactions with roots of wild-type or mycorrhiza-defective (Myc-) mutants of M. truncatula. Not all the fungal genes were active in quiescent spores but all were expressed when G. intraradices spores germinated in wild-type M. truncatula root exudates or when appressoria or arbuscules were formed in association with wild-type M. truncatula roots. Most of the fungal genes were upregulated or induced at the stage of appressorium development. Inactivation of the M. truncatula genes DMI1, DMI2/MtSYM2, or DMI3/MtSYM13 was associated with altered fungal gene expression (nonactivation or inhibition), modified appressorium structure, and plant cell wall responses, providing first evidence that cell processes modified by symbiosis-related plant genes impact on root interactions by directly modulating AM fungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale M A Seddas
- UMR 1088 INRA/5184 CNRS/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
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