1
|
Rapin MN, Murray L, Sadler IH, Bothwell JH, Fry SC. Same but different - pseudo-pectin in the charophytic alga Chlorokybus atmophyticus. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14079. [PMID: 38148229 PMCID: PMC10953000 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
All land-plant cell walls possess hemicelluloses, cellulose and anionic pectin. The walls of their cousins, the charophytic algae, exhibit some similarities to land plants' but also major differences. Charophyte 'pectins' are extractable by conventional land-plant methods, although they differ significantly in composition. Here, we explore 'pectins' of an early-diverging charophyte, Chlorokybus atmophyticus, characterising the anionic polysaccharides that may be comparable to 'pectins' in other streptophytes. Chlorokybus 'pectin' was anionic and upon acid hydrolysis gave GlcA, GalA and sulphate, plus neutral sugars (Ara≈Glc>Gal>Xyl); Rha was undetectable. Most Gal was the l-enantiomer. A relatively acid-resistant disaccharide was characterised as β-d-GlcA-(1→4)-l-Gal. Two Chlorokybus 'pectin' fractions, separable by anion-exchange chromatography, had similar sugar compositions but different sulphate-ester contents. No sugars were released from Chlorokybus 'pectin' by several endo-hydrolases [(1,5)-α-l-arabinanase, (1,4)-β-d-galactanase, (1,4)-β-d-xylanase, endo-polygalacturonase] and exo-hydrolases [α- and β-d-galactosidases, α-(1,6)-d-xylosidase]. 'Driselase', which hydrolyses most land-plant cell wall polysaccharides to mono- and disaccharides, released no sugars except traces of starch-derived Glc. Thus, the Ara, Gal, Xyl and GalA of Chlorokybus 'pectin' were not non-reducing termini with configurations familiar from land-plant polysaccharides (α-l-Araf, α- and β-d-Galp, α- and β-d-Xylp and α-d-GalpA), nor mid-chain residues of α-(1→5)-l-arabinan, β-(1→4)-d-galactan, β-(1→4)-d-xylan or α-(1→4)-d-galacturonan. In conclusion, Chlorokybus possesses anionic 'pectic' polysaccharides, possibly fulfilling pectic roles but differing fundamentally from land-plant pectin. Thus, the evolution of land-plant pectin since the last common ancestor of Chlorokybus and land plants is a long and meandering path involving loss of sulphate, most l-Gal and most d-GlcA; re-configuration of Ara, Xyl and GalA; and gain of Rha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie N. Rapin
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's BuildingsEdinburghUK
| | - Lorna Murray
- EastChem School of Chemistry, The University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Ian H. Sadler
- EastChem School of Chemistry, The University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Stephen C. Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's BuildingsEdinburghUK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Begum RA, Messenger DJ, Fry SC. Making and breaking of boron bridges in the pectic domain rhamnogalacturonan-II at apoplastic pH in vivo and in vitro. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:1310-1329. [PMID: 36658763 PMCID: PMC10952590 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cross-linking of the cell-wall pectin domain rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) via boron bridges between apiose residues is essential for normal plant growth and development, but little is known about its mechanism or reversibility. We characterized the making and breaking of boron bridges in vivo and in vitro at 'apoplastic' pH. RG-II (13-26 μm) was incubated in living Rosa cell cultures and cell-free media with and without 1.2 mm H3 BO3 and cationic chaperones (Ca2+ , Pb2+ , polyhistidine, or arabinogalactan-protein oligopeptides). The cross-linking status of RG-II was monitored electrophoretically. Dimeric RG-II was stable at pH 2.0-7.0 in vivo and in vitro. In-vitro dimerization required a 'catalytic' cation at all pHs tested (1.75-7.0); thus, merely neutralizing the negative charge of RG-II (at pH 1.75) does not enable boron bridging. Pb2+ (20-2500 μm) was highly effective at pH 1.75-4.0, but not 4.75-7.0. Cationic peptides were effective at approximately 1-30 μm; higher concentrations caused less dimerization, probably because two RG-IIs then rarely bonded to the same peptide molecule. Peptides were ineffective at pH 1.75, their pH optimum being 2.5-4.75. d-Apiose (>40 mm) blocked RG-II dimerization in vitro, but did not cleave existing boron bridges. Rosa cells did not take up d-[U-14 C]apiose; therefore, exogenous apiose would block only apoplastic RG-II dimerization in vivo. In conclusion, apoplastic pH neither broke boron bridges nor prevented their formation. Thus boron-starved cells cannot salvage boron from RG-II, and 'acid growth' is not achieved by pH-dependent monomerization of RG-II. Divalent metals and cationic peptides catalyse RG-II dimerization via co-ordinate and ionic bonding respectively (possible and impossible, respectively, at pH 1.75). Exogenous apiose may be useful to distinguish intra- and extra-protoplasmic dimerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Ara Begum
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born CrescentEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
- Present address:
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of DhakaCurzon HallDhaka1000Bangladesh
| | - David J. Messenger
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born CrescentEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
- Present address:
Unilever U.K. Central Resources LimitedColworth Science ParkSharnbrookMK44 1LQUK
| | - Stephen C. Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born CrescentEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paterlini A, Sechet J, Immel F, Grison MS, Pilard S, Pelloux J, Mouille G, Bayer EM, Voxeur A. Enzymatic fingerprinting reveals specific xyloglucan and pectin signatures in the cell wall purified with primary plasmodesmata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1020506. [PMID: 36388604 PMCID: PMC9640925 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1020506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) pores connect neighbouring plant cells and enable direct transport across the cell wall. Understanding the molecular composition of these structures is essential to address their formation and later dynamic regulation. Here we provide a biochemical characterisation of the cell wall co-purified with primary PD of Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures. To achieve this result we combined subcellular fractionation, polysaccharide analyses and enzymatic fingerprinting approaches. Relative to the rest of the cell wall, specific patterns were observed in the PD fraction. Most xyloglucans, although possibly not abundant as a group, were fucosylated. Homogalacturonans displayed short methylated stretches while rhamnogalacturonan I species were remarkably abundant. Full rhamnogalacturonan II forms, highly methyl-acetylated, were also present. We additionally showed that these domains, compared to the broad wall, are less affected by wall modifying activities during a time interval of days. Overall, the protocol and the data presented here open new opportunities for the study of wall polysaccharides associated with PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Paterlini
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité mixte de recherche (UMR5200), Université Bordeaux, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - J. Sechet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Versailles, France
| | - F. Immel
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité mixte de recherche (UMR5200), Université Bordeaux, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - M. S. Grison
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité mixte de recherche (UMR5200), Université Bordeaux, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - S. Pilard
- Plateforme Analytique, Université de Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - J. Pelloux
- UMRT (Unité Mixte de Recherche Transfrontaliére) INRAE (Institut National de recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'alimentation et l'Environnement) 1158 BioEcoAgro – BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - G. Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Versailles, France
| | - E. M. Bayer
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité mixte de recherche (UMR5200), Université Bordeaux, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - A. Voxeur
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Versailles, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee SJ, In G, Lee JW, Shin KS. Elucidation of the microstructure of an immuno-stimulatory polysaccharide purified from Korean red ginseng using sequential hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:13-22. [PMID: 34242646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The elucidation of the structural characteristics of polysaccharides from natural sources is generally difficult owing to their structural complexity and heterogeneity. In our previous study, an immuno-stimulatory polysaccharide (RGP-AP-I) was isolated from Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). The present study aims to elucidate the structural characteristics of RGP-AP-I. Sequential enzyme hydrolysis was performed using four specific glycosylases, and chemical cleavage via β-elimination was carried out to determine the fine structure of RGP-AP-I. The degraded fragments were chemically identified using various chromatographic and spectrometric analyses, including HPLC-UVD, GC-MS, and tandem mass spectrometry. The results indicated that RGP-AP-I comprises a rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) backbone with repeating disaccharide units [→2)-Rhap-(1 → 4)-GalAp-(1→] and three side chains substituted at the C(O)4 position of the rhamnose residue in the backbone. The three side chains were identified as a highly branched α-(1 → 5)-arabinan, a branched β-(1 → 4)-galactan, and an arabino-β-3,6-galactan. Our results represent the first findings regarding the fine structure of the immuno-stimulatory polysaccharide RG-AP-I isolated from red ginseng.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sue Jung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, 154-42, Gwanggyosan-ro, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16227, Republic of Korea; Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyo In
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Lee
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soon Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, 154-42, Gwanggyosan-ro, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16227, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barnes WJ, Koj S, Black IM, Archer-Hartmann SA, Azadi P, Urbanowicz BR, Peña MJ, O'Neill MA. Protocols for isolating and characterizing polysaccharides from plant cell walls: a case study using rhamnogalacturonan-II. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:142. [PMID: 34158109 PMCID: PMC8218411 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, a large diversity of polysaccharides comprise the cell wall. Each major type of plant cell wall polysaccharide, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, has distinct structures and functions that contribute to wall mechanics and influence plant morphogenesis. In recent years, pectin valorization has attracted much attention due to its expanding roles in biomass deconstruction, food and material science, and environmental remediation. However, pectin utilization has been limited by our incomplete knowledge of its structure. Herein, we present a workflow of principles relevant for the characterization of polysaccharide primary structure using nature's most complex polysaccharide, rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II), as a model. RESULTS We outline how to isolate RG-II from celery and duckweed cell walls and from red wine using chemical or enzymatic treatments coupled with size-exclusion chromatography. From there, we applied mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques to determine the glycosyl residue and linkage compositions of the intact RG-II and derived oligosaccharides including special considerations for labile monosaccharides. In doing so, we demonstrated that in the duckweed Wolffiella repanda the arabinopyranosyl (Arap) residue of side chain B is substituted at O-2 with rhamnose. We used electrospray-MS techniques to identify non-glycosyl modifications including methyl-ethers, methyl-esters, and acetyl-esters on RG-II-derived oligosaccharides. We then showed the utility of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) to investigate the structure of intact RG-II and to complement the RG-II dimerization studies performed using size-exclusion chromatography. CONCLUSIONS The complexity of pectic polysaccharide structures has hampered efforts aimed at their valorization. In this work, we used RG-II as a model to demonstrate the steps necessary to isolate and characterize polysaccharides using chromatographic, MS, and NMR techniques. The principles can be applied to the characterization of other saccharide structures and will help inform researchers on how saccharide structure relates to functional properties in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Barnes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Sabina Koj
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ian M Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
O'Neill MA, Black I, Urbanowicz B, Bharadwaj V, Crowley M, Koj S, Peña MJ. Locating Methyl-Etherified and Methyl-Esterified Uronic Acids in the Plant Cell Wall Pectic Polysaccharide Rhamnogalacturonan II. SLAS Technol 2020; 25:329-344. [PMID: 32468908 DOI: 10.1177/2472630320923321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) is a structurally complex pectic polysaccharide that exists as a borate ester cross-linked dimer in the cell walls of all vascular plants. The glycosyl sequence of RG-II is largely conserved, but there is evidence that galacturonic acid (GalA) methyl etherification and glucuronic acid (GlcA) methyl esterification vary in the A sidechain across plant species. Methyl esterification of the galacturonan backbone has also been reported but not confirmed. Here we describe a new procedure, utilizing aq. sodium borodeuteride (NaBD4)-reduced RG-II, to identify the methyl esterification status of backbone GalAs. Our data suggest that up to two different GalAs are esterified in the RG-II backbone. We also adapted a procedure based on methanolysis and NaBD4 reduction to identify 3-, 4-, and 3,4-O-methyl GalA in RG-II. These data, together with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) MS analysis of sidechain A generated from selected RG-IIs and their NaBD4-reduced counterparts, suggest that methyl etherification of the β-linked GalA and methyl esterification of the GlcA are widespread. Nevertheless, the extent of these modifications varies between plant species. Our analysis of the sidechain B glycoforms in RG-II from different dicots and nonpoalean monocots suggests that this sidechain has a minimum structure of an O-acetylated hexasaccharide (Ara-[MeFuc]-Gal-AceA-Rha-Api-). To complement these studies, we provide further evidence showing that dimer formation and stability in vitro is cation and borate dependent. Taken together, our data further refine the primary sequence and sequence variation of RG-II and provide additional insight into dimer stability and factors controlling dimer self-assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ian Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Breeanna Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Mike Crowley
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Sabina Koj
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mong KKT, Pradhan TK, Chiu CH, Hung WC, Chen CJ, Wang YF. (2-Ketulosonyl)onate 2,3-O-thionocarbonate donors for the synthesis of KO and KDO α-glycosides and a one-pot glycosylation method for 2-keto acid donors. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00630k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bifunctional (2-ketulosonyl)onate thionocarbonates are effective donors for the synthesis of KO and KDO α-glycosides with perfect control in stereoselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Kong Tony Mong
- Applied Chemistry Department
- National Chiao Tung University
- 1001
- University Road
- Hsinchu City
| | - Tapan Kumar Pradhan
- Applied Chemistry Department
- National Chiao Tung University
- 1001
- University Road
- Hsinchu City
| | - Cheng-Hsin Chiu
- Applied Chemistry Department
- National Chiao Tung University
- 1001
- University Road
- Hsinchu City
| | - Wei-Cheng Hung
- Applied Chemistry Department
- National Chiao Tung University
- 1001
- University Road
- Hsinchu City
| | - Chao-Ju Chen
- Applied Chemistry Department
- National Chiao Tung University
- 1001
- University Road
- Hsinchu City
| | - Yi-Fang Wang
- Applied Chemistry Department
- National Chiao Tung University
- 1001
- University Road
- Hsinchu City
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu D, Cui L, Yang G, Ning X, Sun L, Zhou Y. Preparing rhamnogalacturonan II domains from seven plant pectins using Penicillium oxalicum degradation and their structural comparison. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 180:209-215. [PMID: 29103497 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) is a complex pectin with diverse pharmaceutical activities. To assess how RG-II functions, the development of methods for its preparation is required. In this paper, pectin from Codonopsis pilosula was used to evaluate the ability of fungi and bacteria to degrade the pectin. We discovered that the fungus Penicillium oxalicum could efficiently lead to the recovery of RG-II domains by degrading the other pectic domains. Further, six pectin fractions from different medical plants were used as the sole carbon source for the growth of Penicillium oxalicum. The major polymeric products remaining after fungus degradation was RG-II domains. Depending of plant source, side chains A differed with respect to their proportion of L-Gal and L-Fuc and to their degree of methyletherification. Side chains B were made of 8-10 sugar residues and up to 2 acetyl groups. Overall, our method provides an effective way to prepare RG-II pectin domains for investigating their structure-function relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Liangnan Cui
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Guang Yang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Xing Ning
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Lin Sun
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China.
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Villalobos JA, Yi BR, Wallace IS. 2-Fluoro-L-Fucose Is a Metabolically Incorporated Inhibitor of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharide Fucosylation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139091. [PMID: 26414071 PMCID: PMC4587364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The monosaccharide L-fucose (L-Fuc) is a common component of plant cell wall polysaccharides and other plant glycans, including the hemicellulose xyloglucan, pectic rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II), arabinogalactan proteins, and N-linked glycans. Mutations compromising the biosynthesis of many plant cell wall polysaccharides are lethal, and as a result, small molecule inhibitors of plant cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis have been developed because these molecules can be applied at defined concentrations and developmental stages. In this study, we characterize novel small molecule inhibitors of plant fucosylation. 2-fluoro-L-fucose (2F-Fuc) analogs caused severe growth phenotypes when applied to Arabidopsis seedlings, including reduced root growth and altered root morphology. These phenotypic defects were dependent upon the L-Fuc salvage pathway enzyme L-Fucose Kinase/ GDP-L-Fucose Pyrophosphorylase (FKGP), suggesting that 2F-Fuc is metabolically converted to the sugar nucleotide GDP-2F-Fuc, which serves as the active inhibitory molecule. The L-Fuc content of cell wall matrix polysaccharides was reduced in plants treated with 2F-Fuc, suggesting that this molecule inhibits the incorporation of L-Fuc into these polysaccharides. Additionally, phenotypic defects induced by 2F-Fuc treatment could be partially relieved by the exogenous application of boric acid, suggesting that 2F-Fuc inhibits RG-II biosynthesis. Overall, the results presented here suggest that 2F-Fuc is a metabolically incorporated inhibitor of plant cellular fucosylation events, and potentially suggest that other 2-fluorinated monosaccharides could serve as useful chemical probes for the inhibition of cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Villalobos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, 89557, United States of America
| | - Bo R. Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, 89557, United States of America
| | - Ian S. Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, 89557, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Carpita NC, McCann MC. Characterizing visible and invisible cell wall mutant phenotypes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4145-63. [PMID: 25873661 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
About 10% of a plant's genome is devoted to generating the protein machinery to synthesize, remodel, and deconstruct the cell wall. High-throughput genome sequencing technologies have enabled a reasonably complete inventory of wall-related genes that can be assembled into families of common evolutionary origin. Assigning function to each gene family member has been aided immensely by identification of mutants with visible phenotypes or by chemical and spectroscopic analysis of mutants with 'invisible' phenotypes of modified cell wall composition and architecture that do not otherwise affect plant growth or development. This review connects the inference of gene function on the basis of deviation from the wild type in genetic functional analyses to insights provided by modern analytical techniques that have brought us ever closer to elucidating the sequence structures of the major polysaccharide components of the plant cell wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, 915 West State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Department of Biological Sciences, 915 West State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Maureen C McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, 915 West State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2009-2010. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:268-422. [PMID: 24863367 PMCID: PMC7168572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Glycobiology InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Buffetto F, Ropartz D, Zhang XJ, Gilbert HJ, Guillon F, Ralet MC. Recovery and fine structure variability of RGII sub-domains in wine (Vitis vinifera Merlot). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1327-37. [PMID: 24908680 PMCID: PMC4195555 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII) is a structurally complex pectic sub-domain composed of more than 12 different sugars and 20 different linkages distributed in five side chains along a homogalacturonan backbone. Although RGII has long been described as highly conserved over plant evolution, recent studies have revealed variations in the structure of the polysaccharide. This study examines the fine structure variability of RGII in wine, focusing on the side chains A and B obtained after sequential mild acid hydrolysis. Specifically, this study aims to differentiate intrinsic structural variations in these RGII side chains from structural variations due to acid hydrolysis. METHODS RGII from wine (Vitis vinifera Merlot) was sequentially hydrolysed with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and the hydrolysis products were separated by anion-exchange chromatography (AEC). AEC fractions or total hydrolysates were analysed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. KEY RESULTS The optimal conditions to recover non-degraded side chain B, side chain A and RGII backbone were 0·1 m TFA at 40 °C for 16 h, 0·48 m TFA at 40 °C for 16 h (or 0·1 m TFA at 60 °C for 8 h) and 0·1 m TFA at 60 °C for 16 h, respectively. Side chain B was particularly prone to acid degradation. Side chain A and the RGII GalA backbone were partly degraded by 0·1 m TFA at 80 °C for 1-4 h. AEC allowed separation of side chain B, methyl-esterified side chain A and non-methyl-esterified side chain A. The structure of side chain A and the GalA backbone were highly variable. CONCLUSIONS Several modifications to the RGII structure of wine were identified. The observed dearabinosylation and deacetylation were primarily the consequence of acidic treatment, while variation in methyl-esterification, methyl-ether linkages and oxidation reflect natural diversity. The physiological significance of this variability, however, remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Buffetto
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - D Ropartz
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - X J Zhang
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, UK
| | - H J Gilbert
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, UK
| | - F Guillon
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - M-C Ralet
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, 44300 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pabst M, Fischl RM, Brecker L, Morelle W, Fauland A, Köfeler H, Altmann F, Léonard R. Rhamnogalacturonan II structure shows variation in the side chains monosaccharide composition and methylation status within and across different plant species. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 76:61-72. [PMID: 23802881 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A paradigm regarding rhamnogalacturonans II (RGII) is their strictly conserved structure within a given plant. We developed and employed a fast structural characterization method based on chromatography and mass spectrometry, allowing analysis of RGII side chains from microgram amounts of cell wall. We found that RGII structures are much more diverse than so far described. In chain A of wild-type plants, up to 45% of the l-fucose is substituted by l-galactose, a state that is seemingly uncorrelated with RGII dimerization capacity. This led us to completely reinvestigate RGII structures of the Arabidopsis thaliana fucose-deficient mutant mur1, which provided insights into RGII chain A biosynthesis, and suggested that chain A truncation, rather than l-fucose to l-galactose substitution, is responsible for the mur1 dwarf phenotype. Mass spectrometry data for chain A coupled with NMR analysis revealed a high degree of methyl esterification of its glucuronic acid, providing a plausible explanation for the puzzling RGII antibody recognition. The β-galacturonic acid of chain A exhibits up to two methyl etherifications in an organ-specific manner. Combined with variation in the length of side chain B, this gives rise to a family of RGII structures instead of the unique structure described up to now. These findings pave the way for studies on the physiological roles of modulation of RGII composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pabst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gullón B, Gómez B, Martínez-Sabajanes M, Yáñez R, Parajó J, Alonso J. Pectic oligosaccharides: Manufacture and functional properties. Trends Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
15
|
Hu DJ, Cheong KL, Zhao J, Li SP. Chromatography in characterization of polysaccharides from medicinal plants and fungi. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:1-19. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- De-jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao; China
| | - Kit-leong Cheong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao; China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao; China
| | - Shao-ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao; China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bauer S. Mass spectrometry for characterizing plant cell wall polysaccharides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:45. [PMID: 22645587 PMCID: PMC3355817 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is a selective and powerful technique to obtain identification and structural information on compounds present in complex mixtures. Since it requires only small sample amount it is an excellent tool for researchers interested in detecting changes in composition of complex carbohydrates of plants. This mini-review gives an overview of common mass spectrometry techniques applied to the analysis of plant cell wall carbohydrates. It presents examples in which mass spectrometry has been used to elucidate the structure of oligosaccharides derived from hemicelluloses and pectins and illustrates how information on sequence, linkages, branching, and modifications are obtained from characteristic fragmentation patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bauer
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bar-Peled M, Urbanowicz BR, O’Neill MA. The Synthesis and Origin of the Pectic Polysaccharide Rhamnogalacturonan II - Insights from Nucleotide Sugar Formation and Diversity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:92. [PMID: 22639675 PMCID: PMC3355719 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence showing that the structurally complex pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) exists in the primary cell wall as a borate cross-linked dimer and that this dimer is required for the assembly of a functional wall and for normal plant growth and development. The results of several studies have also established that RG-II structure and cross-linking is conserved in vascular plants and that RG-II likely appeared early in the evolution of land plants. Two features that distinguish RG-II from other plant polysaccharides are that RG-II is composed of 13 different glycoses linked to each other by up to 22 different glycosidic linkages and that RG-II is the only polysaccharide known to contain both apiose and aceric acid. Thus, one key event in land plant evolution was the emergence of genes encoding nucleotide sugar biosynthetic enzymes that generate the activated forms of apiose and aceric acid required for RG-II synthesis. Many of the genes involved in the generation of the nucleotide sugars used for RG-II synthesis have been functionally characterized. By contrast, only one glycosyltransferase involved in the assembly of RG-II has been identified. Here we provide an overview of the formation of the activated sugars required for RG-II synthesis and point to the possible cellular and metabolic processes that could be involved in assembling and controlling the formation of a borate cross-linked RG-II molecule. We discuss how nucleotide sugar synthesis is compartmentalized and how this may control the flux of precursors to facilitate and regulate the formation of RG-II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maor Bar-Peled
- Department of Plant Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research, The University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
- *Correspondence: Maor Bar-Peled, Department of Plant Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA. e-mail:
| | | | - Malcolm A. O’Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Reboul R, Geserick C, Pabst M, Frey B, Wittmann D, Lütz-Meindl U, Léonard R, Tenhaken R. Down-regulation of UDP-glucuronic acid biosynthesis leads to swollen plant cell walls and severe developmental defects associated with changes in pectic polysaccharides. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39982-92. [PMID: 21949134 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.255695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGD) plays a key role in the nucleotide sugar biosynthetic pathway, as its product UDP-glucuronic acid is the common precursor for arabinose, xylose, galacturonic acid, and apiose residues found in the cell wall. In this study we characterize an Arabidopsis thaliana double mutant ugd2,3 that lacks two of the four UGD isoforms. This mutant was obtained from a cross of ugd2 and ugd3 single mutants, which do not show phenotypical differences compared with the WT. In contrast, ugd2,3 has a strong dwarfed phenotype and often develops seedlings with severe root defects suggesting that the UGD2 and UGD3 isoforms act in concert. Differences in its cell wall composition in comparison to the WT were determined using biochemical methods indicating a significant reduction in arabinose, xylose, apiose, and galacturonic acid residues. Xyloglucan is less substituted with xylose, and pectins have a reduced amount of arabinan side chains. In particular, the amount of the apiose containing side chains A and B of rhamnogalacturonan II is strongly reduced, resulting in a swollen cell wall. The alternative pathway to UDP-glucuronic acid with the key enzyme myo-inositol oxygenase is not up-regulated in ugd2,3. The pathway also does not complement the ugd2,3 mutation, likely because the supply of myo-inositol is limited. Taken together, the presented data underline the importance of UDP GlcA for plant primary cell wall formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Reboul
- Department of Cell Biology, Molecular Cell Physiology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kong Y, Zhou G, Yin Y, Xu Y, Pattathil S, Hahn MG. Molecular analysis of a family of Arabidopsis genes related to galacturonosyltransferases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:1791-805. [PMID: 21300919 PMCID: PMC3091093 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.163220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We are studying a Galacturonosyltransferase-Like (GATL) gene family in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) that was identified bioinformatically as being closely related to a group of 15 genes (Galacturonosyltransferase1 [GAUT1] to -15), one of which (GAUT1) has been shown to encode a functional galacturonosyltransferase. Here, we describe the phylogeny, gene structure, evolutionary history, genomic organization, protein topology, and expression pattern of this gene family in Arabidopsis. Expression studies (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) demonstrate that all 10 AtGATL genes are transcribed, albeit to varying degrees, in Arabidopsis tissues. Promoter::β-glucuronidase expression studies show that individual AtGATL gene family members have both overlapping and unique expression patterns. Nine of the 10 AtGATL genes are expressed in all major plant organs, although not always in all cell types of those organs. AtGATL4 expression appears to be confined to pollen grains. Most of the AtGATL genes are expressed strongly in vascular tissue in both the stem and hypocotyl. Subcellular localization studies of several GATL proteins using yellow fluorescent protein tagging provide evidence supporting the Golgi localization of these proteins. Plants carrying T-DNA insertions in three AtGATL genes (atgatl3, atgatl6, and atgatl9) have reduced amounts of GalA in their stem cell walls. The xylose content increased in atgatl3 and atgatl6 stem walls. Glycome profiling of cell wall fractions from these mutants using a toolkit of diverse plant glycan-directed monoclonal antibodies showed that the mutations affect both pectins and hemicelluloses and alter overall wall structure, as indicated by altered epitope extractability patterns. The data presented suggest that the AtGATL genes encode proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis, but their precise roles in wall biosynthesis remain to be substantiated.
Collapse
|
20
|
Voxeur A, Gilbert L, Rihouey C, Driouich A, Rothan C, Baldet P, Lerouge P. Silencing of the GDP-d-mannose 3,5-Epimerase Affects the Structure and Cross-linking of the Pectic Polysaccharide Rhamnogalacturonan II and Plant Growth in Tomato. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:8014-8020. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.198614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
21
|
Natural and synthetic small boron-containing molecules as potential inhibitors of bacterial and fungal quorum sensing. Chem Rev 2010; 111:209-37. [PMID: 21171664 DOI: 10.1021/cr100093b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
22
|
Séveno M, Séveno-Carpentier E, Voxeur A, Menu-Bouaouiche L, Rihouey C, Delmas F, Chevalier C, Driouich A, Lerouge P. Characterization of a putative 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (Kdo) transferase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana. Glycobiology 2010; 20:617-28. [PMID: 20124190 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The structures of the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) pectin constituent are remarkably evolutionary conserved in all plant species. At least 12 different glycosyl residues are present in RG-II. Among them is the seldom eight-carbon sugar 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) whose biosynthetic pathway has been shown to be conserved between plants and Gram-negative bacteria. Kdo is formed in the cytosol by the condensation of phosphoenol pyruvate with d-arabinose-5-P and then activated by coupling to cytidine monophosphate (CMP) prior to its incorporation in the Golgi apparatus by a Kdo transferase (KDTA) into the nascent polysaccharide RG-II. To gain new insight into RG-II biosynthesis and function, we isolated and characterized null mutants for the unique putative KDTA (AtKDTA) encoded in the Arabidopsis genome. We provide evidence that, in contrast to mutants affecting the RG-II biosynthesis, the extinction of the AtKDTA gene expression does not result in any developmental phenotype in the AtkdtA plants. Furthermore, the structure of RG-II from the null mutants was not altered and contained wild-type amount of Rha-alpha(1-5)Kdo side chain. The cellular localization of AtKDTA was investigated by using laser scanning confocal imaging of the protein fused to green fluorescent protein. In agreement with its cellular prediction, the fusion protein was demonstrated to be targeted to the mitochondria. These data, together with data deduced from sequence analyses of higher plant genomes, suggest that AtKDTA encodes a putative KDTA involved in the synthesis of a mitochondrial not yet identified lipid A-like molecule rather than in the synthesis of the cell wall RG-II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martial Séveno
- Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, UPRES-EA 4358, IFRMP 23, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|