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Cai O, Zhang H, Yang L, Wu H, Qin M, Yao W, Huang F, Li L, Lin S. Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Bamboo Culm Color Formation Mechanisms Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthetic in Phyllostachys nigra. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1738. [PMID: 38339012 PMCID: PMC10855043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Phyllostachys nigra has green young culms (S1) and purple black mature culms (S4). Anthocyanins are the principal pigment responsible for color presentation in ornamental plants. We employ a multi-omics approach to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanins in Ph. nigra. Firstly, we found that the pigments of the culm of Ph. nigra accumulated only in one to four layers of cells below the epidermis. The levels of total anthocyanins and total flavonoids gradually increased during the process of bamboo culm color formation. Metabolomics analysis indicated that the predominant pigment metabolites observed were petunidin 3-O-glucoside and malvidin O-hexoside, exhibiting a significant increase of up to 9.36-fold and 13.23-fold, respectively, during pigmentation of Ph. nigra culm. Transcriptomics sequencing has revealed that genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were significantly enriched, leading to color formation. A total of 62 differentially expressed structural genes associated with anthocyanin synthesis were identified. Notably, PnANS2, PnUFGT2, PnCHI2, and PnCHS1 showed significant correlations with anthocyanin metabolites. Additionally, certain transcription factors such as PnMYB6 and PnMYB1 showed significant positive or negative correlations with anthocyanins. With the accumulation of sucrose, the expression of PnMYB6 is enhanced, which in turn triggers the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. Based on these findings, we propose that these key genes primarily regulate the anthocyanin synthesis pathway in the culm and contribute to the accumulation of anthocyanin, ultimately resulting in the purple-black coloration of Ph. nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou Cai
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hanjiao Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hongyu Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Min Qin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenjing Yao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Feiyi Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Long Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shuyan Lin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Pezzi PH, Gonçalves LT, Deprá M, Freitas LBD. Evolution and diversification of the O-methyltransferase (OMT) gene family in Solanaceae. Genet Mol Biol 2023; 46:e20230121. [PMID: 37948506 PMCID: PMC10637433 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2023-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
O-methyltransferases (OMTs) are a group of enzymes involved in several fundamental biological processes in plants, including lignin biosynthesis, pigmentation, and aroma production. Despite the intensive investigation of the role of OMTs in plant secondary metabolism, the evolution and diversification of this gene family in Solanaceae remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted a genome-wide survey of OMT genes in six Solanaceae species, reconstructing gene phylogenetic trees, predicting the potential involvement in biological processes, and investigating the exon/intron structure and chromosomal location. We identified 57 caffeoyl-CoA OMTs (CCoAOMTs) and 196 caffeic acid OMTs (COMTs) in the studied species. We observed a conserved gene block on chromosome 2 that consisted of tandem duplicated copies of OMT genes. Our results suggest that the expansion of the OMT gene family in Solanaceae was driven by whole genome duplication, segmental duplication, and tandem duplication, with multiple genes being retained by neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization. This study represents an essential first step in unraveling the evolutionary history of OMTs in Solanaceae. Our findings deepen our understanding of the crucial role of OMTs in several biological processes and highlight their significance as potential biotechnological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Pezzi
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Maríndia Deprá
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Wei X, Li L, Xu L, Zeng L, Xu J. Genome-wide identification of the AOMT gene family in wax apple and functional characterization of SsAOMTs to anthocyanin methylation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1213642. [PMID: 37822338 PMCID: PMC10562569 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1213642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Anthocyanins are major pigments in the peels of red-series wax apple fruits, and two principal components of them, namely, the cyanin and the peonidin, are non-methoxylated and methoxylated anthocyanins, respectively. Anthocyanin O-methyltransferases (AOMTs) are an important group of enzymes that have the ability to catalyze anthocyanins methylation to promote the solubility, stability, and bioactivity of anthocyanins. Although AOMT genes have been studied in a variety of plants, the function of them in wax apple is generally not well understood. Methods The anthocyanin composition in peels of two wax apple cultivars was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLS-MS). The genome-wide analysis of the AOMT genes was performed with bioinformatics technology, and the expression patterns of different plant tissues, cultivars, fruit ripening stages, and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatments were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing analysis and real-time quantitative PCR verification. An initial functional evaluation was carried out in vitro using recombinant the Anthocyanin O-methyltransferase Gene 5 of S. samarangense (SsAOMT5) protein. Results Only two main compositions of anthocyanin were found in peels of two wax apple cultivars, and it was worth noting that Tub Ting Jiang cultivar contained non-methoxylated anthocyanin (Cy3G) only, whereas Daye cultivar contained both non-methoxylated and methoxylated (Pn3G) anthocyanins. A total of six SsAOMT genes were identified in the whole genome of wax apple, randomly distributing on three chromosomes. A phylogenic analysis of the protein sequences divided the SsAOMT gene family into three subgroups, and all SsAOMTs had highly conserved domains of AOMT family. In total, four types of stress- related and five types of hormone- related cis-elements were discovered in the promoter region of the SsAOMTs. Expression pattern analysis showed that SsAOMT5 and SsAOMT6 were expressed in all tissues to varying degrees; notably, the expression of SsAOMT5 was high in the flower and fruit and significantly higher in Daye peels than those of other cultivars in the fruit ripening period. Exogenous ABA treatment significantly increased anthocyanin accumulation, but the increase of methoxylated anthocyanin content did not reach significant level compared with those without ABA treatment, whereas the expression of SsAOMT5 upregulated under ABA treatment. We identified two homologous SsAOMT5 genes from Daye cultivar (DSsAOMT5) and Tub Ting Jiang cultivar (TSsAOMT5); the results of functional analyses to two SsAOMT5 recombinant proteins in vitro demonstrated that DSsAOMT5 showed methylation modification activity, but TSsAOMT5 did not. Conclusion In conclusion, SsAOMT5 was responsible for methylated anthocyanin accumulation in the peels of wax apple and played an important role in red coloration in wax apple peels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqing Wei
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Liang Li
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lihui Zeng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Zhu Z, Zeng X, Shi X, Ma J, Liu X, Li Q. Transcription and Metabolic Profiling Analysis of Three Discolorations in a Day of Hibiscus mutabilis. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1115. [PMID: 37626999 PMCID: PMC10452391 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used combined transcriptomics and metabolomics to analyze the H. mutabilis cultivar's genetic and physiological mechanisms during three flower color transition periods (from white to pink, then from pink to red) within the span of one day. As a result, 186 genes were found to be significantly increased with the deepening of the H. mutabilis flower color; these genes were mainly involved in the expression of peroxidase 30, zinc finger protein, phosphate transporter PHO1, etc. In contrast, 298 genes were significantly downregulated with the deepening of H. mutabilis flower color, including those involved in the expression of probable O-methyltransferase 3, copper binding protein 9, and heat stress transcription factor A-6b. Some genes showed differential expression strategies as the flower color gradually darkened. We further detected 19 metabolites that gradually increased with the deepening of the H. mutabilis flower color, including L-isoleucine, palmitic acid, L-methionine, and (+)-7-isonitrobenzene. The content of the metabolite hexadecanedioate decreased with the deepening of the H. mutabilis flower color. Combined transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed that the metabolic pathways, including those related to anthocyanin biosynthesis, cysteine and methionine metabolism, and sulfur metabolism, appear to be closely related to H. mutabilis flower color transition. This study served as the first report on the genetic and physiological mechanisms of short-term H. mutabilis flower color transition and will promote the molecular breeding of ornamental cultivars of H. mutabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangshun Zhu
- Chengdu Botanical Garden (Chengdu Park Urban Plant Science Research Institute), Chengdu 610083, China; (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Xinmei Zeng
- Chengdu Botanical Garden (Chengdu Park Urban Plant Science Research Institute), Chengdu 610083, China; (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Xiaoqing Shi
- Chengdu Botanical Garden (Chengdu Park Urban Plant Science Research Institute), Chengdu 610083, China; (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Jiao Ma
- Chengdu Botanical Garden (Chengdu Park Urban Plant Science Research Institute), Chengdu 610083, China; (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Chengdu Botanical Garden (Chengdu Park Urban Plant Science Research Institute), Chengdu 610083, China; (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Qiang Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
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Li F, Xu S, Xiao Z, Wang J, Mei Y, Hu H, Li J, Liu J, Hou Z, Zhao J, Yang S, Wang J. Gap-free genome assembly and comparative analysis reveal the evolution and anthocyanin accumulation mechanism of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad005. [PMID: 36938565 PMCID: PMC10022486 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is an important fleshy-fruited tree and a well-known medicinal plant of the Myrtaceae family that is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. However, studies on the evolution and genomic breeding of R. tomentosa were hindered by the lack of a reference genome. Here, we presented a chromosome-level gap-free T2T genome assembly of R. tomentosa using PacBio and ONT long read sequencing. We assembled the genome with size of 470.35 Mb and contig N50 of ~43.80 Mb with 11 pseudochromosomes. A total of 33 382 genes and 239.31 Mb of repetitive sequences were annotated in this genome. Phylogenetic analysis elucidated the independent evolution of R. tomentosa starting from 14.37MYA and shared a recent WGD event with other Myrtaceae species. We identified four major compounds of anthocyanins and their synthetic pathways in R. tomentosa. Comparative genomic and gene expression analysis suggested the coloring and high anthocyanin accumulation in R. tomentosa tends to be determined by the activation of anthocyanin synthesis pathway. The positive selection and up-regulation of MYB transcription factors were the implicit factors in this process. The copy number increase of downstream anthocyanin transport-related OMT and GST gene were also detected in R. tomentosa. Expression analysis and pathway identification enriched the importance of starch degradation, response to stimuli, effect of hormones, and cell wall metabolism during the fleshy fruit development in Myrtaceae. Our genome assembly provided a foundation for investigating the origins and differentiation of Myrtaceae species and accelerated the genetic improvement of R. tomentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jingming Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yu Mei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Haifei Hu
- Rice Research Institute & Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding & Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jingyu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jieying Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhuangwei Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junliang Zhao
- Rice Research Institute & Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding & Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shaohai Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Xie L, Lu Y, Zhou Y, Hao X, Chen W. Functional Analysis of a Methyltransferase Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis from Blueberries ( Vaccinium corymbosum). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:16253-16262. [PMID: 36519893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are natural water-soluble pigments that widely exist in plants, with various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetic activities. Currently, monomeric anthocyanins are mainly obtained through natural sources, which limits their availability. In the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, anthocyanin methyltransferases are recognized to play important roles in the water solubility and structural stability of anthocyanins. Blueberries are a rich source of anthocyanins with more than 30 chemical structures. However, the enzymes that were responsible for the methylation of anthocyanidin cores in blueberries had not been reported. Here, blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum) have been selected as the candidate for characterization of the key enzyme. Phylogenic analysis, enzymatic activity assay, homology modeling, molecular simulation, protein expression and purification assay, site-directed mutation, isothermal titration calorimetry assay, and enzyme kinetic assay were used to identify the enzymatic function and molecular mechanism of VcOMT, which was responsible for the methylation of anthocyanidin cores. VcOMT could use delphinidin as a substrate but not cyanidin, petunidin, anthocyanins, flavonols, and flavonol glycosides. Ile191 and Glu198 were both identified as important amino acid residues for the binding interactions of anthocyanidins with VcOMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghua Xie
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sir Run Yi yang Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yiyang Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin Hao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sir Run Yi yang Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
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Gonçalves AC, Falcão A, Alves G, Lopes JA, Silva LR. Employ of Anthocyanins in Nanocarriers for Nano Delivery: In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Approaches for Chronic Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2272. [PMID: 36365091 PMCID: PMC9695229 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are among the best-known phenolic compounds and possess remarkable biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic effects. Despite their therapeutic benefits, they are not widely used as health-promoting agents due to their instability, low absorption, and, thus, low bioavailability and rapid metabolism in the human body. Recent research suggests that the application of nanotechnology could increase their solubility and/or bioavailability, and thus their biological potential. Therefore, in this review, we have provided, for the first time, a comprehensive overview of in vitro and in vivo studies on nanocarriers used as delivery systems of anthocyanins, and their aglycones, i.e., anthocyanidins alone or combined with conventional drugs in the treatment or management of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - João A. Lopes
- iMed.ULisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, University of Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís R. Silva
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- CPIRN-UDI/IPG, Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Research Unit for Inland Development (UDI), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
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Zhang H, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Zhang Z, Liu J, Shi M, Song B. Methylation level of potato gene OMT30376 regulates tuber anthocyanin transformations. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1021617. [PMID: 36275587 PMCID: PMC9585915 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1021617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
After anthocyanin synthesis, a variety of anthocyanin compounds are produced through further methylation, glycosylation, and acylation. However, the effect of the potato methylase gene on anthocyanin biosynthesis has not been reported. Red and purple mutation types appear in tubers of the potato cultivar 'Purple Viking' with chimeric skin phenotypes. In this study, transcriptome and anthocyanin metabolome analyses were performed on skin of Purple Viking tubers and associated mutants. According to the metabolome analysis, the transformation of delphinidin into malvidin-3-O-glucoside and petunidin 3-O-glucoside and that of cyanidin into rosinidin O-hexoside and peonidin-3-O-glucoside were hindered in red tubers. Expression of methyltransferase gene OMT30376 was significantly lower in red tubers than in purple ones, whereas the methylation level of OMT30376 was significantly higher in red tubers. In addition, red skin appeared in tubers from purple tuber plants treated with S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), indicating the difference between purple and red was caused by the methylation degree of the gene OMT30376. Thus, the results of the study suggest that the OMT30376 gene is involved in the transformation of anthocyanins in potato tubers. The results also provide an important reference to reveal the regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis and transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xijuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ju Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Minghui Shi
- Yichang Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Yichang, China
| | - Botao Song
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Wang Y, Li S, Zhu Z, Xu Z, Qi S, Xing S, Yu Y, Wu Q. Transcriptome and chemical analyses revealed the mechanism of flower color formation in Rosa rugosa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1021521. [PMID: 36212326 PMCID: PMC9539313 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1021521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rosa rugosa is a famous Chinese traditional flower with high ornamental value and well environmental adapt ability. The cultivation of new colorful germplasms to improve monotonous flower color could promote its landscape application. However, the mechanism of flower color formation in R. rugosa remains unclear. In this study, combined analyses of the chemical and transcriptome were performed in the R. rugosa germplasms with representative flower colors. Among the identified anthocyanins, cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (Cy3G5G) and peonidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (Pn3G5G) were the two dominant anthocyanins in the petals of R. rugosa. The sum content of Cy3G5G and Pn3G5G was responsible for the petal color intensity, such as pink or purple, light- or dark- red. The ratio of Cy3G5G to Pn3G5G was contributed to the petal color hue, that is, red or pink/purple. Maintaining both high relative and high absolute content of Cy3G5G may be the precondition for forming red-colored petals in R. rugosa. Cyanidin biosynthesis shunt was the dominant pathway for anthocyanin accumulation in R. rugosa, which may be the key reason for the presence of monotonous petal color in R. rugosa, mainly pink/purple. In the upstream pathway of cyanidin biosynthesis, 35 differentially expressed structural genes encoding 12 enzymes co-expressed to regulate the sum contents of Cy3G5G and Pn3G5G, and then determined the color intensity of petals. RrAOMT, involved in the downstream pathway of cyanidin biosynthesis, regulated the ratio of Cy3G5G to Pn3G5G via methylation and then determined the color hue of petals. It was worth mentioning that significantly higher delphinidin-3,5-O-diglucoside content and RrF3'5'H expression were detected from deep purple-red-flowered 8-16 germplasm with somewhat unique and visible blue hue. Three candidate key transcription factors identified by correlation analysis, RrMYB108, RrC1, and RrMYB114, might play critical roles in the control of petal color by regulating the expression of both RrAOMT and other multiple structural genes. These results provided novel insights into anthocyanin accumulation and flower coloration mechanism in R. rugosa, and the candidate key genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis could be valuable resources for the breeding of ornamental plants in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Wang
- Shandong Provincial Research Center of Demonstration Engineering Technology for Urban and Rural Landscape, College of Forestry, Shandong agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Shaopeng Li
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqi Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Research Center of Demonstration Engineering Technology for Urban and Rural Landscape, College of Forestry, Shandong agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Zongda Xu
- Shandong Provincial Research Center of Demonstration Engineering Technology for Urban and Rural Landscape, College of Forestry, Shandong agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Shuai Qi
- Shandong Provincial Research Center of Demonstration Engineering Technology for Urban and Rural Landscape, College of Forestry, Shandong agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Shutang Xing
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Yunyan Yu
- Shandong Provincial Research Center of Demonstration Engineering Technology for Urban and Rural Landscape, College of Forestry, Shandong agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Qikui Wu
- Shandong Provincial Research Center of Demonstration Engineering Technology for Urban and Rural Landscape, College of Forestry, Shandong agricultural University, Tai’an, China
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10
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Ke L, Yu D, Zheng H, Xu Y, Wu Y, Jiao J, Wang X, Mei J, Cai F, Zhao Y, Sun J, Zhang X, Sun Y. Function deficiency of GhOMT1 causes anthocyanidins over-accumulation and diversifies fibre colours in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1546-1560. [PMID: 35503731 PMCID: PMC9342615 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Naturally coloured cotton (NCC) fibres need little or no dyeing process in textile industry to low-carbon emission and are environment-friendly. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) and their derivatives were considered as the main components causing fibre coloration and made NCCs very popular and healthy, but the monotonous fibre colours greatly limit the wide application of NCCs. Here a G. hirsutum empurpled mutant (HS2) caused by T-DNA insertion is found to enhance the anthocyanidins biosynthesis and accumulate anthocyanidins in the whole plant. HPLC and LC/MS-ESI analysis confirmed the anthocyanidins methylation and peonidin, petunidin and malvidin formation are blocked. The deficiency of GhOMT1 in HS2 was associated with the activation of the anthocyanidin biosynthesis and the altered components of anthocyanidins. The transcripts of key genes in anthocyanidin biosynthesis pathway are significantly up-regulated in HS2, while transcripts of the genes for transport and decoration were at similar levels as in WT. To investigate the potential mechanism of GhOMT1 deficiency in cotton fibre coloration, HS2 mutant was crossed with NCCs. Surprisingly, offsprings of HS2 and NCCs enhanced PAs biosynthesis and increased PAs levels in their fibres from the accumulated anthocyanidins through up-regulated GhANR and GhLAR. As expected, multiple novel lines with improved fibre colours including orange red and navy blue were produced in their generations. Based on this work, a new strategy for breeding diversified NCCs was brought out by promoting PA biosynthesis. This work will help shed light on mechanisms of PA biosynthesis and bring out potential molecular breeding strategy to increase PA levels in NCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ke
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber LaboratoryCollege of Life Sciences and MedicineZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Dongliang Yu
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber LaboratoryCollege of Life Sciences and MedicineZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Hongli Zheng
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber LaboratoryCollege of Life Sciences and MedicineZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yihan Xu
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber LaboratoryCollege of Life Sciences and MedicineZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber LaboratoryCollege of Life Sciences and MedicineZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Junye Jiao
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber LaboratoryCollege of Life Sciences and MedicineZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber LaboratoryCollege of Life Sciences and MedicineZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jun Mei
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber LaboratoryCollege of Life Sciences and MedicineZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Fangfang Cai
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber LaboratoryCollege of Life Sciences and MedicineZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber LaboratoryCollege of Life Sciences and MedicineZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jie Sun
- College of AgricultureThe Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco‐AgricultureShihezi UniversityShiheziChina
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yuqiang Sun
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber LaboratoryCollege of Life Sciences and MedicineZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina
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11
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Tan Y, Yang J, Jiang Y, Sun S, Wei X, Wang R, Bu J, Li D, Kang L, Chen T, Guo J, Cui G, Tang J, Huang L. Identification and characterization of two Isatis indigotica O-methyltransferases methylating C-glycosylflavonoids. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac140. [PMID: 36072835 PMCID: PMC9437721 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Isatis indigotica accumulates several active substances, including C-glycosylflavonoids, which have important pharmacological activities and health benefits. However, enzymes catalyzing the methylation step of C-glycosylflavonoids in I. indigotica remain unknown. In this study, three O-methyltransferases (OMTs) were identified from I. indigotica that have the capacity for O-methylation of the C-glycosylflavonoid isoorientin. The Type II OMTs IiOMT1 and IiOMT2 efficiently catalyze isoorientin to form isoscoparin, and decorate one of the aromatic vicinal hydroxyl groups on flavones and methylate the C6, C8, and 3'-hydroxyl positions to form oroxylin A, wogonin, and chrysoeriol, respectively. However, the Type I OMT IiOMT3 exhibited broader substrate promiscuity and methylated the C7 and 3'-hydroxyl positions of flavonoids. Further site-directed mutagenesis studies demonstrated that five amino acids of IiOMT1/IiOMT2 (D121/D100, D173/D149, A174/A150R, N200/N176, and D248/D233) were critical residues for their catalytic activity. Additionally, only transient overexpression of Type II OMTs IiOMT1 and IiOMT2 in Nicotiana benthamiana significantly increased isoscoparin accumulation, indicating that the Type II OMTs IiOMT1 and IiOMT2 could catalyze the methylation step of C-glycosylflavonoid, isoorientin at the 3'-hydroxyl position. This study provides insights into the biosynthesis of methylated C-glycosylflavonoids, and IiOMTs could be promising catalysts in the synthesis of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 117004, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yinyin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shufu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ruishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Junling Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Dayong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Liping Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Guanghong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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12
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Cornea-Cipcigan M, Bunea A, Bouari CM, Pamfil D, Páll E, Urcan AC, Mărgăoan R. Anthocyanins and Carotenoids Characterization in Flowers and Leaves of Cyclamen Genotypes Linked with Bioactivities Using Multivariate Analysis Techniques. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061126. [PMID: 35740023 PMCID: PMC9220265 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate and compare in vitro antioxidant (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)), antimicrobial, anticancer activities, and the individual carotenoids and anthocyanins content of methanol extracts of the Cyclamen genotypes: Persian cyclamen accessions (Cyclamen persicum Mill.), sowbread (C. mirabile Hildebr.), and ivy-leaved cyclamen (C. hederifolium Mill.) aerial parts. The HPLC-PDA analysis revealed the presence of five individual carotenoids (i.e., neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, β-carotene, and cis-β-carotene) as the main compounds in Cyclamen leaves, and the presence of seven individual anthocycanins (i.e., cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside, peonidin-rutinoside, peonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside, peonidin 3-O-glucoside, malvidin 3-O-glucoside, malvidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside, and malvidin-rutinoside) in Cyclamen flowers reported, hereby, for the first time. The highest phenolic content was found in the leaves of LC6, C. mirabile (46.32 ± 0.14 mg/g gallic acid equivalents [GAE]), and in the flowers of C. persicum Merengue Magenta (FC15) (58.63 ± 0.17 mg/g GAE), whereas the highest flavonoid content was reported in C. persicum Halios Falbala leaves, namely LC9 (54.90 ± 0.27 mg/g quercetin equivalents [QE]) and in flowers of C. persicum Victora (FC2) (77.87 ± 0.25 mg/g QE). The highest antioxidant activity in DPPH and FRAP assays was reported in C. persicum Dark Violet (LC1) and Victoria (LC2), whereas C. mirabile (LC6) had the highest activity in the TEAC assay. In flowers, high antioxidant activities in DPPH and TEAC were noticed in C. persicum Superserie Red (FC7) and Dark Violet (FC1), respectively, and Halios Falbala (FC9) exhibited the highest activity in the TEAC assay. Additionally, FC9 exhibited the highest antibacterial activity in almost all tested bacteria compared with the leaves extracts. Furthermore, the highest in vitro citotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 cells was noticed in C. hederifolium LC18 (56.71-69.35%) and FC18 (40.07-41.43%), with a lower effect against BJ cells demonstrating selective toxicity. The above findings, highlight the potential use of the Cyclamen flower and leaf extracts as significant anticancer agents along with their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaiela Cornea-Cipcigan
- Department of Horticulture and Landscaping, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Andrea Bunea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Cosmina Maria Bouari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Doru Pamfil
- Research Centre for Biotechnology in Agriculture Affiliated to Romanian Academy, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Emőke Páll
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400374 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adriana Cristina Urcan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Rodica Mărgăoan
- Laboratory of Cell Analysis and Spectrometry, Advanced Horticultural Research Institute of Transylvania, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence:
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13
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Diversification of Chemical Structures of Methoxylated Flavonoids and Genes Encoding Flavonoid-O-Methyltransferases. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11040564. [PMID: 35214897 PMCID: PMC8876552 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The O-methylation of specialized metabolites in plants is a unique decoration that provides structural and functional diversity of the metabolites with changes in chemical properties and intracellular localizations. The O-methylation of flavonoids, which is a class of plant specialized metabolites, promotes their antimicrobial activities and liposolubility. Flavonoid O-methyltransferases (FOMTs), which are responsible for the O-methylation process of the flavonoid aglycone, generally accept a broad range of substrates across flavones, flavonols and lignin precursors, with different substrate preferences. Therefore, the characterization of FOMTs with the physiology roles of methoxylated flavonoids is useful for crop improvement and metabolic engineering. In this review, we summarized the chemodiversity and physiology roles of methoxylated flavonoids, which were already reported, and we performed a cross-species comparison to illustrate an overview of diversification and conserved catalytic sites of the flavonoid O-methyltransferases.
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14
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Young L, Akhov L, Kulkarni M, You F, Booker H. Fine-mapping of a putative glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene responsible for yellow seed colour in flax (Linum usitatissimum). BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:72. [PMID: 35184755 PMCID: PMC8859895 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-05964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The brown seed coat colour of flax (Linum ustiatissimum) results from proanthocyanidin synthesis and accumulation. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), such as the TT19 protein in Arabidopsis, have been implicated in the transport of anthocyanidins during the synthesis of the brown proanthocyanidins. This study fine mapped the g allele responsible for yellow seed colour in S95407 and identified it as a putative mutated GST. Results We developed a Recombinant Inbred Line population with 320 lines descended from a cross between CDC Bethune (brown seed coat) and S95407 (yellow seed) and used molecular markers to fine map the G gene on Chromosome 6 (Chr 6). We used Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) to identify a putative GST was identified in this region and Sanger sequenced the gene from CDC Bethune, S95407 and other yellow seeded genotypes. The putative GST from S95407 had 13 SNPs encoding, including four non-synonymous amino acid changes, compared to the CDC Bethune reference sequence and the other genotypes. The GST encoded by Lus10019895 is a lambda-GST in contrast to the Arabidopsis TT19 which is a phi-GST. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-022-05964-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester Young
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7H 3R2, Canada.
| | - Leonid Akhov
- National Research Council Saskatoon, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Manoj Kulkarni
- National Research Council Saskatoon, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Frank You
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Helen Booker
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Crop Science Building, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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15
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Chatham LA, Paulsmeyer M, Juvik JA. Prospects for economical natural colorants: insights from maize. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:2927-2946. [PMID: 31451836 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin pigments from maize offer a natural yet economical alternative to artificial dyes. Breeding for optimal colorant production requires understanding and integrating all facets of anthocyanin chemistry and genetics research. Replacing artificial dyes with natural colorants is becoming increasingly popular in foods and beverages. However, natural colorants are often expensive, have lower stability, and reduced variability in hue. Purple corn is rich in anthocyanins and offers a scalable and affordable alternative to synthetic dyes ranging in color from orange to reddish-purple. This diversity is attributable to differences in anthocyanin composition and concentration. Here we review the chemistry, biosynthesis, and genetics of purple corn and outline key factors associated with the feasibility of producing an economical source of natural colorants. Anthocyanin compositional modifications including acylation, methylation, and polymerization with flavan-3-ols can influence color stability and hue, yet there is more to learn regarding the genetic factors responsible for these modifications. Activators and repressors of anthocyanin biosynthesis structural genes as well as factors controlling trafficking and storage largely control anthocyanin yield. Further knowledge of these mechanisms will allow breeders to apply molecular strategies that accelerate the production of purple corn hybrids to meet growing demands for natural colorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Chatham
- University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | | | - John A Juvik
- University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
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16
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Li L, Zhai Y, Luo X, Zhang Y, Shi Q. Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal genes related to pigmentation in the petals of red and white Primula vulgaris cultivars. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1029-1041. [PMID: 31404227 PMCID: PMC6656844 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-019-00664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Primula vulgaris is an important ornamental plant species with various flower color. To explore the molecular mechanism of its color formation, comparative transcriptome analyses of the petals in red and white cultivars was performed. A total of 4451 differentially expressed genes were identified and annotated into 128 metabolic pathways. Candidate genes FLS, F3'H, DFR, ANS and AOMT in the anthocyanin pathway were expressed significantly higher in the red cultivar than the white and may be responsible for the red coloration. In the red petals, a putative transcription factors bHLH (c52273.graph_c0) was up-regulated about 14-fold, while a R2R3-MYB unigene (c36140.graph_c0) was identified as a repressor involved in anthocyanin regulation and was significantly down-regulated. In addition, the anatomy analyses and pigments composition in the red and white petals were also analyzed. The papillae on the adaxial epidermis of the red petals of P. vulgaris display a triangle-shapes, in contrast with a spherical shape for the white petals. Although flavonoids were detected in both cultivars, anthocyanins could only be identified in the red cultivar. Gossypetin and peonidin/rosinin were the most abundant pigments in red petals. This study shed light on the genetic and biochemistry mechanisms underlying the flower coloration in Primula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Yuhui Zhai
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaoning Luo
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, No. 11 Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097 China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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17
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Proteomics Reveal the Profiles of Color Change in Brunfelsia acuminata Flowers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20082000. [PMID: 31018626 PMCID: PMC6514780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brunfelsia acuminata is a popular ornamental plant with different colors resulted from the rapid change of color after blooming. The petals at day one (purple), day three (white and purple) and day five (white) were used to analyze the reason of flower color change by a comparative proteomics approach, gas chromatography coupled to a time-of-flight mass analyzer (GC-TOF-MS) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results showed that the 52 identified proteins were classified into eight functional groups, 6% of which were related to the anthocyanin metabolic pathway. The expression levels of all anthocyanin proteins from the first day to fifth day were remarkably down-regulated, which was consistent with the changing patterns of the key genes (CHS, CHI and F3′5′H) in petals. Simultaneously, the main floral volatile components including Linalool and 2-Hexenal (E) were identified, and the contents of 2-Hexenal at day five increased dramatically. Moreover, the content of flavonoids and total phenolic increased at day five. The majority of the proteins associated with stress defense and senescence proteins were up-regulated and the activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the petals at day five were significantly higher than others. It was concluded that the competition in the precursors of metabolic pathways occurs and causes the flow of metabolite to the pathways of floral scent and lignin derived from the shikimate pathway or degrade into others. Therefore, the anthocyanin content significantly decreased, and the petal color changed from deep purple to white.
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18
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Okitsu N, Mizuno T, Matsui K, Choi SH, Tanaka Y. Molecular cloning of flavonoid biosynthetic genes and biochemical characterization of anthocyanin O-methyltransferase of Nemophila menziesii Hook. and Arn. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:9-16. [PMID: 31275032 PMCID: PMC6543731 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0104a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Blue flower color of Nemophila menziesii Hook. and Arn. is derived from a metalloanthocyanin, nemophilin, which comprises petunidin-3-O-[6-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-β-glucoside]-5-O-[6-O-(malonyl)-β-glucoside], apigenin-7-O-β-glucoside-4'-O-(6-O-malonyl)-β-glucoside, and Mg2+ and Fe3+ ions. The flavonoid biosynthetic pathway of nemophilin has not yet been characterized. RNA-Seq analysis of the petals yielded 61,491 contigs. These were searched using BLAST against petunia or torenia flavonoid biosynthetic proteins, which identified 11 putative full-length protein sequences belonging to the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. RT-PCR using primers designed on the basis of these sequences yielded 14 sequences. Spatio-temporal transcriptome analysis indicated that genes involved in the early part of the pathway are strongly expressed during early-petal development and that those in the late part at late-flower opening stages, but they are rarely expressed in leaves. Flavanone 3-hydroxylase and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase cDNAs were successfully expressed in yeast to confirm their activities. Recombinant anthocyanin O-methyltransferase cDNA (NmAMT6) produced using Escherichia coli was subjected to biochemical characterization. Km of NmAMT6 toward delphinidin 3-O-glucoside was 22 µM, which is comparable with Km values of anthocyanin O-methyltransferases from other plants. With delphinidin 3-O-glucoside as substrate, NmAMT6 almost exclusively yielded petunidin 3-O-glucoside rather than malvidin 3-O-glucoside. This specificity is consistent with the anthocyanin composition of Nemophila petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Okitsu
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., Soraku-Gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Takayuki Mizuno
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsui
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., Soraku-Gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Sun Hee Choi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., Soraku-Gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
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19
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Ishizaka H. Breeding of fragrant cyclamen by interspecific hybridization and ion-beam irradiation. BREEDING SCIENCE 2018; 68:25-34. [PMID: 29681745 PMCID: PMC5903983 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.17117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conventional breeding of cyclamen has relied on crossings among Cyclamen persicum cultivars without consideration of the scent of the flowers. Cyclamen purpurascens is a wild species with the most fragrant flowers in the genus Cyclamen. Allodiploid (2n = 2x = 41, AB) and allotriploid (2n = 3x = 65, AAB) plants have been produced from crosses of diploid and autotetraploid cultivars of C. persicum (2n = 2x = 48, AA; 4x = 96, AAAA) × diploid wild C. purpurascens (2n = 2x = 34, BB) by embryo rescue, but are sterile. Fertile allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 82, AABB) plants have been produced by chromosome doubling of the sterile allodiploids in vitro. Autotetraploid C. purpurascens (2n = 4x = 68, BBBB) has been produced by chromosome doubling of diploid C. purpurascens, and other fertile allotetraploids (2n = 4x = 82, AABB) have been produced from crosses of autotetraploid cultivars of C. persicum × autotetraploid C. purpurascens by embryo rescue. Commercial cultivars of fragrant cyclamen have been bred by conventional crosses among the allotetraploids. Mutation breeding using ion-beam irradiation combined with plant tissue culture has resulted in fragrant cyclamens with novel flower colors and pigments. In contrast, allotriploids (AAB) have not been commercialized because of seed sterility and poor ornamental value. The flower colors are determined by anthocyanins and flavonol glycosides or chalcone glucoside, and the fragrances are determined by monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, phenylpropanoids, or aliphatics. Techniques for the production of fragrant cyclamen and knowledge of flower pigments and volatiles will allow innovation in conventional cyclamen breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ishizaka
- Horticultural Laboratory, Saitama Prefecture Agriculture and Forestry Research Center,
91 Rokumanbu, Kuki, Saitama 346-0037,
Japan
- Present address: Saitama Agricultural Technology Research Center,
784, Sugahiro, Kumagaya, Saitama 360-0102,
Japan
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Okitsu N, Noda N, Chandler S, Tanaka Y. Flower Color and Its Engineering by Genetic Modification. HANDBOOK OF PLANT BREEDING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90698-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Cress BF, Leitz QD, Kim DC, Amore TD, Suzuki JY, Linhardt RJ, Koffas MAG. CRISPRi-mediated metabolic engineering of E. coli for O-methylated anthocyanin production. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:10. [PMID: 28095853 PMCID: PMC5240198 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anthocyanins are a class of brightly colored, glycosylated flavonoid pigments that imbue their flower and fruit host tissues with hues of predominantly red, orange, purple, and blue. Although all anthocyanins exhibit pH-responsive photochemical changes, distinct structural decorations on the core anthocyanin skeleton also cause dramatic color shifts, in addition to improved stabilities and unique pharmacological properties. In this work, we report for the first time the extension of the reconstituted plant anthocyanin pathway from (+)-catechin to O-methylated anthocyanins in a microbial production system, an effort which requires simultaneous co-option of the endogenous metabolites UDP-glucose and S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM or AdoMet). Results Anthocyanin O-methyltransferase (AOMT) orthologs from various plant sources were co-expressed in Escherichia coli with Petunia hybrida anthocyanidin synthase (PhANS) and Arabidopsis thaliana anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase (At3GT). Vitis vinifera AOMT (VvAOMT1) and fragrant cyclamen ‘Kaori-no-mai’ AOMT (CkmOMT2) were found to be the most effective AOMTs for production of the 3′-O-methylated product peonidin 3-O-glucoside (P3G), attaining the highest titers at 2.4 and 2.7 mg/L, respectively. Following modulation of plasmid copy number and optimization of VvAOMT1 and CkmOMT2 expression conditions, production was further improved to 23 mg/L using VvAOMT1. Finally, CRISPRi was utilized to silence the transcriptional repressor MetJ in order to deregulate the methionine biosynthetic pathway and improve SAM availability for O-methylation of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G), the biosynthetic precursor to P3G. MetJ repression led to a final titer of 51 mg/L (56 mg/L upon scale-up to shake flask), representing a twofold improvement over the non-targeting CRISPRi control strain and 21-fold improvement overall. Conclusions An E. coli strain was engineered for production of the specialty anthocyanin P3G using the abundant and comparatively inexpensive flavonol precursor, (+)-catechin. Furthermore, dCas9-mediated transcriptional repression of metJ alleviated a limiting SAM pool size, enhancing titers of the methylated anthocyanin product. While microbial production of P3G and other O-methylated anthocyanin pigments will likely be valuable to the food industry as natural food and beverage colorants, we expect that the strain constructed here will also prove useful to the ornamental plant industry as a platform for evaluating putative anthocyanin O-methyltransferases in pursuit of bespoke flower pigment compositions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0623-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady F Cress
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005D, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Quentin D Leitz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005D, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Daniel C Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005D, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Teresita D Amore
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Jon Y Suzuki
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005D, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005D, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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Kitamura S, Oono Y, Narumi I. Arabidopsis pab1, a mutant with reduced anthocyanins in immature seeds from banyuls, harbors a mutation in the MATE transporter FFT. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:7-18. [PMID: 26608698 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Forward genetics approaches have helped elucidate the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in plants. Here, we used the Arabidopsis banyuls (ban) mutant, which accumulates anthocyanins, instead of colorless proanthocyanidin precursors, in immature seeds. In contrast to standard screens for mutants lacking anthocyanins in leaves/stems, we mutagenized ban plants and screened for mutants showing differences in pigmentation of immature seeds. The pale banyuls1 (pab1) mutation caused reduced anthocyanin pigmentation in immature seeds compared with ban. Immature pab1 ban seeds contained less anthocyanins and flavonols than ban, but showed normal expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. In contrast to pab1, introduction of a flavonol-less mutation into ban did not produce paler immature seeds. Map-based cloning showed that two independent pab1 alleles disrupted the MATE-type transporter gene FFT/DTX35. Complementation of pab1 with FFT confirmed that mutation in FFT causes the pab1 phenotype. During development, FFT promoter activity was detected in the seed-coat layers that accumulate flavonoids. Anthocyanins accumulate in the vacuole and FFT fused to GFP mainly localized in the vacuolar membrane. Heterologous expression of grapevine MATE-type anthocyanin transporter gene partially complemented the pab1 phenotype. These results suggest that FFT acts at the vacuolar membrane in anthocyanin accumulation in the Arabidopsis seed coat, and that our screening strategy can reveal anthocyanin-related genes that have not been found by standard screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kitamura
- Ion Beam Mutagenesis Research Group, Medical and Biotechnological Application Unit, Quantum Beam Science Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, 370-1292, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Oono
- Ion Beam Mutagenesis Research Group, Medical and Biotechnological Application Unit, Quantum Beam Science Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, 370-1292, Japan
| | - Issay Narumi
- Ion Beam Mutagenesis Research Group, Medical and Biotechnological Application Unit, Quantum Beam Science Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, 370-1292, Japan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
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Du H, Wu J, Ji KX, Zeng QY, Bhuiya MW, Su S, Shu QY, Ren HX, Liu ZA, Wang LS. Methylation mediated by an anthocyanin, O-methyltransferase, is involved in purple flower coloration in Paeonia. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6563-77. [PMID: 26208646 PMCID: PMC4623676 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are major pigments in plants. Methylation plays a role in the diversity and stability of anthocyanins. However, the contribution of anthocyanin methylation to flower coloration is still unclear. We identified two homologous anthocyanin O-methyltransferase (AOMT) genes from purple-flowered (PsAOMT) and red-flowered (PtAOMT) Paeonia plants, and we performed functional analyses of the two genes in vitro and in vivo. The critical amino acids for AOMT catalytic activity were studied by site-directed mutagenesis. We showed that the recombinant proteins, PsAOMT and PtAOMT, had identical substrate preferences towards anthocyanins. The methylation activity of PsAOMT was 60 times higher than that of PtAOMT in vitro. Interestingly, this vast difference in catalytic activity appeared to result from a single amino acid residue substitution at position 87 (arginine to leucine). There were significant differences between the 35S::PsAOMT transgenic tobacco and control flowers in relation to their chromatic parameters, which further confirmed the function of PsAOMT in vivo. The expression levels of the two homologous AOMT genes were consistent with anthocyanin accumulation in petals. We conclude that AOMTs are responsible for the methylation of cyanidin glycosides in Paeonia plants and play an important role in purple coloration in Paeonia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Du
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/ Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/ Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Kui-Xian Ji
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/ Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Qing-Yin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | | | - Shang Su
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/ Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qing-Yan Shu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/ Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Hong-Xu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/ Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Zheng-An Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/ Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Liang-Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/ Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
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Gomez Roldan MV, Outchkourov N, van Houwelingen A, Lammers M, Romero de la Fuente I, Ziklo N, Aharoni A, Hall RD, Beekwilder J. An O-methyltransferase modifies accumulation of methylated anthocyanins in seedlings of tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:695-708. [PMID: 25227758 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins contribute to the appearance of fruit by conferring to them a red, blue or purple colour. In a food context, they have also been suggested to promote consumer health. In purple tomato tissues, such as hypocotyls, stems and purple fruits, various anthocyanins accumulate. These molecules have characteristic patterns of modification, including hydroxylations, methylations, glycosylations and acylations. The genetic basis for many of these modifications has not been fully elucidated, and nor has their role in the functioning of anthocyanins. In this paper, AnthOMT, an O-methyltransferase (OMT) mediating the methylation of anthocyanins, has been identified and functionally characterized using a combined metabolomics and transcriptomics approach. Gene candidates were selected from the draft tomato genome, and their expression was subsequently monitored in a tomato seedling system comprising three tissues and involving several time points. In addition, we also followed gene expression in wild-type red and purple transgenic tomato fruits expressing Rosea1 and Delila transcription factors. Of the 57 candidates identified, only a single OMT gene showed patterns strongly correlating with both accumulation of anthocyanins and expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. This candidate (AnthOMT) was compared to a closely related caffeoyl CoA OMT by recombinant expression in Escherichia coli, and then tested for substrate specificity. AnthOMT showed a strong affinity for glycosylated anthocyanins, while other flavonoid glycosides and aglycones were much less preferred. Gene silencing experiments with AnthOMT resulted in reduced levels of the predominant methylated anthocyanins. This confirms the role of this enzyme in the diversification of tomato anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Gomez Roldan
- BU Biosciences, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, PO Box 94215, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Provenzano S, Spelt C, Hosokawa S, Nakamura N, Brugliera F, Demelis L, Geerke DP, Schubert A, Tanaka Y, Quattrocchio F, Koes R. Genetic Control and Evolution of Anthocyanin Methylation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:962-977. [PMID: 24830298 PMCID: PMC4081349 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.234526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a chemically diverse class of secondary metabolites that color most flowers and fruits. They consist of three aromatic rings that can be substituted with hydroxyl, sugar, acyl, and methyl groups in a variety of patterns depending on the plant species. To understand how such chemical diversity evolved, we isolated and characterized METHYLATION AT THREE2 (MT2) and the two METHYLATION AT FIVE (MF) loci from Petunia spp., which direct anthocyanin methylation in petals. The proteins encoded by MT2 and the duplicated MF1 and MF2 genes and a putative grape (Vitis vinifera) homolog Anthocyanin O-Methyltransferase1 (VvAOMT1) are highly similar to and apparently evolved from caffeoyl-Coenzyme A O-methyltransferases by relatively small alterations in the active site. Transgenic experiments showed that the Petunia spp. and grape enzymes have remarkably different substrate specificities, which explains part of the structural anthocyanin diversity in both species. Most strikingly, VvAOMT1 expression resulted in the accumulation of novel anthocyanins that are normally not found in Petunia spp., revealing how alterations in the last reaction can reshuffle the pathway and affect (normally) preceding decoration steps in an unanticipated way. Our data show how variations in gene expression patterns, loss-of-function mutations, and alterations in substrate specificities all contributed to the anthocyanins' structural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Provenzano
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences (S.P., C.S., F.Q., R.K.), and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines, and Systems, Division of Molecular Toxicology (D.P.G.), VU University, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy (S.P., A.S.);Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8503, Japan (S.H., N.N., Y.T.); andFlorigene, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia (F.B., L.D.)
| | - Cornelis Spelt
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences (S.P., C.S., F.Q., R.K.), and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines, and Systems, Division of Molecular Toxicology (D.P.G.), VU University, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy (S.P., A.S.);Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8503, Japan (S.H., N.N., Y.T.); andFlorigene, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia (F.B., L.D.)
| | - Satoko Hosokawa
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences (S.P., C.S., F.Q., R.K.), and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines, and Systems, Division of Molecular Toxicology (D.P.G.), VU University, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy (S.P., A.S.);Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8503, Japan (S.H., N.N., Y.T.); andFlorigene, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia (F.B., L.D.)
| | - Noriko Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences (S.P., C.S., F.Q., R.K.), and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines, and Systems, Division of Molecular Toxicology (D.P.G.), VU University, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy (S.P., A.S.);Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8503, Japan (S.H., N.N., Y.T.); andFlorigene, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia (F.B., L.D.)
| | - Filippa Brugliera
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences (S.P., C.S., F.Q., R.K.), and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines, and Systems, Division of Molecular Toxicology (D.P.G.), VU University, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy (S.P., A.S.);Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8503, Japan (S.H., N.N., Y.T.); andFlorigene, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia (F.B., L.D.)
| | - Linda Demelis
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences (S.P., C.S., F.Q., R.K.), and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines, and Systems, Division of Molecular Toxicology (D.P.G.), VU University, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy (S.P., A.S.);Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8503, Japan (S.H., N.N., Y.T.); andFlorigene, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia (F.B., L.D.)
| | - Daan P Geerke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences (S.P., C.S., F.Q., R.K.), and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines, and Systems, Division of Molecular Toxicology (D.P.G.), VU University, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy (S.P., A.S.);Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8503, Japan (S.H., N.N., Y.T.); andFlorigene, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia (F.B., L.D.)
| | - Andrea Schubert
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences (S.P., C.S., F.Q., R.K.), and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines, and Systems, Division of Molecular Toxicology (D.P.G.), VU University, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy (S.P., A.S.);Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8503, Japan (S.H., N.N., Y.T.); andFlorigene, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia (F.B., L.D.)
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences (S.P., C.S., F.Q., R.K.), and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines, and Systems, Division of Molecular Toxicology (D.P.G.), VU University, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy (S.P., A.S.);Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8503, Japan (S.H., N.N., Y.T.); andFlorigene, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia (F.B., L.D.)
| | - Francesca Quattrocchio
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences (S.P., C.S., F.Q., R.K.), and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines, and Systems, Division of Molecular Toxicology (D.P.G.), VU University, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy (S.P., A.S.);Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8503, Japan (S.H., N.N., Y.T.); andFlorigene, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia (F.B., L.D.)
| | - Ronald Koes
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences (S.P., C.S., F.Q., R.K.), and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines, and Systems, Division of Molecular Toxicology (D.P.G.), VU University, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy (S.P., A.S.);Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8503, Japan (S.H., N.N., Y.T.); andFlorigene, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia (F.B., L.D.)
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How to perform RT-qPCR accurately in plant species? A case study on flower colour gene expression in an azalea (Rhododendron simsii hybrids) mapping population. BMC Mol Biol 2013; 14:13. [PMID: 23800303 PMCID: PMC3698002 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-14-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Flower colour variation is one of the most crucial selection criteria in the breeding of a flowering pot plant, as is also the case for azalea (Rhododendron simsii hybrids). Flavonoid biosynthesis was studied intensively in several species. In azalea, flower colour can be described by means of a 3-gene model. However, this model does not clarify pink-coloration. The last decade gene expression studies have been implemented widely for studying flower colour. However, the methods used were often only semi-quantitative or quantification was not done according to the MIQE-guidelines. We aimed to develop an accurate protocol for RT-qPCR and to validate the protocol to study flower colour in an azalea mapping population. Results An accurate RT-qPCR protocol had to be established. RNA quality was evaluated in a combined approach by means of different techniques e.g. SPUD-assay and Experion-analysis. We demonstrated the importance of testing noRT-samples for all genes under study to detect contaminating DNA. In spite of the limited sequence information available, we prepared a set of 11 reference genes which was validated in flower petals; a combination of three reference genes was most optimal. Finally we also used plasmids for the construction of standard curves. This allowed us to calculate gene-specific PCR efficiencies for every gene to assure an accurate quantification. The validity of the protocol was demonstrated by means of the study of six genes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. No correlations were found between flower colour and the individual expression profiles. However, the combination of early pathway genes (CHS, F3H, F3'H and FLS) is clearly related to co-pigmentation with flavonols. The late pathway genes DFR and ANS are to a minor extent involved in differentiating between coloured and white flowers. Concerning pink coloration, we could demonstrate that the lower intensity in this type of flowers is correlated to the expression of F3'H. Conclusions Currently in plant research, validated and qualitative RT-qPCR protocols are still rare. The protocol in this study can be implemented on all plant species to assure accurate quantification of gene expression. We have been able to correlate flower colour to the combined regulation of structural genes, both in the early and late branch of the pathway. This allowed us to differentiate between flower colours in a broader genetic background as was done so far in flower colour studies. These data will now be used for eQTL mapping to comprehend even more the regulation of this pathway.
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Struck AW, Thompson ML, Wong LS, Micklefield J. S-Adenosyl-Methionine-Dependent Methyltransferases: Highly Versatile Enzymes in Biocatalysis, Biosynthesis and Other Biotechnological Applications. Chembiochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kitamura S, Akita Y, Ishizaka H, Narumi I, Tanaka A. Molecular characterization of an anthocyanin-related glutathione S-transferase gene in cyclamen. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:636-42. [PMID: 22251797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a subclass of flavonoids and are a major contributor to flower colors ranging from red to blue and purple. Previous studies in model and ornamental plants indicate a member of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene family is involved in vacuolar accumulation of anthocyanins. In order to identify the anthocyanin-related GST in cyclamen, degenerate PCR was performed using total RNA from immature young petals. Four candidates of GSTs (CkmGST1 to CkmGST4) were isolated. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that CkmGST3 was closely related to PhAN9, an anthocyanin-related GST of petunia, and this clade was clustered with other known anthocyanin-related GSTs. Expression analysis at different developmental stages of petals revealed that CkmGST3 was strongly expressed in paler pigmented petals than in fully pigmented petals, in contrast to the constitutive expression of the other three candidates during petal development. This expression pattern of CkmGST3 was correlated with those of other anthocyanin biosynthetic genes such as CkmF3'5'H and CkmDFR2. Molecular complementation of Arabidopsis tt19, a knockout mutant of an anthocyanin-related GST gene, demonstrated that CkmGST3 could complement the anthocyanin-less phenotype of tt19. Transgenic plants that expressed the other three CkmGSTs did not show anthocyanin accumulation. These results indicate CkmGST3 functions in anthocyanin accumulation in cyclamen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kitamura
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan.
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