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Rehman S, Bahadur S, Xia W. An overview of floral regulatory genes in annual and perennial plants. Gene 2023; 885:147699. [PMID: 37567454 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The floral initiation in angiosperms is a complex process influenced by endogenous and exogenous signals. With this approach, we aim to provide a comprehensive review to integrate this complex floral regulatory process and summarize the regulatory genes and their functions in annuals and perennials. Seven primary paths leading to flowering have been discovered in Arabidopsis under several growth condition that include; photoperiod, ambient temperature, vernalization, gibberellins, autonomous, aging and carbohydrates. These pathways involve a series of interlinked signaling pathways that respond to both internal and external signals, such as light, temperature, hormones, and developmental cues, to coordinate the expression of genes that are involved in flower development. Among them, the photoperiodic pathway was the most important and conserved as some of the fundamental loci and mechanisms are shared even by closely related plant species. The activation of floral regulatory genes such as FLC, FT, LFY, and SOC1 that determine floral meristem identity and the transition to the flowering stage result from the merging of these pathways. Recent studies confirmed that alternative splicing, antisense RNA and epigenetic modification play crucial roles by regulating the expression of genes related to blooming. In this review, we documented recent progress in the floral transition time in annuals and perennials, with emphasis on the specific regulatory mechanisms along with the application of various molecular approaches including overexpression studies, RNA interference and Virus-induced flowering. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between annual and perennial flowering will aid significant contributions to the field by elucidating the mechanisms of perennial plant development and floral initiation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Rehman
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institution, Hainan University, Haikou 572025, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228 China
| | - Wei Xia
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institution, Hainan University, Haikou 572025, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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2
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Li M, Pan X, Li H. RD29A promoter constitutively drives a rice Hd3a expression to promote early-flowering in Saussurea involucrate Kar. et Kir. ex Maxim. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 195:155-162. [PMID: 36638605 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
S. involucratae, an endemic and endangered plant, is a valuable and traditional Chinese medicinal herb. In order to control the flowering time of S. involucratae, we used the well-known stress inducible RD29A promoter to drive Hd3a (a FT ortholog from rice) expression in S. involucratae. Unexpectedly, the majority of regenerated buds in RD29A::Hd3a transgenic lines (S-RH) produced flowers in tissue culture stage under normal growth (25 ± 2 °C) condition. Their flowering time was not further influenced by salt treatment. Hd3a in S-RH was strongly expressed in MS media supplemented with or without 50 mM NaCl. RD29A::GUS transgenic experiments further revealed that RD29A constitutively promoted GUS expression in both S. involucrate and halophyte Thellungiella halophile, in contrast to glycophic plants Oryza sativa L. 'Zhonghua 11', in which its expression was up-regulated by cold, salinity, and drought stress. The results supported the hypothesis that RD29A promoter activity is inducible in stress-sensitive plants, but constitutive in stress-tolerant ones. Importantly, S-RH plants produced pollen grains and seeds under normal conditions. Additionally, we found that OsLEA3-1::Hd3a and HSP18.2::Hd3a could not promote S. involucrate to flower under either normal conditions or abiotic stresses. Taken together, we demonstrated the potential of RD29A::Hd3a might be served as a feasible approach in breeding S. involucrate under normal condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiru Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoping Pan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China.
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De Novo Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Flowering-Related Genes That Potentially Contribute to Flowering-Time Control in the Japanese Cultivated Gentian Gentiana triflora. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911754. [PMID: 36233055 PMCID: PMC9570441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese cultivated gentians are perennial plants that flower in early summer to late autumn in Japan, depending on the cultivar. Several flowering-related genes, including GtFT1 and GtTFL1, are known to be involved in regulating flowering time, but many such genes remain unidentified. In this study, we obtained transcriptome profiling data using the Gentiana triflora cultivar ‘Maciry’, which typically flowers in late July. We conducted deep RNA sequencing analysis using gentian plants grown under natural field conditions for three months before flowering. To investigate diurnal changes, the plants were sampled at 4 h intervals over 24 h. Using these transcriptome data, we determined the expression profiles of leaves based on homology searches against the Flowering-Interactive Database of Arabidopsis. In particular, we focused on transcription factor genes, belonging to the BBX and MADS-box families, and analyzed their developmental and diurnal variation. The expression levels of representative BBX genes were also analyzed under long- and short-day conditions using in-vitro-grown seedlings, and the expression patterns of some BBX genes differed. Clustering analysis revealed that the transcription factor genes were coexpressed with GtFT1. Overall, these expression profiles will facilitate further analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying the control of flowering time in gentians.
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Naitow H, Hamaguchi T, Maki-Yonekura S, Isogai M, Yoshikawa N, Yonekura K. Apple latent spherical virus structure with stable capsid frame supports quasi-stable protrusions expediting genome release. Commun Biol 2020; 3:488. [PMID: 32887929 PMCID: PMC7474077 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Picorna-like plant viruses are non-enveloped RNA spherical viruses of ~30 nm. Part of the survival of these viruses depends on their capsid being stable enough to harbour the viral genome and yet malleable enough to allow its release. However, molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we report a structure of a picorna-like plant virus, apple latent spherical virus, at 2.87 Å resolution by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) with a cold-field emission beam. The cryo-EM map reveals a unique structure composed of three capsid proteins Vp25, Vp20, and Vp24. Strikingly Vp25 has a long N-terminal extension, which substantially stabilises the capsid frame of Vp25 and Vp20 subunits. Cryo-EM images also resolve RNA genome leaking from a pentameric protrusion of Vp24 subunits. The structures and observations suggest that genome release occurs through occasional opening of the Vp24 subunits, possibly suppressed to a low frequency by the rigid frame of the other subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Naitow
- Biostructural Mechanism Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hamaguchi
- Biostructural Mechanism Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Saori Maki-Yonekura
- Biostructural Mechanism Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Masamichi Isogai
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-chome 18-8, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshikawa
- Agri-Innovation Center, Iwate University, Ueda 3-chome 18-8, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Koji Yonekura
- Biostructural Mechanism Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan. .,Advanced Electron Microscope Development Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan.
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5
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Yuan C, Li H, Qin C, Zhang X, Chen Q, Zhang P, Xu X, He M, Zhang X, Tör M, Xue D, Wang H, Jackson S, He Y, Liu Y, Shi N, Hong Y. Foxtail mosaic virus-induced flowering assays in monocot crops. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3012-3023. [PMID: 32061090 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced flowering (VIF) exploits RNA or DNA viruses to express flowering time genes to induce flowering in plants. Such plant virus-based tools have recently attracted widespread attention for their fundamental and applied uses in flowering physiology and in accelerating breeding in dicotyledonous crops and woody fruit-trees. We now extend this technology to a monocot grass and a cereal crop. Using a Foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV)-based VIF system, dubbed FoMViF, we showed that expression of florigenic Flowering Locus T (FT) genes can promote early flowering and spikelet development in proso millet, a C4 grass species with potential as a nutritional food and biofuel resource, and in non-vernalized C3 wheat, a major food crop worldwide. Floral and spikelet/grain induction in the two monocot plants was caused by the virally expressed untagged or FLAG-tagged FT orthologs, and the florigenic activity of rice Hd3a was more pronounced than its dicotyledonous counterparts in proso millet. The FoMViF system is easy to use and its efficacy to induce flowering and early spikelet/grain production is high. In addition to proso millet and wheat, we envisage that FoMViF will be also applicable to many economically important monocotyledonous food and biofuel crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yuan
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Qin
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorui Xu
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiling He
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinlian Zhang
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Division of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mahmut Tör
- Worcester-Hangzhou Joint Molecular Plant Health Laboratory, School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - Dawei Xue
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huizhong Wang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Stephen Jackson
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Yuehui He
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yule Liu
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Nongnong Shi
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Worcester-Hangzhou Joint Molecular Plant Health Laboratory, School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Boutigny AL, Dohin N, Pornin D, Rolland M. Overview and detectability of the genetic modifications in ornamental plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:11. [PMID: 32025314 PMCID: PMC6994484 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The market of ornamental plants is extremely competitive, and for many species genetic engineering can be used to introduce original traits of high commercial interest. However, very few genetically modified (GM) ornamental varieties have reached the market so far. Indeed, the authorization process required for such plants has a strong impact on the profitability of the development of such products. Considering the numerous scientific studies using genetic modification on ornamental species of interest, a lot of transformed material has been produced, could be of commercial interest and could therefore be unintentionally released on the market. The unintentional use of GM petunia in breeding programs has indeed recently been observed. This review lists scientific publications using GM ornamental plants and tries to identify whether these plants could be detected by molecular biology tools commonly used by control laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Boutigny
- Anses, Plant Health Laboratory, Bacteriology Virology GMO Unit, 7 rue Jean Dixméras, 49044 Angers, cedex 01, France
| | - Nicolas Dohin
- Anses, Plant Health Laboratory, Bacteriology Virology GMO Unit, 7 rue Jean Dixméras, 49044 Angers, cedex 01, France
| | - David Pornin
- Anses, Plant Health Laboratory, Bacteriology Virology GMO Unit, 7 rue Jean Dixméras, 49044 Angers, cedex 01, France
| | - Mathieu Rolland
- Anses, Plant Health Laboratory, Bacteriology Virology GMO Unit, 7 rue Jean Dixméras, 49044 Angers, cedex 01, France
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Virus-Induced Flowering by Apple Latent Spherical Virus Vector: Effective Use to Accelerate Breeding of Grapevine. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010070. [PMID: 31936111 PMCID: PMC7019355 DOI: 10.3390/v12010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) was successfully used in promoting flowering (virus-induced flowering, VIF) in apple and pear seedlings. In this paper, we report the use of ALSV vectors for VIF in seedlings and in vitro cultures of grapevine. After adjusting experimental conditions for biolistic inoculation of virus RNA, ALSV efficiently infected not only progeny seedlings of Vitis spp. ‘Koshu,’ but also in vitro cultures of V. vinifera ‘Neo Muscat’ without inducing viral symptoms. The grapevine seedlings and in vitro cultures inoculated with an ALSV vector expressing the ‘florigen’ gene (Arabidopsis Flowering locus T, AtFT) started to set floral buds 20–30 days after inoculation. This VIF technology was successfully used to promote flowering and produce grapes with viable seeds in in vitro cultures of F1 hybrids from crosses between V. ficifolia and V. vinifera and made it possible to analyze the quality of fruits within a year after germination. High-temperature (37 °C) treatment of ALSV-infected grapevine disabled virus movement to newly growing tissue to obtain ALSV-free shoots. Thus, the VIF using ALSV vectors can be used to shorten the generation time of grapevine seedlings and accelerate breeding of grapevines with desired traits.
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Li C, Yamagishi N, Kasajima I, Yoshikawa N. Virus-induced gene silencing and virus-induced flowering in strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa) using apple latent spherical virus vectors. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:18. [PMID: 30729008 PMCID: PMC6355769 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) vector is a convenient alternative to genetic transformation in horticultural plants, especially in species recalcitrant to genetic transformation. ALSV, an RNA virus, can infect a wide variety of plant species including major horticultural plants without inducing symptoms. Here, methodologies were developed for infection of ALSV vectors to strawberry seedlings and plantlets cultured in vitro. A seed-propagated F1 hybrid strawberry cultivar 'Yotsuboshi' was aseptically grown on half-strength Murashige-Skoog medium for 1 month and true leaves were inoculated with an ALSV RNA preparation by particle bombardment. ALSV vector infection rates varied from 58 to 100% according to the insertion sequences, in 'Yotsuboshi' seedlings. Plantlets ('Dover') propagated in vitro could also be infected with ALSV vector at a similar infection rate. For virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), we prepared an ALSV vector carrying a 201 nucleotide segment of the strawberry phytoene desaturase gene. 'Yotsuboshi' and 'Dover' plants infected by this vector generated completely white leaves at fifth or sixth true leaves and above. For virus-induced flowering (VIF), we used an ALSV vector expressing the Arabidopsis thaliana flowering locus T gene. Strawberry seedlings infected by this vector started to flower from about 2 months post inoculation and bore fruits with viable seeds. The ALSV vector was no longer detected in any of the seedlings from early-flowered strawberries. Thus, the ALSV vector may be beneficial for examination of gene functions by VIGS in strawberry, and VIF using ALSV vector constitutes an effective new plant breeding technique for the promotion of cross-breeding in strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjiang Li
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 3-18-8, Iwate, 020-8550 Japan
| | - Noriko Yamagishi
- Agri-Innovation Research Center, Iwate University, Morioka 3-18-8, Iwate, 020-8550 Japan
| | - Ichiro Kasajima
- Agri-Innovation Research Center, Iwate University, Morioka 3-18-8, Iwate, 020-8550 Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 3-18-8, Iwate, 020-8550 Japan
- Agri-Innovation Research Center, Iwate University, Morioka 3-18-8, Iwate, 020-8550 Japan
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Kamada K, Omata S, Yamagishi N, Kasajima I, Yoshikawa N. Gentian (Gentiana triflora) prevents transmission of apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) vector to progeny seeds. PLANTA 2018; 248:1431-1441. [PMID: 30128602 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Gentian plants ( Gentiana triflora ) severely restrict apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) invasion to the gametes (pollens and ovules) and block seed transmission to progeny plants. Early flowering of horticultural plants can be induced by infection of ALSV vector expressing Flowering Locus T (FT) gene. In the present study, flowering of gentian plants was induced by infection with an ALSV vector expressing a gentian FT gene and the patterns of seed transmission of ALSV in gentian were compared with those in apple and Nicotiana benthamiana. Infection of gentian progeny plants with ALSV was examined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ALSV was not transmitted to the progeny gentian plants, whereas small proportions of apple and N. benthamiana progeny plants are infected with ALSV. The in situ hybridization analyses indicated that ALSVs are not present in gentian pollen and ovules, but detected in most of gametes in apple and N. benthamiana. Collectively, these results suggest that seed transmission of ALSV is blocked in gentian plants through the unknown barriers present in their gametes. On the other hand, apple and N. benthamiana seem to minimize ALSV seed transmission by inhibiting viral propagation in embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kamada
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Shino Omata
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamagishi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
- Agri-Innovation Research Center, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kasajima
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
- Agri-Innovation Research Center, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan.
- Agri-Innovation Research Center, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan.
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Nishihara M, Tasaki K, Sasaki N, Takahashi H. Development of basic technologies for improvement of breeding and cultivation of Japanese gentian. BREEDING SCIENCE 2018; 68:14-24. [PMID: 29681744 PMCID: PMC5903972 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.17074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Japanese gentians are the most important ornamental flowers in Iwate Prefecture and their breeding and cultivation have been actively conducted for half a century. With its cool climate and large hilly and mountainous area, more than 60% of gentian production in Japan occurs in Iwate Prefecture. Recent advances in gentian breeding and cultivation have facilitated the efficient breeding of new cultivars; disease control and improved cultivation conditions have led to the stable production of Japanese gentians. Molecular biology techniques have been developed and applied in gentian breeding, including the diagnosis of viral diseases and analysis of physiological disorders to improve gentian production. This review summarizes such recent approaches that will assist in the development of new cultivars and support cultivation. More recently, new plant breeding techniques, including several new biotechnological methods such as genome editing and viral vectors, have also been developed in gentian. We, therefore, present examples of their application to gentians and discuss their advantages in future studies of gentians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nishihara
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center,
22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | - Keisuke Tasaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center,
22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003,
Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Sasaki
- Toyo University,
1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193,
Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center,
22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003,
Japan
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