1
|
Shin D, Cho KH, Tucker E, Yoo CY, Kim J. Identification of tomato F-box proteins functioning in phenylpropanoid metabolism. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:85. [PMID: 38995464 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids, a class of specialized metabolites, play crucial roles in plant growth and stress adaptation and include diverse phenolic compounds such as flavonoids. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS) are essential enzymes functioning at the entry points of general phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis, respectively. In Arabidopsis, PAL and CHS are turned over through ubiquitination-dependent proteasomal degradation. Specific kelch domain-containing F-Box (KFB) proteins as components of ubiquitin E3 ligase directly interact with PAL or CHS, leading to polyubiquitinated PAL and CHS, which in turn influences phenylpropanoid and flavonoid production. Although phenylpropanoids are vital for tomato nutritional value and stress responses, the post-translational regulation of PAL and CHS in tomato remains unknown. We identified 31 putative KFB-encoding genes in the tomato genome. Our homology analysis and phylogenetic study predicted four PAL-interacting SlKFBs, while SlKFB18 was identified as the sole candidate for the CHS-interacting KFB. Consistent with their homolog function, the predicted four PAL-interacting SlKFBs function in PAL degradation. Surprisingly, SlKFB18 did not interact with tomato CHS and the overexpression or knocking out of SlKFB18 did not affect phenylpropanoid contents in tomato transgenic lines, suggesting its irreverence with flavonoid metabolism. Our study successfully discovered the post-translational regulatory machinery of PALs in tomato while highlighting the limitation of relying solely on a homology-based approach to predict interacting partners of F-box proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doosan Shin
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Keun Ho Cho
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ethan Tucker
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chan Yul Yoo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maruyama K, Yamada H, Doi M, Ohno S. Identification of two 6'-deoxychalcone 4'-glucosyltransferase genes in dahlia (Dahlia variabilis). PLANTA 2024; 259:114. [PMID: 38587670 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Two glycosyltransferase genes belonging to UGT88 family were identified to have 6'-deoxychalcone 4'-glucosyltransferase activity in dahlia. 6'-Deoxychalcones (isoliquiritigenin and butein) are important pigments for yellow and orange to red flower color. 6'-Deoxychalcones are glucosylated at the 4'-position in vivo, but the genes encoding 6'-deoxychalcone 4'-glucosyltransferase have not yet been identified. In our previous study, it was indicated that snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) chalcone 4'-O-glucosyltransferase (Am4'CGT) has isoliquiritigenin 4'-glucosylation activity. Therefore, to identify genes encoding 6'-deoxychalcone 4'-glucosyltransferase in dahlia (Dahlia variabilis), genes expressed in ray florets that shared high homology with Am4'CGT were explored. As a result, c34671_g1_i1 and c35662_g1_i1 were selected as candidate genes for 6'-deoxychalcone 4'-glucosyltransferases in dahlia. We conducted transient co-overexpression of three genes (c34671_g1_i1 or c35662_g1_i1, dahlia aldo-keto reductase1 (DvAKR1) or soybean (Glycine max) chalcone reductase5 (GmCHR5), and chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) MYB transcription factor (CaMYBA)) in Nicotiana benthamiana by agroinfiltration. Transient overexpression of c34671_g1_i1, DvAKR1, and CaMYBA resulted in increase in the accumulation of isoliquiritigenin 4'-glucosides, isoliquiritigenin 4'-O-glucoside, and isoliquiritigenin 4'-O-[6-O-(malonyl)-glucoside]. However, transient overexpression of c35662_g1_i1, DvAKR1, and CaMYBA did not increase accumulation of isoliquiritigenin 4'-glucosides. Using GmCHR5 instead of DvAKR1 showed similar results suggesting that c34671_g1_i1 has isoliquiritigenin 4'-glucosyltransferase activity. In addition, we conducted co-overexpression of four genes (c34671_g1_i1, c35662_g1_i1 or Am4'CGT, DvAKR1 or GmCHR5, CaMYBA, and chalcone 3-hydroxylase from dahlia). Accumulation of butein 4'-O-glucoside and butein 4'-O-[6-O-(malonyl)-glucoside] was detected for c35662_g1_i1, suggesting that c35662_g1_i1 has butein 4'-glucosyltransferase activity. Recombinant enzyme analysis also supported butein 4'-glucosyltransferases activity of c35662_g1_i1. Therefore, our results suggested that both c34671_g1_i1 and c35662_g1_i1 are 6'-deoxychalcone 4'-glucosyltransferases but with different substrate preference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Maruyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Haruka Yamada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Motoaki Doi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Sho Ohno
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao LQ, Liu Y, Huang Q, Gao S, Huang MJ, Huang HQ. Effects of cell morphology, physiology, biochemistry and CHS genes on four flower colors of Impatiens uliginosa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1343830. [PMID: 38495370 PMCID: PMC10940378 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1343830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Flower color is one of the important ornamental traits in the plants, which plays an active role in attracting pollinators to pollinate plants and reproduce their offspring. The flower color of Impatiens uliginosa is rich, there are four main flower colors in nature: deep red, red, pink, and white. However, it remains unclear whether on four different flower colors mechanism of I. uliginosa. Methods We investigate colorimetric measurement, observation of epidermal cells, cellular pH determination, extraction and determination of total anthocyanins and flavonoid, semi-quantitative determination of pigment components, and gene cloning and qRT-PCR of CHS genes to study four flower colors of I. uliginosa. Results The L* and b* values were the highest in white flower, while the a* values were the highest in pink flower. The same shape of epidermal cells was observed in different flower colors, which was all irregular flat polygons, and there were partial lignification. Their cellular pH values were weakly acidic, while the pH values of the deep red flower was the highest and the white flower was the lowest. The highest pigment content of the four flower colors was total anthocyanin content. And malvidin-3-galactosidechloride (C23H25ClO12), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C21H21O11) and delphinidin (C15H11O7) were the main pigment components affecting the color of four different flower colors. The anthocyanin synthesis gene IuCHS was expressed in four flowers, and all three copies of it had the highest expression level in pink flower and the lowest expression level in white flower. Discussion These results revealed the influence of main internal factors on four different flower colors of I. uliginosa, and provided a basis for further understanding of the intracellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms of flower color variation, and laid a foundation for the improvement of flower color breeding of Impatiens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mei-Juan Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture, Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, Research and Development Center of Landscape Plants and Horticulture Flowers, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Hai-quan Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture, Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, Research and Development Center of Landscape Plants and Horticulture Flowers, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Zhou LJ, Song A, Wang Y, Geng Z, Zhao K, Jiang J, Chen S, Chen F. Comparative transcriptome analysis and flavonoid profiling of floral mutants reveals CmMYB11 regulating flavonoid biosynthesis in chrysanthemum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 336:111837. [PMID: 37611834 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids, of which the major groups are flavones, flavonols, and anthocyanins, confer a variety of colors on plants. Bud sports with variation of floral colors occur occasionally during chrysanthemum cultivation. Although it has been reported that methylation at the promoter of CmMYB6 was related to anthocyanin contents, the regulatory networks of flavonoid biosynthesis still remain largely unknown in mutation of chrysanthemum. We compared phenotypes, pigment composition and transcriptomes in two chrysanthemum cultivars, 'Anastasia Dark Green' and 'Anastasia Pink', and regenerated bud sports of these cultivars with altered floral colors. Increased anthocyanins turned the 'Anastasia Dark Green' mutant red, while decreased anthocyanins turned the 'Anastasia Pink' mutant white. Moreover, total flavonoids were reduced in both mutants. Multiple flavonoid biosynthetic genes and regulatory genes encoding MYBs and bHLHs transcription factors were differentially expressed in pairwise comparisons of transcriptomes in 'Anastasia Dark Green' or 'Anastasia Pink' and their mutants at different flowering stages. Among these regulatory genes, the expression patterns of CmMYB6 and CmbHLH2 correlated to changes of anthocyanin contents, and down-regulation of CmMYB11 correlated to decreased total flavonoid contents in two mutants. CmMYB11 was shown to directly activate the promoter activities of CmCHS2, CmCHI, CmDFR, CmANS, CmFNS, and CmFLS. Furthermore, overexpression of CmMYB11 increased both flavonols and anthocyanins in tobacco petals. Our work provides new insights into regulatory networks involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and coloration in chrysanthemum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Aiping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Kunkun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zou H, Zhou L, Han L, Lv J, Jia Y, Wang Y. Transcriptome profiling reveals the roles of pigment formation mechanisms in yellow Paeonia delavayi flowers. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:375-387. [PMID: 36580169 PMCID: PMC9938063 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01973-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The yellow colour of ornamental varieties of tree peony originated from Paeonia delavayi. However, but P. delavayi and Paeonia suffruticosa belong to different subgroups, so hybridization is difficult and results in a long breeding cycle. However, no comprehensive transcriptomic profiling has focused on the colour formation mechanisms of yellow tree peony petals. Analysing the colour formation mechanism of yellow petals in P. delavayi is very important for directional molecular breeding. In this study, the transcriptional map of yellow pigment development in petals was used to analyse the mechanism of petal colour formation. We analysed the genes related to the metabolism of flavonoids and carotenoids and the transcription factors (TFs) involved in P. delavayi var. lutea (pure yellow individual) yellow pigment development using transcriptome sequence profiling. Transcriptome sequence profiles revealed three and four differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and carotenoid biosynthesis, respectively. An analysis of DETs in the flavonoid pathway showed that chalcone synthase (CHS) and chalcone 2´-glucosyltransferases (THC2'GT) act in synergy to synthesize isosalipurposide (ISP). CHS and flavonol synthase (FLS) synergistically synthesize quercetin and kaempferol. DEG analysis of the carotenoid pathway revealed that phytoene synthase (PSY), carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO) and β-carotene hydroxylases (CHYB) play a key role in regulating lutein formation, and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) plays an important role in the degradation of carotenoids. These two pathways may be regulated by TF families such as bHLH, ARF, and MYB. The results of the transient overexpression of genes showed that CHS and CHI are regulated by PdMYB2. In this study, the molecular mechanism of ISP synthesis was analysed in depth, and the complete metabolic pathway of carotenoids in Paeonia L. was reported for the first time. By studying the formation mechanism of yellow pigment in P. delavayi petals, a breeding strategy for improving flavonol and carotenoid contents and reducing anthocyanin synthesis by genetic engineering was suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhu Zou
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 10091, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 10091, China
| | - Lulu Han
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 10091, China
| | - JiHang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 10091, China
| | - YingHua Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 10091, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 10091, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ohno S, Yamada H, Maruyama K, Deguchi A, Kato Y, Yokota M, Tatsuzawa F, Hosokawa M, Doi M. A novel aldo-keto reductase gene is involved in 6'-deoxychalcone biosynthesis in dahlia (Dahlia variabilis). PLANTA 2022; 256:47. [PMID: 35871668 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03958-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel gene belonging to the aldo-keto reductase 13 family is involved in isoliquiritigenin biosynthesis in dahlia. The yellow pigments of dahlia flowers are derived from 6'-deoxychalcones, which are synthesized via a two-step process, involving the conversion of 3-malonyl-CoA and 4-coumaloyl-CoA into isoliquiritigenin in the first step, and the subsequent generation of butein from isoliquiritigenin. The first step reaction is catalyzed by chalcone synthase (CHS) and aldo-keto reductase (AKR). AKR has been implicated in the isoflavone biosynthesis in legumes, however, isolation of butein biosynthesis related AKR members are yet to be reported. A comparative RNA-seq analysis between two dahlia cultivars, 'Shukuhai' and its butein-deficient lateral mutant 'Rinka', was used in this study to identify a novel AKR gene involved in 6'-deoxychalcone biosynthesis. DvAKR1 encoded a AKR 13 sub-family protein with significant differential expression levels, and was phylogenetically distinct from the chalcone reductases, which belongs to the AKR 4A sub-family in legumes. DNA sequence variation and expression profiles of DvAKR1 gene were correlated with 6'-deoxychalcone accumulation in the tested dahlia cultivars. A single over-expression analysis of DvAKR1 was not sufficient to initiate the accumulation of isoliquiritigenin in tobacco, in contrast, its co-overexpression with a chalcone 4'-O-glucosyltransferase (Am4'CGT) from Antirrhinum majus and a MYB transcription factor, CaMYBA from Capsicum annuum successfully induced isoliquiritigenin accumulation. In addition, DvAKR1 homologous gene expression was detected in Coreopsideae species accumulating 6'-deoxychalcone, but not in Asteraceae species lacking 6'-deoxychalcone production. These results not only demonstrate the involvement of DvAKR1 in the biosynthesis of 6'-deoxychalcone in dahlia, but also show that 6'-deoxychalcone occurrence in Coreopsideae species developed evolutionarily independent from legume species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Ohno
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Haruka Yamada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kei Maruyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ayumi Deguchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- Chiba University, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Yasunari Kato
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yokota
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Fumi Tatsuzawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Munetaka Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- Kindai University, Nara, 631-0052, Japan
| | - Motoaki Doi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zou H, Han L, Yuan M, Zhang M, Zhou L, Wang Y. Sequence Analysis and Functional Verification of the Effects of Three Key Structural Genes, PdTHC2'GT, PdCHS and PdCHI, on the Isosalipurposide Synthesis Pathway in Paeonia delavayi var. lutea. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5696. [PMID: 35628506 PMCID: PMC9147737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Isosalipurposide (ISP) is the most important yellow pigment in tree peony. In ISP biosynthesis, CHS catalyzes 1-molecule coumaroyl-CoA and 3-molecule malonyl-CoA to form 2',4',6',4-tetrahyroxychalcone (THC), and THC generates a stable ISP in the vacuole under the action of chalcone2'-glucosyltransferases (THC2'GT). In tree peony, the details of the THC2'GT gene have not yet been reported. In this study, the candidate THC2'GT gene (PdTHC2'GT) in Paeonia delavayi var. lutea was screened. At the same time, we selected the upstream CHS gene (PdCHS) and the competitive CHI gene (PdCHI) to study the biosynthesis pathway of ISP. We successfully cloned three genes and sequenced them; subcellular localization showed that the three genes were located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The overexpression of PdTHC2'GT in tobacco caused the accumulation of ISP in tobacco petals, which indicated that PdTHC2'GT was the key structural gene in the synthesis of ISP. After the overexpression of PdCHS and PdCHI in tobacco, the accumulation of anthocyanins in tobacco petals increased to different degrees, showing the role of PdCHS and PdCHI in anthocyanin accumulation. The analysis of NtCHS and NtCHI of transgenic tobacco lines by qRT-PCR showed that the THC2'GT gene could increase the expression of CHS. THC2'GT and CHI were found to be competitive; hence, the overexpression of THC2'GT could lead to a decrease in CHI expression. The CHS gene and CHI gene could increase the expression of each other. In conclusion, we verified the key structural gene PdTHC2'GT and studied the operation of the genes in its upstream and competitive pathway, providing a new perspective for the biosynthesis of ISP and new candidate genes for the directional breeding of tree peony.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (H.Z.); (L.H.); (M.Y.); (M.Z.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (H.Z.); (L.H.); (M.Y.); (M.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ohta Y, Atsumi G, Yoshida C, Takahashi S, Shimizu M, Nishihara M, Nakatsuka T. Post-transcriptional gene silencing of the chalcone synthase gene CHS causes corolla lobe-specific whiting of Japanese gentian. PLANTA 2021; 255:29. [PMID: 34964920 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03815-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Post-transcriptional gene silencing of the chalcone synthase gene CHS specifically suppresses anthocyanin biosynthesis in corolla lobes and is responsible for the formation of a stripe type bicolor in Japanese gentian. The flower of Japanese gentian is a bell-shaped corolla composed of lobes and plicae, which is painted uniformly blue. However, the gentian cultivar 'Hakuju' shows bicolor phenotype (blue-white stripe corolla), in which anthocyanin accumulation is suppressed only in corolla lobes. Expression analysis indicated that steady-state levels of chalcone synthase (CHS) transcripts were remarkably reduced in corolla lobes compared with plicae during petal pigmentation initiation. However, no significant difference in expression levels of other flavonoid biosynthetic structural and regulatory genes was detected in its lobes and plicae. On feeding naringenin in white lobes, anthocyanin accumulation was recovered. Northern blotting probed with CHS confirmed the abundant accumulation of small RNAs in corolla lobes. Likewise, small RNA-seq analysis indicated that short reads from its lobes were predominantly mapped onto the 2nd exon region of the CHS gene, whereas those from the plicae were scarcely mapped. Subsequent infection with the gentian ovary ringspot virus (GORV), which had an RNA-silencing activity, showed the recovery of partial pigmentation in lobes. Hence, these results strongly suggested that suppressing anthocyanin accumulation in the lobes of bicolored 'Hakuju' was attributed to the specific degradation of CHS mRNA in corolla lobes, which was through post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Herein, we revealed the molecular mechanism of strip bicolor formation in Japanese gentian, and showed that PTGS of CHS was also responsible for flower color pattern in a floricultural plant other than petunia and dahlia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ohta
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Go Atsumi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, 024-0003, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sapporo, 062-8517, Japan
| | - Chiharu Yoshida
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, 024-0003, Japan
| | | | - Motoki Shimizu
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, 024-0003, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Nakatsuka
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ohno S, Makishima R, Doi M. Post-transcriptional gene silencing of CYP76AD controls betalain biosynthesis in bracts of bougainvillea. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6949-6962. [PMID: 34279632 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Betalain is one of four major plant pigments and shares some features with anthocyanin; however, no plant has been found to biosynthesize both pigments. Previous studies have reported that anthocyanin biosynthesis in some plants is regulated by post-transcriptional gene-silencing (PTGS), but the importance of PTGS in betalain biosynthesis remains unclear. In this study, we report the occurrence of PTGS in betalain biosynthesis in bougainvillea (Bougainvillea peruviana) 'Thimma', which produces bracts of three different color on the same plant, namely pink, white, and pink-white. This resembles the unstable anthocyanin pigmentation phenotype that is associated with PTGS, and hence we anticipated the presence of PTGS in the betalain biosynthetic pathway. To test this, we analysed pigments, gene expression, small RNAs, and transient overexpression. Our results demonstrated that PTGS of BpCYP76AD1, a gene encoding one of the betalain biosynthesis enzymes, is responsible for the loss of betalain biosynthesis in 'Thimma'. Neither the genetic background nor DNA methylation in the BpCYP76AD1 sequence could explain the induction of PTGS, implying that another locus controls the unstable pigmentation. Our results indicate that naturally occurring PTGS contributes to the diversification of color patterns not only in anthocyanin biosynthesis but also in betalain biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Ohno
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rikako Makishima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motoaki Doi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Transcriptomic and metabolomic joint analysis reveals distinct flavonoid biosynthesis regulation for variegated testa color development in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Sci Rep 2021; 11:10721. [PMID: 34021210 PMCID: PMC8140124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peanut is one of the important oil and economic crops, among which the variegated testa peanut is a unique member. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pigment synthesis in variegated testa are still unclear. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the flavonoid metabolism pathway in pigmented areas indicated that there were 27 DEGs highly related to the synthesis of variegated testa color among 1,050 DEGs. Of these 27, 13 were up-regulated and 14 were down-regulated, including 3 PALs, 1 C4H, 2 CHSs, 1 F3H, 1 F3'H, 2 DFRs, 2 LARs, 2 IAAs, 4 bHLHs, and 9 MYBs. GO (Gene Ontology) analysis indicated that DEGs were similarly enriched in three branches. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis suggested flavonoid biosynthesis is the most direct metabolic pathway for the synthesis of testa variegation. The liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) results showed that cyanidin and delphinidin were the primary metabolites that caused the color differences between the pigmented and the non-pigmented areas. Through the verification of 20 DEGs via qPCR, the results were consistent with transcriptome sequencing in four comparison groups. The results in this study lay the foundation for revealing the molecular regulation mechanisms of flavonoid synthesis in variegated testa peanut.
Collapse
|
11
|
Walliser B, Lucaciu CR, Molitor C, Marinovic S, Nitarska DA, Aktaş D, Rattei T, Kampatsikas I, Stich K, Haselmair-Gosch C, Halbwirth H. Dahlia variabilis cultivar 'Seattle' as a model plant for anthochlor biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 159:193-201. [PMID: 33385702 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the bi-colored dahlia cultivar 'Seattle', which exhibits bright yellow petals with white tips, for its potential use as a model system for studies of the anthochlor biosynthesis. The yellow base contained high amounts of the 6'-deoxychalcones and the structurally related 4-deoxyaurones, as well as flavones. In contrast, only traces of anthochlors and flavones were detected in the white tips. No anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanones or dihydroflavonols were found in the petals. Gene expression studies indicated that the absence of anthocyanins in the petals is caused by a lack of flavanone 3-hydroxylase (FHT) expression, which is accompanied by a lack of expression of the bHLH transcription factor IVS. Expression of other genes involved in anthocyanidin biosynthesis such as dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) was not affected. The yellow and white petal parts showed significant differences in the expression of chalcone synthase 2 (CHS2), which is sufficient to explain the absence of yellow pigments in the white tips. Transcriptomes of both petal parts were de novo assembled and three candidate genes for chalcone reductase (CHR) were identified. None of them showed a significantly higher expression in the yellow base compared to the white tips. In summary, it was shown that the bicolouration is most likely caused by a bottleneck in chalcone formation in the white tip. The relative prevalence of flavones compared to the anthochlors in the white tips could be an indication for the presence of a so far unknown differentially expressed CHR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Walliser
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Calin Rares Lucaciu
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Molitor
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvija Marinovic
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daria Agata Nitarska
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Didem Aktaş
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Rattei
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ioannis Kampatsikas
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Stich
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Haselmair-Gosch
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yin X, Wang T, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Irfan M, Chen L, Zhang L. Role of core structural genes for flavonoid biosynthesis and transcriptional factors in flower color of plants. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.1960605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yibing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Lijing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sanches Silva A, Reboredo-Rodríguez P, Sanchez-Machado DI, López-Cervantes J, Barreca D, Pittala V, Samec D, Orhan IE, Gulcan HO, Forbes-Hernandez TY, Battino M, Nabavi SF, Devi KP, Nabavi SM. Evaluation of the status quo of polyphenols analysis: Part II-Analysis methods and food processing effects. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:3219-3240. [PMID: 33337047 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays due to the concern with the environmental impact of analytical techniques and in order to reduce the ecological footprint there is a tendency to use more efficient and faster procedures that use a smaller amount of organic solvents. Polyphenols have been widely studied in plant-based matrices due to their wide and potent biological properties; however there are no standardized procedures both for sample preparation and analysis of these compounds. The second of a two-part review will carry out a critical review of the extraction procedures and analytical methods applied to polyphenols and their selection criteria over a wide range of factors in relation to commerce-associated, environmental, and economic factors. It is foreseen that in the future the analysis of polyphenols in plant-based matrices includes the use of techniques that allow the simultaneous determination of different subclasses of polyphenols using fast, sophisticated, and automated techniques that allow the minimal consumption of solvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sanches Silva
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal.,Center for Study in Animal Science (CECA), University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Patricia Reboredo-Rodríguez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, Ourense, E32004, Spain
| | | | | | - Davide Barreca
- Dipartimento di Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Valeria Pittala
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Dunja Samec
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute 'Ruđer Bošković', Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - H Ozan Gulcan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagusa, The Northern Cyprus via Mersin, Turkey
| | - Tamara Y Forbes-Hernandez
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kasi Pandima Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu X, Zhou Y, Yao D, Iqbal S, Gao Z, Zhang Z. DNA methylation of LDOX gene contributes to the floral colour variegation in peach. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 246-247:153116. [PMID: 31981816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Peach is an important fruit and ornamental plant around the globe. Variegation in flowers often captures consumers' attention, and variegated plants are of high ornamental value. To determine the relationship between DNA methylation and phenotype, we obtained the first single-nucleotide resolution DNA methylation of variegation cultivars in peach through bisulfite sequencing. In this study, a similar methylation rate of 12.90 % in variegated flower buds (VF) and 11.96 % in red flower buds (RF) was determined. The methyl-CG (mCG) was the main context in both samples. We identified 503 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in all chromosomes. These DMRs were focused on 96 genes and 156 promoters. Associated with the transcriptional and proteome analysis, 106 differently expressed genes and 52 different proteins had varying degrees of methylation. Silent genes exhibited higher methylation levels than expressed genes. The methylation state of the leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) promoter in VF was higher than RF at flower stages 2 (FS2) based on bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) results. Moreover, further experiments showed LDOX gene expression and enzyme activity in RF was higher than VF. The DNA methylation trend consisted of the gene expression and flower colour phenotype. Several cis-acting regulatory elements on BSP sequences were involved in phytohormones, transcription factors, and light responsiveness, which could affect gene expression. The higher level of LDOX gene expression promoted synthesis of colourful anthocyanidins, which caused red spots on the petal. Together, this study identified the context and level of methylation at each site with bisulfite sequencing (BS). These results are helpful in uncovering the mechanism of variegated flower petal formation in peach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Yong Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Dan Yao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shahid Iqbal
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhihong Gao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Su K, Guo Y, Zhao Y, Gao H, Liu Z, Li K, Ma L, Guo X. Candidate genes for grape white rot resistance based on SMRT and Illumina sequencing. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:501. [PMID: 31729958 PMCID: PMC6858721 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White rot is one of the most dangerous fungal diseases and can considerably affect grape berry production and quality. However, few studies have focused on this disease, and thus, finding candidate white rot resistance genes is of great importance for breeding resistant grapevine cultivars. Based on field observations and indoor experiments, the cultivars "Victoria" and "Zhuosexiang" showed significant differences in white rot resistance. For understanding the molecular mechanisms behind it, different phenotypes of grapevine leaves were used for RNA sequencing via Illumina and single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology. RESULTS A transcript library containing 53,906 reads, including known and novel transcripts, was constructed following the full-length transcriptome sequencing of the two grapevine cultivars. Genes involved in salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis pathways showed different expression levels. Furthermore, four key transcription factors (TFs), NPR1, TGA4, Pti6, and MYC2, all involved in the SA and JA signal pathways were identified, and the expression profile revealed the different regulation of the pathogenesis related protein1 (PR1) resistance gene, as mediated by the four TFs. CONCLUSIONS Full-length transcript sequencing can substantially improve the accuracy and integrity of gene prediction and gene function research in grapevine. Our results contribute to identify candidate resistance genes and improve our understanding of the genes and regulatory mechanisms involved in grapevine resistance to white rot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Su
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yinshan Guo
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hongyan Gao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zhendong Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Kun Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xiuwu Guo
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
De novo transcriptome sequencing of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) fleshy roots: analysis of major genes involved in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:45. [PMID: 31646986 PMCID: PMC6813128 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-019-0228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The HongXin radish (Raphanus sativus L.), which contains the natural red pigment (red radish pigment), is grown in the Fuling district of Chongqing City. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying anthocyanin synthesis for the formation of natural red pigment in the fleshy roots of HongXin radish are not well studied. Results De novo transcriptome of HX-1 radish, as well as that of the advanced inbred lines HX-2 and HX-3 were characterized using next generation sequencing (NGS) technology. In total, approximately 66.22 million paired-end reads comprising 34, 927 unigenes (N50 = 1, 621 bp) were obtained. Based on sequence similarity search with known proteins, total of 30, 127 (about 86.26%) unigenes were identified. Additionally, functional annotation and classification of these unigenes indicated that most of the unigenes were predominantly enriched in the metabolic process-related terms, especially for the biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites. Moreover, majority of the anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes (ABRGs) involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis were identified by targeted search for their annotation. Subsequently, the expression of 15 putative ABRGs involved in the anthocyanin synthesis-related pathways were validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Of those, RsPAL2, RsCHS-B2, RsDFR1, RsDFR2, RsFLS, RsMT3 and RsUFGT73B2-like were identified significantly associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis. Especially for RsDFR1, RsDFR2 and RsFLS, of those, RsDFR1 and RsDFR2 were highest enriched in the HX-3 and WG-3, but RsFLS were down-regulated in HX-3 and WG-3. We proposed that the transcripts of RsDFR1, RsDFR2 and RsFLS might be act as key regulators in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. Conclusions The assembled radish transcript sequences were analysed to identify the key ABRGs involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Additionally, the expression patterns of candidate ABRGs involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway were validated by qRT-PCR. We proposed that the transcripts of RsDFR1, RsDFR2 and RsFLS might be acted as key regulators in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. This study will enhance our understanding of the biosynthesis and metabolism of anthocyanin in radish.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sun S, Xiong XP, Zhu Q, Li YJ, Sun J. Transcriptome Sequencing and Metabolome Analysis Reveal Genes Involved in Pigmentation of Green-Colored Cotton Fibers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4838. [PMID: 31569469 PMCID: PMC6801983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Green-colored fiber (GCF) is the unique raw material for naturally colored cotton textile but we know little about the pigmentation process in GCF. Here we compared transcriptomes and metabolomes of 12, 18 and 24 days post-anthesis (DPA) fibers from a green fiber cotton accession and its white-colored fiber (WCF) near-isogenic line. We found a total of 2047 non-redundant metabolites in GCF and WCF that were enriched in 80 pathways, including those of biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid, cutin, suberin, and wax. Most metabolites, particularly sinapaldehyde, of the phenylpropanoid pathway had a higher level in GCF than in WCF, consistent with the significant up-regulation of the genes responsible for biosynthesis of those metabolites. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of genes differentially expressed between GCF and WCF was used to uncover gene-modules co-expressed or associated with the accumulation of green pigments. Of the 16 gene-modules co-expressed with fiber color or time points, the blue module associated with G24 (i.e., GCF at 24 DPA) was of particular importance because a large proportion of its genes were significantly up-regulated at 24 DPA when fiber color was visually distinguishable between GCF and WCF. A total of 56 hub genes, including the two homoeologous Gh4CL4 that could act in green pigment biosynthesis, were identified among the genes of the blue module that are mainly involved in lipid metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, RNA transcription, signaling, and transport. Our results provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying pigmentation of green fibers and clues for developing cottons with stable green colored fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 5 Road, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Xian-Peng Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 5 Road, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Qianhao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra 2601, Australia.
| | - Yan-Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 5 Road, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Jie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 5 Road, Shihezi 832003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ban Y, Morita Y, Ogawa M, Higashi K, Nakatsuka T, Nishihara M, Nakayama M. Inhibition of post-transcriptional gene silencing of chalcone synthase genes in petunia picotee petals by fluacrypyrim. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1513-1523. [PMID: 30690559 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In petals of picotee petunia (Petunia hybrida) cultivars, margin-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of chalcone synthase A (CHSA) inhibits anthocyanin biosynthesis, resulting in marginal white tissue formation. In this study, we found that a low molecular mass compound, fluacrypyrim, inhibits PTGS of CHSA, and we explored the site-specific PTGS mechanism of operation. Fluacrypyrim treatment abolished the picotee pattern and eliminated site-specific differences in the levels of anthocyanin-related compounds, CHSA expression, and CHSA small interfering RNA (siRNA). In addition, fluacrypyrim abolished the petunia star-type pattern, which is also caused by PTGS of CHSA. Fluacrypyrim treatment was effective only at the early floral developmental stage and predominantly eliminated siRNA derived from CHS genes; i.e. siRNA derived from other genes remained at a comparable level. Fluacrypyrim probably targets the induction of PTGS that specifically operates for CHS genes in petunia picotee flowers, rather than common PTGS maintenance mechanisms that degrade mRNAs and generate siRNA. Upon treatment, the proportion of colored tissue increased due to a shift of the border between white and colored sites toward the margin in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These findings imply that the fluacrypyrim-targeted PTGS induction is completed gradually and its strength is attenuated from the margins to the center of petunia picotee petals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ban
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Morita
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mika Ogawa
- Teikyo University of Science, Adachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Nakatsuka
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Masayoshi Nakayama
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li Y, Luo X, Wu C, Cao S, Zhou Y, Jie B, Cao Y, Meng H, Wu G. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Red and Green Walnut (Juglans regia L.). Molecules 2017; 23:E25. [PMID: 29271948 PMCID: PMC5943948 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit color is an important economic trait. The color of red walnut cultivars is mainly attributed to anthocyanins. The aim of this study was to explore the differences in the molecular mechanism of leaf and peel color change between red and green walnut. A reference transcriptome of walnut was sequenced and annotated to identify genes related to fruit color at the ripening stage. More than 290 million high-quality reads were assembled into 39,411 genes using a combined assembly strategy. Using Illumina digital gene expression profiling, we identified 4568 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between red and green walnut leaf and 3038 DEGs between red and green walnut peel at the ripening stage. We also identified some transcription factor families (MYB, bHLH, and WD40) involved in the control of anthocyanin biosynthesis. The trends in the expression levels of several genes encoding anthocyanin biosynthetic enzymes and transcription factors in the leaf and peel of red and green walnut were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. Together, our results identified the genes involved in anthocyanin accumulation in red walnut. These data provide a valuable resource for understanding the coloration of red walnut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhou Li
- College of Horticultural Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- Institute of Fruit Science, China Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Alar 843300, China.
| | - Xiang Luo
- Institute of Fruit Science, China Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Cuiyun Wu
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Alar 843300, China.
| | - Shangyin Cao
- Institute of Fruit Science, China Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Yifei Zhou
- College of Horticultural Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Bo Jie
- College of Horticultural Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Alar 843300, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Yalong Cao
- College of Horticultural Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Alar 843300, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Haijun Meng
- College of Horticultural Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Guoliang Wu
- College of Horticultural Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Alar 843300, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| |
Collapse
|