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Wang P, Lu S, Zhang X, Hyden B, Qin L, Liu L, Bai Y, Han Y, Wen Z, Xu J, Cao H, Chen H. Double NCED isozymes control ABA biosynthesis for ripening and senescent regulation in peach fruits. Plant Sci 2021; 304:110739. [PMID: 33568291 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During ripening, peach fruits (Prunus persica L. Batsch) rapidly progress to the senescent stage, resulting in a brief shelf life. Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in regulating the ripening process, both in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. A key enzyme for ABA biosynthesis in higher plants is 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED). In this study, two NCED isozymes, PpNCED1 and PpNCED5, were identified in peach fruits. While both NCED genes had similar transcriptional patterns (up-regulation) at the beginning of peach ripening, PpNCED5 showed a consistently lower expression level than PpNCED1. During the post-harvest stage, gene expression of PpNCED1 declined, while PpNCED5 expression increased relative to PpNCED1 expression. Considering the dynamic process of ABA accumulation during fruit ripening and senescence in peach, this study indicates that both NCED genes cooperatively control ABA biosynthesis in peach fruits. Moreover, spatio-temporal expression and transcriptional response to hormone and abiotic stress suggested that there is functional divergence between PpNCED1 and PpNCED5 genes in peach. A carotenoid-rich callus system was used to verify the function of PpNCED1 and PpNCED5. In the transgenic callus system, both PpNCED1 and PpNCED5 isozymes promoted ABA biosynthesis, which likely accelerated cell senescence through activating ROS signals. The results from this study provide evidence supporting an ABA biosynthetic regulation process via the two NCED genes in peach fruit, and suggest a mechanism of ABA-induced fruit ripening and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Siyuan Lu
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Brennan Hyden
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Lijie Qin
- Wei County Comprehensive Vocational and Technical Education Center, HanDan, Hebei, 056000, China
| | - Lipeng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Yangyang Bai
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Yan Han
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Zhiliang Wen
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Jizhong Xu
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Hongbo Cao
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China.
| | - Haijiang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China.
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Zhao Z, Ren C, Xie L, Xing M, Zhu C, Jin R, Xu C, Sun C, Li X. Functional analysis of PpRHM1 and PpRHM2 involved in UDP-l-rhamnose biosynthesis in Prunus persica. Plant Physiol Biochem 2020; 155:658-666. [PMID: 32861032 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
UDP-l-rhamnose (UDP-Rha) is an important sugar donor for glycosylation of various cell molecules in plant. Rhamnosides are widely present in different plant tissues and play important biological roles under different developmental or environmental conditions. However, enzymes involved in UDP-Rha biosynthesis and their encoding genes have been identified in few plants, which limits the functional analysis of plant rhamnosides. Here, two UDP-Rha biosynthesis genes, named PpRHM1 (2028 bp) and PpRHM2 (2016 bp), were isolated and characterized from Prunus persica, which is rich sources of flavonol rhamnosides. Both recombinant RHM proteins can catalyze the transformation from UDP-d-glucose (UDP-Glc) to UDP-Rha, which was confirmed by LC-MS and formation of flavonol rhamnosides. Biochemical analysis showed that both recombinant RHM proteins preferred alkaline conditions in pH range of 8.0-9.0 and had optimal reaction temperature between 25 and 30 °C. PpRHM1 showed the better UDP-Glc substrate affinity with Km of 360.01 μM. Gene expression analysis showed different transcript levels of both RHMs in all plant tissues tested, indicating the involvement of rhamnosides in various tissues in plant. Such results provide better understanding of UDP-Rha biosynthesis in fruit tree and may be helpful for further investigation of various rhamnose derivatives and their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikang Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chuanhong Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Linfeng Xie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mengyun Xing
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Changqing Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Changjie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chongde Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xian Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Wu X, Zhou Y, Yao D, Iqbal S, Gao Z, Zhang Z. DNA methylation of LDOX gene contributes to the floral colour variegation in peach. J Plant Physiol 2020; 246-247:153116. [PMID: 31981816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Peach is an important fruit and ornamental plant around the globe. Variegation in flowers often captures consumers' attention, and variegated plants are of high ornamental value. To determine the relationship between DNA methylation and phenotype, we obtained the first single-nucleotide resolution DNA methylation of variegation cultivars in peach through bisulfite sequencing. In this study, a similar methylation rate of 12.90 % in variegated flower buds (VF) and 11.96 % in red flower buds (RF) was determined. The methyl-CG (mCG) was the main context in both samples. We identified 503 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in all chromosomes. These DMRs were focused on 96 genes and 156 promoters. Associated with the transcriptional and proteome analysis, 106 differently expressed genes and 52 different proteins had varying degrees of methylation. Silent genes exhibited higher methylation levels than expressed genes. The methylation state of the leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) promoter in VF was higher than RF at flower stages 2 (FS2) based on bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) results. Moreover, further experiments showed LDOX gene expression and enzyme activity in RF was higher than VF. The DNA methylation trend consisted of the gene expression and flower colour phenotype. Several cis-acting regulatory elements on BSP sequences were involved in phytohormones, transcription factors, and light responsiveness, which could affect gene expression. The higher level of LDOX gene expression promoted synthesis of colourful anthocyanidins, which caused red spots on the petal. Together, this study identified the context and level of methylation at each site with bisulfite sequencing (BS). These results are helpful in uncovering the mechanism of variegated flower petal formation in peach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Yong Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Dan Yao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shahid Iqbal
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhihong Gao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Abstract
The role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) in nitric oxide (NO)-reduced chilling injury (CI) in peach fruit was investigated. The fruit were immersed in sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (NO donor) and neomycin (IP3 inhibitor). Results showed that chilling tolerance was enhanced upon exogenous SNP in postharvest peach fruit. Further, GABA accumulation was stimulated by SNP. The increase in protein expression and activity for enzymes in GABA biosynthesis, including glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), polyamine oxidase (PAO), and amino aldehyde dehydrogenase (AMADH), upon SNP treatment was also observed. Also, the up-regulation of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and ornithine d-aminotransferase (OAT) and the down-regulation of proline dehydrogenase (PDH) were induced by SNP treatment, thereby accelating proline production. Additionally, SNP treatment elevated protein expression and activity of alternative oxidase (AOX). The above effects induced upon SNP were partly weakened by neomycin. Therefore, IP3 mediated NO-activated GABA and proline accumulation as well as AOX, thus inducing chilling tolerance in postharvest peach fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Jiao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process , Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Duan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process , Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
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Cao X, Xie K, Duan W, Zhu Y, Liu M, Chen K, Klee H, Zhang B. Peach Carboxylesterase PpCXE1 Is Associated with Catabolism of Volatile Esters. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:5189-5196. [PMID: 30997798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Peach fruit volatile acetate esters impact consumer sensory preference and contribute to defense against biotic stresses. Previous studies showed that alcohol acyltransferase (AAT) family PpAAT1 is correlated with volatile ester formation in peach fruits. However, fruits also contain carboxylesterase (CXE) enzymes that hydrolyze esters. The functions of this family with regard to volatile ester content has not been explored. Here, we observed that content of acetate ester was negatively correlated with expression of PpCXE1. Recombinant PpCXE1 protein exhibited hydrolytic activity toward acetate esters present in peach fruit. Kinetic analysis showed that PpCXE1 showed the highest catalytic activity toward E-2-hexenyl acetate. Subcellular localization demonstrated that PpCXE1 is present in the cytoplasm. Transient expression in peach fruit and stable overexpression in tomato fruit resulted in significant reduction of volatile esters in vivo. Taken together, the results indicate that PpCXE1 expression is associated with catabolism of volatile acetate esters in peach fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Cao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology , Zhejiang University , Zijingang Campus , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Kaili Xie
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology , Zhejiang University , Zijingang Campus , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Wenyi Duan
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology , Zhejiang University , Zijingang Campus , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Yunqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Mingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology , Zhejiang University , Zijingang Campus , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Harry Klee
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology , Zhejiang University , Zijingang Campus , Hangzhou 310058 , China
- Horticultural Sciences, Plant Innovation Center, Genetic Institute , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology , Zhejiang University , Zijingang Campus , Hangzhou 310058 , China
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Giberti S, Giovannini D, Forlani G. Carotenoid cleavage in chromoplasts of white and yellow-fleshed peach varieties. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:1795-1803. [PMID: 30255587 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In peach fruit, carotenoid accumulation in the mesocarp causes the difference between yellow and white genotypes. The latter are generally characterized by a peculiar and more intense aroma, because of higher release of volatiles deriving from dioxygenase-catalysed breakdown of the tetraterpene skeleton. The rate of carotenoid oxidation was investigated in peach (Prunus persica L.) fruits harvested at various stages of development. Two couples of white and yellow-fleshed isogenic varieties and an ancestral white-fleshed genotype were analysed, which had previously shown to differ in Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase 4 allelic composition resulting in various combinations of putatively active/inactive proteins. RESULTS Carotenoid bleaching activity was localized in the insoluble fraction of fruit flesh chromoplasts. Higher rates of trans-β-apo-8'-carotenal than β-carotene bleaching suggest that the first cleavage reaction is the rate-limiting step. Consistently, HPLC analysis did not show the appearance of coloured intermediates in reaction mixtures. High levels of substrate breakdown were found during the initial phases of fruit development in all genotypes examined, whereas significant differences were evident during the second exponential growth phase and ripening onset. Also, the ratio of carotene versus carotenale utilization varied significantly. CONCLUSION Pattern comparison among activity levels measured in vitro on chromoplast enriched fractions suggests that cleavage enzyme(s) other than Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase 4 play a significant role in carotenoid breakdown during fruit development and ripening. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Giberti
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniela Giovannini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, Fruit Research Unit, Forlì, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Forlani
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Li M, Wei Q, Xiao Y, Peng F. The effect of auxin and strigolactone on ATP/ADP isopentenyltransferase expression and the regulation of apical dominance in peach. Plant Cell Rep 2018; 37:1693-1705. [PMID: 30182298 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We confirmed the roles of auxin, CK, and strigolactones in apical dominance in peach and established a model of plant hormonal control of apical dominance in peach. Auxin, cytokinin, and strigolactone play important roles in apical dominance. In this study, we analyzed the effect of auxin and strigolactone on the expression of ATP/ADP isopentenyltransferase (IPT) genes (key cytokinin biosynthesis genes) and the regulation of apical dominance in peach. After decapitation, the expression levels of PpIPT1, PpIPT3, and PpIPT5a in nodal stems sharply increased. This observation is consistent with the changes in tZ-type and iP-type cytokinin levels in nodal stems and axillary buds observed after treatment; these changes are required to promote the outgrowth of axillary buds in peach. These results suggest that ATP/ADP PpIPT genes in nodal stems are key genes for cytokinin biosynthesis, as they promote the outgrowth of axillary buds. We also found that auxin and strigolactone inhibited the outgrowth of axillary buds. After decapitation, IAA treatment inhibited the expression of ATP/ADP PpIPTs in nodal stems to impede the increase in cytokinin levels. By contrast, after GR24 (GR24 strigolactone) treatment, the expression of ATP/ADP IPT genes and cytokinin levels still increased markedly, but the rate of increase in gene expression was markedly lower than that observed after decapitation in the absence of IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) treatment. In addition, GR24 inhibited basipetal auxin transport at the nodes (by limiting the expression of PpPIN1a in nodal stems), thereby inhibiting ATP/ADP PpIPT expression in nodal stems. Therefore, strigolactone inhibits the outgrowth of axillary buds in peach only when terminal buds are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- MinJi Li
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinping Wei
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuansong Xiao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - FuTian Peng
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang L, Li H, Gao L, Qi Y, Fu W, Li X, Zhou X, Gao Q, Gao Z, Jia H. Acyl-CoA oxidase 1 is involved in γ-decalactone release from peach (Prunus persica) fruit. Plant Cell Rep 2017; 36:829-842. [PMID: 28238071 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
γ-Decalactone accumulation in peach mesocarp was highly correlated with ACX enzyme activity and natural PpACX1 content. Adding the purified recombinant PpACX1 induced γ-decalactone biosynthesis in cultured mesocarp discs in vitro. Previous gene expression studies have implied that acyl coenzyme A oxidase (ACX) is related to lactones synthesis, the characteristic aroma compounds of peach. Here, we analysed the correlation between γ-decalactone content and ACX enzyme activity in mesocarp of five different types of fully ripe peach varieties. Furthermore, 'Hu Jing Mi Lu' ('HJ') and 'Feng Hua Yu Lu' ('YL'), which have strong aroma among them, at four ripening stages were selected to study the role of ACX in lactone biosynthesis. The result showed that γ-decalactone was the most abundant lactone compound. γ-Decalactone accumulation was highly correlated with ACX enzyme activity. Mass spectrometry (MS) showed that PpACX1 was the most abundant PpACX protein in fully ripe mesocarp of cv. 'HJ'. To further elucidate the function of the PpACX1 protein, the PpACX1 gene was heterologously expressed in a bacterial system and characterized in vitro. MS identification gave the molecular weight of the recombinant PpACX1 as 94.44 kDa and the coverage rate of the peptide segments was 47.3%. In cultured mesocarp discs in vitro, adding the purified recombinant PpACX1 and C16-CoA substrate induced the expected γ-decalactone biosynthesis. Using a sandwich ELISA based on mixed mono- and polyclonal antibodies against recombinant PpACX1, PpACX1 content in mesocarp was found to be highly correlated with γ-decalactone accumulation in mesocarp of five fully ripe varieties and four ripening stages of 'HJ' and 'YL'. This study revealed the vital function of PpACX1 in γ-decalactone biosynthesis in peach fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yujie Qi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wanyi Fu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiongwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Forest and Fruit Tree Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qikang Gao
- Bio-Macromolecules Analysis Lab, Analysis Center of Agrobiology, Environmental Sciences of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhongshan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Huijuan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Moscatello S, Proietti S, Buonaurio R, Famiani F, Raggi V, Walker RP, Battistelli A. Peach leaf curl disease shifts sugar metabolism in severely infected leaves from source to sink. Plant Physiol Biochem 2017; 112:9-18. [PMID: 28012288 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Peach leaf curl is a disease that affects the leaves of peach trees, and in severe cases all of the leaf can be similarly affected. This study investigated some effects of this disease on the metabolism of peach leaves in which all parts of the leaf were infected. These diseased leaves contained very little chlorophyll and performed little or no photosynthesis. Compared to uninfected leaves, diseased leaves possessed higher contents of fructose and especially glucose, but lowered contents of sucrose, sorbitol and especially starch. The activities of soluble acid invertase, neutral invertase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and sucrose synthase were all higher in diseased leaves, whereas, those of aldose-6-phosphate reductase and sucrose phosphate synthase were lower. The activities of hexokinase and fructokinase were little changed. In addition, immunblots showed that the contents of Rubisco and ADP-glucose phosphorylase were reduced in diseased leaves, whereas, the content of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase was increased. The results show that certain aspects of the metabolism of diseased leaves are similar to immature sink leaves. That is photosynthetic function is reduced, the leaf imports rather than exports sugars, and the contents of non-structural carbohydrates and enzymes involved in their metabolism are similar to sink leaves. Further, the effects of peach leaf curl on the metabolism of peach leaves are comparable to the effects of some other diseases on the metabolism of photosynthetic organs of other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Moscatello
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Viale Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Simona Proietti
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Viale Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Roberto Buonaurio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Raggi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Robert P Walker
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Viale Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy.
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Qian M, Zhang Y, Yan X, Han M, Li J, Li F, Li F, Zhang D, Zhao C. Identification and Expression Analysis of Polygalacturonase Family Members during Peach Fruit Softening. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1933. [PMID: 27869753 PMCID: PMC5133928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygalacturonase (PG) is an important hydrolytic enzyme involved in pectin degradation during fruit softening. However, the roles of PG family members in fruit softening remain unclear. We identified 45 PpPG genes in the peach genome which are clustered into six subclasses. PpPGs consist of four to nine exons and three to eight introns, and the exon/intron structure is basically conserved in all but subclass E. Only 16 PpPG genes were expressed in ripening fruit, and their expression profiles were analyzed during storage in two peach cultivars with different softening characteristics. Eight PGs (PpPG1, -10, -12, -13, -15, -23, -21, and -22) in fast-softening "Qian Jian Bai" (QJB) fruit and three PGs (PpPG15, -21, and -22) in slow-softening "Qin Wang" (QW) fruit exhibited softening-associated patterns; which also were affected by ethylene treatment. Our results suggest that the different softening characters in QW and QJB fruit is related to the amount of PG members. While keeping relatively lower levels during QW fruit softening, the expression of six PGs (PpPG1, -10, -12, -11, -14, and -35) rapidly induced by ethylene. PpPG24, -25 and -38 may not be involved in softening of peach fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Qian
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yike Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiangyan Yan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Mingyu Han
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Jinjin Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Fang Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Furui Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Caiping Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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11
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Techakanon C, Gradziel TM, Zhang L, Barrett DM. The Impact of Maturity Stage on Cell Membrane Integrity and Enzymatic Browning Reactions in High Pressure Processed Peaches (Prunus persica). J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:7216-7224. [PMID: 27556337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fruit maturity is an important factor associated with final product quality, and it may have an effect on the level of browning in peaches that are high pressure processed (HPP). Peaches from three different maturities, as determined by firmness (M1 = 50-55 N, M2 = 35-40 N, and M3 = 15-20 N), were subjected to pressure levels at 0.1, 200, and 400 MPa for 10 min. The damage from HPP treatment results in loss of fruit integrity and the development of browning during storage. Increasing pressure levels of HPP treatment resulted in greater damage, particularly in the more mature peaches, as determined by shifts in transverse relaxation time (T2) of the vacuolar component and by light microscopy. The discoloration of peach slices of different maturities processed at the same pressure was comparable, indicating that the effect of pressure level is greater than that of maturity in the development of browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwan Techakanon
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University , Surat Thani Campus, 31 Makham Tia, Muang Surat Thani, Suratthani 84000, Thailand
| | - Thomas M Gradziel
- Department of Pomology, University of California-Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Diane M Barrett
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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12
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Famiani F, Paoletti A, Battistelli A, Moscatello S, Chen ZH, Leegood RC, Walker RP. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase and isocitrate lyase in both tomato fruits and leaves, and in the flesh of peach and some other fruits. J Plant Physiol 2016; 202:34-44. [PMID: 27450492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study the occurrence of a number of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis was investigated in both tomato fruits and leaves during their development and senescence and in some other fruits. The enzymes studied were phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) and glyoxysomal isocitrate lyase (ICL). PPDK was detected in the ripe flesh of tomato, and much smaller amounts were detected in the flesh of both peach and pepper, whereas it was not detected (not present or at very low abundance) in the other fruits which were investigated (apricot, aubergine, blackberry, blueberry, cherry, grape, plum, raspberry and red current). By contrast PEPCK was present in the flesh of all the fruits investigated. Very small amounts of ICL were detected in ripe tomato flesh. PEPCK was present in the skin, flesh, locular gel and columella of tomato fruit, and in these its abundance increased greatly during ripening. PPDK showed a similar distribution, however, its abundance did not increase during ripening. PEPCK was not detected in tomato leaves at any stage of their development or senescence. The content of PPDK g(-1) fresh weight (FW) increased in tomato leaves as they matured, however, it declined during their senescence. In tomato leaves the content of ICL g(-1) FW increased until the mid-stage of development, then decreased as the leaf matured, and then increased during the latter stages of senescence. In the flesh of tomato fruits the contents of PPDK and PEPCK g(-1) FW decreased during senescence. The results suggest that in fruits other than tomato the bulk of any gluconeogenic flux proceeds via PEPCK, whereas in tomato both PEPCK and PPDK could potentially be utilised. Further, the results indicate that the conversion of pyruvate/acetyl-CoA to malate by the glyoxylate cycle, for which ICL is necessary, is not a major pathway utilised by gluconeogenesis in fruits under normal conditions of growth. Finally, the results contribute to our understanding of the role of several enzymes in the senescence of both leaves and fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Paoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, CNR, Viale Marconi, 2, 05010, Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, CNR, Viale Marconi, 2, 05010, Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Zhi-Hui Chen
- College of Life Science, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Richard C Leegood
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2 TN, UK
| | - Robert P Walker
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy.
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13
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Huan C, Jiang L, An X, Yu M, Xu Y, Ma R, Yu Z. Potential role of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant genes in the regulation of peach fruit development and ripening. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 104:294-303. [PMID: 27208820 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as both toxic by-products and as signaling molecules have been reported in fruit development and ripening. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) play important roles in balancing the induction and removal of ROS in plants, and are respectively encoded by families of closely homologous genes. In the present study, we investigated the roles of ROS and the above-mentioned antioxidant genes during the development and ripening of peach fruit. The experimental results indicated that O2(-) and H2O2 acted as potential signaling molecules in the middle stage of fruit development, and only H2O2 might function as a main toxic molecule to stimulate lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in the late stage of fruit ripening. PpaCu/Zn-SODs were the most abundant members in the PpaSOD gene family and they expressed steadily in peach fruit development and ripening. Low temperature (4 °C) postponed and suppressed the climacteric peaks of respiration and ethylene, significantly enhanced the activities of CAT and GPX, and up-regulated the expression of PpaCAT1 and PpaGPX6 in the late stage of fruit ripening. PpaCAT1 and PpaGPX6 were two key genes in alleviating oxidative stress in the late stage of fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Li Jiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Xiujuan An
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Mingliang Yu
- Institute of Horticulture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Yin Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Ma
- Institute of Horticulture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Zhifang Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
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14
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Desnoues E, Baldazzi V, Génard M, Mauroux JB, Lambert P, Confolent C, Quilot-Turion B. Dynamic QTLs for sugars and enzyme activities provide an overview of genetic control of sugar metabolism during peach fruit development. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:3419-31. [PMID: 27117339 PMCID: PMC4892732 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the genetic control of sugar metabolism is essential to enhance fruit quality and promote fruit consumption. The sugar content and composition of fruits varies with species, cultivar and stage of development, and is controlled by multiple enzymes. A QTL (quantitative trait locus) study was performed on peach fruit [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], the model species for Prunus Progeny derived from an interspecific cross between P. persica cultivars and P. davidiana was used. Dynamic QTLs for fresh weight, sugars, acids, and enzyme activities related to sugar metabolism were detected at different stages during fruit development. Changing effects of alleles during fruit growth were observed, including inversions close to maturity. This QTL analysis was supplemented by the identification of genes annotated on the peach genome as enzymes linked to sugar metabolism or sugar transporters. Several cases of co-locations between annotated genes, QTLs for enzyme activities and QTLs controlling metabolite concentrations were observed and discussed. These co-locations raise hypotheses regarding the functional regulation of sugar metabolism and pave the way for further analyses to enable the identification of the underlying genes. In conclusion, we identified the potential impact on fruit breeding of the modification of QTL effect close to maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Desnoues
- Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, INRA, 84000 Avignon, France Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, INRA, 84000 Avignon, France
| | | | - Michel Génard
- Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, INRA, 84000 Avignon, France
| | | | - Patrick Lambert
- Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, INRA, 84000 Avignon, France
| | - Carole Confolent
- Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, INRA, 84000 Avignon, France
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Falagán N, Artés F, Gómez PA, Artés-Hernández F, Conejero W, Aguayo E. Deficit irrigation strategies enhance health-promoting compounds through the intensification of specific enzymes in early peaches. J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96:1803-13. [PMID: 26041335 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biochemical and enzymatic responses to long-term regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) at harvest, during cold storage and after the retail sale period of 'Flordastar' early peaches were evaluated. Irrigation strategies were Control, and two RDI applied during post-harvest period (RDI1 , severe; RDI2 , moderate), based on different thresholds of maximum daily shrinkage signal intensity (RDI1 , 1.4 to dry; RDI2 , 1.3 to 1.6). RESULTS Both RDI provoked stress in the plant. This meant higher antioxidant concentration [averaging 1.30 ± 0.27 g ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) kg(-1) fresh weight (FW) for control and 1.77 ± 0.35 and 1.50 ± 0.30 g AAE kg(-1) FW for RDI1 and RDI2 , respectively]. Antioxidant levels decreased with storage by polyphenoloxydase action, which increased (from 0.04 ± 0.01 U mg(-1) protein to 0.32 ± 0.08 U mg(-1) protein). Vitamin C was initially higher in RDI samples (44.22 ± 0.05 g total vitamin C kg(-1) FW for control vs. 46.77 ± 0.02 and 46.27 ± 0.03 g total vitamin C kg(-1) FW for RDI1 and RDI2 , respectively). CONCLUSION The way RDI was applied affected bioactive fruit composition, being catalase and dehydroascorbic acid good water stress indicators. RDI strategies can be used as field practice, allowing water savings while enhanced healthy compound content in early peaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Falagán
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum' - UPCT, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, UPCT, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Artés
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum' - UPCT, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, UPCT, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Perla Azucena Gómez
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, UPCT, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Artés-Hernández
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum' - UPCT, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, UPCT, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Wenceslao Conejero
- Department of Irrigation, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Encarna Aguayo
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum' - UPCT, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, UPCT, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
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Wang JJ, Liu HR, Gao J, Huang YJ, Zhang B, Chen KS. Two ω-3 FADs Are Associated with Peach Fruit Volatile Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:464. [PMID: 27043529 PMCID: PMC4848920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aroma-related volatiles, together with sugars and acids, play an important role in determining fruit flavor quality. Characteristic volatiles of peach fruit are mainly derived from fatty acids such as linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3). In the present study, six genes encoding fatty acid desaturases (FAD) were cloned, including two ω-6 FAD genes (PpFAD2, PpFAD6) and four ω-3 FAD genes (PpFAD3-1, PpFAD3-2, PpFAD7 and PpFAD8). Heterologous expression of peach FADs in tobacco plants showed that PpFAD3-1, and PpFAD3-2 significantly reduced contents of 18:2, and accumulated significant higher levels of 18:3. In the case of volatiles, transgenic plants produced lower concentrations of hexanal and higher levels of (E)-2-hexenal. Consequently, the ratio of the (E)-2-hexenal and hexanal was about 5- and 3-fold higher than that of wild type (WT) in PpFAD3-1 and PpFAD3-2 transformants, respectively. No significant changes in volatile profiles were observed in transgenic plants overexpressing the four other peach FAD genes. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis showed that ripe fruit had high PpFAD3-1 and low PpFAD3-2 transcript levels. In contrast, high PpFAD3-2 and low PpFAD3-1 transcript levels were observed in young fruit. These results indicate a temporal regulation of these two ω-3 FADs during development and ripening, influencing peach fruit volatile formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Hong-Ru Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jie Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yu-Ji Huang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Kun-Song Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Gabotti D, Negrini N, Morgutti S, Nocito FF, Cocucci M. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases in the mesocarp of ripening fruit of Prunus persica genotypes with different flesh characteristics: changes in activity and protein and transcript levels. Physiol Plant 2015; 154:329-348. [PMID: 25534876 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Development of fruit flesh texture quality traits may involve the metabolism of phenolic compounds. This study presents molecular and biochemical results on the possible role played by cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD; EC 1.1.1.195) during ripening [S3, S4 I (pre-climacteric) and S4 III (climacteric) stages] of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruit with different flesh firmness [non-melting flesh (NMF) 'Oro A'/melting flesh (MF) 'Springcrest' and 'Sanguinella'] and color (blood-flesh Sanguinella). A total of 24 putative full-length PRUPE_CAD genes were identified (in silico analysis) in the peach genome. The most abundant CAD isoforms, encoded by genes located on scaffolds 8 and 6, were probed by specifically developed anti-PRUPE_CAD sc8 and by anti-FaCAD (PRUPE_CAD sc6) polyclonal antibodies, respectively. PRUPE_CAD sc8 proteins (SDS-PAGE and native-PAGE/western blot) appeared responsible for the CAD activity (in vitro/in-gel assays) that increased with ripening (parallel to PRUPE_ACO1 transcripts accumulation and ethylene evolution) only in the mesocarp of Oro A and blood-flesh Sanguinella. Accumulation of PRUPE_CAD sc8 transcripts (semi-quantitative RT-PCR) occurred in all three cultivars, but in Oro A and Springcrest it was not always accompanied by that of the related proteins, suggesting possible post-transcriptional regulation. Flesh firmness, as well as levels of lignin, total phenolics and, where present (Sanguinella), anthocyanins, declined with ripening, suggesting that, at least in the studied peach cultivars, CAD activity is related to neither lignification nor differences in flesh firmness (NMF/MF). Further studies are necessary to clarify whether the high levels of CAD activity/expression in Sanguinella play a role in determining the characteristics of this blood-flesh fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Gabotti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Noemi Negrini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Morgutti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio F Nocito
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cocucci
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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