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Zhang YM, Wu RH, Wang L, Wang YH, Liu H, Xiong AS, Xu ZS. Plastid diversity and chromoplast biogenesis in differently coloured carrots: role of the DcOR3 Leu gene. PLANTA 2022; 256:104. [PMID: 36308565 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Distinct plastid types and ultrastructural changes are associated with differences in carotenoid pigment profiles in differently coloured carrots, and a variant of the OR gene, DcOR3Leu is vital for chromoplast biogenesis. Accumulation of different types and amounts of carotenoids in carrots impart different colours to their taproots. In this study, the carotenoid pigment profiles, morphology, and ultrastructure of plastids in 25 carrot varieties with orange, red, yellow, or white taproots were investigated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography as well as light and transmission electron microscopy. α-/β-Carotene and lycopene were identified as colour-determining carotenoids in orange and red carrots, respectively. In contrast, lutein was identified as the colour-determining carotenoid in almost all tested yellow and white carrots. The latter contained only trace amounts of lutein as a unique detectable carotenoid. Striking differences in plastid types that coincided with distinct carotenoid profiles were observed among the differently coloured carrots. Microscopic analysis of the different carotenoid pigment-loaded plastids revealed abundant crystalloid chromoplasts in the orange and red carrots, whereas amyloplasts were dominant in most of the yellow and white carrots, except for the yellow carrot 'Yellow Stone', where yellow chromoplasts were observed. Plastoglobuli and crystal remnants, the carotenoid sequestering substructures, were identified in crystalloid chromoplasts. Crystal remnants were often associated with a characteristic undulated internal membrane in orange carrots or several undulated membranes in red carrots. No crystal remnants, but some plastoglobuli, were observed in the plastids of all tested yellow and white carrots. In addition, the presence of chromoplast in carrot taproots was found to be associated with DcOR3Leu, a natural variant of DcOR3, which was previously reported to be co-segregated with carotene content in carrots. Knocking out DcOR3Leu in the orange carrot 'Kurodagosun' depressed chromoplast biogenesis and led to the generation of yellow carrots. Our results support that DcOR3Leu is vital but insufficient for chromoplasts biogenesis in carrots, and add to the understanding of the formation of chromoplasts in carrots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rong-Hua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Kwolek K, Kędzierska P, Hankiewicz M, Mirouze M, Panaud O, Grzebelus D, Macko‐Podgórni A. Diverse and mobile: eccDNA-based identification of carrot low-copy-number LTR retrotransposons active in callus cultures. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:1811-1828. [PMID: 35426957 PMCID: PMC9324142 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR-RTs) are mobilized via an RNA intermediate using a 'copy and paste' mechanism, and account for the majority of repetitive DNA in plant genomes. As a side effect of mobilization, the formation of LTR-RT-derived extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) occurs. Thus, high-throughput sequencing of eccDNA can be used to identify active LTR-RTs in plant genomes. Despite the release of a reference genome assembly, carrot LTR-RTs have not yet been thoroughly characterized. LTR-RTs are abundant and diverse in the carrot genome. We identified 5976 carrot LTR-RTs, 2053 and 1660 of which were attributed to Copia and Gypsy superfamilies, respectively. They were further classified into lineages, families and subfamilies. More diverse LTR-RT lineages, i.e. lineages comprising many low-copy-number subfamilies, were more frequently associated with genic regions. Certain LTR-RT lineages have been recently active in Daucus carota. In particular, low-copy-number LTR-RT subfamilies, e.g. those belonging to the DcAle lineage, have significantly contributed to carrot genome diversity as a result of continuing activity. We utilized eccDNA sequencing to identify and characterize two DcAle subfamilies, Alex1 and Alex3, active in carrot callus. We documented 14 and 32 de novo insertions of Alex1 and Alex3, respectively, which were positioned in non-repetitive regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Kwolek
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and HorticultureUniversity of Agriculture in Krakow31 120KrakowPoland
| | - Patrycja Kędzierska
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and HorticultureUniversity of Agriculture in Krakow31 120KrakowPoland
| | - Magdalena Hankiewicz
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and HorticultureUniversity of Agriculture in Krakow31 120KrakowPoland
| | - Marie Mirouze
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5096 CNRS/UPVDUniversité de PerpignanVia Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy66 860Perpignan CedexFrance
- IRD, EMR IRD‐CNRS‐UPVD ‘MANGO’Université de PerpignanPerpignanFrance
| | - Olivier Panaud
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5096 CNRS/UPVDUniversité de PerpignanVia Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy66 860Perpignan CedexFrance
| | - Dariusz Grzebelus
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and HorticultureUniversity of Agriculture in Krakow31 120KrakowPoland
| | - Alicja Macko‐Podgórni
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and HorticultureUniversity of Agriculture in Krakow31 120KrakowPoland
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Jaramillo AM, Sierra S, Chavarriaga-Aguirre P, Castillo DK, Gkanogiannis A, López-Lavalle LAB, Arciniegas JP, Sun T, Li L, Welsch R, Boy E, Álvarez D. Characterization of cassava ORANGE proteins and their capability to increase provitamin A carotenoids accumulation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262412. [PMID: 34995328 PMCID: PMC8741059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) biofortification with provitamin A carotenoids is an ongoing process that aims to alleviate vitamin A deficiency. The moderate content of provitamin A carotenoids achieved so far limits the contribution to providing adequate dietary vitamin A levels. Strategies to increase carotenoid content focused on genes from the carotenoids biosynthesis pathway. In recent years, special emphasis was given to ORANGE protein (OR), which promotes the accumulation of carotenoids and their stability in several plants. The aim of this work was to identify, characterize and investigate the role of OR in the biosynthesis and stabilization of carotenoids in cassava and its relationship with phytoene synthase (PSY), the rate-limiting enzyme of the carotenoids biosynthesis pathway. Gene and protein characterization of OR, expression levels, protein amounts and carotenoids levels were evaluated in roots of one white (60444) and two yellow cassava cultivars (GM5309-57 and GM3736-37). Four OR variants were found in yellow cassava roots. Although comparable expression was found for three variants, significantly higher OR protein amounts were observed in the yellow varieties. In contrast, cassava PSY1 expression was significantly higher in the yellow cultivars, but PSY protein amount did not vary. Furthermore, we evaluated whether expression of one of the variants, MeOR_X1, affected carotenoid accumulation in cassava Friable Embryogenic Callus (FEC). Overexpression of maize PSY1 alone resulted in carotenoids accumulation and induced crystal formation. Co-expression with MeOR_X1 led to greatly increase of carotenoids although PSY1 expression was high in the co-expressed FEC. Our data suggest that posttranslational mechanisms controlling OR and PSY protein stability contribute to higher carotenoid levels in yellow cassava. Moreover, we showed that cassava FEC can be used to study the efficiency of single and combinatorial gene expression in increasing the carotenoid content prior to its application for the generation of biofortified cassava with enhanced carotenoids levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica M. Jaramillo
- HarvestPlus, c/o The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Santiago Sierra
- The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Paul Chavarriaga-Aguirre
- The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Diana Katherine Castillo
- The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Anestis Gkanogiannis
- The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Juan Pablo Arciniegas
- The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Tianhu Sun
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Ralf Welsch
- Faculty of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erick Boy
- HarvestPlus, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Daniel Álvarez
- HarvestPlus, c/o The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
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Ma W, Kang X, Liu P, She K, Zhang Y, Lin X, Li B, Chen Z. The NAC-like transcription factor CsNAC7 positively regulates the caffeine biosynthesis-related gene yhNMT1 in Camellia sinensis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:6498065. [PMID: 35031799 PMCID: PMC8788374 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is an important functional substance and is abundant in tea plant, but little is known about how its biosynthesis is regulated by transcription factors. In this study, the NAC-like transcription factor-encoding gene CsNAC7, which is involved in caffeine synthesis, was isolated from a Yinghong 9 cDNA library using a yeast one-hybrid assay; this gene comprises 1371 bp nucleotides and is predicted to encode 456 amino acids. The expression of CsNAC7 at the transcriptional level in tea shoots shared a similar pattern with that of the caffeine synthase gene yhNMT1 in the spring and summer, and its expressed protein was localized in the nucleus. Assays of gene activity showed that CsNAC7 has self-activation activity in yeast, that the active region is at the N-terminus, and that the transient expression of CsNAC7 could significantly promote the expression of yhNMT1 in tobacco leaves. In addition, overexpression or silencing of CsNAC7 significantly increased or decreased the expression of yhNMT1 and the accumulation of caffeine in transgenic tea calli, respectively. Our data suggest that the isolated transcription factor CsNAC7 positively regulates the caffeine synthase gene yhNMT1 and promotes caffeine accumulation in tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Ma
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Xin Kang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Ping Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Kexin She
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
- Corresponding authors. ,
| | - Zhongzheng Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
- Corresponding authors. ,
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Fabianová J, Andrejiová A, Šlosár M, Hegedűsová A, Benzová L. The effect of soil biostimulant Agriful on the selected quantitative and qualitative parameters of carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.). POTRAVINARSTVO 2021. [DOI: 10.5219/1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The research task was focused on an important type of root vegetable – carrot (Daucus carota L.), cultivar ´Romance F1´ (family: Apiaceae). The main goal was to verify the application of soil biostimulant Agriful (based on humic and fulvic acids) and its impact on the yield potential and quality of carrot roots. Nowadays, it is the common need to intensify and increase crop production because of the growing human population and look for environmentally friendly cultivation methods. In general, biostimulants are biologically based products and their purpose is to stimulate the natural nutritional processes in cultivated crops. In the realized experiment, Agriful (treatment of 5 L/300 L water/ha) was applied twice per vegetation period by spraying over the pivot. The increase of average root weight after the application of Agriful was found, concretely about +4.47% compared to the control variant. The higher root weight after Agriful application resulted in a higher total yield of carrot about +2.84% compared to the control variant. The quality of consumable parts of carrots were evaluated based on the classification of roots into quality classes according to the valid standard for fresh carrot marketing (UNECE FFV-10). In the ´Extra class´, there was an increase in the average yield after the application of Agriful about +5.4%; The average carrot yield in ´Class I´ was decreased about -1.0% and the root ratio in the ´Class II´ decreased about -1.9%. The ratio of ´Non-standard´ carrot roots was lower about -2.5%. Based on evaluating qualitative substance content (total carotenoids, refractometric dry matter), the positive influence of the effect of Agriful application was found. The content of total carotenoids was higher about +8.7% compared to the control variant. The refractometric dry matter was higher about +4.1% compared to the control variant. The obtained results can be used in further research on biostimulants and it is possible to create clear recommendations for using Agriful for small growers. It should be useful to verify these results in another vegetation period for recommendation to large-scale producers of carrots.
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Coe KM, Ellison S, Senalik D, Dawson J, Simon P. The influence of the Or and Carotene Hydroxylase genes on carotenoid accumulation in orange carrots [Daucus carota (L.)]. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:3351-3362. [PMID: 34282485 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Or and CH genes are necessary for the accumulation of high amounts of β-carotene and other carotenoid pigments in carrot roots, in addition to the Y and Y2 genes. Carrot taproot color results from the accumulation of various carotenoid and anthocyanin pigments. Recently, the Or gene was identified as a candidate gene associated with the accumulation of β-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids in roots. The specific molecular mechanisms involved with this process, as well as the interactions between Or and the other genes involved in this process are not well understood. In order to better characterize the effect that Or alleles have on conditioning the accumulation of carotenoids in roots, we analyzed an F3 family fixed homozygous recessive for y and y2, derived from a cross between an orange carrot and a white wild carrot, segregating for the two known Or alleles, which we name Orc and Orw. QTL mapping across three different environments revealed that the accumulation of several carotenoids was associated with the Orc allele, with consistent patterns across environments. A second QTL on chromosome 7, harboring a carotene hydroxylase gene homologous to Lut5 in Arabidopsis, was also associated with the accumulation of several carotenoids. Two alleles for this gene, which we name CHc and CHw, were discovered to be segregating in this population. Our study provides further evidence that Or and CH are likely involved with controlling the accumulation of β-carotene and may be involved with modulating carotenoid flux in carrot, demonstrating that both were important domestication genes in carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Coe
- Department of Horticulture, University of WI - Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
| | - Shelby Ellison
- Department of Horticulture, University of WI - Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
| | - Douglas Senalik
- Department of Horticulture, University of WI - Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
- Vegetable Crop Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture - ARS, Dept. of Horticulture, University of WI - Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
| | - Julie Dawson
- Department of Horticulture, University of WI - Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
| | - Philipp Simon
- Department of Horticulture, University of WI - Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America.
- Vegetable Crop Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture - ARS, Dept. of Horticulture, University of WI - Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America.
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Oleszkiewicz T, Kruczek M, Baranski R. Repression of Carotenoid Accumulation by Nitrogen and NH 4+ Supply in Carrot Callus Cells In Vitro. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1813. [PMID: 34579346 PMCID: PMC8471744 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of mineral nutrition on the accumulation of the main health beneficial compounds in carrots, the carotenoid pigments, remains ambiguous; here, a model-based approach was applied to reveal which compounds are responsible for the variation in carotenoid content in carrot cells in vitro. For this purpose, carotenoid-rich callus was cultured on either BI (modified Gamborg B5) or R (modified Murashige and Skoog MS) mineral media or on modified media obtained by exchanging compounds between BI and R. Callus growing on the BI medium had abundant carotene crystals in the cells and a dark orange color in contrast to pale orange callus with sparse crystals on the R medium. The carotenoid content, determined by HPLC and spectrophotometrically after two months of culture, was 5.3 higher on the BI medium. The replacement of media components revealed that only the N concentration and the NO3:NH4 ratio affected carotenoid accumulation. Either the increase of N amount above 27 mM or decrease of NO3:NH4 ratio below 12 resulted in the repression of carotenoid accumulation. An adverse effect of the increased NH4+ level on callus growth was additionally found. Somatic embryos were formed regardless of the level of N supplied. Changes to other media components, i.e., macroelements other than N, microelements, vitamins, growth regulators, and sucrose had no effect on callus growth and carotenoid accumulation. The results obtained from this model system expand the range of factors, such as N availability, composition of N salts, and ratio of nitrate to ammonium N form, that may affect the regulation of carotenoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Oleszkiewicz
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-425 Krakow, Poland; (M.K.); (R.B.)
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Inhibition of Carotenoid Biosynthesis by CRISPR/Cas9 Triggers Cell Wall Remodelling in Carrot. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126516. [PMID: 34204559 PMCID: PMC8234013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data indicate that modifications to carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in plants alter the expression of genes affecting chemical composition of the cell wall. Phytoene synthase (PSY) is a rate limiting factor of carotenoid biosynthesis and it may exhibit species-specific and organ-specific roles determined by the presence of psy paralogous genes, the importance of which often remains unrevealed. Thus, the aim of this work was to elaborate the roles of two psy paralogs in a model system and to reveal biochemical changes in the cell wall of psy knockout mutants. For this purpose, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR associated (Cas9) proteins (CRISPR/Cas9) vectors were introduced to carotenoid-rich carrot (Daucus carota) callus cells in order to induce mutations in the psy1 and psy2 genes. Gene sequencing, expression analysis, and carotenoid content analysis revealed that the psy2 gene is critical for carotenoid biosynthesis in this model and its knockout blocks carotenogenesis. The psy2 knockout also decreased the expression of the psy1 paralog. Immunohistochemical staining of the psy2 mutant cells showed altered composition of arabinogalactan proteins, pectins, and extensins in the mutant cell walls. In particular, low-methylesterified pectins were abundantly present in the cell walls of carotenoid-rich callus in contrast to the carotenoid-free psy2 mutant. Transmission electron microscopy revealed altered plastid transition to amyloplasts instead of chromoplasts. The results demonstrate for the first time that the inhibited biosynthesis of carotenoids triggers the cell wall remodelling.
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Choi H, Yi T, Ha SH. Diversity of Plastid Types and Their Interconversions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:692024. [PMID: 34220916 PMCID: PMC8248682 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.692024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plastids are pivotal subcellular organelles that have evolved to perform specialized functions in plant cells, including photosynthesis and the production and storage of metabolites. They come in a variety of forms with different characteristics, enabling them to function in a diverse array of organ/tissue/cell-specific developmental processes and with a variety of environmental signals. Here, we have comprehensively reviewed the distinctive roles of plastids and their transition statuses, according to their features. Furthermore, the most recent understanding of their regulatory mechanisms is highlighted at both transcriptional and post-translational levels, with a focus on the greening and non-greening phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sun-Hwa Ha
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
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Sasamoto H, Suzuki S, Mardani-Korrani H, Sasamoto Y, Fujii Y. Allelopathic activities of three carotenoids, neoxanthin, crocin and β-carotene, assayed using protoplast co-culture method with digital image analysis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2021; 38:101-107. [PMID: 34177329 PMCID: PMC8215462 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.1211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathic activities of three carotenoids of a natural pigment group, neoxanthin, crocin and β-carotene, were assayed by the protoplast co-culture method with digital image analysis (DIA-PP method). Effects on three different growth stages of lettuce protoplasts, i.e., cell wall formation, cell division, and yellow pigment accumulation, were investigated using 96-well culture plates. Cell division was inhibited 65-95% by all three carotenoids at 33-100 µM. Inhibition of cell division stage was stronger than at the cell wall formation stage in neoxanthin, and the water-soluble carotenoid, crocin, whose yellow pigment was incorporated into the vacuole of lettuce protoplasts. Neoxanthin at 33 µM and crocin at higher than 100 µM inhibited more than 100% of the yellow pigment accumulation. By contrast, at low concentrations (0.01-1 µM) β-carotene stimulated growth at the cell division stage. At high concentrations of β-carotene (100-500 µM), inhibition was prominent at all three stages, and also in neighboring wells of zero control, which suggested emission of a volatile compound by β-carotene. They were compared with the report of the volatile compound, tulipalin A. Differences in patterns of inhibition of carotenoids on lettuce protoplast growth were compared with reports of another natural pigment, anthocyanin, and anthocyanin-containing red callus cultured in the light, and with that of neoxanthin-containing yellow callus cultured in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamako Sasamoto
- Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Sakae Suzuki
- Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hossein Mardani-Korrani
- Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sasamoto
- Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Fujii
- Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Shi J, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Lin X, Li B, Chen Z. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic strategies to understand the effects of dark stress on tea callus flavonoid biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:549-559. [PMID: 32846390 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid biosynthesis is a crucial secondary metabolism process for tea plants. Its metabolism is affected by multiple environmental factors, especially light. Shade, also known as dark stress (DS), is generally used during cultivation to improve tea quality by influencing the flavonoid accumulation. To explore the molecular mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis under DS, metabolomics and transcriptomics (METR) analyses were performed in tea callus via culturing the plants in vitro using 12 h light/12 h dark cycles (A) or completely dark (B) conditions for 30 days. In total, 161 differential metabolic products (DMPs) and 3592 differential expression genes (DEGs) were identified. The major flavonoids including epicatechin gallate, catechin gallate, gallocatechin-catechin, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and the total of catechin, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin contents were all remarkably down-regulated in tea callus under DS. Meanwhile, 9 genes including CsPAL, Cs4CL, CsCHS, CsFLS, CsDFR, CsANS, CsLAR, CsANR, and CsUFGT determined to be responsible for the flavonoid biosynthesis. In addition, 2 transcription factors (TFs) including CsMYBT1 and CsMYBT2 verified to play key role in regulation the flavonoid biosynthesis. These results helped us further understand the underlying molecular mechanism of flavonoid metabolism in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shi
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhongzheng Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
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12
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Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoid compounds synthesized de novo in all photosynthetic organisms as well as in some nonphotosynthetic bacteria and fungi. In plants, carotenoids are essential for light harvesting and photoprotection. They contribute to the vivid color found in many plant organs. The cleavage of carotenoids produces small molecules (apocarotenoids) that serve as aroma compounds, as well as phytohormones and signals to affect plant growth and development. Since carotenoids provide valuable nutrition and health benefits for humans, understanding of carotenoid biosynthesis, catabolism and storage is important for biofortification of crops with improved nutritional quality. This chapter primarily introduces our current knowledge about carotenoid biosynthesis and degradation pathways as well as carotenoid storage in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhu Sun
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yaakov Tadmor
- Plant Science Institute, Israeli Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Yaar Research Center, Ramat Yishai, Israel
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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13
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Jeong HB, Jang SJ, Kang MY, Kim S, Kwon JK, Kang BC. Candidate Gene Analysis Reveals That the Fruit Color Locus C1 Corresponds to PRR2 in Pepper ( Capsicum frutescens). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:399. [PMID: 32328078 PMCID: PMC7161348 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The diverse fruit colors of peppers (Capsicum spp.) are due to variations in carotenoid composition and content. Mature fruit color in peppers is regulated by three independent loci, C1, C2, and Y. C2 and Y encode phytoene synthase (PSY1) and capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (CCS), respectively; however, the identity of the C1 gene has been unknown. With the aim of identifying C1, we analyzed two pepper accessions with different fruit colors: Capsicum frutescens AC08-045 and AC08-201, whose fruits are light yellow and white, respectively. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography showed that the total carotenoid content was six times higher in AC08-045 than in AC08-201 fruits, with similar composition of main carotenoids and slight difference in minor components. These results suggest that a genetic factor in AC08-201 may down-regulate overall carotenoid biosynthesis. Analyses of candidate genes related to carotenoid biosynthesis and plastid abundance revealed that both accessions carry non-functional alleles of CCS, golden2-like transcription factor (GLK2), and PSY1. However, a nonsense mutation (C2571T) in PRR2, a homolog of Arabidopsis pseudo response regulator2-like (APRR2), was present in only AC08-201. In a population derived from a cross between AC08-045 and AC08-201, a SNP marker based on the nonsense mutation co-segregated fully with fruit color, implying that the mutation in PRR2 may cause the white color of AC08-201 fruits. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of AC08-201 fruit pericarp also showed less developed granum structure in chloroplast and smaller plastoglobule in chromoplast compared to those of AC08-045. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of PRR2 significantly reduced carotenoid accumulation in Capsicum annuum 'Micropep Yellow', which carries non-functional mutations in both PSY1 and CCS. Furthermore, sequence analysis of PSY1, CCS, and PRR2 in other white pepper accessions of C. annuum and Capsicum chinense showed that they commonly have non-functional alleles in PSY1, CCS, and PRR2. Thus, our data demonstrate that the fruit color locus C1 in Capsicum spp. corresponds to the gene PRR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Bong Jeong
- Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Breeding & Genetics, Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - So-Jeong Jang
- Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Breeding & Genetics, Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Young Kang
- Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Breeding & Genetics, Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suna Kim
- Food and Nutrition in Home Economics, Korea National Open University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Kyung Kwon
- Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Breeding & Genetics, Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheorl Kang
- Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Breeding & Genetics, Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Byoung-Cheorl Kang,
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14
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Huang H, Lu C, Ma S, Wang X, Dai S. Different colored Chrysanthemum × morifolium cultivars represent distinct plastid transformation and carotenoid deposit patterns. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1629-1645. [PMID: 31267226 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are the most important pigments determining the color of C. × morifolium; however, it is still unknown whether the changes of plastid ultrastructure affect carotenoids accumulation. In this study, we compared the change of carotenoid composition, content, and the plastid ultrastructures in the different developmental stages of capitulum among fourteen C. × morifolium cultivars from seven color groups. We found that the carotenoids and plastids detected at the early stage of capitulum development were similar in all cultivars, including violaxanthin, lutein, and β-carotene, which were present in proplastids and immature chloroplasts. Immature chloroplasts were degraded completely, forming loosely broken plastids during the development of the capitulum in white and pink cultivars. Meanwhile, a number of lipid vesicles appeared at proplastids, which resulted in only trace amounts of carotenoid accumulation in these cultivars. For yellow, orange, red, and brown cultivars, a great number of chromoplasts were found, which contained diverse ultrastructures, such as plastoglobules, tubules, and lipid droplets; these chromoplasts were derived from proplastids or chloroplasts. Compared with the early stage of capitulum development, these cultivars accumulated large amounts of carotenoids, primarily including lutein, lutein derivatives, and their isomers. In green cultivars, proplastids and immature chloroplasts were completely transformed into mature chloroplasts. These chloroplasts mainly contained violaxanthin, lutein, β-carotene, and two new components, (9Z)-lutein and (9'Z)-lutein, compared with carotenoid components presented in proplastids and immature chloroplasts. This research will be helpful for understanding the mechanisms of carotenoid metabolism of C. × morifolium. Furthermore, we found that two different chromoplast transformation patterns could be present in the same tissue cell, which contributed to the research on plastid differentiation and development in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and rural ecological environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chenfei Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and rural ecological environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Sha Ma
- Chinese Society of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and rural ecological environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Silan Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and rural ecological environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Dudek M, Machalska E, Oleszkiewicz T, Grzebelus E, Baranski R, Szcześniak P, Mlynarski J, Zajac G, Kaczor A, Baranska M. Chiral Amplification in Nature: Studying Cell‐Extracted Chiral Carotenoid Microcrystals via the Resonance Raman Optical Activity of Model Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dudek
- Faculty of ChemistryJagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Cracow Poland
| | - Ewa Machalska
- Faculty of ChemistryJagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Cracow Poland
| | - Tomasz Oleszkiewicz
- Institute of Plant Biology and BiotechnologyFaculty of Biotechnology and HorticultureUniversity of Agriculture in Krakow AL. 29 Listopada 54 31-425 Cracow Poland
| | - Ewa Grzebelus
- Institute of Plant Biology and BiotechnologyFaculty of Biotechnology and HorticultureUniversity of Agriculture in Krakow AL. 29 Listopada 54 31-425 Cracow Poland
| | - Rafal Baranski
- Institute of Plant Biology and BiotechnologyFaculty of Biotechnology and HorticultureUniversity of Agriculture in Krakow AL. 29 Listopada 54 31-425 Cracow Poland
| | - Piotr Szcześniak
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Jacek Mlynarski
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Grzegorz Zajac
- Faculty of ChemistryJagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Cracow Poland
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian University Bobrzynskiego 14 30-348 Cracow Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kaczor
- Faculty of ChemistryJagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Cracow Poland
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian University Bobrzynskiego 14 30-348 Cracow Poland
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Faculty of ChemistryJagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Cracow Poland
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian University Bobrzynskiego 14 30-348 Cracow Poland
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16
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Dudek M, Machalska E, Oleszkiewicz T, Grzebelus E, Baranski R, Szcześniak P, Mlynarski J, Zajac G, Kaczor A, Baranska M. Chiral Amplification in Nature: Studying Cell-Extracted Chiral Carotenoid Microcrystals via the Resonance Raman Optical Activity of Model Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8383-8388. [PMID: 30974037 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoid microcrystals, extracted from cells of carrot roots and consisting of 95 % of achiral β-carotene, exhibit a very intense chiroptical (ECD and ROA) signal. The preferential chirality of crystalline aggregates that consist mostly of achiral building blocks is a newly observed phenomenon in nature, and may be related to asymmetric information transfer from the chiral seeds (small amount of α-carotene or lutein) present in carrot cells. To confirm this hypothesis, we synthesized several model aggregates from various achiral and chiral carotenoids. Because of the sergeant-and-soldier behavior, a small number of chiral sergeants (α-carotene or astaxanthin) force the achiral soldier molecules (β- or 11,11'-[D2 ]-β-carotene) to jointly form supramolecular assemblies of induced chirality. The chiral amplification observed in these model systems confirmed that chiral microcrystals appearing in nature might consist predominantly of achiral building blocks and their supramolecular chirality might result from the co-crystallization of chiral and achiral analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dudek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Ewa Machalska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Oleszkiewicz
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, AL. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425, Cracow, Poland
| | - Ewa Grzebelus
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, AL. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425, Cracow, Poland
| | - Rafal Baranski
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, AL. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425, Cracow, Poland
| | - Piotr Szcześniak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Mlynarski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Zajac
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Cracow, Poland.,Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kaczor
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Cracow, Poland.,Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Cracow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Cracow, Poland.,Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Cracow, Poland
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17
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Wurtzel ET. Changing Form and Function through Carotenoids and Synthetic Biology. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:830-843. [PMID: 30361256 PMCID: PMC6393808 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The diverse structures and multifaceted roles of carotenoids make these colorful pigments attractive targets for synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanore T Wurtzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, Bronx, New York 10468
- The Graduate School and University Center-CUNY, New York, New York 10016-4309
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