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Solovchenko A, Lobakova E, Semenov A, Gorelova O, Fedorenko T, Chivkunova O, Parshina E, Maksimov G, Sluchanko NN, Maksimov E. Multimodal non-invasive probing of stress-induced carotenogenesis in the cells of microalga Bracteacoccus aggregatus. PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:1051-1071. [PMID: 38703269 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Microalgae are the richest source of natural carotenoids-accessory photosynthetic pigments used as natural antioxidants, safe colorants, and nutraceuticals. Microalga Bracteacoccus aggregatus IPPAS C-2045 responds to stresses, including high light, with carotenogenesis-gross accumulation of secondary carotenoids (the carotenoids structurally and energetically uncoupled from photosynthesis). Precise mechanisms of cytoplasmic transport and subcellular distribution of the secondary carotenoids under stress are still unknown. Using multimodal imaging combining micro-Raman imaging (MRI), fluorescent lifetime (τ) imaging (FLIM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we monitored ultrastructural and biochemical rearrangements of B. aggregatus cells during the stress-induced carotenogenesis. MRI revealed a decline in the diversity of molecular surrounding of the carotenoids in the cells compatible with the relocation of the bulk of the carotenoids in the cell from functionally and structurally heterogeneous photosynthetic apparatus to the more homogenous lipid matrix of the oleosomes. Two-photon FLIM highlighted the pigment transformation in the cell during the stress-induced carotenogenesis. The structures co-localized with the carotenoids with shorter τ (mainly chloroplast) shrunk, whereas the structures harboring secondary carotenoids with longer τ (mainly oleosomes) expanded. These changes were in line with the ultrastructural data (TEM). Fluorescence of B. aggregatus carotenoids, either in situ or in acetone extracts, possessed a surprisingly long lifetime. We hypothesize that the extension of τ of the carotenoids is due to their aggregation and/or association with lipids and proteins. The propagation of the carotenoids with prolonged τ is considered to be a manifestation of the secondary carotenogenesis suitable for its non-invasive monitoring with multimodal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Solovchenko
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
| | - Elena Lobakova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Alexey Semenov
- Laboratory of Physics and Chemistry of Biological Membranes, Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Olga Gorelova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Tatiana Fedorenko
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Olga Chivkunova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Evgenia Parshina
- Department of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Georgy Maksimov
- Department of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Nikolai N Sluchanko
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Av. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Eugene Maksimov
- Laboratory of Physics and Chemistry of Biological Membranes, Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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2
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Rearte TA, Celis-Pla PSM, Abdala-Díaz R, Castro-Varela P, Marsili SN, García C, Cerón-García MC, Figueroa FL. Increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoid accumulation in the microalga Golenkinia brevispicula (Chlorophyceae) by manipulating spectral irradiance and salinity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024. [PMID: 39183489 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Microalgal biotechnology offers a promising platform for the sustainable production of diverse renewable bioactive compounds. The key distinction from other microbial bioprocesses lies in the critical role that light plays in cultures, as it serves as a source of environmental information to control metabolic processes. Therefore, we can use these criteria to design a bioprocess that aims to stimulate the accumulation of target molecules by controlling light exposure. We study the effect on biochemical and photobiological responses of Golenkinia brevispicula FAUBA-3 to the exposition of different spectral irradiances (specifically, high-fluence PAR of narrow yellow spectrum complemented with low intensity of monochromatic radiations of red, blue, and UV-A) under prestress and salinity stress conditions. High light (HL) intensity coupled to salinity stress affected the photosynthetic activity and photoprotection mechanisms as shown by maximal quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQmax) reduction, respectively. HL treatments combined with the proper dose of UV-A radiation under salinity stress induced the highest carotenoid content (2.75 mg g dry weight [DW]- 1) composed mainly of lutein and β-carotene, and the highest lipid accumulation (35.3% DW) with the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid content (alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) and linoleic acid (C18:2)). Our study can guide the strategies for commercial indoor production of G. brevispicula for high-value metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Rearte
- Cátedra de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P S M Celis-Pla
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Research (LACER)/HUB-AMBIENTAL UPLA, Playa Ancha University, Valparaíso, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias y Geografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - R Abdala-Díaz
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Centro Experimental Grice Hutchinson, Málaga, Spain
| | - P Castro-Varela
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - S N Marsili
- Cátedra de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C García
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - M C Cerón-García
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - F L Figueroa
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Centro Experimental Grice Hutchinson, Málaga, Spain
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3
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Morelli L, Perez-Colao P, Reig-Lopez D, Di X, Llorente B, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Boosting pro-vitamin A content and bioaccessibility in leaves by combining engineered biosynthesis and storage pathways with high-light treatments. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39121193 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
Biofortification of green leafy vegetables with pro-vitamin A carotenoids, such as β-carotene, has remained challenging to date. Here, we combined two strategies to achieve this goal. One of them involves producing β-carotene in the cytosol of leaf cells to avoid the negative impacts on photosynthesis derived from changing the balance of carotenoids and chlorophylls in chloroplasts. The second approach involves the conversion of chloroplasts into non-photosynthetic, carotenoid-overaccumulating chromoplasts in leaves agroinfiltrated or infected with constructs encoding the bacterial phytoene synthase crtB, leaving other non-engineered leaves of the plant to sustain normal growth. A combination of these two strategies, referred to as strategy C (for cytosolic production) and strategy P (for plastid conversion mediated by crtB), resulted in a 5-fold increase in the amount of β-carotene in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Following several attempts to further improve β-carotene leaf contents by metabolic engineering, hormone treatments and genetic screenings, it was found that promoting the proliferation of plastoglobules with increased light-intensity treatments not only improved β-carotene accumulation but it also resulted in a much higher bioaccessibility. The combination of strategies C and P together with a more intense light treatment increased the levels of accessible β-carotene 30-fold compared to controls. We further demonstrated that stimulating plastoglobule proliferation with strategy P, but also with a higher-light treatment alone, also improved β-carotene contents and bioaccessibility in edible lettuce (Lactuca sativa) leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Morelli
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Pablo Perez-Colao
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Diego Reig-Lopez
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Xueni Di
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Briardo Llorente
- ARC Center of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Australian Genome Foundry, and School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
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4
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Wang M, Song X, Wen Y, Zhong M, Zhang W, Luo C, Zhang Q. The wavelength dependence of oxygen-evolving complex inactivation in Zosteramarina. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 212:108739. [PMID: 38772168 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Zostera marina, a critical keystone marine angiosperm species in coastal seagrass meadows, possesses a photosensitive oxygen evolving complex (OEC). In harsh environments, the photoinactivation of the Z. marina OEC may lead to population declines. However, the factors underlying this photosensitivity remain unclear. Therefore, this study was undertaken to elucidate the elements contributing to Z. marina OEC photosensitivity. Our results demonstrated a gradual decrease in photosystem II performance towards shorter wavelengths, especially blue light and ultraviolet radiation. This phenomenon was characterized by a reduction in Fv/Fm and the rate of O2 evolution, as well as increased fluorescence at 0.3 ms on the OJIP curve. Furthermore, exposure to shorter light wavelengths and longer exposure durations significantly reduced the relative abundance of the OEC peripheral proteins, indicating OEC inactivation. Analyses of light-screening substances revealed that carotenoids, which increased most notably under 420 nm light, might primarily serve as thermal dissipators instead of efficient light filters. In contrast, anthocyanins reacted least to short-wavelength light, in terms of changes to both their content and the expression of genes related to their biosynthesis. Additionally, the levels of aromatically acylated anthocyanins remained consistent across blue-, white-, and red-light treatments. These findings suggest that OEC photoinactivation in Z. marina may be linked to inadequate protection against short-wavelength light, a consequence of insufficient synthesis and aromatic acylation modification of anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Wang
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - XiuKai Song
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Yantai, 264006, PR China
| | - Yun Wen
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Mingyu Zhong
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Chengying Luo
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
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5
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Camarena-Bernard C, Pozzobon V. Evolving perspectives on lutein production from microalgae - A focus on productivity and heterotrophic culture. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 73:108375. [PMID: 38762164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Increased consumer awareness for healthier and more sustainable products has driven the search for naturally sourced compounds as substitutes for chemically synthesized counterparts. Research on pigments of natural origin, such as carotenoids, particularly lutein, has been increasing for over three decades. Lutein is recognized for its antioxidant and photoprotective activity. Its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier allows it to act at the eye and brain level and has been linked to benefits for vision, cognitive function and other conditions. While marigold flower is positioned as the only crop from which lutein is extracted from and commercialized, microalgae are proposed as an alternative with several advantages over this terrestrial crop. The main barrier to scaling up lutein production from microalgae to the commercial level is the low productivity compared to the high costs. This review explores strategies to enhance lutein production in microalgae by emphasizing the overall productivity over lutein content alone. Evaluation of how culture parameters, such as light quality, nitrogen sufficiency, temperature and even stress factors, affect lutein content and biomass development in batch phototrophic cultures was performed. Overall, the total lutein production remains low under this metabolic regime due to the low biomass productivity of photosynthetic batch cultures. For this reason, we describe findings on microalgal cultures grown under different metabolic regimes and culture protocols (fed-batch, pulse-feed, semi-batch, semi-continuous, continuous). After a careful literature examination, two-step heterotrophic or mixotrophic cultivation strategies are suggested to surpass the lutein productivity achieved in single-step photosynthetic cultures. Furthermore, this review highlights the urgent need to develop technical feasibility studies at a pilot scale for these cultivation strategies, which will strengthen the necessary techno-economic analyses to drive their commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristobal Camarena-Bernard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), 3 rue des Rouges Terres 51110 Pomacle, France; Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Occidente (ITESO), 45604 Tlaquepaque, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Victor Pozzobon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), 3 rue des Rouges Terres 51110 Pomacle, France
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6
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Kayani SI, -Rahman SU, Shen Q, Cui Y, Liu W, Hu X, Zhu F, Huo S. Molecular approaches to enhance astaxanthin biosynthesis; future outlook: engineering of transcription factors in Haematococcus pluvialis. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:514-529. [PMID: 37380353 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2208284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are the preferred species for producing astaxanthin because they pose a low toxicity risk than chemical synthesis. Astaxanthin has multiple health benefits and is being used in: medicines, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and functional foods. Haematococcus pluvialis is a model microalga for astaxanthin biosynthesis; however, its natural astaxanthin content is low. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods to improve the biosynthesis of astaxanthin to meet industrial demands, making its commercialization cost-effective. Several strategies related to cultivation conditions are employed to enhance the biosynthesis of astaxanthin in H. pluvialis. However, the mechanism of its regulation by transcription factors is unknown. For the first time, this study critically reviewed the studies on identifying transcription factors, progress in H. pluvialis genetic transformation, and use of phytohormones that increase the gene expression related to astaxanthin biosynthesis. In addition, we propose future approaches, including (i) Cloning and characterization of transcription factors, (ii) Transcriptional engineering through overexpression of positive regulators or downregulation/silencing of negative regulators, (iii) Gene editing for enrichment or deletion of transcription factors binding sites, (iv) Hormonal modulation of transcription factors. This review provides considerable knowledge about the molecular regulation of astaxanthin biosynthesis and the existing research gap. Besides, it provides the basis for transcription factors mediated metabolic engineering of astaxanthin biosynthesis in H. pluvialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf-Ilyas Kayani
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Saeed-Ur -Rahman
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Xinjuan Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feifei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shuhao Huo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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7
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Kim M, Kim J, Lee S, Khanh N, Li Z, Polle JEW, Jin E. Deciphering the β-carotene hyperaccumulation in Dunaliella by the comprehensive analysis of Dunaliella salina and Dunaliella tertiolecta under high light conditions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:213-229. [PMID: 37727131 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The green microalga Dunaliella salina hyperaccumulates β-carotene in the chloroplast, which turns its cells orange. This does not occur in the sister species Dunaliella tertiolecta. However, the molecular mechanisms of β-carotene hyperaccumulation were still unclear. Here, we discovered the reasons for β-carotene hyperaccumulation by comparing the morphology, physiology, genome, and transcriptome between the carotenogenic D. salina and the noncarotenogenic D. tertiolecta after transfer to high light. The differences in photosynthetic capacity, cell growth, and the concentration of stored carbon suggest that these species regulate the supply and utilization of carbon differently. The number of β-carotene-containing plastid lipid globules increased in both species, but much faster and to a greater extent in D. salina than in D. tertiolecta. Consistent with the accumulation of plastid lipid globules, the expression of the methyl-erythritol-phosphate and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways increased only in D. salina, which explains the de novo synthesis of β-carotene. In D. salina, the concomitantly upregulated expression of the carotene globule proteins suggests that hyperaccumulation of β-carotene also requires a simultaneous increase in its sink capacity. Based on genomic analysis, we propose that D. salina has genetic advantages for routing carbon from growth to carotenoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjae Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongrae Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmuk Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Khanh
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhun Li
- Biological Resource Center/Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Juergen E W Polle
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, New York, Brooklyn, USA
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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8
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Tamaki S, Shinomura T, Mochida K. Illuminating the diversity of carotenoids in microalgal eyespots and phototaxis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2257348. [PMID: 37724547 PMCID: PMC10512927 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2257348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms biosynthesize various carotenoids, a group of light-absorbing isoprenoid pigments that have key functions in photosynthesis, photoprotection, and phototaxis. Microalgae, in particular, contain diverse carotenoids and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways as a consequence of the various endosymbiotic events in their evolutionary history. Carotenoids such as astaxanthin, diadinoxanthin, and fucoxanthin are unique to algae. In microalgae, carotenoids are concentrated in the eyespot, a pigmented organelle that is important for phototaxis. A wide range of microalgae, including chlorophytes, euglenophytes, ochrophytes, and haptophytes, have an eyespot. In the chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, carotenoid layers in the eyespot reflect light to amplify the photosignal and shield photoreceptors from light, thereby enabling precise phototaxis. Our recent research revealed that, in contrast to the β-carotene-rich eyespot of C. reinhardtii, the euglenophyte Euglena gracilis relies on zeaxanthin for stable eyespot formation and phototaxis. In this review, we highlight recent advancements in the study of eyespot carotenoids and phototaxis in these microalgae, placing special emphasis on the diversity of carotenoid-dependent visual systems among microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Tamaki
- Bioproductivity Informatics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shinomura
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Keiichi Mochida
- Bioproductivity Informatics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Microalgae Resource Upcycling Research Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, Yokohama, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
- School of Information and Data Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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9
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Cutolo EA, Caferri R, Campitiello R, Cutolo M. The Clinical Promise of Microalgae in Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Natural Compounds to Recombinant Therapeutics. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:630. [PMID: 38132951 PMCID: PMC10745133 DOI: 10.3390/md21120630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an invalidating chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by joint inflammation and progressive bone damage. Dietary intervention is an important component in the treatment of RA to mitigate oxidative stress, a major pathogenic driver of the disease. Alongside traditional sources of antioxidants, microalgae-a diverse group of photosynthetic prokaryotes and eukaryotes-are emerging as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory food supplements. Several species accumulate therapeutic metabolites-mainly lipids and pigments-which interfere in the pro-inflammatory pathways involved in RA and other chronic inflammatory conditions. The advancement of the clinical uses of microalgae requires the continuous exploration of phytoplankton biodiversity and chemodiversity, followed by the domestication of wild strains into reliable producers of said metabolites. In addition, the tractability of microalgal genomes offers unprecedented possibilities to establish photosynthetic microbes as light-driven biofactories of heterologous immunotherapeutics. Here, we review the evidence-based anti-inflammatory mechanisms of microalgal metabolites and provide a detailed coverage of the genetic engineering strategies to enhance the yields of endogenous compounds and to develop innovative bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Andrea Cutolo
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Roberto Caferri
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Rosanna Campitiello
- Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (R.C.)
| | - Maurizio Cutolo
- Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (R.C.)
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10
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Liang MH, Li XY. Involvement of Transcription Factors and Regulatory Proteins in the Regulation of Carotenoid Accumulation in Plants and Algae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18660-18673. [PMID: 38053506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential for photosynthesis and photoprotection in photosynthetic organisms, which are widely used in food coloring, feed additives, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Carotenoid biofortification in crop plants or algae has been considered as a sustainable strategy to improve human nutrition and health. However, the regulatory mechanisms of carotenoid accumulation are still not systematic and particularly scarce in algae. This article focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of carotenoid accumulation in plants and algae through regulatory factors (transcription factors and regulatory proteins), demonstrating the complexity of homeostasis regulation of carotenoids, mainly including transcriptional regulation as the primary mechanism, subsequent post-translational regulation, and cross-linking with other metabolic processes. Different organs of plants and different plant/algal species usually have specific regulatory mechanisms for the biosynthesis, storage, and degradation of carotenoids in response to the environmental and developmental signals. In plants and algae, regulators such as MYB, bHLH, MADS, bZIP, AP2/ERF, WRKY, and orange proteins can be involved in the regulation of carotenoid metabolism. And many more regulators, regulatory networks, and mechanisms need to be explored. Our paper will provide a basis for multitarget or multipathway engineering for carotenoid biofortification in plants and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xian-Yi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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Pan M, Wang Y, Krömer JO, Zhu X, Lin MKTH, Angelidaki I. A Coculture of Photoautotrophs and Hydrolytic Heterotrophs Enables Efficient Upcycling of Starch from Wastewater toward Biomass-Derived Products: Synergistic Interactions Impacting Metabolism of the Consortium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15523-15532. [PMID: 37792456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Even with particular interest in sustainable development, due to the limited types of bioavailable carbon sources that could support heterotrophic/mixotrophic growth, microalgae-derived products still suffer from inconsistent yield and high costs. This study demonstrates a successful cocultivation of the photoautotroph Chlorella vulgaris with a hydrolytic-enzyme-abundant heterotroph, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, enabling efficient starch upcycling from water/wastewater toward enhancing microalgae-dominant biomass and lipid production. The enzymatic activities of S. fibuligera contributed to the hydrolysis of starch into glucose, generating a 7-fold higher biomass through mixotrophic/heterotrophic growth of C. vulgaris. Further, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and quantitative analysis suggested a significantly induced accumulation of lipids in C. vulgaris. Results of meta-transcriptomics revealed the critical regulatory role of illumination in interaction shifting. Gene expression for glycolysis and lipid biosynthesis of C. vulgaris were highly activated during dark periods. Meanwhile, during illumination periods, genes coding for glucoamylase and the sulfur-related activities in S. fibuligera were significantly upregulated, leading to induced starch hydrolysis and potential increased competition for sulfur utilization, respectively. This study indicates that hydrolytic organisms could collaborate to make starch bioavailable for nonhydrolytic microalgae, thus broadening the substrate spectrum and making starch a novel biotechnological feedstock for microalgae-derived products, e.g., biofuels or single-cell protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Pan
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Leipzig 04318, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2899, Denmark
| | - Yiru Wang
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Jens O Krömer
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2899, Denmark
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Marie Karen Tracy Hong Lin
- National Center for Nanofabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2899, Denmark
| | - Irini Angelidaki
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2899, Denmark
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12
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Solovchenko A. Seeing good and bad: Optical sensing of microalgal culture condition. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2023.103071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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13
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Aburai N, Onda T, Fujii K. Carotenogenesis and carotenoid esterification in biofilms of the microalga Coelastrella rubescens KGU-Y002 in the aerial phase. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Seth K, Kumawat G, Vyas P, Harish. The structure and functional mechanism of eyespot in Chlamydomonas. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:1169-1178. [PMID: 35778815 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Light plays a crucial role in photosynthesis, photoperiodism, and photomorphogenesis. Algae have a specialized visual system to perceive the light signal known as eyespot. A typical eyespot is an orange-colored, membranous structure packed with pigmented granules. In algae, the eyespot membrane bears a specialized type of photoreceptors, which shows similarity with animal rhodopsin photoreceptors. This light-sensing receptor is responsible for the photo-mobility response known as phototaxis. In this, light acts as a signal for onset and cascade of downstream signal transduction pathway leading to a conformational change in photoreceptor. This induces the continuous influx of calcium ions through the opening of calcium ion channels leading to membrane depolarization, and beating of flagella which is responsible for phototaxis. Mutational studies have assisted the discovery of eyespot genes, which are involved in eyespot development, assembly, size control, and functioning in Chlamydomonas. These genes belong to photoreceptors (cop1-12, acry, pcry, cry-dash1, cry-dash2, phot, uvr8), eyeless mutants (eye2, eye3), miniature-eyespot mutants (min1, min2), multiple eyespot mutants (mlt1, mlt2). This review discusses the structural biology of eyespots with special reference to Chlamydomonas, molecular insights, related genes, and proteins responsible for its proper functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Seth
- Department of Botany, Govt. Science College, Pardi Valsad, Gujarat, India
| | - Geetanjali Kumawat
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pallavi Vyas
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Harish
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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15
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Patil PP, Vass I, Szabó M. Characterization of the Wave Phenomenon in Flash-Induced Fluorescence Relaxation and Its Application to Study Cyclic Electron Pathways in Microalgae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4927. [PMID: 35563318 PMCID: PMC9103854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a series of redox reactions, in which several electron transport processes operate to provide the energetic balance of light harvesting. In addition to linear electron flow, which ensures the basic functions of photosynthetic productivity and carbon fixation, alternative electron transport pathways operate, such as the cyclic electron flow (CEF), which play a role in the fine tuning of photosynthesis and balancing the ATP/NADPH ratio under stress conditions. In this work, we characterized the electron transport processes in microalgae species that have high relevance in applied research and industry (e.g., Chlorella sorokiniana, Haematococcus pluvialis, Dunaliella salina, Nannochloropsis sp.) by using flash-induced fluorescence relaxation kinetics. We found that a wave phenomenon appeared in the fluorescence relaxation profiles of microalgae to different extents; it was remarkable in the red cells of H. pluvialis, D. salina and C. sorokiniana, but it was absent in green cells of H. pluvialis and N. limnetica. Furthermore, in microalgae, unlike in cyanobacteria, the appearance of the wave required the partial decrease in the activity of Photosystem II, because the relatively high Photosystem II/Photosystem I ratio in microalgae prevented the enhanced oxidation of the plastoquinone pool. The wave phenomenon was shown to be related to the antimycin A-sensitive pathway of CEF in C. sorokiniana but not in other species. Therefore, the fluorescence wave phenomenon appears to be a species-specific indicator of the redox reactions of the plastoquinone pool and certain pathways of cyclic electron flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Pradeep Patil
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Imre Vass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Milán Szabó
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary;
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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16
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Wang X, Meng C, Zhang H, Xing W, Cao K, Zhu B, Zhang C, Sun F, Gao Z. Transcriptomic and Proteomic Characterizations of the Molecular Response to Blue Light and Salicylic Acid in Haematococcus pluvialis. Mar Drugs 2021; 20:md20010001. [PMID: 35049856 PMCID: PMC8780009 DOI: 10.3390/md20010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates a large amount of astaxanthin under various stresses, e.g., blue light and salicylic acid (SA). However, the metabolic response of H. pluvialis to blue light and SA is still unclear. We investigate the effects of blue light and SA on the metabolic response in H. pluvialis using both transcriptomic and proteomic sequencing analyses. The largest numbers of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs; 324) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 13,555) were identified on day 2 and day 7 of the treatment with blue light irradiation (150 μmol photons m−2s−1), respectively. With the addition of SA (2.5 mg/L), a total of 63 DEPs and 11,638 DEGs were revealed on day 2 and day 7, respectively. We further analyzed the molecular response in five metabolic pathways related to astaxanthin synthesis, including the astaxanthin synthesis pathway, the fatty acid synthesis pathway, the heme synthesis pathway, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) clearance pathway, and the cell wall biosynthesis pathway. Results show that blue light causes a significant down-regulation of the expression of key genes involved in astaxanthin synthesis and significantly increases the expression of heme oxygenase, which shows decreased expression by the treatment with SA. Our study provides novel insights into the production of astaxanthin by H. pluvialis treated with blue light and SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (X.W.); (C.M.); (W.X.); (K.C.); (B.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chunxiao Meng
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (X.W.); (C.M.); (W.X.); (K.C.); (B.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China;
| | - Wei Xing
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (X.W.); (C.M.); (W.X.); (K.C.); (B.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Kai Cao
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (X.W.); (C.M.); (W.X.); (K.C.); (B.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Bingkui Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (X.W.); (C.M.); (W.X.); (K.C.); (B.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chengsong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (X.W.); (C.M.); (W.X.); (K.C.); (B.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Fengjie Sun
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhengquan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China;
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (Z.G.)
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17
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Chen HH, He YJ, Liang MH, Yan B, Jiang JG. The expression pattern of β-carotene ketolase gene restricts the accumulation of astaxanthin in Dunaliella under salt stress. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:1607-1616. [PMID: 34812495 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dunaliella salina can accumulate a large amount of β-carotene which is generally considered to be its terminal product of carotenoid metabolism. In this study, it was proved that D. salina has the ketolase (DsBKT) of catalyzing the synthesis of astaxanthin, the downstream products of β-carotene. Therefore, the reason why D. salina does not synthesize astaxanthin is the purpose of this study. The enzymatic activity of DsBKT was detected by functional complementation assays in Escherichia coli, results showed that DsBKT had efficient ketolase activity toward β-carotene and zeaxanthin to produce astaxanthin, indicating that there were complete astaxanthin-producing genes in Dunaliella. Unlike the induced expression of Lycopene cyclase (catalyzing β-carotene synthesis) under salt stress, the expression of DsBKT was very low under both normal and stress conditions, which may be the main reason why D. salina cannot accumulate astaxanthin. On the contrary, with the astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis as a control, its BKT gene was significantly upregulated under salt stress. Further study showed that DsBKT promoter had strong promoter ability and could stably drive the expression of ble-egfp in D. salina. Obviously, DsBKT promoter is not the reason of DsBKT not being expressed which may be caused by Noncoding RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Hong Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Jing He
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Hua Liang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Beihai, China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Beihai, China
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18
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Gao F, Nan F, Feng J, Lv J, Liu Q, Liu X, Xie S. Comparative morphological, physiological, biochemical and genomic studies reveal novel genes of Dunaliella bioculata and D. quartolecta in response to salt stress. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1749-1761. [PMID: 34813000 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06984-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salinity is an essential abiotic stress in plants. Dunaliella is a genus of high-salt-tolerant microalgae. The present study aimed to compare the characterizations of D. bioculata and D. quartolecta at different levels and investigate novel genes response to salt stress. METHODS AND RESULTS High chlorophyll contents were detected in D. bioculata on the 35th d of salt stress, while high lipid and carotenoid contents were detected in D. quartolecta via morphological and biochemical analyses. Physiological analysis showed that D. quartolecta cells had a smaller increase in osmotic potential, a smaller decrease in the Na+/K+ ratio and photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and a lower relative conductivity than D. bioculata cells. The genomic lengths of D. quartolecta and D. bioculata were 396,013,629 bp (scaffold N50 = 1954 bp) and 427,667,563 bp (scaffold N50 = 3093 bp) via high-throughput sequencing and de novo assembly, respectively. Altogether, 25,751 and 26,620 genes were predicted in their genomes by annotation analysis with various biodatabases. The D. bioculata genome showed more segmental duplication events via collinearity analysis. More single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion-deletion variants were detected in the D. bioculata genome. Both algae, which showed a close phylogenetic relationship, may undergo positive selection via bioinformatics analysis. A total of 382 and 85 novel genes were screened in D. bioculata and D. quartolecta, with 138 and 51 enriched KEGG pathways, respectively. Unlike the novel genes adh1, hprA and serA, the relative expression of livF and phbB in D. bioculata was markedly downregulated as salinity increased, as determined by qPCR analysis. The relative expression of leuB, asd, pstC and proA in D. quartolecta was markedly upregulated with the same salinity increase. CONCLUSION Dunaliella quartolecta is more halophilic than D. bioculata, with more effective responses to high salt stress based on the multiphase comparative data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Gao
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Fangru Nan
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Jia Feng
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Junping Lv
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Shulian Xie
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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19
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Hu Q, Song M, Huang D, Hu Z, Wu Y, Wang C. Haematococcus pluvialis Accumulated Lipid and Astaxanthin in a Moderate and Sustainable Way by the Self-Protection Mechanism of Salicylic Acid Under Sodium Acetate Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:763742. [PMID: 34868161 PMCID: PMC8639525 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.763742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanism underlying increased fatty acid and astaxanthin accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis, transcriptome analysis was performed to gain insights into the multiple defensive systems elicited by salicylic acid combined with sodium acetate (SAHS) stresses with a time course. Totally, 112,886 unigenes and 61,323 non-repeat genes were identified, and genes involved in carbon metabolism, primary and secondary metabolism, and immune system responses were identified. The results revealed that SA and NaAC provide both energy and precursors to improve cell growth of H. pluvialis and enhance carbon assimilation, astaxanthin, and fatty acids production in this microalga with an effective mechanism. Interestingly, SA was considered to play an important role in lowering transcriptional activity of the fatty acid and astaxanthin biosynthesis genes through self-protection metabolism in H. pluvialis, leading to its adaption to HS stress and finally avoiding massive cell death. Moreover, positive correlations between 15 key genes involved in astaxanthin and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways were found, revealing cooperative relation between these pathways at the transcription level. These results not only enriched our knowledge of the astaxanthin accumulation mechanism in H. pluvialis but also provided a new view on increasing astaxanthin production in H. pluvialis by a moderate and sustainable way in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunju Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Marine Resources Big Data Center of South China Sea, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Mingjian Song
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Danqiong Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chaogang Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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20
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Wang C, Wang K, Ning J, Luo Q, Yang Y, Huang D, Li H. Transcription Factors From Haematococcus pluvialis Involved in the Regulation of Astaxanthin Biosynthesis Under High Light-Sodium Acetate Stress. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:650178. [PMID: 34760875 PMCID: PMC8573195 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.650178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis attracts attention for its ability to accumulate astaxanthin up to its 4% dry weight under stress conditions, such as high light, salt stress, and nitrogen starvation. Previous researches indicated that the regulation of astaxanthin synthesis might happen at the transcriptional level. However, the transcription regulatory mechanism of astaxanthin synthesis is still unknown in H. pluvialis. Lacking studies on transcription factors (TFs) further hindered from discovering this mechanism. Hence, the transcriptome analysis of H. pluvialis under the high light-sodium acetate stress for 1.5 h was performed in this study, aiming to discover TFs and the regulation on astaxanthin synthesis. In total, 83,869 unigenes were obtained and annotated based on seven databases, including NR, NT, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Orthology, SwissProt, Pfam, Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups, and Gene Ontology. Moreover, 476 TFs belonging to 52 families were annotated by blasting against the PlantTFDB database. By comparing with the control group, 4,367 differentially expressed genes composing of 2,050 upregulated unigenes and 2,317 downregulated unigenes were identified. Most of them were involved in metabolic process, catalytic activity, single-organism process, single-organism cellular process, and single-organism metabolic process. Among them, 28 upregulated TFs and 41 downregulated TFs belonging to 27 TF families were found. The transcription analysis showed that TFs had different transcription modules responding to the high light and sodium acetate stress. Interestingly, six TFs belonging to MYB, MYB_related, NF-YC, Nin-like, and C3H families were found to be involved in the transcription regulation of 27 astaxanthin synthesis-related genes according to the regulatory network. Moreover, these TFs might affect astaxanthin synthesis by directly regulating CrtO, showing that CrtO was the hub gene in astaxanthin synthesis. The present study provided new insight into a global view of TFs and their correlations to astaxanthin synthesis in H. pluvialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaogang Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kunpeng Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingjing Ning
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiulan Luo
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Danqiong Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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21
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Xie Y, Chen S, Xiong X. Metabolic Engineering of Non-carotenoid-Producing Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica for the Biosynthesis of Zeaxanthin. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:699235. [PMID: 34690947 PMCID: PMC8529107 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.699235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zeaxanthin is vital to human health; thus, its production has received much attention, and it is also an essential precursor for the biosynthesis of other critical carotenoids such as astaxanthin and crocetin. Yarrowia lipolytica is one of the most intensively studied non-conventional yeasts and has been genetically engineered as a cell factory to produce carotenoids such as lycopene and β-carotene. However, zeaxanthin production by Y. lipolytica has not been well investigated. To fill this gap, β-carotene biosynthesis pathway has been first constructed in this study by the expression of genes, including crtE, crtB, crtI, and carRP. Three crtZ genes encoding β-carotene hydroxylase from different organisms were individually introduced into β-carotene-producing Y. lipolytica to evaluate their performance for producing zeaxanthin. The expression of crtZ from the bacterium Pantoea ananatis (formerly Erwinia uredovora, Eu-crtZ) resulted in the highest zeaxanthin titer and content on the basis of dry cell weight (DCW). After verifying the function of Eu-crtZ for producing zeaxanthin, the high-copy-number integration into the ribosomal DNA of Y. lipolytica led to a 4.02-fold increase in the titer of zeaxanthin and a 721% increase in the content of zeaxanthin. The highest zeaxanthin titer achieved 21.98 ± 1.80 mg/L by the strain grown on a yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD)-rich medium. In contrast, the highest content of DCW reached 3.20 ± 0.11 mg/g using a synthetic yeast nitrogen base (YNB) medium to culture the cells. Over 18.0 g/L of citric acid was detected in the supernatant of the YPD medium at the end of cultivation. Furthermore, the zeaxanthin-producing strains still accumulated a large amount of lycopene and β-carotene. The results demonstrated the potential of a cell factory for zeaxanthin biosynthesis and opened up an avenue to engineer this host for the overproduction of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaochao Xiong
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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22
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Examination of Photo-, Mixo-, and Heterotrophic Cultivation Conditions on Haematococcus pluvialis Cyst Cell Germination. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11167201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis is used for the biotechnological production of astaxanthin. The red carotenoid accumulates in the cytoplasm under unfavorable conditions. Astaxanthin synthesis is associated with the transformation of motile vegetative cells into non-motile cyst cells. In the industrial process, after harvesting, the cyst cells are mechanically disrupted, dried, and finally, astaxanthin is extracted with supercritical CO2. The germination of the cyst cells represents an interesting alternative, replacing the mechanical cyst cell wall disruption. When cyst cells are exposed to favorable growth conditions, germination of the cyst cells occurs and zoospores are released after a certain time. These zoospores show a much weaker cell matrix compared to cyst cells. In this study, germination under phototrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic conditions was examined. Glucose was used as the carbon source for mixotrophic and heterotrophic germination. Applying heterotrophic conditions, up to 80% of the cells were in the zoospore stage 49 h after the start of germination, and extraction yields of up to 50% were achieved using the solvent ethyl acetate for the extraction of astaxanthin from the algal broth containing zoospores. An extraction yield of up to 64% could be achieved by doubling the nitrate concentration and combining mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation.
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Kaha M, Iwamoto K, Yahya NA, Suhaimi N, Sugiura N, Hara H, Othman N, Zakaria Z, Suzuki K. Enhancement of astaxanthin accumulation using black light in Coelastrum and Monoraphidium isolated from Malaysia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11708. [PMID: 34083633 PMCID: PMC8175563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are important microorganisms which produce potentially valuable compounds. Astaxanthin, a group of xanthophyll carotenoids, is one of the most powerful antioxidants mainly found in microalgae, yeasts, and crustaceans. Environmental stresses such as intense light, drought, high salinity, nutrient depletion, and high temperature can induce the accumulation of astaxanthin. Thus, this research aims to investigate the effect of black light, also known as long-wave ultraviolet radiation or UV-A, as a stressor on the accumulation of astaxanthin as well as to screen the antioxidant property in two tropical green algal strains isolated from Malaysia, Coelastrum sp. and Monoraphidium sp. SP03. Monoraphidium sp. SP03 showed a higher growth rate (0.66 day-1) compared to that of Coelastrum sp. (0.22 day-1). Coelastrum sp. showed significantly higher accumulation of astaxanthin in black light (0.999 g mL culture-1) compared to that in control condition (0.185 g mL-1). Similarly, Monoraphidium sp. SP03 showed higher astaxanthin content in black light (0.476 g mL culture-1) compared to that in control condition (0.363 g mL culture-1). Coelastrum sp. showed higher scavenging activity (30.19%) when cultured in black light condition, indicating a correlation between the antioxidant activity and accumulation of astaxanthin. In this study, black light was shown to possess great potential to enhance the production of astaxanthin in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshila Kaha
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Koji Iwamoto
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nurul Ashyikin Yahya
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noraiza Suhaimi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norio Sugiura
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hirofumi Hara
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor'Azizi Othman
- Department of Mechanical Precision Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zuriati Zakaria
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kengo Suzuki
- Euglena Co., Ltd, Tokyo, 108-0014, Japan.,Microalgae Production Control Technology Laboratory, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
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Challenges and Potential in Increasing Lutein Content in Microalgae. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051068. [PMID: 34063406 PMCID: PMC8156089 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on enhancing lutein content in microalgae has made significant progress in recent years. However, strategies are needed to address the possible limitations of microalgae as practical lutein producers. The capacity of lutein sequestration may determine the upper limit of cellular lutein content. The preliminary estimation presented in this work suggests that the lutein sequestration capacity of the light-harvesting complex (LHC) of microalgae is most likely below 2% on the basis of dry cell weight (DCW). Due to its nature as a structural pigment, higher lutein content might interfere with the LHC in fulfilling photosynthetic functions. Storing lutein in a lipophilic environment is a mechanism for achieving high lutein content but several critical barriers must be overcome such as lutein degradation and access to lipid droplet to be stored through esterification. Understanding the mechanisms underlying lipid droplet biogenesis in chloroplasts, as well as carotenoid trafficking through chloroplast membranes and carotenoid esterification, may provide insight for new approaches to achieve high lutein contents in algae. In the meantime, building the machinery for esterification and sequestration of lutein and other hydroxyl-carotenoids in model microorganisms, such as yeast, with synthetic biology technology provides a promising option.
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Electric Stimulation of Astaxanthin Biosynthesis in Haematococcus pluvialis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11083348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates astaxanthin, a potent antioxidant pigment, as a defense mechanism against environmental stresses. In this study, we investigated the technical feasibility of a stress-based method for inducing astaxanthin biosynthesis in H. pluvialis using electric stimulation in a two-chamber bioelectrochemical system. When a cathodic (reduction) current of 3 mA (voltage: 2 V) was applied to H. pluvialis cells for two days, considerable lysis and breakage of algal cells were observed, possibly owing to the formation of excess reactive oxygen species at the cathode. Conversely, in the absence of cell breakage, the application of anodic (oxidation) current effectively stimulated astaxanthin biosynthesis at a voltage range of 2–6 V, whereas the same could not be induced in the untreated control. At an optimal voltage of 4 V (anodic current: 30 mA), the astaxanthin content in the cells electro-treated for 2 h was 36.9% higher than that in untreated cells. Our findings suggest that electric treatment can be used to improve astaxanthin production in H. pluvialis culture if bioelectrochemical parameters, such as electric strength and duration, are regulated properly.
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Cui H, Zhao C, Xu W, Zhang H, Hang W, Zhu X, Ji C, Xue J, Zhang C, Li R. Characterization of type-2 diacylglycerol acyltransferases in Haematococcus lacustris reveals their functions and engineering potential in triacylglycerol biosynthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:20. [PMID: 33407140 PMCID: PMC7788937 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haematococcus lacustris is an ideal source of astaxanthin (AST), which is stored in oil bodies containing esterified AST (EAST) and triacylglycerol (TAG). Diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) catalyze the last step of acyl-CoA-dependent TAG biosynthesis and are also considered as crucial enzymes involved in EAST biosynthesis in H. lacustris. Previous studies have identified four putative DGAT2-encoding genes in H. lacustris, and only HpDGAT2D allowed the recovery of TAG biosynthesis, but the engineering potential of HpDGAT2s in TAG biosynthesis remains ambiguous. RESULTS Five putative DGAT2 genes (HpDGAT2A, HpDGAT2B, HpDGAT2C, HpDGAT2D, and HpDGAT2E) were identified in H. lacustris. Transcription analysis showed that the expression levels of the HpDGAT2A, HpDGAT2D, and HpDGAT2E genes markedly increased under high light and nitrogen deficient conditions with distinct patterns, which led to significant TAG and EAST accumulation. Functional complementation demonstrated that HpDGAT2A, HpDGAT2B, HpDGAT2D, and HpDGAT2E had the capacity to restore TAG synthesis in a TAG-deficient yeast strain (H1246) showing a large difference in enzymatic activity. Fatty acid (FA) profile assays revealed that HpDGAT2A, HpDGAT2D, and HpDGAT2E, but not HpDGAT2B, preferred monounsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs (MUFAs) for TAG synthesis in yeast cells, and showed a preference for polyunsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs (PUFAs) based on their feeding strategy. The heterologous expression of HpDGAT2D in Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii significantly increased the TAG content and obviously promoted the MUFAs and PUFAs contents. CONCLUSIONS Our study represents systematic work on the characterization of HpDGAT2s by integrating expression patterns, AST/TAG accumulation, functional complementation, and heterologous expression in yeast, plants, and algae. These results (1) update the gene models of HpDGAT2s, (2) prove the TAG biosynthesis capacity of HpDGAT2s, (3) show the strong preference for MUFAs and PUFAs, and (4) offer target genes to modulate TAG biosynthesis by using genetic engineering methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Cui
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Chunchao Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Wenxin Xu
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Hongjiang Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Wei Hang
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Chunli Ji
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Jinai Xue
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Runzhi Li
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
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Wan X, Zhou XR, Moncalian G, Su L, Chen WC, Zhu HZ, Chen D, Gong YM, Huang FH, Deng QC. Reprogramming microorganisms for the biosynthesis of astaxanthin via metabolic engineering. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 81:101083. [PMID: 33373616 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for astaxanthin in food, feed, cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications because of its superior anti-oxidative and coloring properties. However, naturally produced astaxanthin is expensive, mainly due to low productivity and limited sources. Reprogramming of microorganisms for astaxanthin production via metabolic engineering is a promising strategy. We primarily focus on the application of synthetic biology, enzyme engineering and metabolic engineering in enhancing the synthesis and accumulation of astaxanthin in microorganisms in this review. We also discuss the biosynthetic pathways of astaxanthin within natural producers, and summarize the achievements and challenges in reprogramming microorganisms for enhancing astaxanthin production. This review illuminates recent biotechnological advances in microbial production of astaxanthin. Future perspectives on utilization of new technologies for boosting microbial astaxanthin production are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wan
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
| | | | - Gabriel Moncalian
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Lin Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, PR China
| | - Wen-Chao Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Hang-Zhi Zhu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Dan Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Yang-Min Gong
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Feng-Hong Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
| | - Qian-Chun Deng
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
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Xu Y, Harvey PJ. Phytoene and phytofluene overproduction by Dunaliella salina using the mitosis inhibitor chlorpropham. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Polle JE, Calhoun S, McKie-Krisberg Z, Prochnik S, Neofotis P, Yim WC, Hathwaik LT, Jenkins J, Molina H, Bunkenborg J, Grigoriev IV, Barry K, Schmutz J, Jin E, Cushman JC, Magnusson JK. Genomic adaptations of the green alga Dunaliella salina to life under high salinity. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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30
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Polle JE, Roth R, Ben-Amotz A, Goodenough U. Ultrastructure of the green alga Dunaliella salina strain CCAP19/18 (Chlorophyta) as investigated by quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Wu M, Zhu R, Lu J, Lei A, Zhu H, Hu Z, Wang J. Effects of different abiotic stresses on carotenoid and fatty acid metabolism in the green microalga Dunaliella salina Y6. ANN MICROBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Under different abiotic-stress conditions, the unicellular green microalga Dunaliella salina accumulates large amounts of carotenoids which are accompanied by fatty acid biosynthesis. Carotenoids and fatty acids both possess long carbon backbones; however, the relationship between carotenoid and fatty acid metabolism is controversial and remains poorly understood in microalgae.
Methods
In this study, we investigated the growth curves and the β-carotene, lutein, lipid, and fatty acid contents of D. salina Y6 grown under different abiotic-stress conditions, including high light, nitrogen depletion, and high salinity.
Results
Both high-salinity and nitrogen-depleted conditions significantly inhibited cell growth. Nitrogen depletion significantly induced β-carotene accumulation, whereas lutein production was promoted by high light. The accumulation of lipids did not directly positive correlate with β-carotene and lutein accumulation under the three tested abiotic-stress conditions, and levels of only a few fatty acids were increased under specific conditions.
Conclusion
Our data indicate that cellular β-carotene accumulation in D. salina Y6 positive correlates with accumulation of specific fatty acids (C16:0, C18:3n3, C14:0, and C15:0) rather than with total fatty acid content under different abiotic stress conditions.
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Kim YE, Matter IA, Lee N, Jung M, Lee YC, Choi SA, Lee SY, Kim JR, Oh YK. Enhancement of astaxanthin production by Haematococcus pluvialis using magnesium aminoclay nanoparticles. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 307:123270. [PMID: 32253126 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Improving the content and production of high-value ketocarotenoid pigments is critical for the commercialization of microalgal biorefineries. This study reported the use of magnesium aminoclay (MgAC) nanoparticles for enhancement of astaxanthin production by Haematococcus pluvialis in photoautotrophic cultures. Addition of 1.0 g/L MgAC significantly promoted cellular astaxanthin biosynthesis (302 ± 69 pg/cell), presumably by inducing tolerable oxidative stress, corresponding to a 13.7-fold higher production compared to that in the MgAC-untreated control (22 ± 2 pg/cell). The lipid content and cell size of H. pluvialis improved by 13.6- and 2.1-fold, respectively, compared to that of the control. Despite reduced cell numbers, the overall astaxanthin production (10.3 ± 0.4 mg/L) improved by 40% compared to the control (7.3 ± 0.6 mg/L), owing to improved biomass production. However, an MgAC dosage above 1.0 g/L inhibited biomass production by inducing electrostatic cell wall destabilization and aggregation. Therefore, MgAC-induced stimulation of algae varies widely based on their morphological and physiological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU), Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ibrahim A Matter
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU), Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Agricultural Microbiology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Nakyeong Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU), Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyoung Jung
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU), Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chul Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-A Choi
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Youn Lee
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Rae Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU), Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Kwan Oh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU), Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Liang MH, Xie H, Chen HH, Liang ZC, Jiang JG. Functional Identification of Two Types of Carotene Hydroxylases from the Green Alga Dunaliella bardawil Rich in Lutein. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1246-1253. [PMID: 32408742 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The salt-tolerant unicellular alga Dunaliella bardawil FACHB-847 can accumulate large amounts of lutein, but the underlying cause of massive accumulation of lutein is still unknown. In this study, genes encoding two types of carotene hydroxylases, i.e., β-carotene hydroxylase (DbBCH) and cytochrome P450 carotenoid hydroxylase (DbCYP97s; DbCYP97A, DbCYP97B, and DbCYP97C), were cloned from D. bardawil. Their substrate specificities and enzyme activities were tested through functional complementation assays in Escherichia coli. It was showed that DbBCH could catalyze the hydroxylation of the β-rings of both β- and α-carotene, and displayed a low level of ε-hydroxylase. Unlike CYP97A from higher plants, DbCYP97A could not hydroxylate β-carotene. DbCYP97A and DbCYP97C showed high hydroxylase activity toward the β-ring and ε-ring of α-carotene, respectively. DbCYP97B displayed minor activity toward the β-ring of α-carotene. The high accumulation of lutein in D. bardawil may be due to the multiple pathways for lutein biosynthesis generated from α-carotene with zeinoxanthin or α-cryptoxanthin as intermediates by DbBCH and DbCYP97s. Taken together, this study provides insights for understanding the underlying reason for high production of lutein in the halophilic green alga D. bardawil FACHB-847.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Liang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hong Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hao-Hong Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhi-Cong Liang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Zhu QL, Zheng JL, Liu J. Transcription activation of β-carotene biosynthetic genes at the initial stage of stresses as an indicator of the increased β-carotene accumulation in isolated Dunaliella salina strain GY-H13. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 222:105472. [PMID: 32203794 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
β-carotene is an efficient antioxidant and its accumulation is an oxidative response to stressors. Dunaliella salina strain GY-H13 is rich in β-carotene under environmental stresses, which was selected as material to understand the molecular mechanism underlying β-carotene biosynthesis. Seven full length cDNA sequences in β-carotene biosynthesis pathway were cloned, including geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPS), phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene desaturase (PDS), 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase (ZISO), zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS), prolycopene isomerase (CRTISO), lycopene beta-cyclase (LCYb). The seven protein sequences from the strain GY-H13 showed the highest similarity with other D. salina strains. Especially, PSY, PDS and LCYb protein sequences shared 100 % identity. Phylogenetic analysis indicated all proteins from GY-H13 firstly clustered with those from other D. salina strains with a bootstrap of 100 %. Multiple alignment indicated several distinct conserved motifs such as aspartate-rich domain (ARD), dinucleotide binding domain (DBD), and carotene binding domain (CBD). These motifs are located near ligand-binding pocket, which may be required for the activity of enzyme. Expression levels of these genes and β-carotene content were measured over 24-h cycle, showing clear daily dynamics. All genes were dramatically up-regulated in the morning but the highest accumulation of β-carotene was observed at noon, suggesting a lag-effect between gene transcription and biological response. Furthermore, the accumulation of β-carotene increased under nitrogen deficiency, Cd exposure and high light and decreased under high salinity in a time-dependent manner. No gene of β-carotene biosynthesis was up-regulated by high salinity while most genes were activated by the other stresses at the beginning stage of exposure. Growth inhibition and oxidative damage were also observed under high salinity. Overall, transcription activation of β-carotene biosynthetic genes at the initial stage of stress exposure is a determinant of the increased accumulation of β-carotene in microalgae, which help their survive under harsh environments. The newly isolated D. salina strain GY-H13 would be a promising microalgae model for investigating the molecular mechanism of stress-induced β-carotene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ling Zhu
- Institute of Marine Biology & Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, 1 Zheda Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan, 316000, Zhejiang, PR China; College of Marine Ocean Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Jia-Lang Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China.
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Institute of Marine Biology & Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, 1 Zheda Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan, 316000, Zhejiang, PR China; College of Marine Ocean Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China.
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Lu Z, Dai J, Zheng L, Teng Z, Zhang Q, Qiu D, Song L. Disodium 2-oxoglutarate promotes carbon flux into astaxanthin and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways in Haematococcus. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 299:122612. [PMID: 31874452 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Improving carbon availability in astaxanthin production is pivotal in Haematococcus industry. In this study, disodium 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG-2Na) was observed to be a potential carbon regulator to increase the astaxanthin content. To illustrate its efficacy in astaxanthin production, key genes and enzyme were analyzed. Upon 2-OG-2Na treatment, genes ipi, bkt and crtR-b were up regulated, concomitantly, carotenoids and astaxanthin content increased by 15.4% and 14.0% at 120 h, respectively; additionally, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase was activated, consistent with 1.27-fold increase in fatty acids content. PUFAs increased earlier as fatty acids assembly gene fad was up-regulated to 20.56. It was also found that cell division was not compromised. Altogether, it was suggested that increased carbon skeletons were re-directed into the astaxanthin and fatty acids biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, 2-OG-2Na was applied in ten Haematococcus strains. Of these strains, astaxanthin contents were accelerated with average net increase of 10.48%, exhibiting a scalable paradigm for commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jingcheng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - LingLing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Zhuoran Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Dongru Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Lirong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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Leyland B, Boussiba S, Khozin-Goldberg I. A Review of Diatom Lipid Droplets. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9020038. [PMID: 32098118 PMCID: PMC7168155 DOI: 10.3390/biology9020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic nutrient availability and photon flux density of diatom habitats necessitate buffering capabilities in order to maintain metabolic homeostasis. This is accomplished by the biosynthesis and turnover of storage lipids, which are sequestered in lipid droplets (LDs). LDs are an organelle conserved among eukaryotes, composed of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a polar lipid monolayer. LDs shield the intracellular environment from the accumulation of hydrophobic compounds and function as a carbon and electron sink. These functions are implemented by interconnections with other intracellular systems, including photosynthesis and autophagy. Since diatom lipid production may be a promising objective for biotechnological exploitation, a deeper understanding of LDs may offer targets for metabolic engineering. In this review, we provide an overview of diatom LD biology and biotechnological potential.
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Yonamine Y, Hiramatsu K, Ideguchi T, Ito T, Fujiwara T, Miura Y, Goda K, Hoshino Y. Spatiotemporal monitoring of intracellular metabolic dynamics by resonance Raman microscopy with isotope labeling. RSC Adv 2020; 10:16679-16686. [PMID: 35498863 PMCID: PMC9053077 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02803g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We probed production process of a cellular metabolite with a stable isotope-labeled substrate exposed to various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yonamine
- Research Institute for Electronic Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 001-0021
- Japan
| | - Kotaro Hiramatsu
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-0033
- Japan
- Research Centre for Spectrochemistry
| | - Takuro Ideguchi
- Research Centre for Spectrochemistry
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-0033
- Japan
- PRESTO
| | - Takuro Ito
- Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Kawaguchi-shi
- Japan
| | - Tomomi Fujiwara
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Yoshiko Miura
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-0033
- Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency
| | - Yu Hoshino
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
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Lu Z, Zheng L, Liu J, Dai J, Song L. A novel fed-batch strategy to boost cyst cells production based on the understanding of intracellular carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Haematococcus pluvialis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 289:121744. [PMID: 31323718 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Haematococcus pluvialis is a prominent feedstock of astaxanthin. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N) strongly influences the metabolic pathways of mixotrophic-grown microalgae, however, its role involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis is still not fully understood. In this study, integrative metabolic and physiologic profiles were analyzed in elucidating how C/N affected carbon and nitrogen assimilation and thereby exerted influence on astaxanthin biosynthesis. It was demonstrated that high C/N up-regulated the activities of acetate kinase by increase of 5.76 folds in early logarithmic phase, leading a significant increase of acetyl-CoA. The increased carbon skeletons were then funneled into astaxanthin biosynthesis. Additionally, high C/N increased the proportion of carotenoid-intermediates in cytoplasm from chloroplast. Finally, a fed-batch cultivation strategy based on C/N gradient was developed. Biomass attained 9.18 g L-1 in 100% type of immotile cyst cells, which presented astaxanthin productivity at 15.45 mg L-1 d-1 afterward, exhibiting a promising paradigm in commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lingling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jingcheng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Lirong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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Phytoene Accumulation in the Novel Microalga Chlorococcum sp. Using the Pigment Synthesis Inhibitor Fluridone. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17030187. [PMID: 30909380 DOI: 10.3390/md17030187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are lipophilic pigments found in plants and algae, as well as some bacteria, archaea, and fungi that serve two functions-(1) as light harvesting molecules-primary carotenoids, and (2) as antioxidants, acting against reactive oxygen species⁻secondary carotenoids. Because of their strong antioxidant properties, they are also valuable for the development of anti-aging and photo-protective cosmetic applications. Of particular interest is the carotenoid phytoene, for its colorless and UV absorption characteristics. In this study, we targeted a reduction of phytoene desaturase (PDS) activity with the pigment-inhibiting herbicide 1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyridin-4-one (fluridone), which leads to the over-accumulation of phytoene in the recently characterized microalgal strain Chlorococcum sp. (UTEX B 3056). After post-incubation with fluridone, phytoene levels were measured at ~33 ug/mg cell tissue, as opposed to non-detectable levels in control cultures. Hence, the novel microalga Chlorococcum sp. is a viable candidate for the production of the high-value carotenoid phytoene and subsequent applications in cosmeceuticals, as well as more obvious nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Abstract
Microalgae have been used commercially since the 1950s and 1960s, particularly in the Far East for human health foods and in the United States for wastewater treatment. Initial attempts to produce bulk chemicals such as biofuels from microalgae were not successful, despite commercially favorable conditions during the 1970s oil crisis. However, research initiatives at this time, many using extremophilic microalgae and cyanobacteria (e.g., Dunaliella and Spirulina), did solve many problems and clearly identified biomass productivity and harvesting as the two main constraints stopping microalgae producing bulk chemicals, such as biofuels, on a large scale. In response to the growing unease around global warming, induced by anthropogenic CO2 emissions, microalgae were again suggested as a carbon neutral process to produce biofuels. This recent phase of microalgae biofuels research can be thought to have started around 2007, when a very highly cited review by Chisti was published. Since 2007, a large body of scientific publications have appeared on all aspects of microalgae biotechnology, but with a clear emphasis on neutral lipid (triacylglycerol) synthesis and the use of neutral lipids as precursors for biodiesel production. In this review, the key research on microalgal biotechnology that took place prior to 2007 will be summarized and then the research trends post 2007 will be examined emphasizing the research into producing biodiesel from microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- D James Gilmour
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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