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Bhavani P, Nandini C, Maharajan T, Ningaraju TM, Nandini B, Parveen SG, Pushpa K, Ravikumar RL, Nagaraja TE, Ceasar SA. Brown-top millet: an overview of breeding, genetic, and genomic resources development for crop improvement. PLANTA 2024; 260:10. [PMID: 38796805 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Brown-top millet is a lesser-known millet with a high grain nutrient value, early maturation, and drought tolerance that needs basic research to understand and conserve food security. Brown-top millet [Urochloa ramosa (L.)] is currently cultivated in some developing countries (especially in India) for food and fodder, although it is less known among the small millets. Like other millets, it contains macro- and micronutrients, vitamins, minerals, proteins, and fiber, all of which have rich health benefits. The nutritional importance and health benefits of brown-top millet are still unknown to many people due to a lack of awareness, wide cultivation, and research. Hence, this millet is currently overshadowed by other major cereals. This review article aims to present the nutritional, breeding, genetic, and genomic resources of brown-top millet to inform millet and other plant researchers. It is important to note that genetic and genomic resources have not yet been created for this millet. To date, there are no genomic and transcriptomic resources for brown-top millet to develop single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and insertion/Deletions (InDels) for breeding studies. Furthermore, studies regarding nutritional significance and health benefits are required to investigate the exact nutritional contents and health benefits of the brown-top millet. The present review delves into the nutritional value and health advantages of brown-top millet, as supported by the available literature. The limitations of producing brown-top millet have been enumerated. We also cover the status of marker-assisted breeding and functional genomics research on closely related species. Lastly, we draw insights for further research such as developing omics resources and applying genome editing to study and improve brown-top millet. This review will help to start breeding and other molecular studies to increase the growth and development of this cereal.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bhavani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - C Nandini
- Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Babbur Farm, Hiriyur, KSNUAHS, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India.
| | - Theivanayagam Maharajan
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Cochin, 683104, Kerala, India
| | - T M Ningaraju
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - B Nandini
- College of Horticulture, Kolar, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
| | - S Gazala Parveen
- AICRP on Small Millets, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K Pushpa
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R L Ravikumar
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - T E Nagaraja
- AICRP on Small Millets, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Stanislaus Antony Ceasar
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Cochin, 683104, Kerala, India
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Meira FS, Ribeiro DG, de Campos SS, Falcão LL, Gomes ACMM, de Alencar Dusi DM, Marcellino LH, Mehta A, Scherwinski-Pereira JE. Differential expression of genes potentially related to the callogenesis and in situ hybridization of SERK gene in macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:89-101. [PMID: 37482557 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01881-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
For the purpose of understanding the molecular processes triggered during callus formation in macaw palm, the expression of seven genes potentially involved in this process, identified in previous studies and from the literature, was investigated by RT-qPCR. In addition, in situ hybridization of the SERK gene was performed. Leaf tissues from adult plants from two macaw palm accession were inoculated in a medium combined with Picloram at a concentration of 450 μM to induce callus. The expression analysis was performed from leaf samples from two accessions of different origins (Municipalities of Tiros, MG, and Buriti Vermelho, DF, Brazil), which are characterized as non-responsive (NR) and responsive (R), respectively. The material was collected before callus induction (0 DAI, initial day) and 120 days after callus induction (120 DAI). Genes related to development (SERK, OASA, EF1, ANN1) and stress (LEA, CAT2, and MDAR5) were evaluated. The results obtained showed that all the genes involved with the development had their expressions downregulated at 0 DAI when the accession R was compared with the accession NR. On the other hand, it was possible to observe that these genes were upregulated at 120 DAI. The LEA stress gene showed a tendency to increase expression in the NR accession, while the R accession showed decreased expression and the CAT2 and MDAR5 genes showed upregulation in both accessions. In situ hybridization showed SERK transcripts in the vascular bundles, indicating the expression of SERK in this region, in addition to its expression in calluses. The results obtained in this study support our hypothesis that the regulation of genes involved in the control of oxidative stress and development is crucial for the formation of calluses in macaw palm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Sathler Meira
- Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Daiane Gonzaga Ribeiro
- Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Samanta Siqueira de Campos
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Horticultura e Silvicultura, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Loeni Ludke Falcão
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, PqEB, Brasília, 70770-917, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucilia Helena Marcellino
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, PqEB, Brasília, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Angela Mehta
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, PqEB, Brasília, 70770-917, Brazil
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Dusi DMA, Alves ER, Cabral GB, Mello LV, Rigden DJ, Silveira ÉD, Alves-Ferreira M, Guimarães LA, Gomes ACMM, Rodrigues JCM, Carneiro VTC. An exonuclease V homologue is expressed predominantly during early megasporogenesis in apomictic Brachiaria brizantha. PLANTA 2023; 258:5. [PMID: 37219749 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION An exonuclease V homologue from apomictic Brachiaria brizantha is expressed and localized in nucellar cells at key moments when these cells differentiate to give rise to unreduced gametophytes. Brachiaria is a genus of forage grasses with economical and agricultural importance to Brazil. Brachiaria reproduces by aposporic apomixis, in which unreduced embryo sacs, derived from nucellar cells, other than the megaspore mother cell (MMC), are formed. The unreduced embryo sacs produce an embryo without fertilization resulting in clones of the mother plant. Comparative gene expression analysis in ovaries of sexual and apomictic Brachiaria spp. revealed a sequence from B. brizantha that showed a distinct pattern of expression in ovaries of sexual and apomictic plants. In this work, we describe a gene named BbrizExoV with strong identity to exonuclease V (Exo V) genes from other grasses. Sequence analysis in signal prediction tools showed that BbrizExoV might have dual localization, depending on the translation point. A longer form to the nucleus and a shorter form which would be directed to the chloroplast. This is also the case for monocot sequences analyzed from other species. The long form of BbrizExoV protein localizes to the nucleus of onion epidermal cells. Analysis of ExoV proteins from dicot species, with exception of Arabidopsis thaliana ExoVL protein, showed only one localization. Using a template-based AlphaFold 2 modelling approach the structure of BbrizExoV in complex with metal and ssDNA was predicted based on the holo structure of the human counterpart. Features predicted to define ssDNA binding but a lack of sequence specificity are shared between the human enzyme and BbrizExoV. Expression analyses indicated the precise site and timing of transcript accumulation during ovule development, which coincides with the differentiation of nucelar cells to form the typical aposporic four-celled unreduced gametophyte. A putative function for this protein is proposed based on its homology and expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diva M A Dusi
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Cx. Postal 02372, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Elizângela R Alves
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Cx. Postal 02372, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Department of Celular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Gláucia B Cabral
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Cx. Postal 02372, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Luciane V Mello
- School of Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Daniel J Rigden
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Érica D Silveira
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Cx. Postal 02372, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, s/n Prédio do CCS Instituto de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Márcio Alves-Ferreira
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, s/n Prédio do CCS Instituto de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Larissa A Guimarães
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Cx. Postal 02372, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Department of Celular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina M M Gomes
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Cx. Postal 02372, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Júlio C M Rodrigues
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Cx. Postal 02372, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil.
| | - Vera T C Carneiro
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Cx. Postal 02372, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil.
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Ferreira LG, Dusi DMA, Irsigler AST, Gomes ACMM, Florentino LH, Mendes MA, Colombo L, Carneiro VTC. Identification of IPT9 in Brachiaria brizantha (syn. Urochloa brizantha) and expression analyses during ovule development in sexual and apomictic plants. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4887-4897. [PMID: 37072653 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Brachiaria sexual reproduction, during ovule development, a nucellar cell differentiates into a megaspore mother cell (MMC) that, through meiosis and mitosis, gives rise to a reduced embryo sac. In aposporic apomictic Brachiaria, next to the MMC, other nucellar cells differentiate into aposporic initials that enter mitosis directly forming an unreduced embryo sac. The IPT (isopentenyltransferase) family comprises key genes in the cytokinin (CK) pathway which are expressed in Arabidopsis during ovule development. BbrizIPT9, a B. brizantha (syn. Urochloa brizantha) IPT9 gene, highly similar to genes of other Poaceae plants, also shows similarity with Arabidopsis IPT9, AtIPT9. In this work, we aimed to investigate association of BbrizIPT9 with ovule development in sexual and apomictic plants. METHODS AND RESULTS RT-qPCR showed higher BbrizIPT9 expression in the ovaries of sexual than in the apomictic B. brizantha. Results of in-situ hybridization showed strong signal of BbrizIPT9 in the MMC of both plants, at the onset of megasporogenesis. By analyzing AtIPT9 knockdown mutants, we verified enlarged nucellar cell, next to the MMC, in a percentage significantly higher than in the wild type, suggesting that knockout of AtIPT9 gene triggered the differentiation of extra MMC-like cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that AtIPT9 might be involved in the proper differentiation of a single MMC during ovule development. The expression of a BbrizIPT9, localized in male and female sporocytes, and lower in apomicts than in sexuals, and effect of IPT9 knockout in Arabidopsis, suggest involvement of IPT9 in early ovule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana G Ferreira
- Department of Biology, University of Brasília - UnB, Campus Darcy Ribeiro S/N - Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70.910-900, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, PqEB Av. W5 Norte., Caixa Postal 02372, Brasília, DF, 70.770-917, Brazil
| | - Diva M A Dusi
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, PqEB Av. W5 Norte., Caixa Postal 02372, Brasília, DF, 70.770-917, Brazil
| | - André S T Irsigler
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, PqEB Av. W5 Norte., Caixa Postal 02372, Brasília, DF, 70.770-917, Brazil
| | - Ana C M M Gomes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, PqEB Av. W5 Norte., Caixa Postal 02372, Brasília, DF, 70.770-917, Brazil
| | - Lilian H Florentino
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, PqEB Av. W5 Norte., Caixa Postal 02372, Brasília, DF, 70.770-917, Brazil
| | - Marta A Mendes
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Vera T C Carneiro
- Department of Biology, University of Brasília - UnB, Campus Darcy Ribeiro S/N - Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70.910-900, Brazil.
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, PqEB Av. W5 Norte., Caixa Postal 02372, Brasília, DF, 70.770-917, Brazil.
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5
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Identifying Genes Associated with Female Flower Development of Phellodendron amurense Rupr. Using a Transcriptomics Approach. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030661. [PMID: 36980934 PMCID: PMC10048520 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phellodendron amurense Rupr., a species of Rutaceae, is a nationally protected and valuable medicinal plant. It is generally considered to be dioecious. With the discovery of monoecious P. amurense, the phenomenon that its sex development is regulated by epigenetics has been revealed, but the way epigenetics affects the sex differentiation of P. amurense is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of DNA methylation on the sexual development of P. amurense. The young inflorescences of male plants were treated with the demethylation agent 5-azaC, and the induced female flowers were obtained. The induced female flowers’ morphological functions and transcriptome levels were close to those of normally developed plants. Genes associated with the development of female flowers were studied by comparing the differences in transcriptome levels between the male and female flowers. Referring to sex-related genes reported in other plants, 188 candidate genes related to the development of female flowers were obtained, including sex-regulating genes, genes related to the formation and development of sexual organs, genes related to biochemical pathways, and hormone-related genes. RPP0W, PAL3, MCM2, MCM6, SUP, PIN1, AINTEGUMENTA, AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE6, AGL11, SEUSS, SHI-RELATED SEQUENCE 5, and ESR2 were preliminarily considered the key genes for female flower development. This study has demonstrated that epigenetics was involved in the sex regulation of P. amurense, with DNA methylation as one of its regulatory modes. Moreover, some candidate genes related to the sexual differentiation of P. amurense were obtained with analysis. These results are of great significance for further exploring the mechanism of sex differentiation of P. amurense and studying of sex differentiation of plants.
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Koehler AD, Rossi ML, Carneiro VTC, Cabral GB, Martinelli AP, Dusi DMA. Anther development in Brachiaria brizantha (syn. Urochloa brizantha) and perspective for microspore in vitro culture. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:571-587. [PMID: 35947212 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01802-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brachiaria, a genus from the Poaceae family, is largely cultivated as forage in Brazil. Among the most cultivated varieties of Brachiaria spp., B. brizantha cv. Marandu (syn. Urochloa brizantha) is of great agronomical importance due to the large areas cultivated with this species. This cultivar is apomictic and tetraploid. Sexual diploid genotype is available for this species. The difference in levels of ploidy among sexual and apomictic plants contributes to hindering Brachiaria breeding programs. The induction of haploids and double haploids is of great interest for the generation of new genotypes with potential use in intraspecific crosses. A key factor for the success of this technique is identifying adequate microspore developmental stages for efficient embryogenesis induction. Knowledge of the morphological changes during microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis and sporophytic tissues composing the anther is critical for identifying the stages in which microspores present a higher potential for embryogenic callus and somatic embryo through in vitro culture. In this work, morphological markers were associated with anther and pollen grain developmental stages, through histological analysis. Anther development was divided into 11 stages using morphological and cytological characteristics, from anther with archesporial cells to anther dehiscence. The morphological characteristics of each stage are presented. In addition, the response of stage 8 anthers to in vitro culture indicates microspores initiating somatic embryogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa D Koehler
- University of Sao Paulo, CENA, Av. Centenario 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-903, Brazil
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Cx.Postal 02372, Brasilia, DF, 70.770-917, Brazil
| | - Mônica L Rossi
- University of Sao Paulo, CENA, Av. Centenario 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-903, Brazil
| | - Vera T C Carneiro
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Cx.Postal 02372, Brasilia, DF, 70.770-917, Brazil
| | - Glaucia B Cabral
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Cx.Postal 02372, Brasilia, DF, 70.770-917, Brazil
| | - Adriana P Martinelli
- University of Sao Paulo, CENA, Av. Centenario 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-903, Brazil
| | - Diva M A Dusi
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Cx.Postal 02372, Brasilia, DF, 70.770-917, Brazil.
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Muguerza MB, Gondo T, Ishigaki G, Shimamoto Y, Umami N, Nitthaisong P, Rahman MM, Akashi R. Tissue Culture and Somatic Embryogenesis in Warm-Season Grasses—Current Status and Its Applications: A Review. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11091263. [PMID: 35567264 PMCID: PMC9101205 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Warm-season grasses are C4 plants and have a high capacity for biomass productivity. These grasses are utilized in many agricultural production systems with their greatest value as feeds for livestock, bioethanol, and turf. However, many important warm-season perennial grasses multiply either by vegetative propagation or form their seeds by an asexual mode of reproduction called apomixis. Therefore, the improvement of these grasses by conventional breeding is difficult and is dependent on the availability of natural genetic variation and its manipulation through breeding and selection. Recent studies have indicated that plant tissue culture system through somatic embryogenesis complements and could further develop conventional breeding programs by micropropagation, somaclonal variation, somatic hybridization, genetic transformation, and genome editing. This review summarizes the tissue culture and somatic embryogenesis in warm-season grasses and focus on current status and above applications including the author’s progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Ballitoc Muguerza
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; (M.B.M.); (G.I.); (Y.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Takahiro Gondo
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Genki Ishigaki
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; (M.B.M.); (G.I.); (Y.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Yasuyo Shimamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; (M.B.M.); (G.I.); (Y.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Nafiatul Umami
- Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl Fauna 3, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
| | - Pattama Nitthaisong
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand;
| | - Mohammad Mijanur Rahman
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Jeli Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Ryo Akashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; (M.B.M.); (G.I.); (Y.S.); (R.A.)
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da Silveira SR, Koehler AD, Mendes Gomes ACM, Cabral GB, de Campos Carneiro VT, de Alencar Dusi DM, Martinelli AP. Somatic Embryogenesis of Brachiaria brizantha (Syn. Urochloa brizantha) Analyzed by In Situ Hybridization. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2527:247-263. [PMID: 35951196 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2485-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In situ hybridization with mRNA probes enables the detection and localization of gene expression in plant somatic embryogenesis samples. BbrizSERK is a gene that is expressed in embryogenic cells and tissues of Brachiaria. Here we describe methods used for in situ hybridization to localize BbrizSERK transcripts during somatic embryogenesis of Brachiaria brizantha according to the plant material and observations intended, using paraffin or butyl methyl methacrylate resin-embedded samples, as well as a method for whole-mount preparation applicable for the analysis of other genes involved in embryogenic processes, along with other in vitro processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Rodrigues da Silveira
- Plant Biotechnology Lab, Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Andréa Dias Koehler
- Plant Biotechnology Lab, Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina M Mendes Gomes
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Barbosa Cabral
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Diva Maria de Alencar Dusi
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Pinheiro Martinelli
- Plant Biotechnology Lab, Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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Ferreira RCU, da Costa Lima Moraes A, Chiari L, Simeão RM, Vigna BBZ, de Souza AP. An Overview of the Genetics and Genomics of the Urochloa Species Most Commonly Used in Pastures. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:770461. [PMID: 34966402 PMCID: PMC8710810 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.770461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pastures based on perennial monocotyledonous plants are the principal source of nutrition for ruminant livestock in tropical and subtropical areas across the globe. The Urochloa genus comprises important species used in pastures, and these mainly include Urochloa brizantha, Urochloa decumbens, Urochloa humidicola, and Urochloa ruziziensis. Despite their economic relevance, there is an absence of genomic-level information for these species, and this lack is mainly due to genomic complexity, including polyploidy, high heterozygosity, and genomes with a high repeat content, which hinders advances in molecular approaches to genetic improvement. Next-generation sequencing techniques have enabled the recent release of reference genomes, genetic linkage maps, and transcriptome sequences, and this information helps improve our understanding of the genetic architecture and molecular mechanisms involved in relevant traits, such as the apomictic reproductive mode. However, more concerted research efforts are still needed to characterize germplasm resources and identify molecular markers and genes associated with target traits. In addition, the implementation of genomic selection and gene editing is needed to reduce the breeding time and expenditure. In this review, we highlight the importance and characteristics of the four main species of Urochloa used in pastures and discuss the current findings from genetic and genomic studies and research gaps that should be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline da Costa Lima Moraes
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lucimara Chiari
- Embrapa Gado de Corte, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Maria Simeão
- Embrapa Gado de Corte, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Anete Pereira de Souza
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Plant Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Fang L, Kong X, Wen Y, Li J, Yin Y, Li L, Ma G, Wu K, Zeng S. Characterization of embryo and protocorm development of Paphiopedilum spicerianum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:1024-1034. [PMID: 34598022 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Paphiopedilum spicerianum (P. spicerianum) is a rare orchid species with high ornamental value. Asymbiotic germination is the most efficient propagation method for conservation and commercial purposes because clonal propagation is very difficult and the separation of native species of Paphiopedilum through aseptic seeding is uncommon owing to their conservatism. However, a high protocorm developmental arresting rate during the asymbiotic germination is the major obstacle for seedling establishment. The fundamental understanding of embryo and protocorm developmental mechanisms will guide the development of an effective propagation method. The morphological and physiological characterization of the key developmental process of embryos and protocorms shows that the mature seeds of P. spicerianum consist of a spherical embryo without an endosperm. Seed coats become heavily lignified once the embryo is mature. Embryo cell size is relatively uniform, and significant structure polarity and cell size gradients occur at the early protocorm stage. The high level of auxin and cytokinin accumulation at the early stage of embryo development and protocorm stage may help to facilitate cell division. The transcriptome profiles of protocorms at three different developmental stages were compared to explore the regulatory mechanism of protocorm development. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were implicated in secondary metabolite metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction and photosynthesis. The temporal expression patterns of candidate genes related to embryo and shoot development were analyzed to reveal their roles in protocorm development: in the early stage of protocorm development, embryonic development related genes such as SERKs and BBM1 were active, while in the late stage of protocorm, shoot apical meristem related genes such as WOX8, CLAVATA2, CUC2, and SCR were active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Xinping Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yingting Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Ji Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yuying Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Guohua Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Kunlin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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