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Ashraf H, Ghouri F, Baloch FS, Nadeem MA, Fu X, Shahid MQ. Hybrid Rice Production: A Worldwide Review of Floral Traits and Breeding Technology, with Special Emphasis on China. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:578. [PMID: 38475425 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Rice is an important diet source for the majority of the world's population, and meeting the growing need for rice requires significant improvements at the production level. Hybrid rice production has been a significant breakthrough in this regard, and the floral traits play a major role in the development of hybrid rice. In grass species, rice has structural units called florets and spikelets and contains different floret organs such as lemma, palea, style length, anther, and stigma exsertion. These floral organs are crucial in enhancing rice production and uplifting rice cultivation at a broader level. Recent advances in breeding techniques also provide knowledge about different floral organs and how they can be improved by using biotechnological techniques for better production of rice. The rice flower holds immense significance and is the primary focal point for researchers working on rice molecular biology. Furthermore, the unique genetics of rice play a significant role in maintaining its floral structure. However, to improve rice varieties further, we need to identify the genomic regions through mapping of QTLs (quantitative trait loci) or by using GWAS (genome-wide association studies) and their validation should be performed by developing user-friendly molecular markers, such as Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP). This review outlines the role of different floral traits and the benefits of using modern biotechnological approaches to improve hybrid rice production. It focuses on how floral traits are interrelated and their possible contribution to hybrid rice production to satisfy future rice demand. We discuss the significance of different floral traits, techniques, and breeding approaches in hybrid rice production. We provide a historical perspective of hybrid rice production and its current status and outline the challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humera Ashraf
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fozia Ghouri
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Faheem Shehzad Baloch
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, Mersin 33100, Türkiye
| | - Muhammad Azhar Nadeem
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas 58140, Türkiye
| | - Xuelin Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim Shahid
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Ikram M, Rauf A, Rao MJ, Maqsood MFK, Bakhsh MZM, Ullah M, Batool M, Mehran M, Tahira M. CRISPR-Cas9 based molecular breeding in crop plants: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:227. [PMID: 38281301 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09086-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Traditional crop breeding techniques are not quickly boosting yields to fulfill the expanding population needs. Long crop lifespans hinder the ability of plant breeding to develop superior crop varieties. Due to the arduous crossing, selecting, and challenging processes, it can take decades to establish new varieties with desired agronomic traits. Develop new plant varieties instantly to reduce hunger and improve food security. As a result of the adoption of conventional agricultural techniques, crop genetic diversity has decreased over time. Several traditional and molecular techniques, such as genetic selection, mutant breeding, somaclonal variation, genome-wide association studies, and others, have improved agronomic traits associated with agricultural plant productivity, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, modern genome editing approaches based on programmable nucleases, CRISPR, and Cas9 proteins have escorted an exciting new era of plant breeding. Plant breeders and scientists worldwide rely on cutting-edge techniques like quick breeding, genome editing tools, and high-throughput phenotyping to boost crop breeding output. This review compiles discoveries in numerous areas of crop breeding, such as using genome editing tools to accelerate the breeding process and create yearly crop generations with the desired features, to describe the shift from conventional to modern plant breeding techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ikram
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Abdul Rauf
- National Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., Nanning, 530004, China.
| | | | | | - Maaz Ullah
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Maria Batool
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Mehran
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Maryam Tahira
- National Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
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Maghsoud Y, Jayasinghe-Arachchige VM, Kumari P, Cisneros GA, Liu J. Leveraging QM/MM and Molecular Dynamics Simulations to Decipher the Reaction Mechanism of the Cas9 HNH Domain to Investigate Off-Target Effects. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:6834-6850. [PMID: 37877218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology is an RNA-guided targeted genome-editing tool using Cas family proteins. Two magnesium-dependent nuclease domains of the Cas9 enzyme, termed HNH and RuvC, are responsible for cleaving the target DNA (t-DNA) and nontarget DNA strands, respectively. The HNH domain is believed to determine the DNA cleavage activity of both endonuclease domains and is sensitive to complementary RNA-DNA base pairing. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of CRISPR-Cas9, by which it rebukes or accepts mismatches, are poorly understood. Thus, investigation of the structure and dynamics of the catalytic state of Cas9 with either matched or mismatched t-DNA can provide insights into improving its specificity by reducing off-target cleavages. Here, we focus on a recently discovered catalytic-active form of the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) and employ classical molecular dynamics and coupled quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations to study two possible mechanisms of t-DNA cleavage reaction catalyzed by the HNH domain. Moreover, by designing a mismatched t-DNA structure called MM5 (C to G at the fifth position from the protospacer adjacent motif region), the impact of single-guide RNA (sgRNA) and t-DNA complementarity on the catalysis process was investigated. Based on these simulations, our calculated binding affinities, minimum energy paths, and analysis of catalytically important residues provide atomic-level details of the differences between matched and mismatched cleavage reactions. In addition, several residues exhibit significant differences in their catalytic roles for the two studied systems, including K253, K263, R820, K896, and K913.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazdan Maghsoud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Vindi M Jayasinghe-Arachchige
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Pratibha Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - G Andrés Cisneros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
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Nguyen TT, Pham DT, Nguyen NH, Do PT, To HTM. The Germin-like protein gene OsGER4 is involved in heat stress response in rice root development. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:271. [PMID: 37561192 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important dietary carbohydrate sources for half of the world's population. However, it is not well adapted to environmental stress conditions, necessitating to create new and improved varieties to help ensure sufficient rice production in the face of rising populations and shrinking arable land. Recently, the development of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system has allowed researchers to study functional genomics and engineer new rice varieties with great efficiency compared to conventional methods. In this study, we investigate the involvement of OsGER4, a germin-like protein identified by a genome-wide association study that is associated with rice root development under a stress hormone jasmonic acids treatment. Analysis of the OsGER4 promoter region revealed a series of regulatory elements that connect this gene to ABA signaling and water stress response. Under heat stress, osger4 mutant lines produce a significantly lower crown root than wild-type Kitaake rice. The loss of OsGER4 also led to the reduction of lateral root development. Using the GUS promoter line, OsGER4 expression was detected in the epidermis of the crown root primordial, in the stele of the crown root, and subsequently in the primordial of the lateral root. Taken together, these results illustrated the involvement of OsGER4 in root development under heat stress by regulating auxin transport through plasmodesmata, under control by both ABA and auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Thi Nguyen
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. 100000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dan The Pham
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. 100000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nhung Hong Nguyen
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. 100000, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. 100000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phat Tien Do
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. 100000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huong Thi Mai To
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. 100000, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Yigider E, Taspinar MS, Agar G. Advances in bread wheat production through CRISPR/Cas9 technology: a comprehensive review of quality and other aspects. PLANTA 2023; 258:55. [PMID: 37522927 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This review provides a comprehensive overview of the CRISPR/Cas9 technique and the research areas of this gene editing tool in improving wheat quality. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the basic nutrition for most of the human population, contributes 20% of the daily energy needed because of its, carbohydrate, essential amino acids, minerals, protein, and vitamin content. Wheat varieties that produce high yields and have enhanced nutritional quality will be required to fulfill future demands. Hexaploid wheat has A, B, and D genomes and includes three like but not identical copies of genes that influence important yield and quality. CRISPR/Cas9, which allows multiplex genome editing provides major opportunities in genome editing studies of plants, especially complicated genomes such as wheat. In this overview, we discuss the CRISPR/Cas9 technique, which is credited with bringing about a paradigm shift in genome editing studies. We also provide a summary of recent research utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 to investigate yield, quality, resistance to biotic/abiotic stress, and hybrid seed production. In addition, we provide a synopsis of the laboratory experience-based solution alternatives as well as the potential obstacles for wheat CRISPR studies. Although wheat's extensive genome and complicated polyploid structure previously slowed wheat genetic engineering and breeding progress, effective CRISPR/Cas9 systems are now successfully used to boost wheat development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Yigider
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Sinan Taspinar
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Guleray Agar
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
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Masehela TS, Barros E. The African continent should consider a harmonized consultative and collaborative effort towards coordinated policy and regulatory guidelines across the fields of biotechnology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1211789. [PMID: 37351467 PMCID: PMC10282940 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1211789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The advances in the field of biotechnology (and bioengineering) over the past decades has allowed the precise development of new products across the agricultural, environmental, and pharmaceutical sectors. This has led to the need to evaluate the relevance and applicability of existing policies and frameworks that regulate the current transgenic technologies. On the African continent, there are delays in the development and implementation of biosafety policies and regulations. Most African countries formulate their policies, regulations, and frameworks by following The Convention on Biological Diversity's (CBD) guidelines. Although the CBD documents are continually evolving, this happens at a slower pace. It is becoming increasingly important for countries to deal swiftly with the advances in biotechnology in a manner that balances the regulatory complexities, while safeguarding the net gains for human health, the environment, and the economy. For the African countries, some of these net gains are similar, while concerns and perceived risks associated with the adoption and use of the technology are also common. Furthermore, the challenges relating to capacity, knowledge, and skills to address some of the regulatory complexities. In this article we explore the advancement of some African countries in the development and implementation of various biosafety policies and detail the challenges and constraints faced by those countries that are lagging behind. We conclude by outlining identified opportunities for neighbouring and regional countries to assist one another and work in a more organised and coordinated approach towards developing, implementing, and strengthening their respective biosafety policies, regulations, and frameworks.
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Chaudhry A, Hassan AU, Khan SH, Abbasi A, Hina A, Khan MT, Abdelsalam NR. The changing landscape of agriculture: role of precision breeding in developing smart crops. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:167. [PMID: 37204621 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Food plants play a crucial role in human survival, providing them essential nutrients. However, traditional breeding methods have not been able to keep up with the demands of the growing population. The improvement of food plants aims to increase yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. With CRISPR/Cas9, researchers can identify and edit key genes conferring desirable qualities in agricultural plants, including increased yield, enhanced product quality attributes, and increased tolerance to biotic and abiotic challenges. These modifications have enabled the creation of "smart crops" that exhibit rapid climatic adaptation, resistance to extreme weather conditions and high yield and quality. The use of CRISPR/Cas9 combined with viral vectors or growth regulators has made it possible to produce more efficient modified plants with certain conventional breeding methods. However, ethical and regulatory aspects of this technology must be carefully considered. Proper regulation and application of genome editing technology can bring immense benefits to agriculture and food security. This article provides an overview of genetically modified genes and conventional as well as emerging tools, including CRISPR/Cas9, that have been utilized to enhance the quality of plants/fruits and their products. The review also discusses the challenges and prospects associated with these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Chaudhry
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Ahtsham Ul Hassan
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Sultan Habibullah Khan
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Asim Abbasi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohsar University, Murree, 47150, Pakistan.
| | - Aiman Hina
- Soybean Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), MOA National Centre for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Muhammad Tajammal Khan
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
- Division of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nader R Abdelsalam
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
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Jabran M, Ali MA, Zahoor A, Muhae-Ud-Din G, Liu T, Chen W, Gao L. Intelligent reprogramming of wheat for enhancement of fungal and nematode disease resistance using advanced molecular techniques. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1132699. [PMID: 37235011 PMCID: PMC10206142 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1132699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) diseases are major factors responsible for substantial yield losses worldwide, which affect global food security. For a long time, plant breeders have been struggling to improve wheat resistance against major diseases by selection and conventional breeding techniques. Therefore, this review was conducted to shed light on various gaps in the available literature and to reveal the most promising criteria for disease resistance in wheat. However, novel techniques for molecular breeding in the past few decades have been very fruitful for developing broad-spectrum disease resistance and other important traits in wheat. Many types of molecular markers such as SCAR, RAPD, SSR, SSLP, RFLP, SNP, and DArT, etc., have been reported for resistance against wheat pathogens. This article summarizes various insightful molecular markers involved in wheat improvement for resistance to major diseases through diverse breeding programs. Moreover, this review highlights the applications of marker assisted selection (MAS), quantitative trait loci (QTL), genome wide association studies (GWAS) and the CRISPR/Cas-9 system for developing disease resistance against most important wheat diseases. We also reviewed all reported mapped QTLs for bunts, rusts, smuts, and nematode diseases of wheat. Furthermore, we have also proposed how the CRISPR/Cas-9 system and GWAS can assist breeders in the future for the genetic improvement of wheat. If these molecular approaches are used successfully in the future, they can be a significant step toward expanding food production in wheat crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jabran
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Amjad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Adil Zahoor
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ghulam Muhae-Ud-Din
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Taiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li Z, Rao MJ, Li J, Wang Y, Chen P, Yu H, Ma C, Wang L. CRISPR/Cas9 Mutant Rice Ospmei12 Involved in Growth, Cell Wall Development, and Response to Phytohormone and Heavy Metal Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416082. [PMID: 36555723 PMCID: PMC9784561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin is one of the constituents of the cell wall, distributed in the primary cell wall and middle lamella, affecting the rheological properties and the cell wall stickiness. Pectin methylesterase (PME) and pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI) are the most important factors for modifying methyl esterification. In this study, 45 PMEI genes from rice (Oryza sativa L.) were screened by bioinformatics tools, and their structure, motifs, cis-acting elements in the promoter region, chromosomal distribution, gene duplication, and phylogenetic relationship were analyzed. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to edit the OsPMEI12 (LOC_Os03G01020) and two mutant pmei12 lines were obtained to explore the functions of OsPMEI in plant growth and development, and under cadmium (Cd) stress. Compared to wild type (WT) Nipponbare, the second inverted internodes of the mutant plants shortened significantly, resulting in the reduction in plant height at mature stage. The seed setting rate, and fresh and dry weights of the mutants were also decreased in mutant plants. In addition, the pectin methylation of pmei12 lines is decreased as expected, and the pectin content of the cell wall increased at both seedling and maturity stages; however, the cellulose and hemicellulose increased only at seedling stage. Interestingly, the growth of the pmei12 lines was better than the WT in both normal conditions and under two phytohormone (GA3 and NAA) treatments at seedling stage. Under Cd stress, the fresh and dry weights were increased in pmei12 lines. These results indicated that OsPMEI12 was involved in the regulation of methyl esterification during growth, affected cell wall composition and agronomic traits, and might play an important role in responses to phytohormones and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Biomass and Bioenergy Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Biomass and Bioenergy Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Biomass and Bioenergy Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Biomass and Bioenergy Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hua Yu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Biomass and Bioenergy Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chongjian Ma
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (L.W.)
| | - Lingqiang Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Biomass and Bioenergy Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (L.W.)
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10
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Esmaeili N, Shen G, Zhang H. Genetic manipulation for abiotic stress resistance traits in crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1011985. [PMID: 36212298 PMCID: PMC9533083 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1011985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses are major limiting factors that pose severe threats to agricultural production. Conventional breeding has significantly improved crop productivity in the last century, but traditional breeding has reached its maximum capacity due to the multigenic nature of abiotic stresses. Alternatively, biotechnological approaches could provide new opportunities for producing crops that can adapt to the fast-changing environment and still produce high yields under severe environmental stress conditions. Many stress-related genes have been identified and manipulated to generate stress-tolerant plants in the past decades, which could lead to further increase in food production in most countries of the world. This review focuses on the recent progress in using transgenic technology and gene editing technology to improve abiotic stress tolerance in plants, and highlights the potential of using genetic engineering to secure food and fiber supply in a world with an increasing population yet decreasing land and water availability for food production and fast-changing climate that will be largely hostile to agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nardana Esmaeili
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Guoxin Shen
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sericultural Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Rao MJ, Duan M, Wang J, Han S, Ma L, Mo X, Li M, Hu L, Wang L. Transcriptomic and Widely Targeted Metabolomic Approach Identified Diverse Group of Bioactive Compounds, Antiradical Activities, and Their Associated Genes in Six Sugarcane Varieties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071319. [PMID: 35883810 PMCID: PMC9311902 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane is cultivated mainly for its high sucrose content but it can also produce many metabolites with promising antioxidant potential. However, very few studies have been reported on the biosynthesis of metabolites in sugarcane to date. In this study, we have identified a wide range of amino acids and organic acids in the rind of six sugarcane varieties by the LC-MS/MS method. A total number of 72 amino acids and 55 organic acid compounds were characterized; among these, 100 were reported for the first time. Moreover, 13 amino acids and seven organic acids were abundantly distributed in all varieties tested and considered major amino acids and organic acids in sugarcane. The variety Taitang134 (F134) showed the highest content of total amino acids, whereas the varieties ROC16 and Yuetang93/159 (YT93/159) had maximum content of organic acids. The amino acids of the rind extract presented higher antioxidant capacity than the organic acids of the rind extract. In addition, the transcriptomic and metabolic integrated analysis highlighted some candidate genes associated with amino acid biosynthesis in sugarcane. We selected a transcription factor gene, MYB(t), and over-expressed it in Arabidopsis. The transgenic plants showed a higher accumulation of amino acids with higher antiradical activity compared with the wild-type Arabidopsis plants. Thus, we characterize a wide range of amino acids and organic acids and their antiradical activities in different sugarcane varieties and present candidate genes that can be potentially valuable for the genetic improvement of metabolites in sugarcane bagasse
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Junaid Rao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., Nanning 530004, China; (M.J.R.); (M.D.); (S.H.); (L.M.); (X.M.); (M.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., Nanning 530004, China
| | - Mingzheng Duan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., Nanning 530004, China; (M.J.R.); (M.D.); (S.H.); (L.M.); (X.M.); (M.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jihong Wang
- Department of Life Science, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063000, China;
| | - Shijian Han
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., Nanning 530004, China; (M.J.R.); (M.D.); (S.H.); (L.M.); (X.M.); (M.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., Nanning 530004, China
| | - Li Ma
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., Nanning 530004, China; (M.J.R.); (M.D.); (S.H.); (L.M.); (X.M.); (M.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xinyi Mo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., Nanning 530004, China; (M.J.R.); (M.D.); (S.H.); (L.M.); (X.M.); (M.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., Nanning 530004, China
| | - Min Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., Nanning 530004, China; (M.J.R.); (M.D.); (S.H.); (L.M.); (X.M.); (M.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lihua Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence: (L.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Lingqiang Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., Nanning 530004, China; (M.J.R.); (M.D.); (S.H.); (L.M.); (X.M.); (M.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence: (L.H.); (L.W.)
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12
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Li Y, Tang D, Liu Z, Chen J, Cheng B, Kumar R, Yer H, Li Y. An Improved Procedure for Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of ‘Carrizo’ Citrange. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11111457. [PMID: 35684233 PMCID: PMC9183180 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although several protocols for genetic transformation of citrus have been published, it is highly desirable to further improve its efficiency. Here we report treatments of Agrobacterium cells and citrus explants prior to and during co-cultivation process to enhance transformation efficiency using a commercially used rootstock ‘Carrizo’ citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirius trifoliata (L.) Raf.] as a model plant. We found explants from light-grown seedlings exhibited higher transformation efficiency than those from etiolated seedlings. We pre-cultured Agrobacterium cells in a 1/10 MS, 0.5 g/L 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) and 100 µM acetosyringone liquid medium for 6 h at 25 °C before used to infect citrus explants. We incubated epicotyl segments in an MS liquid medium containing 13.2 µM 6-BA, 4.5 µM 2,4-D, 0.5 µM NAA for 3 h at 25 °C prior to Agrobacterium infection. In the co-cultivation medium, we added 30 µM paclobutrazol and 10 µM lipoic acid. Each of these treatments significantly increased the efficiencies of transformation up to 30.4% (treating Agrobacterium with acetosyringone), 31.8% (treating explants with cytokinin and auxin), 34.9% (paclobutrazol) and 38.6% (lipoic acid), respectively. When the three treatments were combined, we observed that the transformation efficiency was enhanced from 11.5% to 52.3%. The improvement of genetic transformation efficiency mediated by these three simple treatments may facilitate more efficient applications of transgenic and gene editing technologies for functional characterization of citrus genes and for genetic improvement of citrus cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Li
- Department of Plant Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (Y.L.); (D.T.); (R.K.); (H.Y.)
| | - Dan Tang
- Department of Plant Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (Y.L.); (D.T.); (R.K.); (H.Y.)
- Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zongrang Liu
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA;
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Environmental Horticulture, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL 32703, USA;
| | - Baoping Cheng
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Plant Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (Y.L.); (D.T.); (R.K.); (H.Y.)
| | - Huseyin Yer
- Department of Plant Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (Y.L.); (D.T.); (R.K.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Plant Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (Y.L.); (D.T.); (R.K.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(860)-486-6780
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13
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The Jujube TCP Transcription Factor ZjTCP16 Regulates Plant Growth and Cell Size by Affecting the Expression of Genes Involved in Plant Morphogenesis. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Jujube production is threatened by jujube witches’ broom (JWB) disease, which is caused by JWB phytoplasma. The jujube TCP transcription factor (TF) ZjTCP16 may be involved in the interaction of jujube plants with JWB phytoplasma. In this study, qRT-PCR proved that the expression pattern of ZjTCP16 was altered by JWB phytoplasma. The gene functions of ZjTCP16 were analyzed by its overexpression in Arabidopsis and jujube, as well as knock-down in. The overexpression of ZjTCP16 in Arabidopsis and jujube resulted in dwarfism and small leaves, while the zjtcp16 CRISPR mutants were higher than the WT. Microscopic observation of paraffin sections of jujube stems showed that ZjTCP16 affected the size of cells. The interactions of ZjTCP16 with ZjAS2 and ZjLOB in both the cytoplasm and nucleus were demonstrated by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assays and qRT-PCR further confirmed that ZjTCP16 affected the expression of genes involved in leaf morphogenesis and cell proliferation (ZjAS1, ZjKNAT1, ZjKNAT2 and ZjKNAT6) at the mRNA level through the ZjAS2 and ZjLOB pathways. In conclusion, ZjTCP16 regulates plant growth and cell size by altering the expression pattern of morphogenesis-related genes in jujube.
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14
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Niazian M, Belzile F, Torkamaneh D. CRISPR/Cas9 in Planta Hairy Root Transformation: A Powerful Platform for Functional Analysis of Root Traits in Soybean. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1044. [PMID: 35448772 PMCID: PMC9027312 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sequence and expression data obtained by next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based forward genetics methods often allow the identification of candidate causal genes. To provide true experimental evidence of a gene's function, reverse genetics techniques are highly valuable. Site-directed mutagenesis through transfer DNA (T-DNA) delivery is an efficient reverse screen method in plant functional analysis. Precise modification of targeted crop genome sequences is possible through the stable and/or transient delivery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) reagents. Currently, CRISPR/Cas9 is the most powerful reverse genetics approach for fast and precise functional analysis of candidate genes/mutations of interest. Rapid and large-scale analyses of CRISPR/Cas-induced mutagenesis is achievable through Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation. The combination of A. rhizogenes hairy root-CRISPR/Cas provides an extraordinary platform for rapid, precise, easy, and cost-effective "in root" functional analysis of genes of interest in legume plants, including soybean. Both hairy root transformation and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques have their own complexities and considerations. Here, we discuss recent advancements in soybean hairy root transformation and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques. We highlight the critical factors required to enhance mutation induction and hairy root transformation, including the new generation of reporter genes, methods of Agrobacterium infection, accurate gRNA design strategies, Cas9 variants, gene regulatory elements of gRNAs and Cas9 nuclease cassettes and their configuration in the final binary vector to study genes involved in root-related traits in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Niazian
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (M.N.); (F.B.)
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Field and Horticultural Crops Research Department, Kurdistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sanandaj 6616936311, Iran
| | - François Belzile
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (M.N.); (F.B.)
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Davoud Torkamaneh
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (M.N.); (F.B.)
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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15
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Ashraf MF, Hou D, Hussain Q, Imran M, Pei J, Ali M, Shehzad A, Anwar M, Noman A, Waseem M, Lin X. Entailing the Next-Generation Sequencing and Metabolome for Sustainable Agriculture by Improving Plant Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:651. [PMID: 35054836 PMCID: PMC8775971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Crop production is a serious challenge to provide food for the 10 billion individuals forecasted to live across the globe in 2050. The scientists' emphasize establishing an equilibrium among diversity and quality of crops by enhancing yield to fulfill the increasing demand for food supply sustainably. The exploitation of genetic resources using genomics and metabolomics strategies can help generate resilient plants against stressors in the future. The innovation of the next-generation sequencing (NGS) strategies laid the foundation to unveil various plants' genetic potential and help us to understand the domestication process to unmask the genetic potential among wild-type plants to utilize for crop improvement. Nowadays, NGS is generating massive genomic resources using wild-type and domesticated plants grown under normal and harsh environments to explore the stress regulatory factors and determine the key metabolites. Improved food nutritional value is also the key to eradicating malnutrition problems around the globe, which could be attained by employing the knowledge gained through NGS and metabolomics to achieve suitability in crop yield. Advanced technologies can further enhance our understanding in defining the strategy to obtain a specific phenotype of a crop. Integration among bioinformatic tools and molecular techniques, such as marker-assisted, QTLs mapping, creation of reference genome, de novo genome assembly, pan- and/or super-pan-genomes, etc., will boost breeding programs. The current article provides sequential progress in NGS technologies, a broad application of NGS, enhancement of genetic manipulation resources, and understanding the crop response to stress by producing plant metabolites. The NGS and metabolomics utilization in generating stress-tolerant plants/crops without deteriorating a natural ecosystem is considered a sustainable way to improve agriculture production. This highlighted knowledge also provides useful research that explores the suitable resources for agriculture sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Furqan Ashraf
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’An, Hangzhou 311300, China; (M.F.A.); (D.H.); (Q.H.); (J.P.)
| | - Dan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’An, Hangzhou 311300, China; (M.F.A.); (D.H.); (Q.H.); (J.P.)
| | - Quaid Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’An, Hangzhou 311300, China; (M.F.A.); (D.H.); (Q.H.); (J.P.)
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Colleges of Agriculture and Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.I.); (M.W.)
| | - Jialong Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’An, Hangzhou 311300, China; (M.F.A.); (D.H.); (Q.H.); (J.P.)
| | - Mohsin Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Aamar Shehzad
- Maize Research Station, AARI, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Anwar
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Waseem
- Colleges of Agriculture and Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.I.); (M.W.)
| | - Xinchun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’An, Hangzhou 311300, China; (M.F.A.); (D.H.); (Q.H.); (J.P.)
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16
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Hu B, Rao MJ, Deng X, Pandey SS, Hendrich C, Ding F, Wang N, Xu Q. Molecular signatures between citrus and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010071. [PMID: 34882744 PMCID: PMC8659345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is one of the most devastating citrus diseases worldwide. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is the most prevalent strain associated with HLB, which is yet to be cultured in vitro. None of the commercial citrus cultivars are resistant to HLB. The pathosystem of Ca. Liberibacter is complex and remains a mystery. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in genomic research on the pathogen, the interaction of host and CLas, and the influence of CLas infection on the transcripts, proteins, and metabolism of the host. We have also focused on the identification of candidate genes for CLas pathogenicity or the improvements of HLB tolerance in citrus. In the end, we propose potentially promising areas for mechanistic studies of CLas pathogenicity, defense regulators, and genetic improvement for HLB tolerance/resistance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid Rao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sheo Shankar Pandey
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Connor Hendrich
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Fang Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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17
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Gracz-Bernaciak J, Mazur O, Nawrot R. Functional Studies of Plant Latex as a Rich Source of Bioactive Compounds: Focus on Proteins and Alkaloids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12427. [PMID: 34830309 PMCID: PMC8620047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Latex, a sticky emulsion produced by specialized cells called laticifers, is a crucial part of a plant's defense system against herbivory and pathogens. It consists of a broad spectrum of active compounds, which are beneficial not only for plants, but for human health as well, enough to mention the use of morphine or codeine from poppy latex. Here, we reviewed latex's general role in plant physiology and the significance of particular compounds (alkaloids and proteins) to its defense system with the example of Chelidonium majus L. from the poppy family. We further attempt to present latex chemicals used so far in medicine and then focus on functional studies of proteins and other compounds with potential pharmacological activities using modern techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Despite the centuries-old tradition of using latex-bearing plants in therapies, there are still a lot of promising molecules waiting to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Nawrot
- Molecular Virology Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (J.G.-B.); (O.M.)
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18
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Antioxidant Metabolites in Primitive, Wild, and Cultivated Citrus and Their Role in Stress Tolerance. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195801. [PMID: 34641344 PMCID: PMC8510114 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Citrus contains a vast range of antioxidant metabolites, dietary metabolites, and antioxidant polyphenols that protect plants from unfavorable environmental conditions, enhance their tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and possess multiple health-promoting effects in humans. This review summarizes various antioxidant metabolites such as organic acids, amino acids, alkaloids, fatty acids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, tocopherols, terpenoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins that are distributed in different citrus species. Among these antioxidant metabolites, flavonoids are abundantly present in primitive, wild, and cultivated citrus species and possess the highest antioxidant activity. We demonstrate that the primitive and wild citrus species (e.g., Atalantia buxifolia and C. latipes) have a high level of antioxidant metabolites and are tolerant to various abiotic and biotic stresses compared with cultivated citrus species (e.g., C. sinensis and C. reticulata). Additionally, we highlight the potential usage of citrus wastes (rag, seeds, fruit peels, etc.) and the health-promoting properties of citrus metabolites. Furthermore, we summarize the genes that are involved in the biosynthesis of antioxidant metabolites in different citrus species. We speculate that the genome-engineering technologies should be used to confirm the functions of candidate genes that are responsible for the accumulation of antioxidant metabolites, which will serve as an alternative tool to breed citrus cultivars with increased antioxidant metabolites.
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