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Magara K, Takasawa A, Takasawa K, Aoyama T, Ota M, Kyuno D, Ono Y, Murakami T, Yamamoto S, Nakamori Y, Nakahashi N, Kutomi G, Takemasa I, Hasegawa T, Osanai M. Multilayered proteomics reveals that JAM-A promotes breast cancer progression via regulation of amino acid transporter LAT1. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:3153-3168. [PMID: 38943512 PMCID: PMC11462982 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that transmembrane-type tight junction proteins are upregulated in various cancers compared with their levels in normal tissues and are involved in cancer progression, suggesting that they are potential therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrated the expression profile and a novel role of junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) in breast cancer. Immunohistochemistry of surgical specimens showed that JAM-A was highly expressed from carcinoma in situ lesions, as in other adenocarcinomas, with higher expression in invasive carcinomas. High expression of JAM-A contributed to malignant aspects such as lymph node metastasis and lymphatic involvement positivity. In breast cancer cells, JAM-A expression status affects malignant potentials including proliferation and migration. Multilayered proteomics revealed that JAM-A interacts with the amino acid transporter LAT1 in breast cancer cells. JAM-A regulates the expression of LAT1 and interacts with it on the whole cell membrane, leading to enhanced amino acid uptake to promote tumor growth. Double high expression of JAM-A and LAT1 predicts poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. Of note, an antibody against an extracellular domain of JAM-A suppressed the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Our findings indicate the possibility of JAM-A-targeted therapy ideally combined with LAT1-targeted therapy as a new therapeutic strategy against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Magara
- Department of PathologySapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Akira Takasawa
- Department of PathologySapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
- Division of Tumor Pathology, Department of PathologyAsahikawa Medical UniversityAsahikawaJapan
| | - Kumi Takasawa
- Department of PathologySapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
- Division of Tumor Pathology, Department of PathologyAsahikawa Medical UniversityAsahikawaJapan
| | - Tomoyuki Aoyama
- Department of PathologySapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Misaki Ota
- Department of PathologySapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologySapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Daisuke Kyuno
- Department of PathologySapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology and ScienceSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Department of PathologySapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Taro Murakami
- Department of PathologySapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Soh Yamamoto
- Department of MicrobiologySapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Yuna Nakamori
- Department of PathologySapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
- Department of Oral SurgerySapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Naoya Nakahashi
- Department of PathologySapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
- Department of Orthopedic SurgerySapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Goro Kutomi
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology and ScienceSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Ichiro Takemasa
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology and ScienceSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Tadashi Hasegawa
- Department of Surgical PathologySapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Makoto Osanai
- Department of PathologySapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
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2
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Yaga M, Hasegawa K, Ikeda S, Matsubara M, Hiroshima T, Kimura T, Shirai Y, Tansri W, Uehara H, Tachikawa M, Okairi Y, Sone M, Mori H, Kogue Y, Akamine H, Okuzaki D, Kawagishi K, Kawanaka S, Yamato H, Takeuchi Y, Okura E, Kanzaki R, Okami J, Nakamichi I, Nakane S, Kobayashi A, Iwazawa T, Tokunaga T, Yokouchi H, Yano Y, Uchida J, Mori M, Komuta K, Tachi T, Kuroda H, Kijima N, Kishima H, Ichii M, Futami S, Naito Y, Shiroyama T, Miyake K, Koyama S, Hirata H, Takeda Y, Funaki S, Shintani Y, Kumanogoh A, Hosen N. CD98 heavy chain protein is overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer and is a potential target for CAR T-cell therapy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17917. [PMID: 39095551 PMCID: PMC11297167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are effective against hematological cancers, but are less effective against solid tumors such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). One of the reasons is that only a few cell surface targets specific for NSCLC cells have been identified. Here, we report that CD98 heavy chain (hc) protein is overexpressed on the surface of NSCLC cells and is a potential target for CAR T cells against NSCLC. Screening of over 10,000 mAb clones raised against NSCLC cell lines showed that mAb H2A011 bound to NSCLC cells but not normal lung epithelial cells. H2A011 recognized CD98hc. Although CAR T cells derived from H2A011 could not be established presumably due to the high level of H2A011 reactivity in activated T cells, those derived from the anti-CD98hc mAb R8H283, which had been shown to lack reactivity with CD98hc glycoforms expressed on normal hematopoietic cells and some normal tissues, were successfully developed. R8H283 specifically reacted with NSCLC cells in six of 15 patients. R8H283-derived CAR T cells exerted significant anti-tumor effects in a xenograft NSCLC model in vivo. These results suggest that R8H283 CAR T cells may become a new therapeutic tool for NSCLC, although careful testing for off-tumor reactivity should be performed in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Humans
- Mice
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Fusion Regulatory Protein 1, Heavy Chain/metabolism
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Moto Yaga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kana Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunya Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miwa Matsubara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Hiroshima
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuya Shirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wibowo Tansri
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Uehara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mana Tachikawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Okairi
- Osaka Research Center for Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sone
- Osaka Research Center for Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Mori
- Osaka Research Center for Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kogue
- Osaka Research Center for Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Akamine
- Osaka Research Center for Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Human Immunology (Single Cell Genomics), World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kotaro Kawagishi
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawanaka
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamato
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukiyasu Takeuchi
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Okura
- Department of Surgery, Takarazuka City Hospital, Takarazuka, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ryu Kanzaki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jiro Okami
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Itsuko Nakamichi
- Department of Pathology, Minoh City Hospital, Minoh, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Nakane
- Department of Surgery, Minoh City Hospital, Minoh, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aki Kobayashi
- Department of Surgery, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Iwazawa
- Department of Surgery, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiteru Tokunaga
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideoki Yokouchi
- Department of Surgery, Suita Municipal Hospital, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yano
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junji Uchida
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahide Mori
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Komuta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Anti-Tuberculosis Association Osaka Fukujuji Hospital, Neyagawa, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Tachi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Kuroda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kijima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kishima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michiko Ichii
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinji Futami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yujiro Naito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shiroyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kotaro Miyake
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shohei Koyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), National Cancer Center, Tokyo/Chiba, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Hirata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshito Takeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Soichiro Funaki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shintani
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Diseases for Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development - Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS (CAMaD), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosen
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Wang FM, Xu LQ, Zhang ZC, Guo Q, Du ZP, Lei Y, Han X, Wu CY, Zhao F, Chen JL. SLC7A8 overexpression inhibits the growth and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma and is correlated with a dismal prognosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:1605-1619. [PMID: 38244585 PMCID: PMC10866399 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of solute carrier family 7 member 8 (SLC7A8) has been shown to relate to the survival time and tumor progression in cancer patients. However, the role of SLC7A8 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is still obscure. METHOD The relationships between SLC7A8 expression in LUAD tissues and clinical values as well as immune infiltration were explored through bioinformatics. The functions and pathways of SLC7A8 in LUAD were investigated using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, Western blotting, and other methods. RESULTS We found that the expression of SLC7A8 was decreased significantly in LUAD tissues compared with normal tissues, which was related to the dismal survival time and disease progression. Moreover, it carried diagnostic value in LUAD and was a risk factor for dismal prognosis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that the expression level of SLC7A8 carried significant diagnostic value in LUAD. Overexpression of SLC7A8 inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and migration of LUAD cells, likely through a mechanism involving the cell cycle. SLC7A8 expression in LUAD was significantly correlated with the infiltration of immune cells, especially B cells, interstitial dendritic cells, mast cells, CD56 bright cells, natural killer cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, T follicular helper cells, T helper 2 and 17 cells, and immune factors. CONCLUSION The downregulation of SLC7A8 was related to a dismal prognosis and immune cell infiltration in LUAD. Increasing the expression of SLC7A8 inhibited the growth and migration of LUAD cells, thereby improving the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ming Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Qiang Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zhong-Chao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Lei
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuang-Yan Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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4
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Utsugi S, Ogihara K, Naya Y, Sunden Y, Nakamoto Y, Okamoto Y. Expression of L-type amino acid transporter 1 in canine and feline intracranial tumors. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1111-1117. [PMID: 35753782 PMCID: PMC9412071 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is upregulated in various malignant tumors in humans. LAT1 expression correlates with the grade of cancer and prognosis. LAT1 is responsible for the supply of many essential amino acids to cancer cells. Inhibition of LAT1 reduces the amino acids that enter the cell and inhibits cancer cell growth. Therefore, novel anticancer drugs targeting LAT1 have attracted much attention in recent years. In this study, to explore the applicability of using LAT1 expression in intracranial tumors as a prognostic factor and therapeutic target, we investigated the expression of LAT1 in surgically resected primary and secondary intracranial tumor tissues from dogs and cats. Immunohistochemical analysis of LAT1 was performed on intracranial tumor tissue from 14 dogs and 3 cats. Primary intracranial tumors were seen in 10 dogs and included meningiomas, histiocytic sarcomas, pituitary tumors, and gliomas, and 9 out of 10 cases were positive for LAT1. Primary intracranial tumors were seen in 2 cats and included meningioma and lymphoma; both cases were positive for LAT1. Secondary intracranial tumors were positive for LAT1 in 3 out of 4 cases in dogs and 1 out of 1 in cats. Since the majority of intracranial tumors in dogs and cats were positive for LAT1, immunostaining for LAT1 is expected to be a prognostic indicator and therapeutic target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Utsugi
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University.,Department of Neurology, Saitama Animal Medical Center
| | | | - Yuko Naya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Azabu University
| | - Yuji Sunden
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Yuya Nakamoto
- Neuro Vets Animal Neurology Clinic.,Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Yoshiharu Okamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
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5
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Cappoli N, Jenkinson MD, Russo CD, Dickens D. LAT1, a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of glioblastoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 201:115103. [PMID: 35618000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The L-Type Amino Acid transporter, LAT1 (SLC7A5), has a crucial role in mediating amino acid uptake into the cells, thus modulating cell growth and proliferation as well as other intracellular functions. Different studies have reported a central role of LAT1 in glioblastoma development and progression, suggesting that the modulation of its activity could be a novel therapeutic strategy. LAT1 also has an important role in the peripheral immune system, by regulating the activation status of several immune cells through modulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase. In glioblastoma (GBM), the blood-brain barrier is disrupted, which allows the recruitment of peripheral immune cells to the tumour site. These cells, together with resident microglia, contribute to cancer growth and progression. Currently, little is known about the function of LAT1 in the reprogramming of the immune component of the tumour microenvironment in the context of GBM. In this article, we review the available data on the role of LAT1 in the regulation of GBM biology, including its potential role in the tumour microenvironment, particularly in infiltrating-peripheral immune cells and resident microglial cells. In addition, we review the available data on the main pharmacological inhibitors of LAT1, aiming to evaluate their possible role as novel therapeutics for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cappoli
- Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Pharmacology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael D Jenkinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosurgery, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Dello Russo
- Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Pharmacology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - David Dickens
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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6
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Vettermann FJ, Diekmann C, Weidner L, Unterrainer M, Suchorska B, Ruf V, Dorostkar M, Wenter V, Herms J, Tonn JC, Bartenstein P, Riemenschneider MJ, Albert NL. L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) 1 expression in 18F-FET-negative gliomas. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:124. [PMID: 34905134 PMCID: PMC8671595 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background O-(2-[18F]-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (18F-FET) is a highly sensitive PET tracer for glioma imaging, and its uptake is suggested to be driven by an overexpression of the L-type amino-acid transporter 1 (LAT1). However, 30% of low- and 5% of high-grade gliomas do not present enhanced 18F-FET uptake at primary diagnosis (“18F-FET-negative gliomas”) and the pathophysiologic basis for this phenomenon remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of LAT1 in a homogeneous group of newly diagnosed 18F-FET-negative gliomas and to compare them to a matched group of 18F-FET-positive gliomas. Forty newly diagnosed IDH-mutant astrocytomas without 1p/19q codeletion were evaluated (n = 20 18F-FET-negative (tumour-to-background ratio (TBR) < 1.6), n = 20 18F-FET-positive gliomas (TBR > 1.6)). LAT1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using SLC7A5/LAT1 antibody. The percentage of LAT1-positive tumour cells (%) and the staining intensity (range 0–2) were multiplied to an overall score (H-score; range 0–200) and correlated to PET findings as well as progression-free survival (PFS). Results IHC staining of LAT1 expression was positive in both, 18F-FET-positive as well as 18F-FET-negative gliomas. No differences were found between the 18F-FET-negative and 18F-FET-positive group with regard to percentage of LAT1-positive tumour cells, staining intensity or H-score. Interestingly, the LAT1 expression showed a significant negative correlation with the PFS (p = 0.031), whereas no significant correlation was found for TBRmax, neither in the overall group nor in the 18F-FET-positive group only (p = 0.651 and p = 0.140). Conclusion Although LAT1 is reported to mediate the uptake of 18F-FET into tumour cells, the levels of LAT1 expression do not correlate with the levels of 18F-FET uptake in IDH-mutant astrocytomas. In particular, the lack of tracer uptake in 18F-FET-negative gliomas cannot be explained by a reduced LAT1 expression. A higher LAT1 expression in IDH-mutant astrocytomas seems to be associated with a short PFS. Further studies regarding mechanisms influencing the uptake of 18F-FET are necessary. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13550-021-00865-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska J Vettermann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Caroline Diekmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lorraine Weidner
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Unterrainer
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bogdana Suchorska
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sana Hospital, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Ruf
- Center for Neuropathology, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mario Dorostkar
- Center for Neuropathology, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Wenter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Center for Neuropathology, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg-Christian Tonn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Nathalie L Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Zhang J, Xu Y, Li D, Fu L, Zhang X, Bao Y, Zheng L. Review of the Correlation of LAT1 With Diseases: Mechanism and Treatment. Front Chem 2020; 8:564809. [PMID: 33195053 PMCID: PMC7606929 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.564809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
LAT1 is a member of the system L transporter family. The main role of the LAT1 is to transport specific amino acids through cell membranes to provide nutrients to cells and participate in several metabolic pathways. It also contributes to the transport of hormones and some drugs, which are essential for the development and treatment of some diseases. In recent years, many studies have shown that LAT1 is related to cancer, obesity, diabetes, and other diseases. However, the specific mechanism underlying the influence of LAT1 on such conditions remains unclear. Through the increasing number of studies on LAT1, we have obtained a preliminary understanding on the function of LAT1 in diseases. These studies also provide a theoretical basis for finding treatments for LAT1-related diseases, such as cancer. This review summarizes the function and mechanism of LAT1 in different diseases and the treatment of LAT1-related diseases. It also provides support for the development of novel and reliable disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshun Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lulu Fu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yigang Bao
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lianwen Zheng
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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8
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El Ansari R, Alfarsi L, Craze ML, Masisi BK, Ellis IO, Rakha EA, Green AR. The solute carrier SLC7A8 is a marker of favourable prognosis in ER-positive low proliferative invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 181:1-12. [PMID: 32200487 PMCID: PMC7182634 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease consisting of various subtypes, with different prognostic and therapeutic outcomes. The amino acid transporter, SLC7A8, is overexpressed in oestrogen receptor-positive BC. However, the consequence of this overexpression, in terms of disease prognosis, is still obscure. This study aimed to evaluate the biological and prognostic value of SLC7A8 in BC with emphasis on the intrinsic molecular subtypes. METHODS SLC7A8 was assessed at the genomic, using METABRIC data (n = 1980), and proteomic, using immunohistochemistry and TMA (n = 1562), levels in well-characterised primary BC cohorts. SLC7A8 expression was examined with clinicopathological parameters, molecular subtypes, and patient outcome. RESULTS SLC7A8 mRNA and SLC7A8 protein expression were strongly associated with good prognostic features, including small tumour size, low tumour grade, and good Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) (all P < 0.05). Expression of SLC7A8 mRNA was higher in luminal tumours compared to other subtypes (P < 0.001). High expression of SLC7A8 mRNA and SLC7A8 protein was associated with good patient outcome (P ≤ 0.001) but only in the low proliferative ER+/luminal A tumours (P = 0.01). In multivariate analysis, SLC7A8 mRNA and SLC7A8 protein were independent factors for longer breast cancer specific survival (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03), respectively. CONCLUSION SLC7A8 appears to play a role in BC and is a marker for favourable prognosis in the most predominant, ER+ low proliferative/luminal A, BC subtype. Functional assessment is necessary to reveal the specific role played by SLC7A8 in ER+ BC.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Amino Acid Transport System y+/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/surgery
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/surgery
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/surgery
- Cell Proliferation/physiology
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Fusion Regulatory Protein 1, Light Chains/metabolism
- Humans
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Prognosis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokaya El Ansari
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Lutfi Alfarsi
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Madeleine L Craze
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Brendah K Masisi
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
- Histopathology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
- Histopathology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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9
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Lu X. The Role of Large Neutral Amino Acid Transporter (LAT1) in Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2019; 19:863-876. [DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666190802135714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The solute carrier family 7 (SLC7) can be categorically divided into two
subfamilies, the L-type amino acid transporters (LATs) including SLC7A5-13, and SLC7A15, and
the cationic amino acid transporters (CATs) including SLC7A1-4 and SLC7A14. Members of the
CAT family transport predominantly cationic amino acids by facilitating diffusion with intracellular
substrates. LAT1 (also known as SLC7A5), is defined as a heteromeric amino acid transporter
(HAT) interacting with the glycoprotein CD98 (SLC3A2) through a conserved disulfide to uptake
not only large neutral amino acids, but also several pharmaceutical drugs to cells.
Methods:
In this review, we provide an overview of the interaction of the structure-function of
LAT1 and its essential role in cancer, specifically, its role at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to facilitate
the transport of thyroid hormones, pharmaceuticals (e.g., I-DOPA, gabapentin), and metabolites
into the brain.
Results:
LAT1 expression increases as cancers progress, leading to higher expression levels in highgrade
tumors and metastases. In addition, LAT1 plays a crucial role in cancer-associated
reprogrammed metabolic networks by supplying tumor cells with essential amino acids.
Conclusion:
The increasing understanding of the role of LAT1 in cancer has led to an increase in
interest surrounding its potential as a drug target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Lu
- The Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, SW3 6LR, United Kingdom
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10
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The L-Type Amino Acid Transporter LAT1-An Emerging Target in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102428. [PMID: 31100853 PMCID: PMC6566973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic proliferation is a major hallmark of tumor cells. Rapidly proliferating cancer cells are highly dependent on nutrients in order to duplicate their cell mass during each cell division. In particular, essential amino acids are indispensable for proliferating cancer cells. Their uptake across the cell membrane is tightly controlled by membrane transporters. Among those, the L-type amino acid transporter LAT1 (SLC7A5) has been repeatedly found overexpressed in a vast variety of cancers. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in our understanding of the role of LAT1 in cancer and highlight preclinical studies and drug developments underlying the potential of LAT1 as therapeutic target.
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11
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Saito Y, Li L, Coyaud E, Luna A, Sander C, Raught B, Asara JM, Brown M, Muthuswamy SK. LLGL2 rescues nutrient stress by promoting leucine uptake in ER + breast cancer. Nature 2019; 569:275-279. [PMID: 30996345 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila Lgl and its mammalian homologues, LLGL1 and LLGL2, are scaffolding proteins that regulate the establishment of apical-basal polarity in epithelial cells1,2. Whereas Lgl functions as a tumour suppressor in Drosophila1, the roles of mammalian LLGL1 and LLGL2 in cancer are unclear. The majority (about 75%) of breast cancers express oestrogen receptors (ERs)3, and patients with these tumours receive endocrine treatment4. However, the development of resistance to endocrine therapy and metastatic progression are leading causes of death for patients with ER+ disease4. Here we report that, unlike LLGL1, LLGL2 is overexpressed in ER+ breast cancer and promotes cell proliferation under nutrient stress. LLGL2 regulates cell surface levels of a leucine transporter, SLC7A5, by forming a trimeric complex with SLC7A5 and a regulator of membrane fusion, YKT6, to promote leucine uptake and cell proliferation. The oestrogen receptor targets LLGL2 expression. Resistance to endocrine treatment in breast cancer cells was associated with SLC7A5- and LLGL2-dependent adaption to nutrient stress. SLC7A5 was necessary and sufficient to confer resistance to tamoxifen treatment, identifying SLC7A5 as a potential therapeutic target for overcoming resistance to endocrine treatments in breast cancer. Thus, LLGL2 functions as a promoter of tumour growth and not as a tumour suppressor in ER+ breast cancer. Beyond breast cancer, adaptation to nutrient stress is critically important5, and our findings identify an unexpected role for LLGL2 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Saito
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Lewyn Li
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Augustin Luna
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chris Sander
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John M Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Myles Brown
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Senthil K Muthuswamy
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Delta-Tocotrienol Modulates Glutamine Dependence by Inhibiting ASCT2 and LAT1 Transporters in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Cells: A Metabolomic Approach. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9030050. [PMID: 30871192 PMCID: PMC6468853 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) primarily depends on glutamine. Both glutamine and essential amino acids (EAAs) have been reported to upregulate mTOR in NSCLC, which is a bioenergetics sensor involved in the regulation of cell growth, cell survival, and protein synthesis. Seen as novel concepts in cancer development, ASCT2 and LAT transporters allow glutamine and EAAs to enter proliferating tumors as well as send a regulatory signal to mTOR. Blocking or downregulating these glutamine transporters in order to inhibit glutamine uptake would be an excellent therapeutic target for treatment of NSCLC. This study aimed to validate the metabolic dysregulation of glutamine and its derivatives in NSCLC using cellular 1H-NMR metabolomic approach while exploring the mechanism of delta-tocotrienol (δT) on glutamine transporters, and mTOR pathway. Cellular metabolomics analysis showed significant inhibition in the uptake of glutamine, its derivatives glutamate and glutathione, and some EAAs in both cell lines with δT treatment. Inhibition of glutamine transporters (ASCT2 and LAT1) and mTOR pathway proteins (P-mTOR and p-4EBP1) was evident in Western blot analysis in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that δT inhibits glutamine transporters, thus inhibiting glutamine uptake into proliferating cells, which results in the inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis via downregulation of the mTOR pathway.
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13
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El Ansari R, Craze ML, Miligy I, Diez-Rodriguez M, Nolan CC, Ellis IO, Rakha EA, Green AR. The amino acid transporter SLC7A5 confers a poor prognosis in the highly proliferative breast cancer subtypes and is a key therapeutic target in luminal B tumours. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:21. [PMID: 29566741 PMCID: PMC5863851 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-0946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease characterised by variant biology and patient outcome. The amino acid transporter, SLC7A5, plays a role in BC although its impact on patient outcome in different BC subtypes remains to be validated. This study aimed to determine whether the clinicopathological and prognostic value of SLC7A5 is different within the molecular classes of BC. METHODS SLC7A5 was assessed at the genomic level, using Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) data (n = 1980), and proteomic level, using immunohistochemical analysis and tissue microarray (TMA) (n = 2664; 1110 training and 1554 validation sets) in well-characterised primary BC cohorts. SLC7A5 expression correlated with clinicopathological and biological parameters, molecular subtypes and patient outcome. RESULTS SLC7A5 mRNA and protein expression were strongly correlated with larger tumour size and higher grade. High expression was observed in triple negative (TN), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)+, and luminal B subtypes. SLC7A5 mRNA and protein expression was significantly associated with the expression of the key regulator of tumour cell metabolism, c-MYC, specifically in luminal B tumours only (p = 0.001). High expression of SLC7A5 mRNA and protein was associated with poor patient outcome (p < 0.001) but only in the highly proliferative oestrogen receptor (ER)+/ luminal B (p = 0.007) and HER2+ classes of BC (p = 0.03). In multivariate analysis, SLC7A5 protein was an independent risk factor for shorter breast-cancer-specific survival only in ER+ high-proliferation tumours (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS SLC7A5 appears to play a role in the aggressive highly proliferative ER+ subtype driven by MYC and could act as a potential therapeutic target. Functional assessment is necessary to reveal the specific role played by this transporter in the ER+ highly proliferative subclass and HER2+ subclass of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokaya El Ansari
- Academic Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB UK
| | - Madeleine L. Craze
- Academic Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB UK
| | - Islam Miligy
- Academic Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB UK
| | - Maria Diez-Rodriguez
- Academic Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB UK
| | - Christopher C. Nolan
- Academic Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB UK
| | - Ian O. Ellis
- Academic Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB UK
- Breast Institute, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB UK
| | - Emad A. Rakha
- Academic Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB UK
- Breast Institute, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB UK
| | - Andrew R. Green
- Academic Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB UK
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14
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Otsuki H, Kimura T, Yamaga T, Kosaka T, Suehiro JI, Sakurai H. Prostate Cancer Cells in Different Androgen Receptor Status Employ Different Leucine Transporters. Prostate 2017; 77:222-233. [PMID: 27696482 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine stimulates cancer cell proliferation through the mTOR pathway, therefore, inhibiting leucine transporters may be a novel therapeutic target for cancer. L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) 1, a Na+ -independent amino acid transporter, is highly expressed in many tumor cells. However, leucine transporter(s) in different stages of prostate cancer, particularly in the stages of castration resistance with androgen receptor (AR) expression, is unclear. METHODS LNCaP and DU145 and PC-3 cell lines were used as a model of androgen dependent, and metastatic prostate cancer. A new "LN-cr" cell line was established after culturing LNCaP cells for 6 months under androgen-free conditions, which is considered a model of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with androgen AR expression. The expression of leucine transporters was investigated with quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence. Uptake of 14 C Leucine was examined in the presence or absence of BCH (a pan-LAT inhibitor), JPH203 (an LAT1-specific inhibitor), or Na+ . Cell growth was assessed with MTT assay. siRNA studies were performed to evaluate the indispensability of y+ LAT2 on leucine uptake and cell viability in LN-cr. RESULTS Cell viability showed a 90% decrease in the absence of leucine in all four cell lines. LNCaP cells principally expressed LAT3, and their leucine uptake was more than 90% Na+ -independent. BCH, but not JPH203, inhibited leucine uptake, and cell proliferation (IC50BCH :15 mM). DU145 and PC-3 cells predominantly expressed LAT1. Leucine uptake and cell growth were suppressed by BCH or JPH203 in a dose-dependent manner (IC50BCH : ∼20 mM, IC50JPH203 : ∼5 µM). In LN-cr cells, Na+ -dependent uptake of leucine was 3.8 pmol/mgprotein/min, while, Na+ -independent uptake was only 0.52 (P < 0.05). Leucine uptake of LN-cr was largely (∼85%) Na+ -dependent. y+ LAT2 expression was confirmed in LN-cr. Knockdown of y+ LAT2 lead to significant leucine uptake inhibition (40%) and cell growth inhibition (20%). CONCLUSIONS New CRPC cell line with increased expression of y+ LAT2 as a leucine transporter was established in vitro. Anti-leucine transporter therapy could be an important option against prostate cancer. Prostate 77:222-233, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Otsuki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Suehiro
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakurai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
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Fukumoto S, Hanazono K, Komatsu T, Ueno H, Kadosawa T, Iwano H, Uchide T. L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1): A new therapeutic target for canine mammary gland tumour. Vet J 2013; 198:164-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Rapid screening of membrane protein expression in transiently transfected insect cells. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 88:134-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Youland RS, Kitange GJ, Peterson TE, Pafundi DH, Ramiscal JA, Pokorny JL, Giannini C, Laack NN, Parney IF, Lowe VJ, Brinkmann DH, Sarkaria JN. The role of LAT1 in (18)F-DOPA uptake in malignant gliomas. J Neurooncol 2013; 111:11-8. [PMID: 23086431 PMCID: PMC3907171 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-012-0986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the amino acid tracer 6-(18)F-fluoro-L-3,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine ((18)F-DOPA) may provide better spatial and functional information in human gliomas than CT or MRI alone. The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is responsible for membrane transport of large neutral amino acids in normal cells. This study assessed the relationship between LAT1 expression and (18)F-DOPA uptake in human astrocytomas. Endogenous LAT1 expression was measured in established glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines and primary GBM xenografts using Western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Uptake of (18)F-DOPA was approximated in vitro using (3)H-L-DOPA as an analog. Uptake of (3)H-L-DOPA was assessed in cells expressing LAT1 shRNA or LAT1 siRNA and compared to non-targeted (NT) control shRNA or siRNA sequences, respectively. To demonstrate the clinical relevance of these findings, LAT1 immunofluorescence staining was compared with corresponding regions of (18)F-DOPA PET uptake in patients with newly diagnosed astrocytomas. LAT1 mRNA and protein expression varies in GBM, and the extent of (3)H-L-DOPA uptake was positively correlated with endogenous LAT1 expression. Stable shRNA-mediated LAT1 knockdown in T98 and GBM28 reduced (3)H-L-DOPA uptake relative to NT shRNA by 57 (P < 0.0001) and 52 % (P < 0.001), respectively. Transient siRNA-mediated LAT1 knockdown in T98 reduced (3)H-L-DOPA uptake relative to NT siRNA up to 68 % (P < 0.01). In clinical samples, LAT1 expression positively correlated with (18)F-DOPA PET uptake (P = 0.04). Expression of LAT1 is strongly associated with (3)H-L-DOPA uptake in vitro and (18)F-DOPA uptake in patient biopsy samples. These results define LAT1 as a key determinant of (18)F-DOPA accumulation in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Youland
- College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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FUKUMOTO S, HANAZONO K, KOMATSU T, IWANO H, KADOSAWA T, UCHIDE T. L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) Expression in Canine Mammary Gland Tumors. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:431-7. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya FUKUMOTO
- Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069–8501, Japan
| | - Kiwamu HANAZONO
- Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069–8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro KOMATSU
- Veterinary Oncology, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069–8501, Japan
| | - Hidetomo IWANO
- Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069–8501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi KADOSAWA
- Veterinary Oncology, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069–8501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi UCHIDE
- Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069–8501, Japan
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Kim HL, Seo YR. Molecular and genomic approach for understanding the gene-environment interaction between Nrf2 deficiency and carcinogenic nickel-induced DNA damage. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1959-67. [PMID: 23023193 PMCID: PMC3583472 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nickel (II) is a toxic and carcinogenic metal which induces a redox imbalance following oxidative stress. Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a redox factor that regulates oxidation/reduction status and consequently mediates cytoprotective responses against exposure to environmental toxicants. In this study, we investigated the protective roles of the Nrf2 gene against oxidative stress and DNA damage induced by nickel at sub-lethal doses. Under nickel exposure conditions, we detected significantly increased intracellular ROS generation, in addition to higher amounts of DNA damage using comet assay and γ-H2AX immunofluorescence staining in Nrf2 lacking cells, as compared to Nrf2 wild-type cells. In addition, we attempted to identify potential nickel and Nrf2-responsive targets and the relevant pathway. The genomic expression data were analyzed using microarray for the selection of synergistic effect-related genes by Nrf2 knockdown under nickel treatment. In particular, altered expressions of 6 upregulated genes (CAV1, FOSL2, MICA, PIM2, RUNX1 and SLC7A6) and 4 downregulated genes (APLP1, CLSPN, PCAF and PRAME) were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Additionally, using bioinformatics tool, we found that these genes functioned principally in a variety of molecular processes, including oxidative stress response, necrosis, DNA repair and cell survival. Thus, we describe the potential biomarkers regarded as molecular candidates for Nrf2-related cellular protection against nickel exposure. In conclusion, these findings indicate that Nrf2 is an important factor with a protective role in the suppression of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity by environmental nickel exposure in terms of gene-environment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Lim Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
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Role of amino acid transporter LAT2 in the activation of mTORC1 pathway and the pathogenesis of crescentic glomerulonephritis. J Transl Med 2011; 91:992-1006. [PMID: 21403644 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways leading to cellular proliferation and lesion formation in the crescentic glomerulonephritis (CGN) remain elusive. In the present study we have explored a potential role of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway and amino acid transporter (LAT) in the pathogenesis of CGN. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis of glomeruli isolated from a rat model of CGN revealed that activation of mTORC1 preceded crescent formation in glomerular parietal epithelial cells (PECs) and podocytes. Daily treatment of rats with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus just after induction of CGN was not beneficial and instead led to increased cellular necrosis of PECs. However, daily treatment starting 7 days after the onset of CGN was beneficial and maintained intact glomeruli. Out of three forms of L-type neutral amino acid transporters (LAT1-LAT3) studied here, only LAT2 was found to be upregulated in the PECs and podocytes in advance of the crescent formation as well as in the crescent lesion itself. Cell culture study revealed that plasma membrane expression of LAT2 markedly stimulated mTORC1 signaling pathway, which was significantly abrogated by coexistence of LAT inhibitor. Finally, LAT inhibitor significantly abrogated development of crescent formation of CGN on day 7. Our data suggest that LAT2 may have a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of CGN by activating the mTORC1 pathway in the glomerular epithelial cells.
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Hackett NR, Shaykhiev R, Walters MS, Wang R, Zwick RK, Ferris B, Witover B, Salit J, Crystal RG. The human airway epithelial basal cell transcriptome. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18378. [PMID: 21572528 PMCID: PMC3087716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human airway epithelium consists of 4 major cell types: ciliated, secretory, columnar and basal cells. During natural turnover and in response to injury, the airway basal cells function as stem/progenitor cells for the other airway cell types. The objective of this study is to better understand human airway epithelial basal cell biology by defining the gene expression signature of this cell population. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Bronchial brushing was used to obtain airway epithelium from healthy nonsmokers. Microarrays were used to assess the transcriptome of basal cells purified from the airway epithelium in comparison to the transcriptome of the differentiated airway epithelium. This analysis identified the "human airway basal cell signature" as 1,161 unique genes with >5-fold higher expression level in basal cells compared to differentiated epithelium. The basal cell signature was suppressed when the basal cells differentiated into a ciliated airway epithelium in vitro. The basal cell signature displayed overlap with genes expressed in basal-like cells from other human tissues and with that of murine airway basal cells. Consistent with self-modulation as well as signaling to other airway cell types, the human airway basal cell signature was characterized by genes encoding extracellular matrix components, growth factors and growth factor receptors, including genes related to the EGF and VEGF pathways. Interestingly, while the basal cell signature overlaps that of basal-like cells of other organs, the human airway basal cell signature has features not previously associated with this cell type, including a unique pattern of genes encoding extracellular matrix components, G protein-coupled receptors, neuroactive ligands and receptors, and ion channels. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The human airway epithelial basal cell signature identified in the present study provides novel insights into the molecular phenotype and biology of the stem/progenitor cells of the human airway epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R. Hackett
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Renat Shaykhiev
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew S. Walters
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rachel K. Zwick
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Barbara Ferris
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bradley Witover
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Salit
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ronald G. Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
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Ichinoe M, Mikami T, Yoshida T, Igawa I, Tsuruta T, Nakada N, Anzai N, Suzuki Y, Endou H, Okayasu I. High expression of L-type amino-acid transporter 1 (LAT1) in gastric carcinomas: comparison with non-cancerous lesions. Pathol Int 2011; 61:281-9. [PMID: 21501294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2011.02650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters are essential for maintenance and proliferation of both normal and transformed cells. In the present study, L-type amino-acid transporter 1 (LAT1) immunoreactive expression was investigated in gastric carcinomas, in comparison with gastric adenomas and non-neoplastic lesions, using our recently developed novel monoclonal antibody. In a total of 87 cases of advanced gastric cancer, high LAT1 expression was observed in carcinoma cells, predominantly at plasma membranes with greater intensity in non-scirrhous than scirrhous carcinomas. Gastric carcinoma cases with lymph node metastasis showed significantly higher LAT1 expression than cases without lymph node metastasis. A positive correlation with Ki-67 LI was observed and the highly expressing non-scirrhous carcinomas showed a significantly poorer prognosis than the low LAT1 group. Cox hazard test revealed that TNM stage and LAT1 expression were independent prognostic factors in non-scirrhous carcinoma group. Further, a significant poor prognosis was confirmed in high LAT1 expression group, when limited to undifferentiated carcinoma cases excluding scirrhous carcinoma. Lower levels were found in adenomas. In conclusion, LAT 1 expression may be linked with cell proliferation and prognosis of gastric carcinomas, and offers a potential target for future anticancer therapy by inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Ichinoe
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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23
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Lim BC, Cho KY, Lim JS, Lee RS, Kim HS, Kim MK, Kim JH, Woo YJ, Kim JK, Kim DK, Kim HI, Lee KW, Lee MC. Increased expression of L-amino acid transporters in balloon cells of tuberous sclerosis. Childs Nerv Syst 2011; 27:63-70. [PMID: 20680301 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-010-1239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTS Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a dysgenetic syndrome involved in multiple organs, and the pathognomonic cortical tuber act as an epileptic substrate. The amino acid transport system L (LAT) is a major nutrient transport system, and LAT1 is highly expressed in malignant tumors to support tumor cell growth. To study the life-long epilepsy from the cortical tuber, the expression of LAT1 in balloon cells and dysplastic neurons of the cortical tuber is investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS LAT1 expression was investigated by LAT1 mRNA using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining with anti-human LAT1 antibody in nine patients with TSC and three control brains. CONCLUSION LAT1 mRNA was detectable only in fresh-frozen tissues of TSC, and it was upregulated in the cortical tuber lesion. While the LAT1 immunopositivity of control brains was limited in the capillary endothelial cells in the gray matter, increased LAT1 immunopositivity was noted in balloon cells of the cortical tubers in addition to the capillary endothelial cells as shown in control brains. Linear and strong immunopositivity along the cell membrane and cytoplasm of the balloon cells, and weakly granular immunopositivity in their cytoplasm were noted. Increased expression of LAT1 in the balloon cells is important for the active transport of large neutral amino acids into the balloon cells, and that the biologic process may play an important role in the active protein synthesis with metabolic maintenance of balloon cells in cortical tubers of patients with TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Chan Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gwangju Christian Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
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Liang Z, Cho HT, Williams L, Zhu A, Liang K, Huang K, Wu H, Jiang C, Hong S, Crowe R, Goodman MM, Shim H. Potential Biomarker of L-type Amino Acid Transporter 1 in Breast Cancer Progression. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 45:93-102. [PMID: 24899987 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-010-0068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is essential for the transport of large neutral amino acids. However, its role in breast cancer growth remains largely unknown. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether LAT1 is a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. METHODS LAT1 mRNA and protein levels in breast cancer cell lines and tissues were analyzed. In addition, the effects of targeting LAT1 for the inhibition of breast cancer cell tumorigenesis were assessed with soft agar assay. The imaging of xenograft with anti-1-amino-3-[(18)F]fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (anti-[(18)F]FACBC) PET was assessed for its diagnostic biomarker potential. RESULTS Normal breast tissue or low malignant cell lines expressed low levels of LAT1 mRNA and protein, while highly malignant cancer cell lines and high-grade breast cancer tissue expressed high levels of LAT1. In addition, higher expression levels of LAT1 in breast cancer tissues were consistent with advanced-stage breast cancer. Furthermore, the blockade of LAT1 with its inhibitor, 2-amino-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH), or the knockdown of LAT1 with siRNA, inhibited proliferation and tumorigenesis of breast cancer cells. A leucine analog, anti-[(18)F]FACBC, has been demonstrated to be an excellent PET tracer for the non-invasive imaging of malignant breast cancer using an orthotopic animal model. CONCLUSIONS The overexpression of LAT1 is required for the progression of breast cancer. LAT1 represents a potential biomarker for therapy and diagnosis of breast cancer. Anti-[(18)F]FACBC that correlates with LAT1 function is a potential PET tracer for malignant breast tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxing Liang
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA ; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Heidi T Cho
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Larry Williams
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Aizhi Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Ke Liang
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Ke Huang
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Chunsu Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Samuel Hong
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Ronald Crowe
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Mark M Goodman
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA ; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA ; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
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Imai H, Kaira K, Oriuchi N, Yanagitani N, Sunaga N, Ishizuka T, Kanai Y, Endou H, Nakajima T, Mori M. L-type amino acid transporter 1 expression is a prognostic marker in patients with surgically resected stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Histopathology 2009; 54:804-13. [PMID: 19635099 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the prognostic value of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) in patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 282 consecutive patients with completely resected pathological stage I NSCLC were retrospectively reviewed. Expression of LAT1 and proliferative activity, as determined by the Ki67 labelling index, were also evaluated immunohistochemically and correlated with the prognosis of patients after complete resection of the tumour. LAT1 expression was positive in 114 patients (40%) [19% of adenocarcinoma (36 of 186 patients), 83% of squamous cell carcinoma (73 of 88 patients) and 63% of large cell carcinoma (five of eight patients)]. There was a significant correlation between LAT1 expression and Ki67 labelling index (gamma = 0.6935, P < 0.001). LAT1 expression was significantly associated with gender, disease stage and pathological features. The 5-year survival rate of LAT1+ patients (69.1%) was significantly worse than that of LAT1- patients (89.4%; P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed that positive expression of LAT1 was an independent factor for predicting a poor prognosis. CONCLUSION LAT1 expression is a promising pathological factor for predicting the prognosis in patients with resectable stage I NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Imai
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
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26
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Takeuchi K, Ogata S, Nakanishi K, Ozeki Y, Hiroi S, Tominaga S, Aida S, Matsuo H, Sakata T, Kawai T. LAT1 expression in non-small-cell lung carcinomas: analyses by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR (237 cases) and immunohistochemistry (295 cases). Lung Cancer 2009; 68:58-65. [PMID: 19559497 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE System l-amino acid transport mediates the uptake of aromatic neutral amino acids and nutritionally essential amino acids from extracellular fluids. Little is known about the role of l-amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), a member of the system l-amino acid transporter family, in non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs). PATIENTS AND METHODS We examined (i) LAT1 mRNA levels in 40 normal lung tissues (NLTs) and 237 NSCLCs using semiquantitative RT-PCR, (ii) LAT1 protein expression in 295 NSCLCs using immunohistochemistry, and (iii) whether LAT1 mRNA and protein expressions were related to clinicopathologic findings and outcome. RESULTS The LAT1 mRNA level was significantly higher in all NSCLCs (6.81+/-1.13) than in NLT (1.00+/-0.18). The LAT1 mRNA level showed no association with clinicopathologic findings or outcome. LAT1 protein was detected with a diffuse or granular appearance within the cytoplasm and/or on the plasma membrane of tumor cells. When tumors were graded as positive if staining indicating a plasma membrane expression of LAT1 protein made up more than 10% of the tumor, the frequency of this membrane expression was found to be associated with tumor histology, differentiation grade, pathologic stage, T classification, pleural invasion, lymph-vessel invasion, and overall survival rate. CONCLUSION Detection of a plasma membrane expression of LAT1 protein would appear to be of value in informing the prognosis in NSCLC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Takeuchi
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biosystems Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Nada 657-8601, Japan
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Ohno C, Nakanishi Y, Honma T, Henmi A, Sugitani M, Kanai Y, Nemoto N. Significance of system L amino acid transporter 1 (LAT-1) and 4F2 heavy chain (4F2hc) expression in human developing intestines. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2009; 42:73-81. [PMID: 19617954 PMCID: PMC2711394 DOI: 10.1267/ahc09010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the significance of expression of system L amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) and 4F2 heavy chain (4F2hc) in the developing intestine, immunohistochemical investigation and molecular analysis were performed in the human embryonic and/or fetal intestines, ranging from 28–30 days to 34–35 weeks gestation. The molecular analysis for the expression of LAT1 and 4F2hc mRNAs was done in the pure epithelial cell samples prepared after laser assisted microdissection. The immunoreactivities against LAT1 and 4F2hc were detected along the basolateral cell membrane of the primitive gut epithelium at 28–30 days gestation. According to advance in gestational age of up to 24–25 weeks gestation, the immunoreactivity of LAT1 was predominantly observed in the supranuclear cytplasmic localization with a granular or dot-like staining pattern. Up to 8–9 weeks gestation, the immunoreactivity of 4F2hc showed almost the same as that of LAT1. However, after the age of 12–13 weeks gestation, the immunoreactivity of 4F2hc was predominantly localized along the cell membrane of apical surface of the epithelial cells. No apical and linear membranous localization of LAT1 was observed until nearly 20 weeks gestation. In the late gestational stage, both the immunoreactivities against LAT1 and 4F2hc were localized along the apical surface of the epithelial cells. In conclusion, the expression of LAT1 and 4F2hc in early developing intestine suggests they have a more important role in cell proliferation rather than functional differentiation. The predominant cytoplasmic localization of LAT1 during mid-fetal life seems to be largely inactive as amino acid transporter. On the other hand, the apical and linear membranous co-localization of LAT1 and 4F2hc in the late fetal life suggests that these molecules may play a role as a functional amino acid transporter in the fetal intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Ohno
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kaira K, Oriuchi N, Imai H, Shimizu K, Yanagitani N, Sunaga N, Hisada T, Ishizuka T, Kanai Y, Endou H, Nakajima T, Mori M. L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is frequently expressed in thymic carcinomas but is absent in thymomas. J Surg Oncol 2009; 99:433-8. [PMID: 19347882 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) has been associated with tumor growth and is highly expressed in the primary human neoplasms. We investigated the significance of LAT1 expression to evaluate malignant potential in thymic epithelial tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemical studies of 45 surgically resected thymic epithelial tumors [15 noninvasive thymomas (NT), 22 invasive thymomas (IT), and 8 thymic carcinomas (TC)] were conducted. LAT1, Ki-67 labeling index (LI), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and microvessel density of the thymic epithelial tumors were analyzed. RESULTS LAT1 expression for thymomas and thymic carcinomas were 0 (0%) of 37 and 6 (75%) of eight patients, respectively. Ki-67 LI for NT, IT, and TC were 7.9 +/- 2.8%, 16.1 +/- 8.5%, and 50.6 +/- 24.4%, respectively. VEGF expression in groups NT, IT, and TC was 0 (0%) of 15, 9 (41%) of 22, and 6 (75%) of eight patients, respectively. VEGF expression was statistically associated with microvessel count. The LAT1 expression was statistically associated with Ki-67 LI, VEGF, and microvessel density in thymic carcinomas. CONCLUSION LAT1 is frequently expressed in thymic carcinomas but is absent in thymomas. Our results suggest that LAT1 expression might be an immunohistochemical marker for carcinomas, and could distinguish between thymomas and thymic carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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Sekine Y, Nishibori Y, Akimoto Y, Kudo A, Ito N, Fukuhara D, Kurayama R, Higashihara E, Babu E, Kanai Y, Asanuma K, Nagata M, Majumdar A, Tryggvason K, Yan K. Amino acid transporter LAT3 is required for podocyte development and function. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:1586-96. [PMID: 19443642 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008070809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
LAT3 is a Na+-independent neutral l-amino acid transporter recently isolated from a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Although liver, skeletal muscle, and pancreas are known to express LAT3, the tissue distribution and physiologic function of this transporter are not completely understood. Here, we observed that glomeruli express LAT3. Immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy revealed that LAT3 localizes to the apical plasma membrane of podocyte foot processes. In mice, starvation upregulated glomerular LAT3, phosphorylated AKT1, reconstituted the actin network, and elongated foot processes. In the fetal kidney, we observed intense LAT3 expression at the capillary loops stage of renal development. Finally, zebrafish morphants lacking lat3 function showed collapsed glomeruli with thickened glomerular basement membranes. Permeability studies of the glomerular filtration barrier in these zebrafish morphants demonstrated a disruption of selective glomerular permeability. Our data suggest that LAT3 may play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of podocyte structure and function by regulating protein synthesis and the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sekine
- Kyorin University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
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Sakata T, Ferdous G, Tsuruta T, Satoh T, Baba S, Muto T, Ueno A, Kanai Y, Endou H, Okayasu I. L-type amino-acid transporter 1 as a novel biomarker for high-grade malignancy in prostate cancer. Pathol Int 2009; 59:7-18. [PMID: 19121087 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2008.02319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To find reliable biomarkers for high-grade malignancy, the relationship between immunohistochemical L-type amino-acid transporter 1 (LAT1) expression of biopsy samples, determined with the newly developed monoclonal antibody against human LAT1, and prognosis of patients with prostate cancer, was investigated. The intensity and score of immunohistochemical LAT1 expression of first biopsy samples were assessed using the modified Sinicrope et al. method and were found to be correlated with poor survival for the study group of 114 surgically treated patients as a whole (P = 0.0002 and 0.0270, respectively). LAT1 intensity further had a significant relationship (P = 0.0057) with prognosis in pathological T3 + T4 groups. Multivariate analysis indicated that the LAT1 intensity and score were more reliable prognostic markers, compared with the Gleason score and the Ki-67 labeling index. A relationship of the LAT1 intensity and score with prognosis could also be confirmed in 63 patients with inoperable cancer (P = 0.0070 and <0.0001, respectively). Similarly, significant differences in prognosis were confirmed in clinical T3 + T4 groups (P = 0.0091 and 0.0244, respectively). Moreover, the combination of LAT1 expression and Gleason score was found to have a more reliable correlation with prognosis. Thus, elevated LAT1 expression in prostate cancers is a novel independent biomarker of high-grade malignancy, which can be utilized together with the Gleason score, which is mainly dependent on cellular and structural atypia, to assess prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sakata
- Fuji Biomedix, Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Chuou, Japan
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Kaira K, Oriuchi N, Imai H, Shimizu K, Yanagitani N, Sunaga N, Hisada T, Tanaka S, Ishizuka T, Kanai Y, Endou H, Nakajima T, Mori M. l-type amino acid transporter 1 and CD98 expression in primary and metastatic sites of human neoplasms. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:2380-6. [PMID: 19018776 PMCID: PMC11159766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The significance of L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) 1 expression remains unclear in the metastatic process of human neoplasms, whereas experimental studies have demonstrated that LAT1 is associated with the metastatic process of cancer cells. We compared the immunohistochemical expression of LAT1 and CD98 between the primary site and a concordant pulmonary metastatic site in 93 cancer patients, all of whom had undergone thoracotomy. LAT1, CD98, Ki-67 labeling index, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD31, and CD34 were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining in the resected tumors of 93 cancer patients: 45 colon cancers; nine breast cancers; eight head and neck cancers; 11 genital cancers; 14 soft-tissue sarcomas; and six other cancers. The expression of these markers was significantly higher in the metastatic sites than in the primary sites. In total, the positive rates of LAT1, CD98, Ki-67, VEGF, CD31, and CD34 were 40, 24, 56, 41, 45, and 39%, respectively, in the primary sites and 65, 45, 84, 67, 73, and 61%, respectively, in the metastatic sites. LAT1 expression was closely correlated with CD98 expression, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation. The association between LAT1 and CD98 expression was strongest in the primary and metastatic sites. The present study suggests that overexpression of LAT1 and CD98 has an important role to play in the metastatic process of variable human neoplasms. Moreover, LAT1 expression was significantly correlated with cell proliferation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoichi Kaira
- Deparmtent of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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Kaira K, Oriuchi N, Imai H, Shimizu K, Yanagitani N, Sunaga N, Hisada T, Kawashima O, Iijima H, Ishizuka T, Kanai Y, Endou H, Nakajima T, Mori M. Expression of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) in neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. Pathol Res Pract 2008; 204:553-61. [PMID: 18440724 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid transport systems play an important role in cellular proliferation. L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) has been associated with tumor growth, and is highly expressed in the established tumor cell lines and primary human neoplasms. In this study, we investigated the expression of LAT1 to evaluate the malignant potential and prognostic significance in neuroendocrine (NE) tumors of the lung. Twenty-one surgically resected, large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNEC), 13 small cell lung cancers (SCLC), five atypical carcinoids (AC), and 10 typical carcinoids (TC) were enrolled in the study. LAT1 expression and Ki-67 labeling index of the NE tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. LAT1 was overexpressed in 52.4% of the LCNEC, in 46.2% of the SCLC, and in 25% of the AC. LAT1 expression in LCNEC was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor outcome. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between LAT1 expression and Ki-67 in both LCNEC and SCLC. Expression of LAT1 tended to increase from low-grade to high-grade NE tumors. The present results suggest that LAT1 may play a significant role in cellular proliferation, lymph node metastasis, and poor outcome in patients with NE tumors of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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Kaira K, Oriuchi N, Imai H, Shimizu K, Yanagitani N, Sunaga N, Hisada T, Tanaka S, Ishizuka T, Kanai Y, Endou H, Nakajima T, Mori M. Prognostic significance of L-type amino acid transporter 1 expression in resectable stage I-III nonsmall cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:742-8. [PMID: 18253116 PMCID: PMC2259171 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical significance of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) expression remains unclear, whereas many experimental studies have demonstrated that LAT1 is associated with the proliferation of cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of LAT1 in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A total of 321 consecutive patients with completely resected pathologic stage I–III NSCLC were retrospectively reviewed. Expression of LAT1 and proliferative activity, as determined by the Ki-67 labelling index, was also evaluated immunohistochemically and correlated with the prognosis of patients who underwent complete resection of the tumour. Expression of LAT1 was positive in 163 patients (51%) (29% of adenocaricnoma (58 of 200 patients), 91% of squamous cell carcinoma (91 of 100 patients), and 67% of large cell carcinoma (14 of 21 patients)). The 5-year survival rate of LAT1-positive patients (51.8%) was significantly worse than that of LAT1-negative patients (87.8%; P<0.001). L-type amino acid transporter 1 expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and disease stage. Multivariate analysis confirmed that positive expression of LAT1 was an independent factor for predicting a poor prognosis. There was a significant correlation between LAT1 expression and Ki-67 labelling index. LAT1 expression is a promising pathological factor to predict the prognosis in patients with resectable stage I–III NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kaira
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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Kaira K, Oriuchi N, Otani Y, Shimizu K, Tanaka S, Imai H, Yanagitani N, Sunaga N, Hisada T, Ishizuka T, Dobashi K, Kanai Y, Endou H, Nakajima T, Endo K, Mori M. Fluorine-18-alpha-methyltyrosine positron emission tomography for diagnosis and staging of lung cancer: a clinicopathologic study. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 13:6369-78. [PMID: 17975149 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE L-[3-(18)F]-alpha-methyltyrosine ([(18)F]FMT) is an amino acid tracer for positron emission tomography (PET). We evaluated the diagnostic usefulness of [(18)F]FMT PET in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Tumor uptake of [(18)F]FMT was compared with that of 2-[(18)F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([(18)F]FDG) and correlated with L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) expression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Fifty NSCLC patients were enrolled in this study, and a pair of PET study with [(18)F]FMT and [(18)F]FDG was done. LAT1 expression and Ki-67 labeling index of the resected tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS For the primary tumor detection, [(18)F]FMT PET exhibited a sensitivity of 90% whereas the sensitivity for [(18)F]FDG PET was 94%. For lymph node staging, the sensitivity and specificity of [(18)F]FMT PET were 57.8% and 100%, and those of [(18)F]FDG PET were 65.7% and 91%, respectively. The expression of LAT1 in squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma was significantly higher than that in adenocarcinoma. [(18)F]FMT uptake was also higher in squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma than in adenocarcinoma. Uptake of [(18)F]FMT in the tumor is closely correlated with LAT1 expression (rho = 0.890). CONCLUSION [(18)F]FMT PET had no false-positives in the detection of primary tumor and lymph node metastasis and could improve the diagnostic performance in NSCLC. Uptake of [(18)F]FMT correlated with the expression of LAT1 that showed a significant association with cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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Nakanishi K, Ogata S, Matsuo H, Kanai Y, Endou H, Hiroi S, Tominaga S, Aida S, Kasamatsu H, Kawai T. Expression of LAT1 predicts risk of progression of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Virchows Arch 2007; 451:681-90. [PMID: 17622555 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-007-0457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 05/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), a neutral amino acid transporter, requires covalent association with the heavy chain of 4F2 cell surface antigen (4F2hc) for its functional form. We investigated the importance of LAT1 and 4F2hc expressions to progression in upper urinary tract cancer. We examined their expressions and their relationships to clinicopathologic parameters and clinical outcome in 124 cases. Positive expressions of LAT1 (protein and messenger ribonucleic acid) and 4F2hc (protein) were recognized in 79.8, 89.5, and 87.9% of tumor samples, respectively. In tumor cells, LAT1 protein was detected either as nodular granules within the cytoplasm or diffusely within the cytoplasm and/or on plasma membrane. In the normal urothelium, its expression was detected as nodular granules within the cytoplasm. A correlation with stage was shown for LAT1 protein expression and for a cooperative expression of LAT1 protein with 4F2hc protein (active form of LAT1 protein). Further, in all tumors, a cooperative expression of LAT1 protein and 4F2hc protein was significantly correlated with both overall and disease-free survival rates in the univariate analysis but not in the multivariate analysis. In conclusion, the detection of the active form of LAT1 protein would appear to be of value in informing the risk of progression in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Nakanishi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, 359-8513, Japan.
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Fukuhara D, Kanai Y, Chairoungdua A, Babu E, Bessho F, Kawano T, Akimoto Y, Endou H, Yan K. Protein characterization of NA+-independent system L amino acid transporter 3 in mice: a potential role in supply of branched-chain amino acids under nutrient starvation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:888-98. [PMID: 17322374 PMCID: PMC1864869 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We recently cloned the human Na(+)-independent system L neutral amino acid transporter LAT3. The aim of the present study was to characterize the molecular nature of mouse LAT3 at the protein level. Isolated mouse LAT3 showed 83% identity to human LAT3. Xenopus oocytes injected with mouse LAT3 cRNA showed the same functional property as human LAT3. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed apparent transcripts of mouse LAT3 in the liver, skeletal muscle, and pancreas, an expression pattern identical to that found in humans. Antibody generated against mouse LAT3 detected both approximately 58-kd and 48-kd bands in the sample from liver and only a 48-kd band in skeletal muscle and pancreas. Immunohistochemical study showed its clear localization in the plasma membrane of liver and skeletal muscle, whereas it was only detectable in the endoplasmic reticulum and in crystalline inclusions in pancreatic acinar cells. Starvation induced up-regulation of mouse LAT3 protein and mRNA in both liver and skeletal muscle but not in pancreas. These results suggest that LAT3 may indeed function as an amino acid transporter, transporting branched-chain amino acids from liver and skeletal muscle to the bloodstream and thereby participating in the regulatory system of interorgan amino acid nutrition.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic/genetics
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic/metabolism
- Amino Acids, Branched-Chain/metabolism
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Starvation/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Fukuhara
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan.
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