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Ferris WF. The Role and Interactions of Programmed Cell Death 4 and its Regulation by microRNA in Transformed Cells of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Oncol 2022; 12:903374. [PMID: 35847932 PMCID: PMC9277020 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.903374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates that there were 19.3 million new cases of cancer and 10.0 million cancer-related deaths in 2020 and that this is predicted to increase by 47% in 2040. The combined burden of cancers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including oesophageal-, gastric- and colorectal cancers, resulted in 22.6% of the cancer-related deaths in 2020 and 18.7% of new diagnosed cases. Understanding the aetiology of GI tract cancers should have a major impact on future therapies and lessen this substantial burden of disease. Many cancers of the GI tract have suppression of the tumour suppressor Programmed Cell Death 4 (PDCD4) and this has been linked to the expression of microRNAs which bind to the untranslated region of PDCD4 mRNA and either inhibit translation or target the mRNA for degradation. This review highlights the properties of PDCD4 and documents the evidence for the regulation of PDCD4 expression by microRNAs in cancers of the GI tract.
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Exosomal and intracellular miR-320b promotes lymphatic metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 23:163-180. [PMID: 34729394 PMCID: PMC8526502 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-cell-released exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) are important mediators of cell-cell communication in the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we sequenced serum exosome miRNAs from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients and identified high expression of miR-320b to be closely associated with peritumoral lymphangiogenesis and lymph node (LN) metastasis. Functionally, miR-320b could be enriched and transferred by ESCC-released exosomes directly to human lymphatic endothelial cells (HLECs), promoting tube formation and migration in vitro and facilitating lymphangiogenesis and LN metastasis in vivo as assessed by gain- and loss-of-function experiments. Furthermore, we found programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) as a direct target of miR-320b through bioinformatic prediction and luciferase reporter assay. Re-expression of PDCD4 could rescue the effects induced by exosomal miR-320b. Notably, the miR-320b-PDCD4 axis activates the AKT pathway in HLECs independent of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C). Moreover, overexpression of miR-320b promotes the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition progression of ESCC cells. Finally, we demonstrate that METTL3 could interact with DGCR8 protein and positively modulate pri-miR-320b maturation process in an N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-dependent manner. Therefore, our findings uncover a VEGF-C-independent mechanism of exosomal and intracellular miR-320b-mediated LN metastasis and identify miR-320b as a novel predictive marker and therapeutic target for LN metastasis in ESCC.
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Yang H, Xu Z, Peng Y, Wang J, Xiang Y. Integrin β4 as a Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tumor Marker. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081197. [PMID: 34439865 PMCID: PMC8394641 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin β4 (ITGβ4) is a class of transmembrane adhesion molecules composed of hemidesmosomes (HDs). Its unique long intracellular domain provides intricate signal transduction functions. These signal transduction effects are especially prominent in tumors. Many recent studies have shown that integrin β4 is differentially expressed in various tumors, and it plays a vital role in tumor invasion, proliferation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis. Therefore, we categorize the research related to integrin β4, starting from its structure and function in tumor tissues, and provide a basic description. Based on its structure and function, we believe that integrin β4 can be used as a tumor marker. In clinical practice, it is described as a diagnostic marker for the targeted treatment of cancer and will be helpful in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Yang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (H.Y.); (Z.X.); (Y.P.)
| | - Zixuan Xu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (H.Y.); (Z.X.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yuqian Peng
- School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (H.Y.); (Z.X.); (Y.P.)
| | - Jiali Wang
- Xiang Ya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China;
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+86-139-7312-8943
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Ning T, Li J, He Y, Zhang H, Wang X, Deng T, Liu R, Li H, Bai M, Fan Q, Zhu K, Ying G, Ba Y. Exosomal miR-208b related with oxaliplatin resistance promotes Treg expansion in colorectal cancer. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2723-2736. [PMID: 33905821 PMCID: PMC8417448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin resistance is a challenge in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are well known for their immunosuppressive roles, and targeting Tregs is an effective way to improve chemosensitivity. Exosome-delivered microRNA (miRNA) might be used as a potential biomarker for predicting chemosensitivity. However, the relationship between Tregs and exosomal miRNAs remains largely unknown. TaqMan low-density array was performed to screen the differentially expressed serum miRNAs from pooled serum of patients who had FOLFOX treatment. Differential expression was validated using qRT-PCR in individual samples. Exosomes were isolated by sequential differential centrifugation, and they were verified by transmission electron microscopy. The RNA and protein levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. A mouse xenograft model was adopted to evaluate the correlation between exosome-derived miR-208b and Tregs in vivo. We demonstrated that circulating miR-208b is a non-invasive marker for predicting FOLFOX sensitivity in CRC. miR-208b in colon cancer was secreted by tumor cells in the pattern of exosomes, and oxaliplatin-resistant cells showed the most obvious phenomenon of miR-208b increase. Colon cancer cell-secreted miR-208b was sufficiently delivered into recipient T cells to promote Treg expansion by targeting programmed cell death factor 4 (PDCD4). Furthermore, in vivo studies indicated that Treg expansion mediated by cancer cell-secreted miR-208b resulted in tumor growth and oxaliplatin resistance. Our results demonstrate that tumor-secreted miR-208b promotes Treg expansion by targeting PDCD4, and it may be related to a decrease of oxaliplatin-based chemosensitivity in CRC. These findings highlight a potential role of exosomal miR-208b as a predictive biomarker for oxaliplatin-based therapy response, and they provide a novel target for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ning
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Jialu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi He
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Ting Deng
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Qian Fan
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Kegan Zhu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Guoguang Ying
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Yi Ba
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China.
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Yang YL, Liu P, Li D, Yang Q, Li B, Jiang XJ. Stat-3 signaling promotes cell proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer through PDCD4 downregulation. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2019; 36:244-249. [PMID: 31859425 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study explored a new downstream regulator of Stat-3 signaling, miR-499-5p and its target gene programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) in cell survival and metastasis of gastric cancer. Our results showed that miR-499-5p is significantly upregulated in human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901. We further demonstrated that miR-499-5p promotes gastric cancer cell proliferation and invasion in vitro. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that upregulation of miR-499-5p expression associated with inhibition of PDCD4; STAT3 transcriptional activation by IL-6 is crucial for the upregulation of miR-499-5p expression. These results indicate that the STAT3-miR-499-5p-PDCD4 signaling axis plays an important role in gastric cancer progression and a potentially therapeutic target for gastric cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Lou Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao University Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Huangdao District Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Infection, The Affiliated hospital of Qingdao university, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Dong Li
- Huangdao District Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qun Yang
- Huangdao District Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Li
- Huangdao District Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao University Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Bader El Din NG, Ibrahim MK, El‐Shenawy R, Salum GM, Farouk S, Zayed N, Khairy A, El Awady M. MicroRNAs expression profiling in Egyptian colorectal cancer patients. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:275-284. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marwa K. Ibrahim
- Microbial Biotechnology DepartmentNational Research Centre Giza Egypt
| | - Reem El‐Shenawy
- Microbial Biotechnology DepartmentNational Research Centre Giza Egypt
| | - Ghada M. Salum
- Microbial Biotechnology DepartmentNational Research Centre Giza Egypt
| | - Sally Farouk
- Microbial Biotechnology DepartmentNational Research Centre Giza Egypt
| | - Naglaa Zayed
- Endemic Medicine DepartmentCairo University Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine Giza Egypt
| | - Ahmed Khairy
- Endemic Medicine DepartmentCairo University Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine Giza Egypt
| | - Mostafa El Awady
- Microbial Biotechnology DepartmentNational Research Centre Giza Egypt
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7
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Galuppini F, Fassan M, Bertazza L, Barollo S, Cascione L, Watutantrige-Fernando S, Lazzarin V, Simonato P, Vianello F, Rugge M, Mian C, Pennelli G. Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) as a novel prognostic marker for papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:7845-7855. [PMID: 31692513 PMCID: PMC6708393 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s194344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary goal of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) management was to stratify patients at pre- and post-surgical level to identify the small proportion of cases with potentially aggressive disease. Purpose The aim of our study is to evaluate the possible role of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) and BRAF status as prognostic markers in PTC. Patients and methods We investigate programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) immunohistochemical expression in 125 consecutive PTCs with median follow-up of 75.3 months (range, 15–98 months) to verify the possible correlation between BRAF status and correlate the classical clinicopathological prognostic factors and PTC outcome with PDCD4 expression. To further support the data, miR-21 expression was tested (by quantitative real-time PCR and in situ hybridization) in a different series of 30 cases (15 PTCs BRAFwt and 15 PTCs BRAFV600E). Moreover, we validated our results using TGCA thyroid carcinoma dataset. Results We found that 59.8% of the patients showed low-grade PDCD4 nuclear expression and low-grade expression correlated with BRAF V600E. Compared with BRAF 15 wild-type tissue samples, a significant miR-21 up-regulation was associated with BRAF V600E mutations. Low-grade PDCD4 resulted, and was associated with aggressive histological variants, higher cancer size, extra-thyroidal extension, multifocality, lymph-node metastasis and lymph nodal ratio at the diagnosis. Concerning the outcome, the low-grade PDCD4 expression correlated at univariate and multivariate analysis, with lower levels of recurrence-free survival rate (RFS) and with poor outcome. Moreover, there was significant association between BRAF V600E patients with PDCD4 nuclear loss and lower RFS, whilet here was significant association between BRAF wild-type patients with PDCD4 nuclear expression and better outcome. Conclusion These results showed that PDCD4 could predict PTC outcome and that the sum of PDCD4 and BRAF alterations increases the prognostic power of BRAF mutation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Galuppini
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Loris Bertazza
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Susi Barollo
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Luciano Cascione
- Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Institute of Oncology Research and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics , Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland
| | | | - Vanni Lazzarin
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Paolo Simonato
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Federica Vianello
- Department of Radiotherapy, Istituto Oncologico del Veneto, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Massimo Rugge
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Caterina Mian
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Gianmaria Pennelli
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
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Cui H, Wang Q, Lei Z, Feng M, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Wei G. DTL promotes cancer progression by PDCD4 ubiquitin-dependent degradation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:350. [PMID: 31409387 PMCID: PMC6693180 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1358-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Ubiquitin E3 ligase CUL4A plays important oncogenic roles in the development of cancers. DTL, one of the CUL4-DDB1 associated factors (DCAFs), may involve in the process of cancer development. Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is a tumor suppressor gene involved in cell apoptosis, transformation, invasion and tumor progression. Methods Affinity-purification mass spectrometry was used to identify potential DTL interaction proteins. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) was performed to verify protein interaction between DTL and PDCD4. mRNA levels in cancer cells and tissues were detected by Quantitative real-time PCR. Lentivirus was used to establish stable overexpression and knocking down cell lines for DTL and PDCD4. Transwell and wound healing assays were used to determine migration ability of cancer cells. Matrigel assay was used to determine invasion ability of cancer cells. MTT and colony formation assays were used to evaluate proliferation of cancer cells. Results In this study, programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) was identified as a potential substrate of DTL. Co-IP and immunofluorescence assays further confirmed the interaction between DTL and PDCD4. Moreover, DTL overexpression decreased the protein level and accelerated the degradation rate of PDCD4. Through in vitro ubiquitination experiment, we proved that PDCD4 was degraded by DTL through ubiquitination. Clinically DTL was significantly up-regulated in cancer tissues than that in normal tissues. The survival curves showed that cancer patients with higher DTL expression owned lower survival rate. Functional experiments showed that DTL not only enhanced the proliferation and migration abilities of cancer cells, but also promoted the tumorigenesis in nude mice. Rescued experiment results demonstrated that silencing PDCD4 simultaneous with DTL recovered the phenotypes defect caused by DTL knocking down. Conclusions Our results elucidated that DTL enhanced the motility and proliferation of cancer cells through degrading PDCD4 to promote the development of cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1358-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Cui
- Department of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenchuan Lei
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Maoxiao Feng
- Department of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongxi Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Guangwei Wei
- Department of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Wang WJ, Li HT, Yu JP, Han XP, Xu ZP, Li YM, Jiao ZY, Liu HB. A Competing Endogenous RNA Network Reveals Novel Potential lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA Biomarkers in the Prognosis of Human Colon Adenocarcinoma. J Surg Res 2018; 235:22-33. [PMID: 30691798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence indicated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have a wide range of biological functions and may play significant roles in tumorigenesis and progression. However, the understanding of its functions and related competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) networks is much less than that of protein-coding genes, particularly in colon adenocarcinoma. METHODS We comprehensively analyzed the sequencing data of protein-coding and noncoding RNAs in colon adenocarcinoma patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Next, we constructed colon adenocarcinoma-specific ceRNA network and evaluated the effect of these RNAs on overall survival (OS) for colon adenocarcinoma patients. RESULTS Totally, 1138 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs), 245 microRNAs (DEmiRNAs), and 2081 mRNAs (DEmRNAs) were identified using a threshold of |log2FoldChange| >2.0 and adjusted P-value < 0.01. Subsequently, a colon adenocarcinoma-specific ceRNA network was successfully established with133 DElncRNAs, 29 DEmiRNAs, and 55 DEmRNAs. Among ceRNA network, seven DElncRNAs (AL590483.1, AP004609.1, ARHGEF26-AS1, HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR), ITCH-IT1, KCNQ1OT1, and LINC00491), four DEmiRNAs (hsa-mir-143, hsa-mir-183, hsa-mir-216a, and hsa-mir-424), and six DEmRNAs (FJX1, TPM2, ULBP2, PDCD4, PLAU, and SERPINE1) significantly correlated with OS (all P-value < 0.05). Notably, several interactions were highlighted in the ceRNA network, such as "KCNQ1OT1-hsa-mir-183-PDCD4", "KCNQ1OT1-hsa-mir-424-TPM2", "HOTAIR-hsa-mir-143-SERPINE1", and "ARHGEF26-AS1-hsa-mir-143-SERPINE1". CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal several molecules might be novel important prognostic factors and potential treatment targets for colon adenocarcinoma. In addition, these observations contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of lncRNA-related ceRNA network and provide novel strategies for subsequent functional studies of lncRNAs in colon adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Wang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China; Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Tao Li
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China; Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Yu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China; Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Peng Han
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China; Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Peng Xu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China; Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Min Li
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China.
| | - Zuo-Yi Jiao
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Bin Liu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China; Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China.
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10
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Long J, Yin Y, Guo H, Li S, Sun Y, Zeng C, Zhu W. The mechanisms and clinical significance of PDCD4 in colorectal cancer. Gene 2018; 680:59-64. [PMID: 30243936 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) have been on a global upward trend. There is an urgent need for effective tools to prevent and treat CRC and reduce morbidity and mortality of CRC patients. Recent evidence suggests that programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), a novel tumor suppressor gene, inhibits tumor progression at transcriptional and translational levels and regulates multiple signal transduction pathways. However, little is known about the precise mechanisms regulating PDCD4 expression in CRC. In addition, several studies have demonstrated that the expression of in CRC is down-regulated or even absent. PDCD4 is therefore considered to be an independent prognostic factor in CRC and may be a potential support diagnostic tool for distinguishing in normal colon tissue, benign adenoma and CRC. This review will focus on the expression of PDCD4 in CRC and the relevant molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Long
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuting Yin
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haina Guo
- Department of Pathology, Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Dongguan 523013, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuling Li
- Department of Pathology, Dongguan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523059, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yanqin Sun
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chao Zeng
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong Province, China.
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11
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Saraggi D, Galuppini F, Fanelli GN, Remo A, Urso ED, Bao RQ, Bacchin D, Guzzardo V, Luchini C, Braconi C, Farinati F, Rugge M, Fassan M. MiR-21 up-regulation in ampullary adenocarcinoma and its pre-invasive lesions. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:835-839. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Nicolè L, Cappellesso R, Sanavia T, Guzzardo V, Fassina A. MiR-21 over-expression and Programmed Cell Death 4 down-regulation features malignant pleural mesothelioma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:17300-17308. [PMID: 29707109 PMCID: PMC5915117 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Differential diagnosis between malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and benign mesothelial conditions is still challenging and there is a lack of useful markers. Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is a well-known tumor suppressor gene in several cancers, its post-transcriptional activity is directly controlled by miR-21, whose over-expression has been recently reported in MPM compared to normal mesothelium. Aim of this study was to test this suppressor gene as a possible new marker of malignant transformation in mesothelial cells, as well as a new prognostic marker. Methods PDCD4 nuclear expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 40 non-neoplastic pleural (NNP) and 40 MPM formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens. PDCD4 and miR-21 expressions were analyzed by qRT-PCR in all cases. In situ hybridization (ISH) of miR-21 was performed in 5 representative cases of both groups. The prognostic relevance of PDCD4 was assessed in a public available gene expression dataset. Results IHC showed that PDCD4 nuclear expression was significantly lower in MPM than in NNP. PDCD4 was down-regulated, whereas miR-21 was over-expressed in MPM cases compared to NNP ones. ISH detected miR-21 only in MPM specimens. Down-expression of PDCD4 was found significantly associated with short overall survival in publicly available data. Conclusions These findings highlighted a switch between PDCD4 and miR-21 expression in MPM. Further studies should assess the diagnostic reliability of these two markers for MPM in biopsy and effusion specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Nicolè
- Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rocco Cappellesso
- Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Tiziana Sanavia
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vincenza Guzzardo
- Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ambrogio Fassina
- Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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13
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Desai KM, Kale AD. Immunoexpression of programmed cell death 4 protein in normal oral mucosa, oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2018; 21:462. [PMID: 29391736 PMCID: PMC5763884 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_115_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the frequently reported cancer of the head and neck. Recent studies are being conducted to evaluate the role of potential markers for diagnosing the stages of development of OSCC from normal cells. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the immunoexpression of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) protein in normal oral mucosa, oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and OSCC. Materials and Methods: Histologically diagnosed, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded archived cases (n = 100) of normal mucosa (n = 10), OED (n = 60) and OSCC (n = 30) were analyzed immunohistochemically in the present retrospective study using monoclonal rabbit antihuman PDCD4. OED and squamous cell carcinoma were graded according to the World Health Organization and Broder's histological grading criteria, respectively. Clinical parameters and immunohistochemical results were analyzed by Fisher exact test using SPSS software. P <0.05 was indicative of significant differences. Results: PDCD4 expression was observed in the normal oral mucosa, OED and OSCC. The maximum expression was observed in the normal oral mucosa, which reduced significantly in OED and OSCC (P = 0.017). With the increase in the transformation from normal cells to cancer cells, a shift from nuclear to cytoplasmic staining was observed indicating predominant cytoplasmic localization of stain as a feature of altered cells. Conclusion: The present study delineates the molecular difference between the normal, dysplastic and carcinomatous cells; and points toward the role of PDCD4 localization in the proliferation of cells. This study thus highlights the need for further research with inclusion of long follow-up period and other pathological criteria such as inflammation and microenvironment, immune status of patient and tumor stage, which could aid in the development of prospective diagnostic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma M Desai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, KLE Vishwanath Katti Institute of Dental Sciences, KLE University, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Alka D Kale
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, KLE Vishwanath Katti Institute of Dental Sciences, KLE University, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
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14
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Vikhreva PN, Kalinichenko SV, Korobko IV. Programmed cell death 4 mechanism of action: The model to be updated? Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1761-1764. [PMID: 28853972 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1371881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4) is frequently suppressed in tumors of various origins and its suppression correlates with tumor progression. Pdcd4 inhibits cap-dependent translation from mRNAs with highly structured 5'-regions through interaction with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) helicase and a target transcript. Decrease in Pdcd4 protein is believed to provide a relief of otherwise suppressed eIF4A-dependent translation of proteins facilitating tumor progression. However, it remains unknown if lowered Pdcd4 levels in cells suffices to cause a relief in translation inhibition through appearance of the Pdcd4-free translation-competent eIF4A protein, or more complex and selective mechanisms are involved. Here we showed that eIF4A1, the eIF4A isoform involved in translation, significantly over-represents Pdcd4 both in cancerous and normal cells. This observation excludes the possibility that cytoplasmic Pdcd4 can efficiently exert its translation suppression function owing to excess of eIF4A, with Pdcd4-free eIF4A being in excess over Pdcd4-bound translation-incompetent eIF4A, thus leaving translation from Pdcd4 mRNA targets unaffected. This contradiction is resumed in the proposed model, which supposes initial complexing between Pdcd4 and its target mRNAs in the nucleus, with subsequent transport of translation-incompetent, Pdcd4-bound target mRNAs into the cytoplasm. Noteworthy, loss of nuclear Pdcd4 in cancer cells was reported to correlate with tumor progression, which supports the proposed model of Pdcd4 functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina N Vikhreva
- a Laboratory of Molecular Oncogenetics , Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Svetlana V Kalinichenko
- a Laboratory of Molecular Oncogenetics , Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Igor V Korobko
- a Laboratory of Molecular Oncogenetics , Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
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15
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Dacosta C, Bao Y. The Role of MicroRNAs in the Chemopreventive Activity of Sulforaphane from Cruciferous Vegetables. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080902. [PMID: 28825609 PMCID: PMC5579695 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is an increasingly significant cause of mortality whose risk is linked to diet and inversely correlated with cruciferous vegetable consumption. This is likely to be partly attributable to the isothiocyanates derived from eating these vegetables, such as sulforaphane, which is extensively characterised for cytoprotective and tumour-suppressing activities. However, its bioactivities are likely to extend in complexity beyond those currently known; further insight into these bioactivities could aid the development of sulforaphane-based chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic strategies. Evidence suggests that sulforaphane modulates the expression of microRNAs, many of which are known to regulate genes involved at various stages of colorectal carcinogenesis. Based upon existing knowledge, there exist many plausible mechanisms by which sulforaphane may regulate microRNAs. Thus, there is a strong case for the further investigation of the roles of microRNAs in the anti-cancer effects of sulforaphane. There are several different types of approach to the wide-scale profiling of microRNA differential expression. Array-based methods may involve the use of RT-qPCR or complementary hybridisation probe chips, and tend to be relatively fast and economical. Cloning and deep sequencing approaches are more expensive and labour-intensive, but are worth considering where viable, for their greater sensitivity and ability to detect novel microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yongping Bao
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK. .
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16
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De Maio G, Zama E, Rengucci C, Calistri D. What influences preneoplastic colorectal lesion recurrence? Oncotarget 2017; 8:12406-12416. [PMID: 27902488 PMCID: PMC5355354 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis of the local recurrence of preneoplastic lesions was first put forward in the 1950s. Disease recurrence may result from an inherent imbalance in cell proliferation that promotes carcinogenesis in apparently normal mucosa. Our review sheds light on how early preneoplastic lesions could be used to diagnose relapsed preneoplastic and, developing neoplastic lesions. We focus in detail on the clinical-pathological and molecular features of adenoma subtypes and their role in relapsed adenoma and their development into colorectal carcinoma. Moreover, we include the data available on microbiota and its metabolites and their role in recurrence. We strongly believe that a significant improvement could be achieved in colorectal screening by introducing personalized endoscopic surveillance for polyp-bearing patients on the basis of the presence of molecular markers that are predictive of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia De Maio
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola (FC), Italy
| | - Elisa Zama
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola (FC), Italy
| | - Claudia Rengucci
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola (FC), Italy
| | - Daniele Calistri
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola (FC), Italy
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17
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Jiao W, Leng X, Zhou Q, Wu Y, Sun L, Tan Y, Ni H, Dong X, Shen T, Liu Y, Li J. Different miR-21-3p isoforms and their different features in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:2103-2111. [PMID: 28734015 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MiR-21, the only microRNA (miRNA) found to be overexpressed in any type of solid tumor, its guide stand, miR-21-5p, has been studied a lot in colorectal cancer (CRC); however, few researchers focused on its passenger strand, miR-21-3p. In our study, based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data, we found that there were more varieties and quantities of miR-21-3p isoforms in microsatellite instability (MSI)-type CRC. We further examined the role of miR-21-3p by in vitro and in vivo studies. MiR-21-3p may be an oncogene in CRC by promoting cellular mobility through epithelial-mesenchymal transition. However, different isoforms, especially miR-21-3p 0 | 2, may be a favorable prognostic marker for CRC survival, probably due to increased complementary effect of miR-21-5p and/or target genes. Further study investigating the underlying mechanism of miRNA isoforms is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijuan Jiao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqin Leng
- Department of Bioinformatics, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayun Wu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Sun
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Pathology, the First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengli Ni
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiang Dong
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Shen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianming Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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18
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Kumar S, Marriott CE, Alhasawi NF, Bone AJ, Macfarlane WM. The role of tumour suppressor PDCD4 in beta cell death in hypoxia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181235. [PMID: 28750063 PMCID: PMC5531437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Hypoxia is known to induce pancreatic beta cell dysfunction and apoptosis. Changes in Programmed Cell Death Gene 4 (PDCD4) expression have previously been linked with beta cell neogenesis and function. Our aim was to investigate the effects of hypoxia on cell viability, PDCD4 expression and subcellular localisation. Methods MIN6 beta cells and ARIP ductal cells were exposed to 1% (hypoxia) or 21% O2 (normoxia) for 12 or 24 hours. MTT assay, HPI staining, scanning electron microscopy, western blotting and immunocytochemistry analyses were performed to determine the effect of hypoxia on cell viability, morphology and PDCD4 expression. Results 24 hour exposure to hypoxia resulted in ~70% loss of beta cell viability (P<0.001) compared to normoxia. Both HPI staining and SEM analysis demonstrated beta cell apoptosis and necrosis after 12 hours exposure to hypoxia. ARIP cells also displayed hypoxia-induced apoptosis and altered surface morphology after 24 hours, but no significant growth difference (p>0.05) was observed between hypoxic and normoxic conditions. Significantly higher expression of PDCD4 was observed in both beta cells (P<0.001) and ductal (P<0.01) cells under hypoxic conditions compared to controls. PDCD4 expression was localised to the cytoplasm of both beta cells and ductal cells, with no observed effects of hypoxia, normoxia or serum free conditions on intracellular shuttling of PDCD4. Conclusion These findings indicate that hypoxia-induced expression of PDCD4 is associated with increased beta cell death and suggests that PDCD4 may be an important factor in regulating beta cell survival during hypoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Claire E. Marriott
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Nouf F. Alhasawi
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J. Bone
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy M. Macfarlane
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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19
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Pettit C, Walston S, Wald P, Webb A, Williams TM. Molecular profiling of locally-advanced rectal adenocarcinoma using microRNA expression (Review). Int J Oncol 2017. [PMID: 28627602 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment for locally-advanced rectal cancer (LARC) typically consists of neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by total mesorectal excision. Recently, there has been growing interest in non-operative management for patients who are medically-inoperable or wish to avoid surgical morbidity and permanent colostomy. Approximately 50% of patients who receive pre-operative neoadjuvant chemoradiation develop some degree of pathologic response. Approximately 10-20% of patients are found to have a complete pathologic response, a finding which has frequently been shown to predict better clinical outcomes, including local-regional control, distant metastasis and survival. Many recent studies have evaluated the role of molecular biomarkers in predicting response to neoadjuvant therapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an emerging class of biomarkers that have the potential to predict which patients are most likely to benefit from pre-operative therapy and from a selective surgical approach. Here, we review the published literature on microRNAs as prognostic and predictive biomarkers in rectal cancer after pre-operative therapy. In the future, the development of prospectively validated miRNA signatures will allow clinical implementation of miRNAs as prognostic and predictive signatures in LARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Pettit
- The Ohio State University Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Steve Walston
- The Ohio State University Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Patrick Wald
- The Ohio State University Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Amy Webb
- The Ohio State University Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Terence M Williams
- The Ohio State University Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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20
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Nedaeinia R, Avan A, Ahmadian M, Nia SN, Ranjbar M, Sharifi M, Goli M, Piroozmand A, Nourmohammadi E, Manian M, Ferns GA, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Salehi R. Current Status and Perspectives Regarding LNA-Anti-miR Oligonucleotides and microRNA miR-21 Inhibitors as a Potential Therapeutic Option in Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4129-4140. [PMID: 28401648 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the leading causes of cancer-related death, principally due to its metastatic spread and multifactorial chemoresistance. The therapeutic failure can also be explained by inter- or intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity and tumor stromal content. Thus, the identification of novel prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic options are warranted in the management of CRC patients. There are data showing that microRNA-21 is elevated in different types of cancer, particularly colon adenocarcinoma and that this is association with a poor prognosis. This suggests that microRNA-21 may be of value as a potential therapeutic target. Furthermore, locked nucleic acid (LNA)-modified oligonucleotides have recently emerged as a therapeutic option for targeting dysregulated miRNAs in cancer therapy, through antisense-based gene silencing. Further work is required to identify innovative anticancer drugs that improve the current therapy either through novel combinatorial approaches or with better efficacy than conventional drugs. We aimed to provide an overview of the preclinical and clinical studies targeting key dysregulated signaling pathways in CRC as well as the therapeutic application of LNA-modified oligonucleotides, and miR inhibitors in the treatment of CRC patients. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4129-4140, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nedaeinia
- Deputy of Food and Drug, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Department of medical biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ahmadian
- Department of Gastroentrology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sasan Nedaee Nia
- Department of Agricultural engineering and Weed science, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Ranjbar
- Deputy of Food and Drug, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Sharifi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Goli
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Piroozmand
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan, Iran
| | - Esmail Nourmohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of medical biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mostafa Manian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PH, Sussex, UK
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rasoul Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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21
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Nedaeinia R, Sharifi M, Avan A, Kazemi M, Nabinejad A, Ferns GA, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Salehi R. Inhibition of microRNA-21 via locked nucleic acid-anti-miR suppressed metastatic features of colorectal cancer cells through modulation of programmed cell death 4. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692261. [PMID: 28347230 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is among the most lethal of malignancies, due to its propensity to metastatic spread and multifactorial-chemoresistance. The latter property supports the need to identify novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of colorectal cancer. MicroRNAs are endogenous non-coding small RNA molecules that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Recently, programmed cell death 4 has been identified as a protein that increases during apoptosis. This gene is among the potential targets of miR-21 (OncomiR). Locked nucleic acid-modified oligonucleotides have recently emerged as a potential therapeutic option for targeting microRNAs. The aim of this study was to explore the functional role of locked nucleic acid-anti-miR-21 in the LS174T cell line in vitro and in vivo models. LS174T cells were treated with locked nucleic acid-anti-miR-21 for 24, 48, and 72 h in vitro. The expression of miR-21 and PDCD4 at messenger RNA (mRNA) level was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, while the protein level of PDCD4 was determined by Western blotting. Cell migratory behavior and the cluster-forming ability of cells were assessed before and after therapy. The disseminated tumor cells were assessed in the chick chorioallantoic membrane model by Alu quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Locked nucleic acid-anti-miR-21 was transfected successfully into the LS174T cells and inhibited the expression of miR-21. Locked nucleic acid-anti-miR-21 inhibited the migration and the number of cells forming clusters. Moreover, we found that locked nucleic acid-anti-miR-21 transfection was associated with a significant reduction in metastatic properties as assessed by the in ovo model. Our findings demonstrated the novel therapeutic potential of locked nucleic acid-anti-miR-21 in colon adenocarcinoma with high miR-21 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nedaeinia
- 1 Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,2 Students Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Sharifi
- 3 Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- 4 Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi
- 3 Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Nabinejad
- 5 Isfahan Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- 6 Division of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- 4 Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,7 Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rasoul Salehi
- 3 Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,8 Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,9 Gerfa Namayesh Azmayesh (GENAZMA) Science and Research Institute, Isfahan, Iran
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22
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Chen B, Huang SG, Ju L, Li M, Nie FF, Zhang Y, Zhang YH, Chen X, Gao F. Effect of microRNA-21 on the proliferation of human degenerated nucleus pulposus by targeting programmed cell death 4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 49:S0100-879X2016000600602. [PMID: 27240294 PMCID: PMC4897996 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20155020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the effect of microRNA-21 (miR-21) on the proliferation of
human degenerated nucleus pulposus (NP) by targeting programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4)
tumor suppressor. NP tissues were collected from 20 intervertebral disc degeneration
(IDD) patients, and from 5 patients with traumatic spine fracture. MiR-21 expressions
were tested. NP cells from IDD patients were collected and divided into blank control
group, negative control group (transfected with miR-21 negative sequences), miR-21
inhibitor group (transfected with miR-21 inhibitors), miR-21 mimics group
(transfected with miR-21 mimics) and PDCD4 siRNA group (transfected with PDCD4
siRNAs). Cell growth was estimated by Cell Counting Kit-8; PDCD4, MMP-2,MMP-9 mRNA
expressions were evaluated by qRT-PCR; PDCD4, c-Jun and p-c-Jun expressions were
tested using western blot. In IDD patients, the expressions of miR-21 and PDCD4 mRNA
were respectively elevated and decreased (both P<0.05). The miR-21 expressions
were positively correlated with Pfirrmann grades, but negatively correlated with
PDCD4 mRNA (both P<0.001). In miR-21 inhibitor group, cell growth, MMP-2 and MMP-9
mRNA expressions, and p-c-Jun protein expressions were significantly lower, while
PDCD4 mRNA and protein expressions were higher than the other groups (all P<0.05).
These expressions in the PDCD4 siRNA and miR-21 mimics groups was inverted compared
to that in the miR-21 inhibitor group (all P<0.05). MiR-21 could promote the
proliferation of human degenerated NP cells by targeting PDCD4, increasing
phosphorylation of c-Jun protein, and activating AP-1-dependent transcription of
MMPs, indicating that miR-21 may be a crucial biomarker in the pathogenesis of
IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Linyi Second People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - S G Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Linyi Second People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - L Ju
- Department of Orthopedics, Linyi Second People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - M Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Linyi Second People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - F F Nie
- Department of Orthopedics, Linyi Second People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Y H Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Linyi Second People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - X Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Linyi Second People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - F Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Linyi Second People's Hospital, Linyi, China
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23
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Pratheeshkumar P, Son YO, Divya SP, Turcios L, Roy RV, Hitron JA, Wang L, Kim D, Dai J, Asha P, Zhang Z, Shi X. Hexavalent chromium induces malignant transformation of human lung bronchial epithelial cells via ROS-dependent activation of miR-21-PDCD4 signaling. Oncotarget 2016; 7:51193-51210. [PMID: 27323401 PMCID: PMC5239469 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a well-known human carcinogen associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis remain unclear. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) is a key regulator of oncogenic processes. Studies have shown that miR-21 exerts its oncogenic activity by targeting the tumor suppressor gene programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4). The present study examined the role of miR-21-PDCD4 signaling in Cr(VI)-induced cell transformation and tumorigenesis. Results showed that Cr(VI) induces ROS generation in human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells. Chronic exposure to Cr(VI) is able to cause malignant transformation in BEAS-2B cells. Cr(VI) caused a significant increase of miR-21 expression associated with an inhibition of PDCD4 expression. Notably, STAT3 transcriptional activation by IL-6 is crucial for the Cr(VI)-induced miR-21 elevation. Stable knockdown of miR-21 or overexpression of PDCD4 in BEAS-2B cells significantly reduced the Cr(VI)-induced cell transformation. Furthermore, the Cr(VI) induced inhibition of PDCD4 suppressed downstream E-cadherin protein expression, but promoted β-catenin/TCF-dependent transcription of uPAR and c-Myc. We also found an increased miR-21 level and decreased PDCD4 expression in xenograft tumors generated with chronic Cr(VI)-exposed BEAS-2B cells. In addition, stable knockdown of miR-21 and overexpression of PDCD4 reduced the tumorogenicity of chronic Cr(VI)-exposed BEAS-2B cells in nude mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the miR-21-PDCD4 signaling axis plays an important role in Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poyil Pratheeshkumar
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Young-Ok Son
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sasidharan Padmaja Divya
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lilia Turcios
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ram Vinod Roy
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John Andrew Hitron
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Donghern Kim
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jin Dai
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Padmaja Asha
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, India
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Xianglin Shi
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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24
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Pratheeshkumar P, Son YO, Divya SP, Wang L, Turcios L, Roy RV, Hitron JA, Kim D, Dai J, Asha P, Zhang Z, Shi X. Quercetin inhibits Cr(VI)-induced malignant cell transformation by targeting miR-21-PDCD4 signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 8:52118-52131. [PMID: 28881718 PMCID: PMC5581017 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is an important human carcinogen associated with pulmonary diseases and lung cancer. Inhibition of Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis by a dietary antioxidant is a novel approach. Quercetin is one of the most abundant dietary flavonoids widely present in many fruits and vegetables, possesses potent antioxidant and anticancer properties. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) is a key oncomiR significantly elevated in the majority of human cancers that exerts its oncogenic activity by targeting the tumor suppressor gene programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4). The present study examined the effect of quercetin on the inhibition of Cr(VI)-induced malignant cell transformation and the role of miR-21-PDCD4 signaling involved. Our results showed that quercetin decreased ROS generation induced by Cr(VI) exposure in BEAS-2B cells. Chronic Cr(VI) exposure induced malignant cell transformation, increased miR-21 expression and caused inhibition of PDCD4, which were significantly inhibited by the treatment of quercetin in a dose dependent manner. Nude mice injected with BEAS-2B cells chronically exposed to Cr(VI) in the presence of quercetin showed reduced tumor incidence compared to Cr(VI) alone treated group. Stable knockdown of miR-21 and overexpression of PDCD4 or catalase in BEAS-2B cells suppressed Cr(VI)-induced malignant transformation and tumorigenesis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that quercetin is able to protect BEAS-2B cells from Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis by targeting miR-21-PDCD4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poyil Pratheeshkumar
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Young-Ok Son
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sasidharan Padmaja Divya
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lilia Turcios
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ram Vinod Roy
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John Andrew Hitron
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Donghern Kim
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jin Dai
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Padmaja Asha
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, India
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Xianglin Shi
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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25
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Lee KS, Nam SK, Koh J, Kim DW, Kang SB, Choe G, Kim WH, Lee HS. Stromal Expression of MicroRNA-21 in Advanced Colorectal Cancer Patients with Distant Metastases. J Pathol Transl Med 2016; 50:270-7. [PMID: 27240857 PMCID: PMC4963969 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2016.03.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the regional heterogeneity and clinicopathological significance of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with distant metastasis. METHODS miR-21 expression was investigated by using locked nucleic acid- fluorescence in situ hybridization in the center and periphery of the primary cancer and in distant metastasis from 170 patients with advanced CRC. In addition, α-smooth muscle actin and desmin were evaluated to identify cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) by using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The miR-21 signal was observed in the cancer stroma. The expression of miR-21 (a score of 1-4) in the center and periphery of the primary cancer and in distant metastasis was observed in specimens from 133 (78.2%), 105 (61.8%), and 91 (53.5%) patients, respectively. miR-21 expression was heterogeneous in advanced CRC. Discordance between miR-21 expression in the center of the primary cancer and either the periphery of the primary cancer or distant metastasis was 31.7% or 44.7%, respectively. miR-21 stromal expression in the periphery of the primary cancer was significantly associated with a better prognosis (p=.004). miR-21 expression was significantly associated with CAFs in the center of the primary cancer (p=.001) and distant metastases (p=.041). CONCLUSIONS miR-21 expression is observed in cancer stroma related to the CAF quantity and frequently presents regional heterogeneity in CRC. Our findings indicate that the role of miR-21 in predicting prognosis may be controversial but provide a new perspective of miR-21 level measurement in cancer specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Sang Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Soo Kyung Nam
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jiwon Koh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duck-Woo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sung-Bum Kang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Gheeyoung Choe
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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26
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Cekaite L, Eide PW, Lind GE, Skotheim RI, Lothe RA. MicroRNAs as growth regulators, their function and biomarker status in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:6476-505. [PMID: 26623728 PMCID: PMC4872728 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression is in part regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). This review summarizes the current knowledge of miRNAs in colorectal cancer (CRC); their role as growth regulators, the mechanisms that regulate the miRNAs themselves and the potential of miRNAs as biomarkers. Although thousands of tissue samples and bodily fluids from CRC patients have been investigated for biomarker potential of miRNAs (>160 papers presented in a comprehensive tables), none single miRNA nor miRNA expression signatures are in clinical use for this disease. More than 500 miRNA-target pairs have been identified in CRC and we discuss how these regulatory nodes interconnect and affect signaling pathways in CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Cekaite
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G.Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter W. Eide
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G.Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guro E. Lind
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G.Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf I. Skotheim
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G.Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild A. Lothe
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G.Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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27
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Chen J, Xu T, Chen C. The critical roles of miR-21 in anti-cancer effects of curcumin. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 3:330. [PMID: 26734640 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.09.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a well-known phytochemical that has various anti-cancer effects. Although it has been demonstrated that curcumin can inhibit multiple signalling pathways, the exact mechanisms for its demonstrated anti-cancer effects are not fully understood. Recent studies have revealed that curcumin may affect cancer initiation and progression through regulating microRNAs (miRs). In this review, we focus on the roles of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in the anti-cancer effects of curcumin and regulatory mechanisms for the effects of curcumin on miR-21. MiR-21 mediates various effects of curcumin on cancer cells including proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis and anti-cancer drug resistance. Several downstream pathways of miR-21 have been identified including phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) and NF-κB pathways. Curcumin decreases miR-21 levels through both increasing miR-21 exosome exclusion from the cells and inhibiting the transcription of the miR-21 gene in the cells by binding to its promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhong Chen
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD4072, Australia ; 2 Cancer Institute of Hainan Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou 570102, China
| | - Tiefeng Xu
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD4072, Australia ; 2 Cancer Institute of Hainan Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou 570102, China
| | - Chen Chen
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD4072, Australia ; 2 Cancer Institute of Hainan Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou 570102, China
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28
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Wang T, Long S, Zhao N, Wang Y, Sun H, Zou Z, Wang J, Ran X, Su Y. Cell Density-Dependent Upregulation of PDCD4 in Keratinocytes and Its Implications for Epidermal Homeostasis and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:ijms17010008. [PMID: 26703592 PMCID: PMC4730255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is one multi-functional tumor suppressor inhibiting neoplastic transformation and tumor invasion. The role of PDCD4 in tumorigenesis has attracted more attention and has been systematically elucidated in cutaneous tumors. However, the normal biological function of PDCD4 in skin is still unclear. In this study, for the first time, we find that tumor suppressor PDCD4 is uniquely induced in a cell density-dependent manner in keratinocytes. To determine the potential role of PDCD4 in keratinocyte cell biology, we show that knockdown of PDCD4 by siRNAs can promote cell proliferation in lower cell density and partially impair contact inhibition in confluent HaCaT cells, indicating that PDCD4 serves as an important regulator of keratinocytes proliferation and contact inhibition in vitro. Further, knockdown of PDCD4 can induce upregulation of cyclin D1, one key regulator of the cell cycle. Furthermore, the expression patterns of PDCD4 in normal skin, different hair cycles and the process of wound healing are described in detail in vivo, which suggest a steady-state regulatory role of PDCD4 in epidermal homeostasis and wound healing. These findings provide a novel molecular mechanism for keratinocytes’ biology and indicate that PDCD4 plays a role in epidermal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, School of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Shuang Long
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, School of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Na Zhao
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, School of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, School of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Huiqin Sun
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, School of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Zhongmin Zou
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Junping Wang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, School of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Xinze Ran
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, School of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Yongping Su
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, School of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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29
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Wang Y, Chen J, Lin Z, Cao J, Huang H, Jiang Y, He H, Yang L, Ren N, Liu G. Role of deregulated microRNAs in non-small cell lung cancer progression using fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:801-808. [PMID: 26870288 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is responsible for the highest number of cancer-associated mortalities worldwide, and the five-year survival rate is <15% following the initial diagnosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) serve important functions in a number of human diseases, including cancer. The present study investigated the expression status, clinical relevance and functional role of miRNA in NSCLC. miRNA expression profiling was performed in lung adenocarcinoma and adjacent unaffected lung tissues using 47 groups of fresh-frozen (FF) and 45 of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from 11 pulmonary bulla. miR-21, -30e, -363 and -623 were further examined for differential expression in two independent cohorts. Other miRNAs, including miR-5100 and miR-650, were upregulated, while miR-10a and -26b were downregulated in FF NSCLC tissues. The associations between these miRNAs and their clinicopathological features were also investigated. miR-363, -10a and -145 were associated with lymph node status (P=0.002, 0.005 and 0.007, respectively) and miR-650 and -145 were associated with differentiation (P=0.01 and 0.05, respectively). No associations were identified for the other miRNAs examined. In the FFPE NSCLC samples, miR-30e-5p correlated with the differentiation of the tissue (P=0.011). The present study indicates that these miRNAs may be appropriate candidates for molecular diagnostic and prognostic markers in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Wang
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Ziying Lin
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Jun Cao
- Pathological Diagnosis and Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Haili Huang
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Yun Jiang
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan He
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Lawei Yang
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Nina Ren
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
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30
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Mutlu P, Ural AU, Gündüz U. Different types of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related gene expressions alter in corticosteroid-, vincristine-, and melphalan-resistant u-266 multiple myeloma cell lines. Turk J Haematol 2015; 31:231-8. [PMID: 25330516 PMCID: PMC4287023 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.2013.0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Deregulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis mechanisms in normal cells causes many problems, including cancer. In this study, a genome-wide expression analysis of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related genes in corticosteroid-, vincristine-, and melphalan-resistant U-266 multiple myeloma cell lines was conducted. Materials and Methods: Resistant U-266 sublines were induced by application of each drug by stepwise dose increments. Resistance gained by the cells was confirmed with XTT cytotoxicity assay and microarray analyses were carried out. Among the cell cycle- and apoptosis-related gene expressions, alterations of more than 2-fold were considered significant. Results: Cyclin E2 was drastically overexpressed in the vincristine-resistant subline and a general upregulation was observed for various cyclin-dependent kinases. Some of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor encoding genes were downregulated in resistant sublines in general. Tumor necrosis factor receptor genes were generally downregulated in corticosteroid- and melphalan-resistant U-266 sublines. Different types of effector caspases were downregulated in all resistant sublines. Ceramide metabolism genes seemed to be changed in favor of survival, especially in the melphalan-resistant subline. Conclusion: This report shows that different types of chemotherapeutic drugs alter different apoptotic and cell cycle-related gene expressions and, as a result, may cause drug-resistant phenotypes in U-266 multiple myeloma cell lines. Among those gene expressions, the most drastic increase in cyclin E2 could be important for the survival of vincristine-resistant U-266 cell lines, whereas alteration of ceramide metabolism genes could be important in melphalan resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Mutlu
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Biological Sciences, Ankara, Turkey. E-ma-il:
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31
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Meehan K, Vella LJ. The contribution of tumour-derived exosomes to the hallmarks of cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015; 53:121-31. [PMID: 26479834 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1092496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small, biologically active extracellular vesicles and over the last decade, both stromal and tumour-derived exosomes (TDE) have been implicated in cancer onset, progression and metastases. Cancer is a complex disease that is underpinned by several "cancer hallmarks", originally described by Hanahan and Weinberg in 2000 and then revised in 2011. The hallmarks of cancer comprise six biological capabilities, along with two emerging hallmarks and two enabling characteristics that facilitate tumour growth and metastatic dissemination. Ample evidence supports a clear role for TDE in four of the original biological hallmarks (sustaining proliferative signalling, resisting cell death, inducing angiogenesis and activating invasion and metastases). A less-defined role exists for TDE in evading growth suppressors, and currently, there is no evidence to suggest a role for TDE in enabling replicative immortality. TDE are intimately involved in the newly defined hallmarks of cancer and enabling characteristics, most evidently in immune inhibition and tumour-promoting inflammation, which ultimately enable escape from immune destruction and tumour progression. Herein, we discuss the role of TDE in the context of the hallmarks and enabling characteristics of cancer as defined by Hanahan and Weinberg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Meehan
- a School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia , Crawley , Australia and
| | - Laura J Vella
- b Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Level 5 Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre , Heidelberg , Australia
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32
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Mima K, Nishihara R, Nowak JA, Kim SA, Song M, Inamura K, Sukawa Y, Masuda A, Yang J, Dou R, Nosho K, Baba H, Giovannucci EL, Bowden M, Loda M, Giannakis M, Bass AJ, Dranoff G, Freeman GJ, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Qian ZR, Ogino S. MicroRNA MIR21 and T Cells in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 4:33-40. [PMID: 26419959 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complex interactions between colorectal neoplasia and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment remain to be elucidated. Experimental evidence suggests that microRNA MIR21 (miR-21) suppresses antitumor T-cell-mediated immunity. Thus, we hypothesized that tumor MIR21 expression might be inversely associated with T-cell density in colorectal carcinoma tissue. Using 538 rectal and colon cancer cases from the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we measured tumor MIR21 expression by a quantitative reverse-transcription PCR assay. Densities of CD3(+), CD8(+), CD45RO (PTPRC)(+), and FOXP3(+) cells in tumor tissue were determined by tissue microarray immunohistochemistry and computer-assisted image analysis. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association of MIR21 expression (ordinal quartiles as a predictor variable) with T-cell density (ordinal quartiles as an outcome variable), adjusting for tumor molecular features, including microsatellite instability; CpG island methylator phenotype; KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations; and LINE-1 methylation. We adjusted the two-sided α level to 0.012 for multiple hypothesis testing. Tumor MIR21 expression was inversely associated with densities of CD3(+) and CD45RO(+) cells (Ptrend < 0.0005). The multivariate odds ratio of the highest versus lowest quartile of MIR21 for a unit increase in quartile categories of CD3(+) or CD45RO(+) cells was 0.44 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.28 to 0.68] or 0.41 (95% CI, 0.26-0.64), respectively. Our data support a possible role of tumor epigenetic deregulation by noncoding RNA in suppressing the antitumor T-cell-mediated adaptive immune response and suggest MIR21 as a potential target for immunotherapy and prevention in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sun A Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kentaro Inamura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yasutaka Sukawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Atsuhiro Masuda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Juhong Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ruoxu Dou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michaela Bowden
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adam J Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Tao YJ, Li YJ, Zheng W, Zhao JJ, Guo MM, Zhou Y, Qin NL, Zheng J, Xu L. Antisense oligonucleotides against microRNA-21 reduced the proliferation and migration of human colon carcinoma cells. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:77. [PMID: 26236156 PMCID: PMC4522075 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon carcinoma is one of the commonly tumors that threaten human beings as its highly morbidity and mortality. Recent evidences suggested that microRNA-21 (miR-21) played an important role in the development of colon carcinoma and might be a potential biological marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of colon carcinoma. However, the potential effect of miR-21 based therapeutic studies in colon carcinoma remains to be fully elucidated. METHODS In present study, we constructed an eukaryotic expression vector encoding antisense oligonucleotides against miR-21 (termed as p-miR-21-ASO) and the expression of miRNA-21 in human colon cancer was detected by Real-time PCR. To assess its possible effect on the proliferation and migration capacity of human colon carcinoma cells in vitro, CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay and cell invasion, as well as migration assay, were performed respectively. Moreover, PTEN, one of target molecules of miRNA-21, was analyzed by Western blot and Fluorescence activated cell sorter assay. Finally, the transduction of AKT and ERK pathways in human colon carcinoma cells was determined by Western blot. RESULTS We found that transiently transfection of p-miR-21-ASO could efficiently decrease the relative expression of miR-21 in human colon carcinoma HCT116 cells, accompanied by impaired proliferation and clone formation. Furthermore, we found that down-regulation of miR-21 also could significantly abrogate the invasion and migration capacity in vitro, as well as the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor which is critical for the metastatic capacity of colon carcinoma cells. Mechanistic evidence showed that down-regulation of miR-21 increased the expression of its target molecule PTEN in HCT116 cells. Finally, we revealed that the expression level of both phosphor-ERK1/2 and phosphor-AKT also were altered. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, our data suggested miR-21 ASO against miR-21 might be a useful strategy to alter the expression of miR-21 in colon carcinoma cells, which was helpful for the development of miR-21-based therapeutic strategies against clinical colon carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jing Tao
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563003 Guizhou China
| | - Yong-Ju Li
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563003 Guizhou China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563003 Guizhou China
| | - Juan-Juan Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563003 Guizhou China
| | - Meng-Meng Guo
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563003 Guizhou China
| | - Ya Zhou
- Department of Medical Physics, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Na-Lin Qin
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563003 Guizhou China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563003 Guizhou China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563003 Guizhou China
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Yamada A, Horimatsu T, Okugawa Y, Nishida N, Honjo H, Ida H, Kou T, Kusaka T, Sasaki Y, Yagi M, Higurashi T, Yukawa N, Amanuma Y, Kikuchi O, Muto M, Ueno Y, Nakajima A, Chiba T, Boland CR, Goel A. Serum miR-21, miR-29a, and miR-125b Are Promising Biomarkers for the Early Detection of Colorectal Neoplasia. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4234-42. [PMID: 26038573 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Circulating microRNAs (miRNA) are emerging as promising diagnostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer, but their usefulness for detecting early colorectal neoplasms remains unclear. This study aimed to identify serum miRNA biomarkers for the identification of patients with early colorectal neoplasms. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A cohort of 237 serum samples from 160 patients with early colorectal neoplasms (148 precancerous lesions and 12 cancers) and 77 healthy subjects was analyzed in a three-step approach that included a comprehensive literature review for published biomarkers, a screening phase, and a validation phase. RNA was extracted from sera, and levels of miRNAs were examined by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Nine miRNAs (miR-18a, miR-19a, miR-19b, miR-20a, miR-21, miR-24, miR-29a, miR-92, and miR-125b) were selected as candidate biomarkers for initial analysis. In the screening phase, serum levels of miR-21, miR-29a, and miR-125b were significantly higher in patients with early colorectal neoplasm than in healthy controls. Elevated levels of miR-21, miR-29a, and miR-125b were confirmed in the validation phase using an independent set of subjects. Area under the curve (AUC) values for serum miR-21, miR-29a, miR-125b, and their combined score in discriminating patients with early colorectal neoplasm from healthy controls were 0.706, 0.741, 0.806, and 0.827, respectively. Serum levels of miR-29a and miR-125b were significantly higher in patients who had only small colorectal neoplasms (≤5 mm) than in healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS Because serum levels of miR-21, miR-29a, and miR-125b discriminated patients with early colorectal neoplasm from healthy controls, our data highlight the potential clinical use of these molecular signatures for noninvasive screening of patients with colorectal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamada
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Horimatsu
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinaga Okugawa
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Naoshi Nishida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kinki University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Honjo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Otsu Red Cross Hospital, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ida
- Internal Medicine, Kyoto Police Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Kou
- Digestive Disease Center, The Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kusaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Katsura Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yu Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Makato Yagi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takuma Higurashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Norio Yukawa
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Amanuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Kikuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Muto
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - C Richard Boland
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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WEI CHUANKUI, SONG HONGMING, SUN XIAOGUO, LI DENGFENG, SONG JIALU, HUA KAIYAO, FANG LIN. miR-183 regulates biological behavior in papillary thyroid carcinoma by targeting the programmed cell death 4. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:211-20. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Li G, Shen Q, Li C, Li D, Chen J, He M. Identification of circulating MicroRNAs as novel potential biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma detection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transl Oncol 2015; 17:684-93. [PMID: 25956842 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-015-1294-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in body fluids such as serum and plasma can be stably detected and used as potential biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate circulating miRNAs from HCC expression profiling studies and to determine miRNA biomarkers for HCC detection. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies were carried out for comparing the circulating miRNA expressions between HCC patients and healthy people, hepatitis, or cirrhosis patients. A miRNA ranking system that considered the number of comparisons in agreement and total number of samples was used. Then the summary receiver-operating characteristic curve (sROC) results of the top miRNAs were combined to further evaluate their diagnostic value using Meta-disc 1.4. RESULTS In the 17 included studies, three circulating miRNAs (miR-21, miR-122, and miR-223) were repeatedly reported three times or more in both HCC patients vs. healthy controls and vs. other hepatitis or cirrhosis patients. In further analysis, the area under curve (AUC) of sROC for miR-21, miR-122 and miR-223 in discriminating HCC patients from healthy people are 0.9293, 0.8128, and 0.8597, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Circulating miR-21 has highest level of diagnostic efficiency among three miRNAs candidate biomarkers (miR-21, miR-122, and miR-223) for detection of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Li
- Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
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Pennelli G, Galuppini F, Barollo S, Cavedon E, Bertazza L, Fassan M, Guzzardo V, Pelizzo MR, Rugge M, Mian C. The PDCD4/miR-21 pathway in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2014; 46:50-7. [PMID: 25316501 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is a tumor suppressor gene involved in tumorogenesis. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) specifically targets PDCD4, and recent studies suggest that PDCD4 is also regulated by Akt (antiapoptotic regulator within phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase). Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine cancer, and disease stage at diagnosis represents the main prognostic indicator. A consecutive series of 64 MTCs was considered. REarranged during Transfection (RET) and rat sarcoma (RAS) mutation status was assessed by direct sequencing. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify mature hsa-miR-21. PDCD4 and Ki-67 immunostaining was performed with an automated platform. Immunoblot analysis of PI3K/Akt pathway was done on thyroid tissues. MTCs were consistently associated with miR-21 up-regulation (P < .0016) and featured significant PDCD4 nuclear down-regulation. An inverse correlation emerged between miR-21 overexpression and PDCD4 down-regulation (P = .0013). At enrollment, high miR-21 levels were associated with high calcitonin levels (P = .0003), lymph node metastases (P = .001), and advanced stages (P = .0003). At the end of follow-up, high miR-21 levels were associated with biochemically persistent disease (P = .0076). At enrollment, instead, PDCD4 nuclear down-regulation was associated with high calcitonin levels (P = .04), more advanced stages of disease (P < .01), and persistent disease after the follow-up (P = .02). p-Akt was more expressed in RAS-mutated MTC than in nonmutated cancers and normal tissue. This study showed, in MTCs, that miR-21 regulates PDCD4 expression and also that the miR-21/PDCD4 pathway correlates with clinicopathological variables and prognosis. Further studies should investigate the role of miR-21 as a prognostic biomarker and the feasibility of using PDCD4-restoring strategies as a therapeutic approach to MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmaria Pennelli
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy.
| | - Francesca Galuppini
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy
| | - Susi Barollo
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua 35128, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Cavedon
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua 35128, Italy
| | - Loris Bertazza
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua 35128, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- ARC-Net Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Vincenza Guzzardo
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Pelizzo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences (DiSCOG), Surgery Unit, University of Padua, Padua 35128, Italy
| | - Massimo Rugge
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy; Istituto Oncologico del Veneto, IOV-IRCCS, Padua 35128, Italy
| | - Caterina Mian
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua 35128, Italy
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Sun Z, Li S, Kaufmann AM, Albers AE. miR-21 increases the programmed cell death 4 gene-regulated cell proliferation in head and neck squamous carcinoma cell lines. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:2283-9. [PMID: 25175929 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate the translation of many genes in normal and cancer cells where they are frequently dysregulated promoting tumor progression. Several studies have illustrated the potential of manipulating miR expression in cancer research and therapy. The aim of the present study was to investigate expression patterns of a panel of miRs in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) shown to be relevant in other carcinomas and to elucidate their role if dysregulated. We performed analysis of miR‑21, -200c, -138-1, -138-2, -25 and -34 expression by qRT-PCR in 6 HNSCC cell lines and computerized search for genetic targets of dysregulated miRNA-21 (miR‑21). Lipofection of mock and anti-miR-21 and determination of expression efficiencies and final programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) expression were carried out by luciferase assay and western blotting. MTT assay was used to measure cell proliferation and flow cytometry was performed for cell cycle analysis. Expression of miR-21 was most prominently upregulated in the HNSCC cell lines, particularly in UM-SCC11B (6.45±0.25-fold, P<0.05) and UM-SCC9 (4.35±0.22-fold, P<0.05) as compared to primary epidermal keratinocytes used as control. The expression levels of the other miRs showed no difference except for miR-34 and -138-1 each in one cell line. Subsequent transfection of precursor miR-21 stimulated proliferation while anti-miR-21 inhibited proliferation of both cell lines. PDCD4 was identified with software designed for this purpose as potential target gene of miR-21. Subsequently, its role in HNSCC lines was experimentally confirmed by regulation of PDCD4 transfecting miR-21 mimics and anti-miR-21. Finally, we showed that PDCD4 is negatively regulated by miR-21 at the post-transcriptional level via binding to the 3'-untranslated region of PDCD4 mRNA. A role of upregulated miR-21 and reduced PDCD4 stimulating the proliferation was demonstrated in HNSCC lines and, in turn, transfection of anti-miR-21 upregulating PDCD4 reduced the cellular division rate. We explored miR-21 and PDCD4 expression as markers of progression and prognosis and for a potential translational value in the development of agents slowing growth of HNSCC and other carcinomas useful in palliative therapy or as a component of multi-modality treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Suping Li
- Clinic for Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Nationalities University, Enshi, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Andreas M Kaufmann
- Clinic for Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas E Albers
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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39
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Cappellesso R, Tinazzi A, Giurici T, Simonato F, Guzzardo V, Ventura L, Crescenzi M, Chiarelli S, Fassina A. Programmed cell death 4 and microRNA 21 inverse expression is maintained in cells and exosomes from ovarian serous carcinoma effusions. Cancer Cytopathol 2014; 122:685-93. [PMID: 24888238 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian serous carcinoma (OSC) is a fatal gynecologic malignancy usually presenting with bilateral localization and malignant peritoneal effusion. Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is a tumor suppressor gene whose expression is directly controlled by microRNA-21 (miR-21). Exosomes are small cell-derived vesicles that participate in intercellular communication, delivering their cargo of molecules to specific cells. Exosomes are involved in several physiological and pathological processes including oncogenesis, immunomodulation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The current study analyzed the expression of PDCD4 and miR-21 in resected OSC specimens and in cells and exosomes from OSC peritoneal effusions. METHODS PDCD4 was immunohistochemically examined in 14 normal ovaries, 14 serous cystadenoma (CA), and 14 OSC cases. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of PDCD4 and miR-21 expression was performed in CA and OSC cases and in cells and exosomes obtained from 10 OSC and 10 nonneoplastic peritoneal effusions. miR-21 was also evaluated by in situ hybridization. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a gradual PDCD4 loss from normal ovaries to CA and OSC specimens. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction displayed higher PDCD4 messenger RNA levels in CA specimens compared with OSC cases and highlighted miR-21 overexpression in OSC specimens. In situ hybridization detected miR-21 only in OSC cells. This PDCD4 and miR-21 inverse expression was also noted in cells and exosomes from OSC peritoneal effusions compared with nonneoplastic effusions. CONCLUSIONS PDCD4 and miR-21 are involved in OSC oncogenesis. The transfer of miR-21 by exosomes could promote oncogenic transformation in target cells distant from the primary tumor without direct colonization by cancer cells and could be used as a diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Cappellesso
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Kochi T, Shimizu M, Totsuka Y, Shirakami Y, Nakanishi T, Watanabe T, Tanaka T, Nakagama H, Wakabayashi K, Moriwaki H. A novel aromatic mutagen, 5-amino-6-hydroxy-8 H-benzo[6,7]azepino[5,4,3- de]quinolin-7-one (ABAQ), induces colonic preneoplastic lesions in mice. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:69-73. [PMID: 28962227 PMCID: PMC5598209 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The benzoazepinoqunolinone derivative, 5-amino-6-hydroxy-8H-benzo[6,7]azepino[5,4,3-de]quinolin-7-one (ABAQ), which is produced in a mixture of glucose and tryptophan incubated at 37 °C under physiological conditions in the presence or absence of hydroxyl radicals caused by the Fenton reaction, is a novel aromatic mutagen. In the current study, we determined the tumor-initiating potency of ABAQ using an inflammation-relate, two-stage mouse colon carcinogenesis model. Male Crj: CD-1 (ICR) mice were treated with the single intragastric administration (100 or 200 mg/kg body weight) of ABAQ followed by subsequent 1-week oral exposure to 2% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water. The ABAQ treatment alone resulted in high-grade dysplasia, which is a precursor to colorectal cancer, in the colon. Following the administration of DSS after ABAQ treatment, the incidence and frequency of high-grade dysplastic lesions increased; the values were highest in the mice treated with 200 mg/kg body weight of ABAQ followed by DSS. The lesions expressing β-catenin in their nuclei and cytoplasm exhibited high proliferation activity without the expression of programmed cell death 4. These findings indicate that ABAQ has a tumor-initiating activity in the mouse colon, with or without inflammation, although the potential pro-inflammatory effect of high doses of ABAC should be investigated.
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Key Words
- ABAQ, 5-amino-6-hydroxy-8H-benzo[6,7]azepino[5,4,3-de]quinolin-7-one
- AOM, azoxymethane
- Benzoazepinoqunolinone
- Colon
- DSS, dextran sodium sulfate
- Dextran sodium sulfate
- Fenton reaction
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HCA, heterocyclic amine
- Heterocyclic amines
- High-grade dysplasia
- Initiation
- Maillard reaction
- MeIQx, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-flquinoxaline
- Mice
- PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- PDCD4
- PhIP, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine
- i.g, intragastric
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kochi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Masahito Shimizu
- Department of Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Yukari Totsuka
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yohei Shirakami
- Department of Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakanishi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Watanabe
- Department of Public Health, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 1 Shichono-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Takuji Tanaka
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakagama
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hisataka Moriwaki
- Department of Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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Shimizu M, Kochi T, Shirakami Y, Genovese S, Epifano F, Fiorito S, Mori T, Tanaka T, Moriwaki H. A newly synthesized compound, 4'-geranyloxyferulic acid-N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester suppresses inflammation-associated colorectal carcinogenesis in male mice. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:774-84. [PMID: 24474144 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the cancer chemopreventive activity of 4'-geranyloxyferulic acid (GOFA, Miyamoto et al., Nutr Cancer 2008; 60:675-84) and a β-cyclodextrin inclusion compound of GOFA (Tanaka et al., Int J Cancer 2010; 126:830-40) in colitis-related colorectal carcinogenesis. In our study, the chemopreventive effects of a newly synthesized GOFA-containing compound, GOFA-N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), which inhibits inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX) enzymes, were investigated using a colitis-associated mouse colorectal carcinogenesis model with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The dietary administration of GOFA-L-NAME after the AOM and DSS treatments significantly reduced the multiplicity of adenocarcinomas (inhibition rates: 100 ppm, 84%, p < 0.001; 500 ppm, 94%, p < 0.001) compared with the AOM + DSS group. Dietary GOFA-L-NAME significantly decreased the proliferation (p < 0.001) and increased the apoptosis (p < 0.001) of colonic adenocarcinoma cells. A subsequent short-term experiment revealed that dietary GOFA-L-NAME decreased the mRNA expression of inflammatory enzymes, such as iNOS and COX-2, and proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 in the colonic mucosa of mice that received 1.5% DSS in their drinking water for 7 days. Our findings indicate that GOFA-L-NAME is able to inhibit colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis by modulating inflammation, proliferation, apoptosis and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Shimizu
- Department of Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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42
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Jajoo S, Mukherjea D, Kaur T, Sheehan KE, Sheth S, Borse V, Rybak LP, Ramkumar V. Essential role of NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species generation in regulating microRNA-21 expression and function in prostate cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1863-76. [PMID: 23682737 PMCID: PMC3852344 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Oncogenic microRNAs (miRs) promote tumor growth and invasiveness. One of these, miR-21, contributes to carcinogenesis in prostate and other cancers. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate the expression and function of miR-21 and its target proteins, maspin and programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), in prostate cancer cells. RESULTS The highly aggressive androgen receptor negative PC-3M-MM2 prostate cancer cells demonstrated high expression of miR-21 and p47(phox) (an essential subunit of NADPH oxidase). Using loss-of-function strategy, we showed that transfection of PC-3M-MM2 cells with anti-miR-21- and p47(phox) siRNA (si-p47(phox)) led to reduced expression of miR-21 with concurrent increase in maspin and PDCD4, and decreased the invasiveness of the cells. Tail-vein injections of anti-miR-21- and si-p47(phox)-transfected PC-3M-MM2 cells in severe combined immunodeficient mice reduced lung metastases. Clinical samples from patients with advanced prostate cancer expressed high levels of miR-21 and p47(phox), and low expression of maspin and PDCD4. Finally, ROS activated Akt in these cells, the inhibition of which reduced miR-21 expression. INNOVATION The levels of NADPH oxidase-derived ROS are high in prostate cancer cells, which have been shown to be involved in their growth and migration. This study demonstrates that ROS produced by this pathway is essential for the expression and function of an onco-miR, miR-21, in androgen receptor-negative prostate cancer cells. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that miR-21 is an important target of ROS, which contributes to the highly invasive and metastatic phenotype of prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh Jajoo
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine , Springfield, Illinois
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43
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Ferraro A, Kontos CK, Boni T, Bantounas I, Siakouli D, Kosmidou V, Vlassi M, Spyridakis Y, Tsipras I, Zografos G, Pintzas A. Epigenetic regulation of miR-21 in colorectal cancer: ITGB4 as a novel miR-21 target and a three-gene network (miR-21-ITGΒ4-PDCD4) as predictor of metastatic tumor potential. Epigenetics 2013; 9:129-41. [PMID: 24149370 DOI: 10.4161/epi.26842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have uncovered several transcription factors that determine biological alterations in tumor cells to execute the invasion-metastasis cascade, including the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We sought to investigate the role of miR-21 in colorectal cancer regulation. For this purpose, miR-21 expression was quantified in a panel of colorectal cancer cell lines and clinical specimens. High expression was found in cell lines with EMT properties and in the vast majority of human tumor specimens. We demonstrate in a cell-specific manner the occupancy of MIR-21 gene promoter by AP-1 and ETS1 transcription factors and, for the first time, the pattern of histone posttranslational modifications necessary for miR-21 overexpression. We also show that Integrin-β4 (ITGβ4), exclusively expressed in polarized epithelial cells, is a novel miR-21 target gene and plays a role in the regulation of EMT, since it is remarkably de-repressed after transient miR-21 silencing and downregulated after miR-21 overexpression. miR-21-dependent change of ITGβ4 expression significantly affects cell migration properties of colon cancer cells. Finally, in a subgroup of tumor specimens, ROC curve analysis performed on quantitative PCR data sets for miR-21, ITGβ4, and PDCD4 shows that the combination of high miR-21 with low ITGβ4 and PDCD4 expression is able to predict presence of metastasis. In conclusion, miR-21 is a key player in oncogenic EMT, its overexpression is controlled by the cooperation of genetic and epigenetic alterations, and its levels, along with ITGβ4 and PDCD4 expression, could be exploited as a prognostic tool for CRC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Ferraro
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression; Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology; National Hellenic Research Foundation; Athens, Greece
| | - Christos K Kontos
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression; Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology; National Hellenic Research Foundation; Athens, Greece
| | - Themis Boni
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression; Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology; National Hellenic Research Foundation; Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Bantounas
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression; Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology; National Hellenic Research Foundation; Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Siakouli
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression; Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology; National Hellenic Research Foundation; Athens, Greece
| | - Vivian Kosmidou
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression; Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology; National Hellenic Research Foundation; Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita Vlassi
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression; Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology; National Hellenic Research Foundation; Athens, Greece
| | - Yannis Spyridakis
- 3rd Department of Surgery; General Hospital of Athens G. Gennimatas; Athens, Greece
| | - Iraklis Tsipras
- 3rd Department of Surgery; General Hospital of Athens G. Gennimatas; Athens, Greece
| | - George Zografos
- 3rd Department of Surgery; General Hospital of Athens G. Gennimatas; Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Pintzas
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression; Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology; National Hellenic Research Foundation; Athens, Greece
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Song J, Bai Z, Zhang J, Meng H, Cai J, Deng W, Bi J, Ma X, Zhang Z. Serum microRNA-21 levels are related to tumor size in gastric cancer patients but cannot predict prognosis. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:1733-1737. [PMID: 24260069 PMCID: PMC3834305 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with gastric cancer (GC), circulating microRNA-21 (miR-21) is overexpressed and may serve as a diagnostic biomarker. In the present study, it was hypothesized that the serum miR-21 expression levels were associated with prognosis in the patients with GC. The expression levels of serum miR-21 were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays in 103 GC patients. Survival and Cox proportional-hazards regression analyses were performed to determine the correlation between serum miR-21 expression levels and prognosis in the patients. The correlation between the serum miR-21 levels and the clinicopathological factors of the patients was also analyzed. Survival curves were not significantly different between the groups exhibiting high and low levels of serum miR-21 expression. High levels of miR-21 in the serum were associated with an increased tumor size and an advanced pT stage. These findings suggest that serum miR-21 could be exploited as a practical biomarker for monitoring tumor burden in patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianning Song
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xuanwu, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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Vicinus B, Rubie C, Stegmaier N, Frick VO, Kölsch K, Kauffels A, Ghadjar P, Wagner M, Glanemann M. miR-21 and its target gene CCL20 are both highly overexpressed in the microenvironment of colorectal tumors: significance of their regulation. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1285-92. [PMID: 23817679 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported a functional interaction between miR-21 and its identified chemokine target CCL20 in colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. Here, we investigated whether such functional interactions are permitted at the cellular level which would require an inverse correlation of expression and also co-expression of miR-21 and CCL20 in the same cell. Expression profiling was performed using qPCR, and ELISA, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were applied for the presentation of their cellular localization. We demonstrated that miR-21 as well as CCL20 were both significantly upregulated in CRC tissues; thus, showing no antidromic expression pattern. This provided an initial clue that miR-21 and CCL20 may not be expressed in the same cell. In addition, we located miR-21 expression at the cellular level predominantly in stromal cells such as tumor-associated fibroblasts and to a minor degree in immune cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes. Likewise, CCL20 expression was primarily detected in tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Thus, investigating the cellular localization of miR-21 and its target CCL20 revealed that both molecules are expressed predominantly in the microenvironment of CRC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Vicinus
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
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46
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 18- to 22-nucleotide-long, single-stranded, noncoding RNAs that regulate important biological processes including differentiation, proliferation, and response to cellular stressors such as hypoxia, nutrient depletion, and traversion of the cell cycle by controlling protein expression within the cell. Many investigators have profiled cancer tissue and serum miRNAs to identify potential therapeutic targets, understand the pathways involved in tumorigenesis, and identify diagnostic tumor signatures. In the setting of pancreatic cancer, obtaining pancreatic tissue is invasive and impractical for early diagnosis. Several groups have profiled miRNAs that are present in the blood as a means to diagnose tumor progression and predict prognosis/survival or drug resistance. Several miRNA signatures found in pancreatic tissue and the peripheral blood, as well as the pathways that are associated with pancreatic cancer, are reviewed here in detail. Three miRNA biomarkers (miR-21, miR-155, and miR-200) have been repetitively identified in both pancreatic cancer tissue and patients' blood. Those miRNAs regulate and are regulated by the central genetic and epigenetic changes observed in pancreatic cancer including p53, transforming growth factor β, p16(INK4A), BRCA1/2, and Kras. These miRNAs are involved in DNA repair, cell cycle, and cell invasion and also play important roles in promoting metastases.
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47
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Liu X, Gao R, Chen X, Zhang H, Zheng A, Yang D, Ding Y, Wang Y, He J. Possible roles of mmu-miR-141 in the endometrium of mice in early pregnancy following embryo implantation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67382. [PMID: 23825654 PMCID: PMC3692437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Embryo implantation is directly affected by genes related to uterine receptivity. Studies have demonstrated the important roles of miRNAs in the regulation of gene expression. Our early miRNA chip analyses revealed that the mmu-miR-141 expression in endometrial tissue is lower after embryo implantation than before it. However, the possible roles of miR-141 in embryo implantation have not yet been elucidated. Here, mmu-miR-141 was designed to detect the expression and role of miR-141 in the endometria of mice in early pregnancy following embryo implantation. Methods Real-time PCR and in-situ hybridization were used to study mmu-miR-141 expression in mouse uterus. Cell proliferation was detected by tetrazolium dye (MTT) assay and flow cytometry. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were used to confirm the mRNA and protein levels of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) to determine whether it was the target gene of mmu-miR-141. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fluorescence reporter vector analysis was also performed. A functional study was performed by injecting mice uteri with mmu-miR-141 inhibitor or mimic vectors. Results mmu-miR-141 expression was lower on day 6 (D6) than day 4 (D4) and could be increased by progesterone. Reduced mmu-miR-141 could decrease the proliferation activity of stromal cells and promote apoptosis. Upregulation of mmu-miR-141 inhibited PTEN protein expression but downregulation of mmu-miR-141 increased it, while the mRNA level remained unchanged. EGFP fluorescence reporter vector analysis showed that miR-141 targets the 3′-untranslated region of the PTEN mRNA. In addition, when the physiological mmu-miR-141 level was altered on D2 by injecting with inhibitor or mimic, the embryo implantation sites were significantly decreased on D7. Conclusions This study demonstrated that mmu-miR-141 might influence cell proliferation and apoptosis in the endometrium by negatively regulating PTEN expression, and could also influence the number of embryo implantation sites. mmu-miR-141 plays an essential role in embryo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Liu
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Rufei Gao
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hailing Zhang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Anshun Zheng
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Dehui Yang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yubin Ding
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yingxiong Wang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Junlin He
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Hirata K, Suzuki H, Imaeda H, Matsuzaki J, Tsugawa H, Nagano O, Asakura K, Saya H, Hibi T. CD44 variant 9 expression in primary early gastric cancer as a predictive marker for recurrence. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:379-86. [PMID: 23778530 PMCID: PMC3721391 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple early gastric cancers (EGCs) may develop in 6-14% of patients even after achieving curative endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD); however, a useful biomarker for predicting recurrence is not available. The present study investigated whether the expression of CD44 variant 9 (CD44v9), a functional cancer stem cell marker, in the primary gastric cancer tissue represents an indicator of recurrence. METHODS Eighty-eight patients who underwent ESD for EGC from 2008 to 2010 were enrolled and monitored for recurrence for 3 years. The expression levels of CD44v9 in the tissue of initial EGCs were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and the recurrence rate was compared between CD44v9-positive and CD44v9-negative groups. The mucin phenotype and expression of microRNA-21 (miR-21) and programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) were also analysed. RESULTS The recurrence rate of EGC was significantly higher in the CD44v9-positive group than in the CD44v9-negative group (hazard ratio (HR), 21.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 5.71-83.1). However, mucin phenotypes and the expression of miR-21 and PDCD4 did not predict recurrence after ESD. Meanwhile, grade of gastric atrophy was also identified as a significant marker of multiple recurrence (HR, 4.95; 95% CI, 1.30-18.8). CONCLUSION CD44 variant 9 expression represents a potential predictive marker for recurrence in EGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hirata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Tokyo, Japan
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Toiyama Y, Takahashi M, Hur K, Nagasaka T, Tanaka K, Inoue Y, Kusunoki M, Boland CR, Goel A. Serum miR-21 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105:849-59. [PMID: 23704278 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oncogenic microRNAs (miRNAs) miR-21 and miR-31 negatively regulate tumor-suppressor genes. Their potential as serum biomarkers has not been determined in human colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS To determine whether miR-21 and miR-31 are secretory miRNAs, we screened expression in medium from 2 CRC cell lines, which was followed by serum analysis from 12 CRC patients and 12 control subjects. We validated expression of candidate miRNAs in serum samples from an independent cohort of 186 CRC patients, 60 postoperative patients, 43 advanced adenoma patients, and 53 control subjects. We analyzed miR-21 expression in 166 matched primary CRC tissues to determine whether serum miRNAs reflect expression in CRC. Patient survival analyses were performed by Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox regression models. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Although miR-21 was secreted from CRC cell lines and upregulated in serum of CRC patients, no statistically significant differences were observed in serum miR-31 expression between CRC patients and control subjects. In the validation cohort, miR-21 levels were statistically significantly elevated in preoperative serum from patients with adenomas (P < .001) and CRCs (P < .001). Importantly, miR-21 expression dropped in postoperative serum from patients who underwent curative surgery (P < .001). Serum miR-21 levels robustly distinguished adenoma (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.813; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.691 to 0.910) and CRC (AUC = 0.919; 95% CI = 0.867 to 0.958) patients from control subjects. High miR-21 expression in serum and tissue was statistically significantly associated with tumor size, distant metastasis, and poor survival. Moreover, serum miR-21 was an independent prognostic marker for CRC (hazard ratio = 4.12; 95% CI = 1.10 to 15.4; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Serum miR-21 is a promising biomarker for the early detection and prognosis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Toiyama
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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50
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Fassan M, Baffa R, Kiss A. Advanced precancerous lesions within the GI tract: the molecular background. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 27:159-69. [PMID: 23809238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The mainstream carcinogenic processes involved within the gastrointestinal tract are characterized by phenotypic multistep progression cascades that eventually result in full-blown cancers. In this scenario, the understanding of the molecular dysregulations underlying the precancerous lesions is increasing but still remains incomplete. However, in recent years, the enthusiastic rise of innovative technologies (i.e., next-generation sequencing, high-throughput microarray analysis, mass spectrometry based proteomics) and the unexpected discovery of new classes of biomarkers (i.e., miRNA, long-noncoding RNAs) prompted new strength in the exploration of the accurate and comprehensive molecular characterization of premalignant and malignant neoplastic lesions. The challenge ahead lies in the reliable identification of disease progression-specific targets to enable molecular testing in the clinical management of the secondary prevention of gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine DIMED, Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy.
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