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Ständer S, Schmelz M. Skin Innervation. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1716-1723. [PMID: 38402477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
All layers and appendages of the skin are densely innervated by afferent and efferent neurons providing sensory information and controlling skin perfusion and sweating. In mice, neuronal functions have been comprehensively linked to unique single-cell expression patterns and to characteristic arborization of nerve endings in skin and dorsal horn, whereas for humans, specific molecular markers for functional classes of afferent neurons are still lacking. Moreover, bidirectional communication between sensory neurons and local skin cells has become of particular interest, resulting in a broader physiological understanding of sensory function but also of trophic functions and immunomodulation in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Ständer
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Chronic Pruritus, University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Schmelz
- Department of Experimental Pain Research, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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2
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Pozzi E, Terribile G, Cherchi L, Di Girolamo S, Sancini G, Alberti P. Ion Channel and Transporter Involvement in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6552. [PMID: 38928257 PMCID: PMC11203899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system can encounter alterations due to exposure to some of the most commonly used anticancer drugs (platinum drugs, taxanes, vinca alkaloids, proteasome inhibitors, thalidomide), the so-called chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (CIPN). CIPN can be long-lasting or even permanent, and it is detrimental for the quality of life of cancer survivors, being associated with persistent disturbances such as sensory loss and neuropathic pain at limb extremities due to a mostly sensory axonal polyneuropathy/neuronopathy. In the state of the art, there is no efficacious preventive/curative treatment for this condition. Among the reasons for this unmet clinical and scientific need, there is an uncomplete knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms. Ion channels and transporters are pivotal elements in both the central and peripheral nervous system, and there is a growing body of literature suggesting that they might play a role in CIPN development. In this review, we first describe the biophysical properties of these targets and then report existing data for the involvement of ion channels and transporters in CIPN, thus paving the way for new approaches/druggable targets to cure and/or prevent CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Pozzi
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (E.P.); (L.C.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Giulia Terribile
- Human Physiology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (G.T.); (G.S.)
| | - Laura Cherchi
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (E.P.); (L.C.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Sara Di Girolamo
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (E.P.); (L.C.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Giulio Sancini
- Human Physiology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (G.T.); (G.S.)
| | - Paola Alberti
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (E.P.); (L.C.); (S.D.G.)
- Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
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3
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Suazo I, Vega JA, García-Mesa Y, García-Piqueras J, García-Suárez O, Cobo T. The Lamellar Cells of Vertebrate Meissner and Pacinian Corpuscles: Development, Characterization, and Functions. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:790130. [PMID: 35356056 PMCID: PMC8959428 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.790130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory corpuscles, or cutaneous end-organ complexes, are complex structures localized at the periphery of Aβ-axon terminals from primary sensory neurons that primarily work as low-threshold mechanoreceptors. Structurally, they consist, in addition to the axons, of non-myelinating Schwann-like cells (terminal glial cells) and endoneurial- and perineurial-related cells. The terminal glial cells are the so-called lamellar cells in Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles. Lamellar cells are variably arranged in sensory corpuscles as a “coin stack” in the Meissner corpuscles or as an “onion bulb” in the Pacinian ones. Nevertheless, the origin and protein profile of the lamellar cells in both morphotypes of sensory corpuscles is quite similar, although it differs in the expression of mechano-gated ion channels as well as in the composition of the extracellular matrix between the cells. The lamellar cells have been regarded as supportive cells playing a passive role in the process of genesis of the action potential, i.e., the mechanotransduction process. However, they express ion channels related to the mechano–electric transduction and show a synapse-like mechanism that suggest neurotransmission at the genesis of the electrical action potential. This review updates the current knowledge about the embryonic origin, development modifications, spatial arrangement, ultrastructural characteristics, and protein profile of the lamellar cells of cutaneous end-organ complexes focusing on Meissner and Pacinian morphotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Suazo
- Grupo SINPOS, Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Faculcultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José A. Vega
- Grupo SINPOS, Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Faculcultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: José A. Vega,
| | - Yolanda García-Mesa
- Grupo SINPOS, Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jorge García-Piqueras
- Grupo SINPOS, Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Olivia García-Suárez
- Grupo SINPOS, Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Teresa Cobo
- Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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4
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Molecular mechanisms of axo-axonic innervation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 69:105-112. [PMID: 33862423 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the most intriguing features of inhibitory synapses is the precision by which they innervate their target, not only at the cellular level but also at the subcellular level (i.e. axo-dendritic, axo-somatic, or axo-axonic innervation). In particular, in the cerebellum, cortex, and spinal cord, distinct and highly specialized GABAergic interneurons, such as basket cells, chandelier cells, and GABApre interneurons, form precise axo-axonic synapses, allowing them to directly regulate neuronal output and circuit function. In this article, we summarize our latest knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the establishment and maintenance of axo-axonic synapses in these regions of the CNS. We also detail the key roles of the L1CAM family of cell adhesion molecules in such GABAergic subcellular target recognition.
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5
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Cobo R, García-Mesa Y, García-Piqueras J, Feito J, Martín-Cruces J, García-Suárez O, A. Vega J. The Glial Cell of Human Cutaneous Sensory Corpuscles: Origin, Characterization, and Putative Roles. Somatosens Mot Res 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Abstract
The site of action potential initiation in sensory neurons remains poorly understood. In this issue of Neuron, Goldstein et al. (2019) identified the location of the sodium-dependent spike initiation zone (Nav-SIZ) in nociceptive neurons, showing its plasticity under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Ha
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew N Rasband
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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7
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Lorenzo DN. Cargo hold and delivery: Ankyrins, spectrins, and their functional patterning of neurons. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:129-148. [PMID: 32034889 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The highly polarized, typically very long, and nonmitotic nature of neurons present them with unique challenges in the maintenance of their homeostasis. This architectural complexity serves a rich and tightly controlled set of functions that enables their fast communication with neighboring cells and endows them with exquisite plasticity. The submembrane neuronal cytoskeleton occupies a pivotal position in orchestrating the structural patterning that determines local and long-range subcellular specialization, membrane dynamics, and a wide range of signaling events. At its center is the partnership between ankyrins and spectrins, which self-assemble with both remarkable long-range regularity and micro- and nanoscale specificity to precisely position and stabilize cell adhesion molecules, membrane transporters, ion channels, and other cytoskeletal proteins. To accomplish these generally conserved, but often functionally divergent and spatially diverse, roles these partners use a combinatorial program of a couple of dozens interacting family members, whose code is not fully unraveled. In a departure from their scaffolding roles, ankyrins and spectrins also enable the delivery of material to the plasma membrane by facilitating intracellular transport. Thus, it is unsurprising that deficits in ankyrins and spectrins underlie several neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. Here, I summarize key aspects of the biology of spectrins and ankyrins in the mammalian neuron and provide a snapshot of the latest advances in decoding their roles in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris N Lorenzo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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8
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Goldstein RH, Barkai O, Íñigo-Portugués A, Katz B, Lev S, Binshtok AM. Location and Plasticity of the Sodium Spike Initiation Zone in Nociceptive Terminals In Vivo. Neuron 2019; 102:801-812.e5. [PMID: 30926280 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptive terminals possess the elements for detecting, transmitting, and modulating noxious signals, thus being pivotal for pain sensation. Despite this, a functional description of the transduction process by the terminals, in physiological conditions, has not been fully achieved. Here, we studied how nociceptive terminals in vivo convert noxious stimuli into propagating signals. By monitoring noxious-stimulus-induced Ca2+ dynamics from mouse corneal terminals, we found that initiation of Na+ channel (Nav)-dependent propagating signals takes place away from the terminal and that the starting point for Nav-mediated propagation depends on Nav functional availability. Acute treatment with the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) resulted in a shift of the location of Nav involvement toward the terminal, thus increasing nociceptive excitability. Moreover, a shift of Nav involvement toward the terminal occurs in corneal hyperalgesia resulting from acute photokeratitis. This dynamic change in the location of Nav-mediated propagation initiation could underlie pathological pain hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Goldstein
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Omer Barkai
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Almudena Íñigo-Portugués
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Ben Katz
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shaya Lev
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexander M Binshtok
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, 9112001 Jerusalem, Israel.
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9
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Feito J, García-Suárez O, García-Piqueras J, García-Mesa Y, Pérez-Sánchez A, Suazo I, Cabo R, Suárez-Quintanilla J, Cobo J, Vega JA. The development of human digital Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles. Ann Anat 2018; 219:8-24. [PMID: 29842990 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles are cutaneous mechanoreceptors responsible for different modalities of touch. The development of these sensory formations in humans is poorly known, especially regarding the acquisition of the typical immunohistochemical profile related to their full functional maturity. Here we used a panel of antibodies (to specifically label the main corpuscular components: axon, Schwann-related cells and endoneurial-perineurial-related cells) to investigate the development of digital Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles in a representative sample covering from 11 weeks of estimated gestational age (wega) to adulthood. Development of Pacinian corpuscles starts at 13 wega, and it is completed at 4 months of life, although their basic structure and immunohistochemical characteristics are reached at 36 wega. During development, around the axon, a complex network of S100 positive Schwann-related processes is progressively compacted to form the inner core, while the surrounding mesenchyme is organized and forms the outer core and the capsule. Meissner's corpuscles start to develop at 22 wega and complete their typical morphology and immunohistochemical profile at 8 months of life. In developing Meissner's corpuscles, the axons establish complex relationships with the epidermis and are progressively covered by Schwann-like cells until they complete the mature arrangement late in postnatal life. The present results demonstrate an asynchronous development of the Meissner's and Pacini's corpuscles and show that there is not a total correlation between morphological and immunohistochemical maturation. The correlation of the present results with touch-induced cortical activity in developing humans is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Feito
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain; Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Salamanca, Spain
| | - O García-Suárez
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - J García-Piqueras
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - Y García-Mesa
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - A Pérez-Sánchez
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Salamanca, Spain
| | - I Suazo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - R Cabo
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - J Suárez-Quintanilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Cobo
- Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain; Instituto Asturiano de Odontología, Oviedo, Spain
| | - J A Vega
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile.
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10
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Buch A, Müller O, Ivanova L, Döhner K, Bialy D, Bosse JB, Pohlmann A, Binz A, Hegemann M, Nagel CH, Koltzenburg M, Viejo-Borbolla A, Rosenhahn B, Bauerfeind R, Sodeik B. Inner tegument proteins of Herpes Simplex Virus are sufficient for intracellular capsid motility in neurons but not for axonal targeting. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006813. [PMID: 29284065 PMCID: PMC5761964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon reactivation from latency and during lytic infections in neurons, alphaherpesviruses assemble cytosolic capsids, capsids associated with enveloping membranes, and transport vesicles harboring fully enveloped capsids. It is debated whether capsid envelopment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) is completed in the soma prior to axonal targeting or later, and whether the mechanisms are the same in neurons derived from embryos or from adult hosts. We used HSV mutants impaired in capsid envelopment to test whether the inner tegument proteins pUL36 or pUL37 necessary for microtubule-mediated capsid transport were sufficient for axonal capsid targeting in neurons derived from the dorsal root ganglia of adult mice. Such neurons were infected with HSV1-ΔUL20 whose capsids recruited pUL36 and pUL37, with HSV1-ΔUL37 whose capsids associate only with pUL36, or with HSV1-ΔUL36 that assembles capsids lacking both proteins. While capsids of HSV1-ΔUL20 were actively transported along microtubules in epithelial cells and in the somata of neurons, those of HSV1-ΔUL36 and -ΔUL37 could only diffuse in the cytoplasm. Employing a novel image analysis algorithm to quantify capsid targeting to axons, we show that only a few capsids of HSV1-ΔUL20 entered axons, while vesicles transporting gD utilized axonal transport efficiently and independently of pUL36, pUL37, or pUL20. Our data indicate that capsid motility in the somata of neurons mediated by pUL36 and pUL37 does not suffice for targeting capsids to axons, and suggest that capsid envelopment needs to be completed in the soma prior to targeting of herpes simplex virus to the axons, and to spreading from neurons to neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Buch
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- NRENNT–Niedersachsen Research Network on Neuroinfectiology, Hannover, Germany
- DZIF—German Center for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Müller
- Institute for Information Processing, Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH—From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lyudmila Ivanova
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- NRENNT–Niedersachsen Research Network on Neuroinfectiology, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH—From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katinka Döhner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dagmara Bialy
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Pohlmann
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH—From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Binz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH—From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maike Hegemann
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- NRENNT–Niedersachsen Research Network on Neuroinfectiology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bodo Rosenhahn
- Institute for Information Processing, Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH—From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bauerfeind
- Research Core Unit Laser Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- NRENNT–Niedersachsen Research Network on Neuroinfectiology, Hannover, Germany
- DZIF—German Center for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH—From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
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11
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Wang YC, Chen YS, Cheng RC, Huang RC. Role of Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger in Ca²⁺ homeostasis in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. J Neurophysiol 2015; 113:2114-26. [PMID: 25568156 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00404.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Ca(2+) is critical to the central clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). However, the role of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) homeostasis in the SCN is unknown. Here we show that NCX is an important mechanism for somatic Ca(2+) clearance in SCN neurons. In control conditions Na(+)-free solution lowered [Ca(2+)]i by inhibiting TTX-sensitive as well as nimodipine-sensitive Ca(2+) influx. With use of the Na(+) ionophore monensin to raise intracellular Na(+) concentration ([Na(+)]i), Na(+)-free solution provoked rapid Ca(2+) uptake via reverse NCX. The peak amplitude of 0 Na(+)-induced [Ca(2+)]i increase was larger during the day than at night, with no difference between dorsal and ventral SCN neurons. Ca(2+) extrusion via forward NCX was studied by determining the effect of Na(+) removal on Ca(2+) clearance after high-K(+)-induced Ca(2+) loads. The clearance of Ca(2+) proceeded with two exponential decay phases, with the fast decay having total signal amplitude of ∼85% and a time constant of ∼7 s. Na(+)-free solution slowed the fast decay rate threefold, whereas mitochondrial protonophore prolonged mostly the slow decay. In contrast, blockade of plasmalemmal and sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pumps had little effect on the kinetics of Ca(2+) clearance. RT-PCR indicated the expression of NCX1 and NCX2 mRNAs. Immunohistochemical staining showed the presence of NCX1 immunoreactivity in the whole SCN but restricted distribution of NCX2 immunoreactivity in the ventrolateral SCN. Together our results demonstrate an important role of NCX, most likely NCX1, as well as mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake in clearing somatic Ca(2+) after depolarization-induced Ca(2+) influx in SCN neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chi Wang
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ya-Shuan Chen
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ruo-Ciao Cheng
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Rong-Chi Huang
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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12
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Zhong G, He J, Zhou R, Lorenzo D, Babcock HP, Bennett V, Zhuang X. Developmental mechanism of the periodic membrane skeleton in axons. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25535840 PMCID: PMC4337613 DOI: 10.7554/elife.04581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin, spectrin, and associated molecules form a periodic sub-membrane lattice structure in axons. How this membrane skeleton is developed and why it preferentially forms in axons are unknown. Here, we studied the developmental mechanism of this lattice structure. We found that this structure emerged early during axon development and propagated from proximal regions to distal ends of axons. Components of the axon initial segment were recruited to the lattice late during development. Formation of the lattice was regulated by the local concentration of βII spectrin, which is higher in axons than in dendrites. Increasing the dendritic concentration of βII spectrin by overexpression or by knocking out ankyrin B induced the formation of the periodic structure in dendrites, demonstrating that the spectrin concentration is a key determinant in the preferential development of this structure in axons and that ankyrin B is critical for the polarized distribution of βII spectrin in neurites. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04581.001 The brain contains hundred types of neurons, but they are all variations on the same basic structure. Each neuron consists of a cell body that is covered in short protrusions called dendrites and a long thin structure called the axon. The dendrites receive incoming signals from neighboring neurons and they transmit these signals via the cell body to the axon, which in turn relays them to the dendrites of the next neuron (or neurons). Like all cells, neurons maintain their structure with the help of an internal cytoskeleton made up of many different proteins. However, it was discovered recently that axons have an additional lattice-like structure underneath their outer membrane. This structure, which consists of rings of actin filaments separated by molecules of a protein called spectrin, is preferentially formed in axons and is found much less frequently in dendrites. Now Zhong, He et al., who are members of the research group that discovered the axonal skeleton, have used ‘super-resolution imaging’ to figure out how this skeleton forms and why it predominantly forms in axons. In brief, a basic version of the sub-membrane periodic skeleton is laid down early in development, starting next to the cell body before gradually spreading down the axon. The skeleton then continues to mature throughout development with the incorporation of several additional types of proteins. The periodic skeleton only forms in regions which contain enough βII spectrin. Under normal conditions, dendrites contain too little βII spectrin to support the growth of such a periodic skeleton. However, artificially increasing the amount of βII spectrin present by overexpressing the corresponding gene, or by knocking out ankyrin B (a molecule that is important for establishing the preferential distribution of βII spectrin in axons), is sufficient to trigger periodic skeleton formation in dendrites. Given that axons and dendrites have distinct roles in neuronal signaling, this uneven distribution of spectrin is likely to be one way in which these regions maintain the specific structures that support their individual functions. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04581.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Guisheng Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Ruobo Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Damaris Lorenzo
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Hazen P Babcock
- Center for Brain Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Vann Bennett
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Xiaowei Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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Analysis of Cdk5-related phosphoproteomics in growth cones. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 52:384-91. [PMID: 24234032 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurons establish interactions with target cells via elongation and guidance of axons, and the growth cone plays pivotal roles in this process. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5)is a key regulator of nervous system development. Cdk5 regulates several significant events by phosphorylating substrates that are involved in neurogenesis, and previous studies of Cdk5 have typically focused on single substrates. Here, we took anew approach to investigate Cdk5 substrates using mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analyses. Axonal growth cones were isolated and analyzed by HPLC-MALDI-MS/MS. In total, 178,617 MS/MS spectra were detected. Candidates were analyzed by GPS 2.1 and Scansite 3, which predicted that 2,664 and 275 sites, respectively, were potential phosphorylation sites of Cdk5. There were 190 overlapped phosphorylation sites, corresponding to 89 proteins. Those proteins correlated with axonal functions were classified, and two of them were verified using a classic site-specific mutation strategy. This is the first study in which the phosphoproteome of axonal growth cones was identified. The systematic examination of Cdk5 substrates could provide a reference for further study of molecular mechanisms of axonal growth cones, and new insights into treatments of neuronal disorders.
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Montersino A, Brachet A, Ferracci G, Fache MP, Angles d'Ortoli S, Liu W, Rueda-Boroni F, Castets F, Dargent B. Tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Nav
1.8 constitutively interacts with ankyrin G. J Neurochem 2014; 131:33-41. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Brachet
- Aix Marseille Université; CNRS; CRN2M-UMR7286; Marseille France
| | - Géraldine Ferracci
- Aix Marseille Université; CNRS; CRN2M-UMR7286; Marseille France
- PFRN-Plate Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences; Marseille France
| | | | | | - Wenjing Liu
- Aix Marseille Université; CNRS; CRN2M-UMR7286; Marseille France
| | | | - Francis Castets
- Aix Marseille Université; CNRS; CRN2M-UMR7286; Marseille France
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Gutzmann A, Ergül N, Grossmann R, Schultz C, Wahle P, Engelhardt M. A period of structural plasticity at the axon initial segment in developing visual cortex. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:11. [PMID: 24653680 PMCID: PMC3949221 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical networks are shaped by sensory experience and are most susceptible to modifications during critical periods characterized by enhanced plasticity at the structural and functional level. A system particularly well-studied in this context is the mammalian visual system. Plasticity has been documented for the somatodendritic compartment of neurons in detail. A neuronal microdomain not yet studied in this context is the axon initial segment (AIS) located at the proximal axon segment. It is a specific electrogenic axonal domain and the site of action potential (AP) generation. Recent studies showed that structure and function of the AIS can be dynamically regulated. Here we hypothesize that the AIS shows a dynamic regulation during maturation of the visual cortex. We therefore analyzed AIS length development from embryonic day (E) 12.5 to adulthood in mice. A tri-phasic time course of AIS length remodeling during development was observed. AIS first appeared at E14.5 and increased in length throughout the postnatal period to a peak between postnatal day (P) 10 to P15 (eyes open P13–14). Then, AIS length was reduced significantly around the beginning of the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity (CP, P21). Shortest AIS were observed at the peak of the CP (P28), followed by a moderate elongation toward the end of the CP (P35). To test if the dynamic maturation of the AIS is influenced by eye opening (onset of activity), animals were deprived of visual input before and during the CP. Deprivation for 1 week prior to eye opening did not affect AIS length development. However, deprivation from P0 to 28 and P14 to 28 resulted in AIS length distribution similar to the peak at P15. In other words, deprivation from birth prevents the transient shortening of the AIS and maintains an immature AIS length. These results are the first to suggest a dynamic maturation of the AIS in cortical neurons and point to novel mechanisms in the development of neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Gutzmann
- CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Heidelberg University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nursah Ergül
- CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Heidelberg University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Grossmann
- CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Heidelberg University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Schultz
- CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Heidelberg University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Wahle
- AG Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Maren Engelhardt
- CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Heidelberg University Heidelberg, Germany
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Lucchese G, Capone G, Kanduc D. Peptide sharing between influenza A H1N1 hemagglutinin and human axon guidance proteins. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:362-75. [PMID: 23378012 PMCID: PMC3932078 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic data suggest that maternal microbial infections may cause fetal neurodevelopmental disorders, potentially increasing susceptibility to heavy psychopathologies such as schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, autism, pervasive developmental disorders, bipolar disorders, psychosis, epilepsy, language and speech disorders, and cognitive impairment in adult offspring. However, the molecular pathomechanisms underlying such a relationship are not clear. Here we analyze the potential role of the maternal immune response to viral infection in determining fetal brain injuries that increase the risk of neurological disorders in the adult. We use influenza infection as a disease model and human axon guidance pathway, a key process in the formation of neural network during midgestation, as a potential fetal target of immune insults. Specifically, we examined influenza A H1N1 hemagglutinin (HA), an antigenic viral protein, for amino acid sequence similarity to a random library of 188 axon guidance proteins. We obtain the results that (1) contrary to any theoretical expectations, 45 viral pentapeptide matches are distributed throughout a subset of 36 guidance molecules; (2) in 24 guidance proteins, the peptide sharing with HA antigen involves already experimentally validated influenza HA epitopes; and (3) most of the axon guidance vs HA peptide overlap is conserved among influenza A viral strains and subsets. Taken together, our data indicate that immune cross-reactivity between influenza HA and axon guidance molecules is possible and may well represent a pathologic mechanism capable of determining neurodevelopmental disruption in the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Lucchese
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +39.080.544.3321, fax: +39.080.544.3317, e-mail:
| | - Giovanni Capone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Darja Kanduc
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +39.080.544.3321, fax: +39.080.544.3317, e-mail:
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Hirth M, Rukwied R, Gromann A, Turnquist B, Weinkauf B, Francke K, Albrecht P, Rice F, Hägglöf B, Ringkamp M, Engelhardt M, Schultz C, Schmelz M, Obreja O. Nerve growth factor induces sensitization of nociceptors without evidence for increased intraepidermal nerve fiber density. Pain 2013; 154:2500-2511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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