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AlAbdi L, Desbois M, Rusnac DV, Sulaiman RA, Rosenfeld JA, Lalani S, Murdock DR, Burrage LC, Billie Au PY, Towner S, Wilson WG, Wong L, Brunet T, Strobl-Wildemann G, Burton JE, Hoganson G, McWalter K, Begtrup A, Zarate YA, Christensen EL, Opperman KJ, Giles AC, Helaby R, Kania A, Zheng N, Grill B, Alkuraya FS. Loss-of-function variants in MYCBP2 cause neurobehavioural phenotypes and corpus callosum defects. Brain 2023; 146:1373-1387. [PMID: 36200388 PMCID: PMC10319777 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum is a bundle of axon fibres that connects the two hemispheres of the brain. Neurodevelopmental disorders that feature dysgenesis of the corpus callosum as a core phenotype offer a valuable window into pathology derived from abnormal axon development. Here, we describe a cohort of eight patients with a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a range of deficits including corpus callosum abnormalities, developmental delay, intellectual disability, epilepsy and autistic features. Each patient harboured a distinct de novo variant in MYCBP2, a gene encoding an atypical really interesting new gene (RING) ubiquitin ligase and signalling hub with evolutionarily conserved functions in axon development. We used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to introduce disease-associated variants into conserved residues in the Caenorhabditis elegans MYCBP2 orthologue, RPM-1, and evaluated functional outcomes in vivo. Consistent with variable phenotypes in patients with MYCBP2 variants, C. elegans carrying the corresponding human mutations in rpm-1 displayed axonal and behavioural abnormalities including altered habituation. Furthermore, abnormal axonal accumulation of the autophagy marker LGG-1/LC3 occurred in variants that affect RPM-1 ubiquitin ligase activity. Functional genetic outcomes from anatomical, cell biological and behavioural readouts indicate that MYCBP2 variants are likely to result in loss of function. Collectively, our results from multiple human patients and CRISPR gene editing with an in vivo animal model support a direct link between MYCBP2 and a human neurodevelopmental spectrum disorder that we term, MYCBP2-related developmental delay with corpus callosum defects (MDCD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama AlAbdi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muriel Desbois
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Domniţa-Valeria Rusnac
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Raashda A Sulaiman
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Seema Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David R Murdock
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lindsay C Burrage
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Ping Yee Billie Au
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shelley Towner
- Pediatric Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - William G Wilson
- Pediatric Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Lawrence Wong
- Department of Genetics, Northern California Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA 94611, USA
| | - Theresa Brunet
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenomics (ING), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Jennifer E Burton
- Department of Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - George Hoganson
- Department of Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Kirsty McWalter
- Genedx, Inc., 207 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Amber Begtrup
- Genedx, Inc., 207 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Yuri A Zarate
- Section of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Elyse L Christensen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Karla J Opperman
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Andrew C Giles
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Rana Helaby
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Artur Kania
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Ning Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brock Grill
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
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Wang IH, Murray E, Andrews G, Jiang HC, Park SJ, Donnard E, Durán-Laforet V, Bear DM, Faust TE, Garber M, Baer CE, Schafer DP, Weng Z, Chen F, Macosko EZ, Greer PL. Spatial transcriptomic reconstruction of the mouse olfactory glomerular map suggests principles of odor processing. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:484-492. [PMID: 35314823 PMCID: PMC9281876 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory system's ability to detect and discriminate between the vast array of chemicals present in the environment is critical for an animal's survival. In mammals, the first step of this odor processing is executed by olfactory sensory neurons, which project their axons to a stereotyped location in the olfactory bulb (OB) to form glomeruli. The stereotyped positioning of glomeruli in the OB suggests an importance for this organization in odor perception. However, because the location of only a limited subset of glomeruli has been determined, it has been challenging to determine the relationship between glomerular location and odor discrimination. Using a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptomics and machine learning, we have generated a map of most glomerular positions in the mouse OB. These observations significantly extend earlier studies and suggest an overall organizational principle in the OB that may be used by the brain to assist in odor decoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hao Wang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Evan Murray
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Greg Andrews
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hao-Ching Jiang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sung Jin Park
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Elisa Donnard
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Violeta Durán-Laforet
- Department of Neurobiology and Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Daniel M Bear
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Travis E Faust
- Department of Neurobiology and Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Manuel Garber
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Christina E Baer
- Sanderson Center for Optical Imaging and Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology and Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Evan Z Macosko
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul L Greer
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Pinto MJ, Tomé D, Almeida RD. The Ubiquitinated Axon: Local Control of Axon Development and Function by Ubiquitin. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2796-2813. [PMID: 33789876 PMCID: PMC8018891 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2251-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin tagging sets protein fate. With a wide range of possible patterns and reversibility, ubiquitination can assume many shapes to meet specific demands of a particular cell across time and space. In neurons, unique cells with functionally distinct axons and dendrites harboring dynamic synapses, the ubiquitin code is exploited at the height of its power. Indeed, wide expression of ubiquitination and proteasome machinery at synapses, a diverse brain ubiquitome, and the existence of ubiquitin-related neurodevelopmental diseases support a fundamental role of ubiquitin signaling in the developing and mature brain. While special attention has been given to dendritic ubiquitin-dependent control, how axonal biology is governed by this small but versatile molecule has been considerably less discussed. Herein, we set out to explore the ubiquitin-mediated spatiotemporal control of an axon's lifetime: from its differentiation and growth through presynaptic formation, function, and pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Pinto
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
| | - Diogo Tomé
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Ramiro D Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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Chemosensory Event-Related Potentials and Power Spectrum could be A Possible Biomarker in 3M Syndrome Infants? Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10040201. [PMID: 32235515 PMCID: PMC7226335 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10040201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
3M syndrome is a rare disorder that involves the gene cullin-7 (CUL7). CUL7 modulates odour detection, conditions the olfactory response (OR) and plays a role in the development of the olfactory system. Despite this involvement, there are no direct studies on olfactory functional effects in 3M syndrome. The purpose of the present work was to analyse the cortical OR through chemosensory event-related potentials (CSERPs) and power spectra calculated by electroencephalogram (EEG) signals recorded in 3M infants: two twins (3M-N) and an additional subject (3M-O). The results suggest that olfactory processing is diversified. Comparison of N1 and Late Positive Component (LPC) indicated substantial differences in 3M syndrome that may be a consequence of a modified olfactory processing pattern. Moreover, the presence of delta rhythms in 3M-O and 3M-N clearly indicates their involvement with OR, since the delta rhythm is closely connected to chemosensory perception, in particular to olfactory perception.
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MicroRNA Expression Profile of Whole Blood Is Altered in Adenovirus-Infected Pneumonia Children. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:2320640. [PMID: 30405317 PMCID: PMC6204172 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2320640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus (Adv) infection is responsible for most community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children, which results in significant morbidity and mortality in children every year. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with viral replication and host immune response. Knowing the miRNA expression profile will help understand the role of miRNAs in modulating the host response to adenovirus infection and possibly improve the diagnosis of adenovirus-infected pneumonia. In our study, total RNA extracted from whole blood of adenovirus-infected pneumonia children and healthy controls were analyzed by small RNA deep sequencing. Expression profiles of whole blood microRNAs were altered and distinctly different in adenovirus-infected children. The top 3 upregulated miRNA (hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-493-5p, and hsa-miR-409-3p) were identified in adenovirus-infected children and provided a clear distinction between infected and healthy individuals. Potential host target genes were predicated and validated by qRT-PCR to study the impact of microRNAs on the host genes. Most of the target genes were involved in the MAPK signaling pathway and innate immune response. These highly upregulated microRNAs may have crucial roles in Adv pathogenesis and are potential biomarkers for adenovirus-infected pneumonia.
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Wang J, Jennings AK, Kowalski JR. The Anaphase-Promoting Complex (APC) ubiquitin ligase affects chemosensory behavior in C. elegans. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2013. [PMID: 27190716 PMCID: PMC4867703 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of fundamental aspects of neurobiological function has been linked to the ubiquitin signaling system (USS), which regulates the degradation and activity of proteins and is catalyzed by E1, E2, and E3 enzymes. The Anaphase-Promoting Complex (APC) is a multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls diverse developmental and signaling processes in post-mitotic neurons; however, potential roles for the APC in sensory function have yet to be explored. In this study, we examined the effect of the APC ubiquitin ligase on chemosensation in Caenorhabditis elegans by testing chemotaxis to the volatile odorants, diacetyl, pyrazine, and isoamyl alcohol, to which wild-type worms are attracted. Animals with loss of function mutations in either of two alleles (g48 and ye143) of the gene encoding the APC subunit EMB-27 APC6 showed increased chemotaxis towards diacetyl and pyrazine, odorants sensed by AWA neurons, but exhibited normal chemotaxis to isoamyl alcohol, which is sensed by AWC neurons. The statistically significant increase in chemotaxis in the emb-27 APC6 mutants suggests that the APC inhibits AWA-mediated chemosensation in C. elegans. Increased chemotaxis to pyrazine was also seen with mutants lacking another essential APC subunit, MAT-2 APC1; however, mat-2 APC1 mutants exhibited wild type responses to diacetyl. The difference in responsiveness of these two APC subunit mutants may be due to differential strength of these hypomorphic alleles or may indicate the presence of functional sub-complexes of the APC at work in this process. These findings are the first evidence for APC-mediated regulation of chemosensation and lay the groundwork for further studies aimed at identifying the expression levels, function, and targets of the APC in specific sensory neurons. Because of the similarity between human and C. elegans nervous systems, the role of the APC in sensory neurons may also advance our understanding of human sensory function and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University , Indianapolis, IN , United States
| | - Alexandra K Jennings
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University , Indianapolis, IN , United States
| | - Jennifer R Kowalski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University , Indianapolis, IN , United States
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Grill B, Murphey RK, Borgen MA. The PHR proteins: intracellular signaling hubs in neuronal development and axon degeneration. Neural Dev 2016; 11:8. [PMID: 27008623 PMCID: PMC4806438 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-016-0063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, a coordinated and integrated series of events must be accomplished in order to generate functional neural circuits. Axons must navigate toward target cells, build synaptic connections, and terminate outgrowth. The PHR proteins (consisting of mammalian Phr1/MYCBP2, Drosophila Highwire and C. elegans RPM-1) function in each of these events in development. Here, we review PHR function across species, as well as the myriad of signaling pathways PHR proteins regulate. These findings collectively suggest that the PHR proteins are intracellular signaling hubs, a concept we explore in depth. Consistent with prominent developmental functions, genetic links have begun to emerge between PHR signaling networks and neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, schizophrenia and intellectual disability. Finally, we discuss the recent and important finding that PHR proteins regulate axon degeneration, which has further heightened interest in this fascinating group of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock Grill
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
| | - Rodney K Murphey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Melissa A Borgen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
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Bredrup C, Johansson S, Bindoff LA, Sztromwasser P, Kråkenes J, Mellgren AE, Brurås KR, Lind O, Boman H, Knappskog PM, Rødahl E. High myopia-excavated optic disc anomaly associated with a frameshift mutation in the MYC-binding protein 2 gene (MYCBP2). Am J Ophthalmol 2015; 159:973-9.e2. [PMID: 25634536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the ocular and neurologic manifestations, and to identify the causative mutation in a family with an excavated optic disc anomaly, high myopia, enlarged axial lengths, and abnormal visual evoked response (VER). DESIGN Prospective observational case series with whole exome sequencing. METHODS Institutional study of 8 family members from 3 generations. Clinical examination included visual field examination, optical coherence tomography, axial length measurement, audiometry, visual evoked response (VER), orbital and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and renal ultrasound. DNA was analyzed by whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing. Main outcome measures were clinical and radiological findings, and DNA sequence data. RESULTS Three affected family members, a father and his 2 daughters, were examined. The parents and siblings of the father were healthy. Affected individuals presented with excavated optic discs, high myopia (-1.00 to -16.00 diopters), and increased axial lengths. Reduced visual acuity (0.05-0.8) and decreased sensitivity on visual field examination were observed. VER revealed prolonged latency times. Affected eyes appeared ovoid on MRI and the father had thin optic nerves. Exome sequencing revealed that the father was heterozygous for a de novo 5 bp deletion in MYCBP2, c.5906_5910del; p.Glu1969Valfs*26. The same mutation was found in his 2 affected daughters, but not in his parents or siblings, or in public databases. CONCLUSION We describe a distinct excavated optic disc anomaly associated with high myopia and increased axial length. The condition appears to follow an autosomal dominant pattern and segregate with a deletion in MYCBP2. We suggest naming this entity high myopia-excavated optic disc anomaly.
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James G, Foster SR, Key B, Beverdam A. The expression pattern of EVA1C, a novel Slit receptor, is consistent with an axon guidance role in the mouse nervous system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74115. [PMID: 24040182 PMCID: PMC3767613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Slit/Robo axon guidance families play a vital role in the formation of neural circuitry within select regions of the developing mouse nervous system. Typically Slits signal through the Robo receptors, however they also have Robo-independent functions. The novel Slit receptor Eva-1, recently discovered in C. elegans, and the human orthologue of which is located in the Down syndrome critical region on chromosome 21, could account for some of these Robo independent functions as well as provide selectivity to Robo-mediated axon responses to Slit. Here we investigate the expression of the mammalian orthologue EVA1C in regions of the developing mouse nervous system which have been shown to exhibit Robo-dependent and -independent responses to Slit. We report that EVA1C is expressed by axons contributing to commissures, tracts and nerve pathways of the developing spinal cord and forebrain. Furthermore it is expressed by axons that display both Robo-dependent and -independent functions of Slit, supporting a role for EVA1C in Slit/Robo mediated neural circuit formation in the developing nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory James
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon R. Foster
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brian Key
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail: (BK); (AB)
| | - Annemiek Beverdam
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail: (BK); (AB)
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