1
|
Li K, Gao ZK, Guo YS, Shen XY, Han Y, Yuan M, Bi X. Preconditioning exercise reduces brain damage of ischemic stroke in rats via PI3K-AKT pathway by bioinformatic analysis. Exp Brain Res 2024:10.1007/s00221-024-06778-y. [PMID: 38421411 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most vital causes of high neurological morbidity and mortality in the world. Preconditioning exercise is considered as the primary prevention of stroke to resistance to subsequent injury. We tried to research the underlying biological mechanisms of this exercise. Forty-two SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) group, exercise group with MCAO (EX + MCAO) group, and sham group, with 14 rats in each group. The EX + MCAO group underwent exercise preconditioning for 3 weeks before occlusion, and the other two groups were fed and exercised normally. After 3 weeks, MCAO model was made by thread plug method in the EX + MCAO group and MCAO group. After successful modeling, the Longa scale was used to evaluate the neurological impairment of rats at day 0, day 1, and day 2. The rats in each group were killed on the third day after modeling. TTC staining measured the infarct volume of each group. The morphology and apoptosis of cortical cells were observed by HE and Tunel staining. Three rats in each group underwent high-throughput sequencing. Bioinformatic analysis was used to find the deferentially expressed genes (DEGs) and predict the transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) of the next-generation sequencing results. Gene enrichment (GSEA) was used to analyze potential functional genes and their corresponding signaling pathways. The Longa scale showed EX + MCAO group had the neurological function better than the modeling group (P < 0.001). TTC staining showed that the infarct size of EX + MCAO group was less than MCAO group (P < 0.05). HE and Tunel staining showed that the cells in the EX + MCAO group and the sham group had normal morphology and fewer apoptotic cells than MCAO group. A new gene named 7994 was discovered and TFBS of this gene was predicted, which could interact with key genes such as Foxd3, Foxa2, NR4A2, SP1, CEBPA, and SOX10. GSEA showed that EX + MCAO group could promote and regulate angiogenesis and apoptosis through PI3K-AKT pathway. Preconditioning exercise could improve nerve function and reduce infarct size in rats. The underlying mechanism is to regulate the PI3K-AKT pathway through several key genes, promote cerebral angiogenesis, and reduce apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No. 1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Zhen-Kun Gao
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yi-Sha Guo
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xin-Ya Shen
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu Han
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No. 1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Xia Bi
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No. 1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201318, China.
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang L, Zhou X, Zhao J, Wang X. Research hotspots and frontiers of preconditioning in cerebral ischemia: A bibliometric analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24757. [PMID: 38317957 PMCID: PMC10839892 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Preconditioning is a promising strategy against ischemic brain injury, and numerous studies in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated its neuroprotective effects. However, at present there is no bibliometric analysis of preconditioning in cerebral ischemia. Therefore, a comprehensive overview of the current status, hot spots, and emerging trends in this research field is necessary. Materials and methods Studies on preconditioning in cerebral ischemia from January 1999-December 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database. CiteSpace was used for data mining and visual analysis. Results A total of 1738 papers on preconditioning in cerebral ischemia were included in the study. The annual publications showed an upwards and then downwards trend but currently remain high in terms of annual publications. The US was the leading country, followed by China, the most active country in recent years. Capital Medical University published the largest number of articles. Perez-Pinzon, Miguel A contributed the most publications, while KITAGAWA K was the most cited author. The focus of the study covered three areas: (1) relevant diseases and experimental models, (2) types of preconditioning and stimuli, and (3) mechanisms of ischemic tolerance. Remote ischemic preconditioning, preconditioning of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and inflammation are the frontiers of research in this field. Conclusion Our study provides a visual and scientific overview of research on preconditioning in cerebral ischemia, providing valuable information and new directions for researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zibo TCM-Integrated Hospital, Zibo ,255026, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xingchen Wang
- Division of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250001, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Otsuka S, Kikuchi K, Takeshita Y, Takada S, Tani A, Sakakima H, Maruyama I, Makizako H. Relationship between physical activity and cerebral white matter hyperintensity volumes in older adults with depressive symptoms and mild memory impairment: a cross-sectional study. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1337397. [PMID: 38414630 PMCID: PMC10896982 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1337397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are commonly found in the aging brain and have been implicated in the initiation and severity of many central nervous system diseases. Furthermore, an increased WMH volume indicates reduced brain health in older adults. This study investigated the association between WMH volume and physical activity in older adults with depressive symptoms (DS) and mild memory impairment (MMI). Factors associated with the WMH volume were also investigated. Methods A total of 57 individuals aged over 65 years with DS and MMI were included in this study. The participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging to quantify WMH volumes. After WMH volume was accumulated, normalized to the total intracranial volume (TIV), the percentage of WMH volume was calculated. In addition, all participants wore a triaxial accelerometer for 2 weeks, and the average daily physical activity and number of steps were measured. The levels of blood biomarkers including cortisol, interleukin-6 (IL-6), brain-derived insulin-like growth factor-1, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were measured. Motor and cognitive functions were also assessed. Results Faster maximum walking speed and longer time spent engaged in moderate physical activity were associated with a smaller percent of WMH volume, whereas higher serum IL-6 levels were associated with a larger percent of WMH volume. The number of steps per day, time spent engaged in low levels of physical activity, cognitive function, and all other measured biomarkers were not significantly associated with percent of WMH volume. Discussion Higher blood inflammatory cytokine levels, shorter duration of moderate physical activity, and lower maximum walking speed were associated with a higher percent of WMH volume. Our results provide useful information for maintaining brain health in older adults at a high risk of developing dementia and may contribute to the development of preventive medicine for brain health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Otsuka
- Department of Laboratory and Vascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kikuchi
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Takeshita
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Seiya Takada
- Department of Laboratory and Vascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akira Tani
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Harutoshi Sakakima
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ikuro Maruyama
- Department of Laboratory and Vascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hyuma Makizako
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kikuchi K, Otsuka S, Takada S, Nakanishi K, Setoyama K, Sakakima H, Tanaka E, Maruyama I. 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose induces anti-aging effects on aging-associated brain diseases by increasing 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activity via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α/brain-derived neurotrophic factor pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:11740-11763. [PMID: 37950725 PMCID: PMC10683599 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
5'-Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic sensor that serves as a cellular housekeeper; it also controls energy homeostasis and stress resistance. Thus, correct regulation of this factor can enhance health and survival. AMPK signaling may have a critical role in aging-associated brain diseases. Some in vitro studies have shown that 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose (1,5-AF) induces AMPK activation. In the present study, we experimentally evaluated the effects of 1,5-AF on aging-associated brain diseases in vivo using an animal model of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs), and the spontaneous senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) model. In the AIS model, intraperitoneal injection of 1,5-AF reduced cerebral infarct volume, neurological deficits, and mortality. In SHRSPs, oral administration of 1,5-AF reduced blood pressure and prolonged survival. In the SAMP8 model, oral administration of 1,5-AF alleviated aging-related decline in motor cognitive function. Although aging reduced the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), we found that 1,5-AF activated AMPK, which led to upregulation of the PGC-1α/BDNF pathway. Our results suggest that 1,5-AF can induce endogenous neurovascular protection, potentially preventing aging-associated brain diseases. Clinical studies are needed to determine whether 1,5-AF can prevent aging-associated brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Kikuchi
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Shotaro Otsuka
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Seiya Takada
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakanishi
- Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kentaro Setoyama
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources and Research, Center for Advanced Science Research and Promotion, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Harutoshi Sakakima
- Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Tanaka
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Ikuro Maruyama
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moghanlou AE, Yazdanian M, Roshani S, Demirli A, Seydyousefi M, Metz GAS, Faghfoori Z. Neuroprotective effects of pre-ischemic exercise are linked to expression of NT-3/NT-4 and TrkB/TrkC in rats. Brain Res Bull 2023; 194:54-63. [PMID: 36646145 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Stroke causes irreversible damage, particularly to the hippocampus. Evidence suggests that exercise training may mitigate adverse structural and functional consequences of an ischemic lesion in the brain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of preconditioning exercise on expression of neurotrophic factor genes and proteins in hippocampalCA1 region and their relationship with sensorimotor recovery following global ischemia/reperfusion (Is/Re) injury in a rat model of stroke. METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to Exercise+Ischemia/Reperfusion (Ex+Is/Re),Control+Ischemia/Reperfusion (Co+Is/Re), and Sham treatments. Rats in the exercise groups ran on a treadmill for 45 min/d for five days/week for 8 consecutive weeks prior to Is/Re lesion.Ischemia was induced by common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO). The ladder rung walking task was used to assess functional impairments and recovery following ischemic lesion.Tissue from hippocampal area CA1 was inspected for ischemia-induced cell loss and gene and protein expression linked to neurotrophins NT-3, NT-4, and their receptorsTrkB and TrkC. RESULTS CCAO caused hippocampal cell death in CA1 and resulted in significant sensori motor impairments in the ladder rung walking task. In contrast, pre-ischemic exercise considerably reduced cell death and supported sensorimotor recovery following CCAO.In addition, NT-3, NT-4,TrkB and TrkC gene expression and their protein levels were significantly increased inthe Ex+Is/Re group compared to Co+Is/Re (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The findings showed that pre-ischemic exercise can exert neuroprotective effects via NT-3 and NT-4 pathways against ischemia in hippocampal CA1 neurons and promote post-injury sensorimotor recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sajad Roshani
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Sport Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Abdullah Demirli
- Department of Coaching Education, Istanbul Esenyurt University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehdi Seydyousefi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran
| | - Gerlinde A S Metz
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Zeinab Faghfoori
- Food Safety Research Center (Salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tani A, Sakakima H, Otsuka S, Mizuno K, Nakanishi K, Norimatsu K, Takada S, Matsuoka T, Matsuzaki R, Nakakogawa T, Maruyama I. Stimulation of functional recovery via neurorepair mechanisms by the traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, Ninjin'yoeito, and physical exercise in a rat ischemic stroke model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 302:115927. [PMID: 36402237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ninjin'yoeito (NYT), a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine consisting of 12 herbs, has been reported to improve cognitive dysfunction, depression, and neurological recovery in patients with neurovascular diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and stroke. Several studies have reported that the NYT components exert neurotrophic, neurogenic, and neuroprotective effects. In addition, exercise enhances neuroprotection and functional recovery after stroke. Rehabilitative exercises and pharmacological agents induce neurophysiological plasticity, leading to functional recovery in stroke patients. These reports indicate that NYT treatment and exercise may promote functional recovery following stroke through their beneficial effects. However, no study has determined the effects of NYT and the possible mechanisms of neurorepair and functional recovery after stroke. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of NYT and exercise on neuroprotection and functional recovery and the underlying mechanisms in a rat ischemic stroke model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stroke was induced with 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. After stroke, the rats were assigned to four groups: ischemia reperfusion (IR), NYT, exercise (Ex), and NYT + Ex. NYT-treated rats were fed a diet containing 1% NYT one day after stroke. Exercise was performed using a motorized treadmill for 5 days a week (8-15 m/min, 20 min/day), starting 3 days after stroke. The NYT treatment and exercise were continued for 4 weeks after the stroke. Infarct volume, neurological deficits, sensorimotor functions, expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) and B (TrkB), caspase-3 activity, and the p-Akt/Akt ratio were examined by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. RESULTS Compared to the IR group, all treated groups indicated reduced infarct volumes. The NYT + Ex group showed significantly improved waking time and beam walking score compared with the IR group. The expression of NGF/TrkA/p-TrkA and BDNF/TrkB was significantly increased in the NYT + Ex group compared with those in the IR group, whereas the number of caspase-3 positive cells around the lesion was significantly lower in the NYT + Ex group than in the IR group. In addition, the ratio of p-Akt/Akt was significantly higher in the NYT + Ex group than in the IR group. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that NYT in combination with exercise provides neuroprotective effects and improves sensorimotor function by stimulating NGF/TrkA and BDNF/TrkB, and by activating the Akt pathway in ischemic stroke of rats. NYT may be an effective adjunctive agent in post-stroke rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Tani
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Harutoshi Sakakima
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan.
| | - Shotaro Otsuka
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Keita Mizuno
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakanishi
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Kosuke Norimatsu
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Seiya Takada
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Teruki Matsuoka
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Ryoma Matsuzaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakakogawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Ikuro Maruyama
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liang Y, Xu M, Tang C, Fu K, Li X, Song Y, Zhang J, Wang Z. The study of chemical components in Qishiwei Zhenzhu pills and its anti-apoptotic mechanism in cerebral ischemic based on LC-MS and network pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 302:115891. [PMID: 36368566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Qishiwei Zhenzhu pills are one of the most representative precious treasure proprietary medicines and have been used for nearly 500 years in clinical practice in Chinese. This medicine can prevent diseases and play a certain role in fighting altitude sickness with cerebral ischemia. AIM OF THE STUDY This study used LC-MS to analyse the chemical constituents of Qishiwei Zhenzhu pills, which laid a foundation for the improvement of the quality standard and the basic research of pharmacodynamics substances. This study aims to reveal the mechanism of Qishiwei Zhenzhu pills on cerebral ischemia from the perspective of the inflammatory and apoptotic pathway. MATERIALS AND METHOD UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was used to analyse the chemical constituents of Qishiwei Zhenzhu pills qualitatively. HPLC-QQQ-MS was used to analyse the contents of Qishiwei Zhenzhu pills quantitatively. The therapeutic target and pathway of Qishiwei Zhenzhu pills in the treatment of ischemic stroke were predicted on the basis of network pharmacology. On the basis of the MCAO rat model, the cerebral infarction rate (TTC staining) and the number of Nissl bodies (toluidine blue staining) were measured, the pathological morphologies of cortex and hippocampus were observed (HE staining), and the mRNA levels were determined by RT-PCR. The protein expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase3 in the ischemic brain tissue of rats were determined using the WB method. RESULTS A total of 42 chemical constituents, including 11 triterpenoids, 10 flavonoids, 8 organic acids and their derivatives, 4 diterpenoids, 4 tannins, 2 steroids, and 3 other components, were identified from Qishiwei Zhenzhu pills by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. HPLC-QQQ-MS results found that among the 16 different batches, the content difference between the two batches of preparations with the national drug approval number was small and that the quality was stable. However, significant differences were observed among the preparations of nine medical institutions. Network pharmacology study found that the effect of Qishiwei Zhenzhu pills might be related to the AGE-rage and tumour necrosis factor signalling pathways. Qishiwei Zhenzhu pills could improve the neurobehavioral abnormalities of MCAO rats, reduce the rate of cerebral infarction, improve the pathological changes in the hippocampal area of brain tissue, and increase the number of Nissl body in the brain tissue. Qishiwei Zhenzhu pills tended to reduce the mRNA transcription levels of Bax, Caspase-3, p65, c-fos and VEGF-A and increase the expression of Bcl-2 and MAPK8 mRNA. Moreover, the Bax protein expression tended to decrease, and the bcl-2 protein expression tended to increase. CONCLUSIONS A total of 42 chemical components were qualitatively identified from Qishiwei Zhenzhu pills, and 16 chemical components from 16 batches were determined. These components improved the quality standard level of Qishiwei Zhenzhu pills and provided reference for the later exploration of its pharmacodynamics substance basis. The protective mechanism of Qishiwei Zhenzhu pills against ischemic stroke might be related to the downregulation of the apoptosis factor caspase-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Min Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Ce Tang
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China; Innovation Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Ke Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Yinglian Song
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Otsuka S, Itashiki Y, Tani A, Matsuoka T, Takada S, Matsuzaki R, Nakanishi K, Norimatsu K, Tachibe Y, Kitazato R, Nojima N, Kakimoto S, Kikuchi K, Maruyama I, Sakakima H. Effects of different remote ischemia perconditioning methods on cerebral infarct volume and neurological impairment in rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2158. [PMID: 36750711 PMCID: PMC9905538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Remote ischemic perconditioning (RIPerC) is a novel neuroprotective method against cerebral infarction that has shown efficacy in animal studies but has not been consistently neuroprotective in clinical trials. We focused on the temporal regulation of ischemia-reperfusion by RIPerC to establish an optimal method for RIPerC. Rats were assigned to four groups: 10 min ischemia, 5 min reperfusion; 10 min ischemia, 10 min reperfusion; 5 min ischemia, 10 min reperfusion; and no RIPerC. RIPerC interventions were performed during ischemic stroke, which was induced by a 60-min left middle cerebral artery occlusion. Infarct volume, sensorimotor function, neurological deficits, and cellular expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and caspase 3 were evaluated 48 h after the induction of ischemia. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) was also performed. RIPerC of 10 min ischemia/10 min reperfusion, and 5 min ischemia/10 min reperfusion decreased infarct volume, improved sensorimotor function, decreased Bax, caspase 3, and TUNEL-positive cells, and increased BDNF and Bcl-2 expressions. Our findings suggest RIPerC with a reperfusion time of approximately 10 min exerts its neuroprotective effects via an anti-apoptotic mechanism. This study provides important preliminary data to establish more effective RIPerC interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Otsuka
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan.
| | - Yuki Itashiki
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Akira Tani
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Teruki Matsuoka
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Seiya Takada
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Ryoma Matsuzaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakanishi
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kosuke Norimatsu
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yuta Tachibe
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Riho Kitazato
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Nao Nojima
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Shogo Kakimoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan.,Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Ikuro Maruyama
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Harutoshi Sakakima
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhu Y, Sun Y, Hu J, Pan Z. Insight Into the Mechanism of Exercise Preconditioning in Ischemic Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:866360. [PMID: 35350755 PMCID: PMC8957886 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.866360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise preconditioning has attracted extensive attention to induce endogenous neuroprotection and has become the hotspot in neurotherapy. The training exercise is given multiple times before cerebral ischemia, effectively inducing ischemic tolerance and alleviating secondary brain damage post-stroke. Compared with other preconditioning methods, the main advantages of exercise include easy clinical operation and being readily accepted by patients. However, the specific mechanism behind exercise preconditioning to ameliorate brain injury is complex. It involves multi-pathway and multi-target regulation, including regulation of inflammatory response, oxidative stress, apoptosis inhibition, and neurogenesis promotion. The current review summarizes the recent studies on the mechanism of neuroprotection induced by exercise, providing the theoretical basis of applying exercise therapy to prevent and treat ischemic stroke. In addition, we highlight the various limitations and future challenges of translational medicine from fundamental study to clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jichao Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Zhuoer Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wei H, Peng Z, Guo J, Chen L, Shao K. Downregulation of miR-338-3p alleviates neuronal ischemic injury by decreasing cPKCγ-Mediated autophagy through the Akt/mTOR pathway. Neurochem Int 2022; 154:105279. [PMID: 35021067 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of mortality and disability in aging populations. Dysregulation of microRNA is associated with the pathophysiology of ischemic brain injury. Previously, we found that miR-338-3p was prominently downregulated in OGD-treated neurons, which indicates that miR-338-3P potentially plays an important role in ischemic injury. Furthermore, we performed a bioinformatic analysis and found that conventional protein kinase cγ (cPKCγ), an important autophagy regulator, is a potential target of miR-338-3p, and it is upregulated in neurons after ischemic injury. Therefore, we speculated that miR-338-3P may play a role in neuronal autophagy associated with ischemic brain injury by regulating cPKCγ levels. In the present study, oxygen glucose deprivation was used to test this hypothesis. Our results show that miR-338-3p expression is prominently downregulated after OGD. Additionally, miR-338-3p knockdown attenuated ischemic injury and simultaneously reduced the microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II/LC3-I ratio, which contributes to neuronal survival after ischemia. Moreover, the cPKCγ protein level increased, and miR-338-3p recognized the 3'-untranslated region of the cPKCγ messenger RNA (mRNA) and negatively regulated the cPKCγ protein level by promoting the degradation of its mRNA. In addition, Lv-cPKCγ blocked the pri-miR-338-3p-induced decrease of the Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation levels, as well as the accompanying increase of the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, thereby alleviating ischemic injury. This suggests that miR-338-3p downregulation following ischemic injury alleviates neuronal injury by targeting cPKCγ, thereby activating the Akt/mTOR signaling cascade and decreasing downstream autophagy. These results provide a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Wei
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China.
| | - Zhifeng Peng
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, PR China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Kangmei Shao
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic injury may lead to a series of serious brain diseases, death or different degrees of disability. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor, which mediates the adaptive metabolic response to hypoxia and serves a key role in cerebral ischemia. HIF-1α is the main molecule that responds to hypoxia. HIF-1α serves an important role in the development of cerebral ischemia by participating in numerous processes, including metabolism, proliferation and angiogenesis. The present review focuses on the endogenous protective mechanism of cerebral ischemia and elaborates on the role of HIF-1α in cerebral ischemia. In addition, it focuses on cerebral ischemia interventions that act on the HIF-1α target, including biological factors, non-coding RNA, hypoxic-ischemic preconditioning and drugs, and expands upon the measures to strengthen the endogenous compensatory response to support HIF-1α as a therapeutic target, thus providing novel suggestions for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiliang Dong
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Qingna Li
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Hua Han
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zarezadehmehrizi A, Hong J, Lee J, Rajabi H, Gharakhanlu R, Naghdi N, Azimi M, Park Y. Exercise training ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in amyloid beta-injected rat model: possible mechanisms of Angiostatin/VEGF signaling. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:2263-2271. [PMID: 34003412 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulates angio/neurogenesis and also tightly links to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although exercise has a beneficial effect on neurovascular function and cognitive function, the direct effect of exercise on VEGF-related signaling and cognitive deficit in AD is incompletely understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of exercise on angiostatin/VEGF cascade and cognitive function in AD model rats. Wistar male rats were randomly divided into five groups: control (CON), injection of DMSO (Sham-CON), CON-exercise (sham-EX), intrahippocampal injection of Aβ (Aβ), and Aβ-exercise (Aβ-EX). Rats in EX groups underwent treadmill exercise for 4 weeks, then the cognitive function was measured by the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. mRNA levels of hypoxia-induced factor-1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), and angiostatin were determined in hippocampus by RT-PCR. We found that spatial learning and memory were impaired in Aβ-injected rats, but exercise training improved it. Moreover, exercise training increased the reduced mRNA expression level of VEGF signaling, including HIF1α, VEGF, and VEGFR2 in the hippocampus from Aβ-injected rats. Also, the mRNA expression level of angiostatin was elevated in the hippocampus from Aβ-injected rats, and exercise training abrogated its expression. Our findings suggest that exercise training improves cognitive function in Aβ-injected rats, possibly through enhancing VEGF signaling and reducing angiostatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aliasghar Zarezadehmehrizi
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Junyoung Hong
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonghae Lee
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hamid Rajabi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Gharakhanlu
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Naghdi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran 13164, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Azimi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yoonjung Park
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hafez S, Eid Z, Alabasi S, Darwiche Y, Channaoui S, Hess DC. Mechanisms of Preconditioning Exercise-Induced Neurovascular Protection in Stroke. J Stroke 2021; 23:312-326. [PMID: 34649377 PMCID: PMC8521252 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2020.03006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. Tissue plasminogen activator is the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke patients till date. However, its use is limited due to increased risk of bleeding and narrow therapeutic window. Most of the preclinically tested pharmacological agents failed to be translated to the clinic. This drives the need for alternative therapeutic approaches that not only provide enhanced neuroprotection, but also reduce the risk of stroke. Physical exercise is a sort of preconditioning that provides the body with brief ischemic episodes that can protect the body from subsequent severe ischemic attacks like stroke. Physical exercise is known to improve cardiovascular health. However, its role in providing neuroprotection in stroke is not clear. Clinical observational studies showed a correlation between regular physical exercise and reduced risk and severity of ischemic stroke and better outcomes after stroke. However, the underlying mechanisms through which prestroke exercise can reduce the stroke injury and improve the outcomes are not completely understood. The purpose of this review is to: demonstrate the impact of exercise on stroke outcomes and show the potential role of exercise in stroke prevention and recovery; uncover the underlying mechanisms through which exercise reduces the neurovascular injury and improves stroke outcomes aiming to develop novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Hafez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Neurology Department, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Zeina Eid
- College of Pharmacy Larkin University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sara Alabasi
- College of Pharmacy Larkin University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | - David C Hess
- Neurology Department, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Preconditioning Exercise in Rats Attenuates Early Brain Injury Resulting from Subarachnoid Hemorrhage by Reducing Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Neuronal Apoptosis. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5602-5617. [PMID: 34368932 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a catastrophic form of stroke responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal apoptosis are important in the pathogenesis of early brain injury (EBI) following SAH. Preconditioning exercise confers neuroprotective effects, mitigating EBI; however, the basis for such protection is unknown. We investigated the effects of preconditioning exercise on brain damage and sensorimotor function after SAH. Male rats were assigned to either a sham-operated (Sham) group, exercise (Ex) group, or no-exercise (No-Ex) group. After a 3-week exercise program, they underwent SAH by endovascular perforation. Consciousness level, neurological score, and sensorimotor function were studied. The expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE), nitrotyrosine (NT), ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), 14-3-3γ, p-β-catenin Ser37, Bax, and caspase-3 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry or western blotting. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was also performed. After SAH, the Ex group had significantly reduced neurological deficits, sensorimotor dysfunction, and consciousness disorder compared with the No-Ex group. Nrf2, HO-1, and 14-3-3γ were significantly higher in the Ex group, while 4HNE, NT, Iba1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, Bax, caspase-3, and TUNEL-positive cells were significantly lower. Our findings suggest that preconditioning exercise ameliorates EBI after SAH. The expression of 4HNE and NT was reduced by Nrf2/HO-1 pathway activation; additionally, both oxidative stress and inflammation were reduced. Furthermore, preconditioning exercise reduced apoptosis, likely via the 14-3-3γ/p-β-catenin Ser37/Bax/caspase-3 pathway.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hernández IH, Villa-González M, Martín G, Soto M, Pérez-Álvarez MJ. Glial Cells as Therapeutic Approaches in Brain Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cells 2021; 10:1639. [PMID: 34208834 PMCID: PMC8305833 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the second cause of mortality and the first cause of long-term disability constituting a serious socioeconomic burden worldwide. Approved treatments include thrombectomy and rtPA intravenous administration, which, despite their efficacy in some cases, are not suitable for a great proportion of patients. Glial cell-related therapies are progressively overcoming inefficient neuron-centered approaches in the preclinical phase. Exploiting the ability of microglia to naturally switch between detrimental and protective phenotypes represents a promising therapeutic treatment, in a similar way to what happens with astrocytes. However, the duality present in many of the roles of these cells upon ischemia poses a notorious difficulty in disentangling the precise pathways to target. Still, promoting M2/A2 microglia/astrocyte protective phenotypes and inhibiting M1/A1 neurotoxic profiles is globally rendering promising results in different in vivo models of stroke. On the other hand, described oligodendrogenesis after brain ischemia seems to be strictly beneficial, although these cells are the less studied players in the stroke paradigm and negative effects could be described for oligodendrocytes in the next years. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the precise role of mentioned glial cell types in the main pathological events of ischemic stroke, including inflammation, blood brain barrier integrity, excitotoxicity, reactive oxygen species management, metabolic support, and neurogenesis, among others, with a special attention to tested therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivó H Hernández
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Center for Molecular Biology "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO) UAM/CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Villa-González
- Center for Molecular Biology "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO) UAM/CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología (Fisiología Animal), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerardo Martín
- Departamento de Biología (Fisiología Animal), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Soto
- Center for Molecular Biology "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO) UAM/CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Pérez-Álvarez
- Center for Molecular Biology "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO) UAM/CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología (Fisiología Animal), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schisandrol A Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Myocardial Apoptosis through Upregulation of 14-3-3 θ. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5541753. [PMID: 34257806 PMCID: PMC8257380 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5541753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Schisandrol A (SA), one of the most abundant bioactive lignans extracted from the Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., has multiple pharmacological properties. However, the underlying mechanisms of SA in protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury remain obscure. The present experiment was performed to explore the cardioprotective effects of SA in MI/R injury and hypoxia/reoxygenation- (H/R-) induced cardiomyocyte injury and clarify the potential underlying mechanisms. SA treatment significantly improved MI/R injury as reflected by reduced myocardium infarct size, attenuated histological features, and ameliorated biochemical indicators. In the meantime, SA could profoundly ameliorate oxidative stress damage as evidenced by the higher glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) as well as lower malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, SA alleviated myocardial apoptosis as evidenced by a striking reduction of cleaved caspase-3 expression and increase of Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Further experiments demonstrated that SA had certain binding capability to the key functional protein 14-3-3θ. Mechanistically, SA prevented myocardial apoptosis through upregulating 14-3-3θ expression. Interestingly, siRNA against 14-3-3θ could promote apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, and H/R injury after knockdown of 14-3-3θ could further aggravate apoptosis, while overexpression of 14-3-3θ could significantly reduce apoptosis induced by H/R injury. Further, 14-3-3θ siRNA markedly weakened the antiapoptotic role of SA. Our results demonstrated that SA could exert apparent cardioprotection against MI/R injury and H/R injury, and potential mechanisms might be associated with inhibition of cardiomyocyte apoptosis at least partially through upregulation of 14-3-3θ.
Collapse
|
17
|
Otsuka S, Sakakima H, Tani A, Nakanishi K, Takada S, Norimatsu K, Maejima H, Maruyama I. Effects of detraining on preconditioning exercise-induced neuroprotective potential after ischemic stroke in rats. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2169-2180. [PMID: 34114048 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Preconditioning exercise prior to stroke exerts neuroprotection, which is an endogenous strategy that leads the brain cells to express several intrinsic factors and inhibits their apoptosis. However, it is unclear how long these benefits last after exercise cessation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of detraining on preconditioning exercise-induced neuroprotective potential after stroke. Rats were trained using a treadmill for aerobic exercise 5 days each week for 3 weeks, and their neuroprotective effects were examined until 3 weeks after exercise cessation. Stroke was induced by 60 min of left middle cerebral artery occlusion at 3 days, 1, 2, and 3 weeks after exercise cessation. Infarct volume, neurological deficits, sensorimotor function, expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), hypoxia-induced factor-1α (HIF-1α), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and P2X7 receptors, and apoptosis activity were examined using immunohistochemical and western blot analyses. Preconditioning exercise significantly reduced infarct volume and ameliorated sensorimotor function after stroke, and its beneficial effects were observed until 2 weeks after exercise cessation. The expression level of BDNF in the ischemic brain was significantly upregulated at 3 days after exercise cessation; however, the expression levels of HIF-1α, GFAP, and P2X7 receptor were significantly increased until 2 weeks after exercise cessation; thereby, significant anti-apoptotic effects were lost at 3 weeks of detraining. Our findings suggest that preconditioning exercise-induced neuroprotective potential may be lost shortly after exercise cessation. Neuroprotection through intrinsic protective factors, such as BDNF and HIF-1α, may provide different neuroprotective mechanisms in a time-dependent manner during detraining.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Otsuka
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Harutoshi Sakakima
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Akira Tani
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakanishi
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Seiya Takada
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kosuke Norimatsu
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maejima
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ikuro Maruyama
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li F, Geng X, Lee H, Wills M, Ding Y. Neuroprotective Effects of Exercise Postconditioning After Stroke via SIRT1-Mediated Suppression of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:598230. [PMID: 33664650 PMCID: PMC7920953 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.598230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
While it is well-known that pre-stroke exercise conditioning reduces the incidence of stroke and the development of comorbidities, it is unclear whether post-stroke exercise conditioning is also neuroprotective. The present study investigated whether exercise postconditioning (PostE) induced neuroprotection and elucidated the involvement of SIRT1 regulation on the ROS/ER stress pathway. Adult rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by either: (1) resting; (2) mild exercise postconditioning (MPostE); or (3) intense exercise postconditioning (IPostE). PostE was initiated 24 h after reperfusion and performed on a treadmill. At 1 and 3 days thereafter, we determined infarct volumes, neurological defects, brain edema, apoptotic cell death through measuring pro- (BAX and Caspase-3) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) proteins, and ER stress through the measurement of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), inositol-requiring 1α (IRE1α), protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), Caspase-12, and SIRT1. Proteins were measured by Western blot. ROS production was detected by flow cytometry.Compared to resting rats, both MPostE and IPostE significantly decreased brain infarct volumes and edema, neurological deficits, ROS production, and apoptotic cell death. MPostE further increased Bcl-2 expression and Bcl-2/BAX ratio as well as BAX and Caspase-3 expressions and ROS production (*p < 0.05). Both PostE groups saw decreases in ER stress proteins, while MPostE demonstrated a further reduction in GRP78 (***p < 0.001) and Caspase-12 (*p < 0.05) expressions at 1 day and IRE1α (**p < 0.01) and CHOP (*p < 0.05) expressions at 3 days. Additionally, both PostE groups saw significant increases in SIRT1 expression.In this study, both mild and intense PostE levels induced neuroprotection after stroke through SIRT1 and ROS/ER stress pathway. Additionally, the results may provide a base for our future study regarding the regulation of SIRT1 on the ROS/ER stress pathway in the biochemical processes underlying post-stroke neuroprotection. The results suggest that mild exercise postconditioning might play a similar neuroprotective role as intensive exercise and could be an effective exercise strategy as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengwu Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Hangil Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Melissa Wills
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Research and Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Memantine ameliorates cognitive impairment induced by exposure to chronic hypoxia environment at high altitude by inhibiting excitotoxicity. Life Sci 2021; 270:119012. [PMID: 33422543 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.119012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Memantine is a non-competitive antagonist of glutamatergic NMDA receptor that is mainly used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The excitatory toxicity mediated by glutamate via glutamatergic receptor signals is considered to be one of the mechanisms mediating neuronal injury and cognitive impairment after exposure to a hypoxic environment at a high altitude. Therefore, in this study, we hypothesized that inhibiting glutamate signaling using memantine could alleviate neuronal injury and cognitive impairment in rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. MAIN METHODS we made animal models in the natural environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at an altitude of 4300 m, and used animal behavior, morphology, molecular biology and other methods to evaluate the impact of chronic hypoxia exposure on cognitive function and the neuroprotective effect of Memantine. KEY FINDINGS Our results showed that the expression of NMDA receptors increased, while the expression of AMPA receptors decreased, after 4 weeks of chronic hypoxia exposure. Concomitantly, apoptotic neuronal cell death in the hippocampus and frontal cortex was significantly increased, along with levels of oxidative stress, whereas innate ability to inhibit free radicals decreased. Moreover, after 8 weeks of hypoxia exposure, learning, memory, and space exploration abilities were significantly decreased. Notably, after treatment with memantine, apoptotic neuronal cell death, oxidative stress, and free radical levels decreased, and the cognitive function of the animals improved. SIGNIFICANCE Present study shows that chronic hypoxia can produce the excitatory toxicity leading to neural injury and cognitive impairment that can be suppressed with memantine treatment by inhibiting excitatory toxicity.
Collapse
|
20
|
Cao H, Seto SW, Bhuyan DJ, Chan HH, Song W. Effects of Thrombin on the Neurovascular Unit in Cerebral Ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:973-984. [PMID: 33392917 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality that poses a significant burden on society and the economy. About 60% of cerebral ischemia is caused by thrombus, and the formation of thrombus proceeds from insoluble fibrin, following its transformation from liquid fibrinogen. In thrombus-induced ischemia, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), followed by the extravasation of blood components into the brain results in an altered brain microenvironment. Changes in the brain microenvironment affect brain function and the neurovascular unit (NVU), the working unit of the brain. Recent studies have reported that coagulation factors interact with the NVU and its components, but the specific function of this interaction is highly speculative and warrants further investigations. In this article, we reviewed the role of coagulation factors in cerebral ischemia and the role of coagulation factors in thrombosis. Additionally, the influence of thrombin on the NVU is introduced, as well as in the function of NVU, which may help to explore part of brain injury mechanism during ischemia. Lastly, we propose some novel therapeutic approaches on ischemic stroke by reducing the risk of coagulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Sai Wang Seto
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Deep Jyoti Bhuyan
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Hoi Huen Chan
- Hong Kong Community College, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wenting Song
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, 100091, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhao Y, Yang J, Li C, Zhou G, Wan H, Ding Z, Wan H, Zhou H. Role of the neurovascular unit in the process of cerebral ischemic injury. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105103. [PMID: 32739425 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic injury exhibits both high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditional research of the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemic injury has focused on separate analyses of the involved cell types. In recent years, the neurovascular unit (NVU) mechanism of cerebral ischemic injury has been proposed in modern medicine. Hence, more effective strategies for the treatment of cerebral ischemic injury may be provided through comprehensive analysis of brain cells and the extracellular matrix. However, recent studies that have investigated the function of the NVU in cerebral ischemic injury have been insufficient. In addition, the metabolism and energy conversion of the NVU depend on interactions among multiple cell types, which make it difficult to identify the unique contribution of each cell type. Therefore, in the present review, we comprehensively summarize the regulatory effects and recovery mechanisms of four major cell types (i.e., astrocytes, microglia, brain-microvascular endothelial cells, and neurons) in the NVU under cerebral ischemic injury, as well as discuss the interactions among these cell types in the NVU. Furthermore, we discuss the common signaling pathways and signaling factors that mediate cerebral ischemic injury in the NVU, which may help to provide a theoretical basis for the comprehensive elucidation of cerebral ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Jiehong Yang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Chang Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Guoying Zhou
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Haofang Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Zhishan Ding
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Haitong Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China.
| | - Huifen Zhou
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Empagliflozin alleviates neuronal apoptosis induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:514-525. [PMID: 32436127 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a serious condition associated with severe functional disability and high mortality, however; effective therapy remains elusive. Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, has been shown to exert additional non-glycemic benefits including anti-apoptotic effects in different disease settings. Thereby, this study was designed to investigate the ameliorative effect of empagliflozin on the neuronal apoptosis exhibited in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in a rat model targeting HIF-1α/VEGF signaling which is involved in this insult. Global cerebral I/R injury was induced in male Wistar rats through occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries for 30 min followed by one-hour reperfusion. Empagliflozin doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg were administered 1 and 24 h after reperfusion. In I/R-injured rats, empagliflozin treatments significantly reduced infarct size and enhanced neurobehavioral functions in a dose-dependent manner. The drug alleviated neuronal death and cerebral injury inflicted by global ischemia as it suppressed neuronal caspase-3 protein expression. In parallel, protein expressions of HIF-1α and its downstream mediator VEGF were upregulated in the ischemic brain following empagliflozin treatment. The results indicated that empagliflozin attenuates cerebral I/R-induced neuronal death via the HIF-1α/VEGF cascade.
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang R, Tian H, Guo D, Tian Q, Yao T, Kong X. Impacts of exercise intervention on various diseases in rats. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:211-227. [PMID: 32444146 PMCID: PMC7242221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise is considered as an important intervention for treatment and prevention of several diseases, such as osteoarthritis, obesity, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease. This review summarizes decadal exercise intervention studies with various rat models across 6 major systems to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the effects that exercise brought. METHODS PubMed was utilized as the data source. To collect research articles, we used the following terms to create the search: (exercise [Title] OR physical activity [Title] OR training [Title]) AND (rats [Title/Abstract] OR rat [Title/Abstract] OR rattus [Title/Abstract]). To best cover targeted studies, publication dates were limited to "within 11 years." The exercise intervention methods used for different diseases were sorted according to the mode, frequency, and intensity of exercise. RESULTS The collected articles were categorized into studies related to 6 systems or disease types: motor system (17 articles), metabolic system (110 articles), cardiocerebral vascular system (171 articles), nervous system (71 articles), urinary system (2 articles), and cancer (21 articles). Our review found that, for different diseases, exercise intervention mostly had a positive effect. However, the most powerful effect was achieved by using a specific mode of exercise that addressed the characteristics of the disease. CONCLUSION As a model animal, rats not only provide a convenient resource for studying human diseases but also provide the possibility for exploring the molecular mechanisms of exercise intervention on diseases. This review also aims to provide exercise intervention frameworks and optimal exercise dose recommendations for further human exercise intervention research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruwen Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Haili Tian
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qianqian Tian
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ting Yao
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Xingxing Kong
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ayenigbara IO. The contributions of physical activity and fitness for the optimal health and wellness of the elderly people. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY AND GERIATRICS 2020. [DOI: 10.36150/2499-6564-351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
25
|
Exercise Plus Pharmacological Neuromodulation of Synaptic Inhibition Enhance Motor Function Recovery After Ischemic Stroke. Neuroscience 2020; 430:12-24. [PMID: 31982464 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the interactive effects of exercise and low-level inhibition of GABAA receptors on the recovery of motor function and BDNF expression in the primary motor cortex (M1) of a stroke rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: sham (SHAM), control (CON), exercise (EX), bicuculline (BIC), and bicuculline plus exercise (BICEX) groups. All rats, except those in the SHAM group, underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery to induce an ischemic stroke. GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline (0.25 mg/kg, i.p.), was administered to the BIC and BICEX groups. The EX and BICEX groups exercised on a treadmill (11 m/min for 30 min). Each intervention started 3 days after the MCAO surgery and was carried out every day for 2 weeks. Following the intervention, bilateral M1 BDNF mRNA and protein expression levels were assessed using qRT-PCR and ELISA. Marginal recovery was found in the EX and BIC groups, whereas motor function recovery was enhanced with exercise in the presence of BIC administration specifically in the BICEX group. Furthermore, BDNF protein level in the ipsilateral M1 was significantly higher in the BICEX group than in other groups. This study indicated that exercise combined with low-level inhibition of GABAA receptors after stroke could facilitate the recovery of motor function accompanied by BDNF upregulation in the ipsilateral M1. Therefore, this study provides a novel insight of pharmacological neuromodulation into stroke rehabilitation.
Collapse
|
26
|
Sakakima H. Endogenous neuroprotective potential due to preconditioning exercise in stroke. Phys Ther Res 2019; 22:45-52. [PMID: 32015940 DOI: 10.1298/ptr.r0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of serious long-term physical disability due to insufficient neurorepair mechanisms. In general, physical activity is an important modifiable risk factor, particularly for stroke and cardiovascular diseases. Physical exercise has shown to be neuroprotective in both animal experiments and clinical settings. Exercise can be considered a mild stressor and follows the prototypical preconditioning stimulus. It has beneficial effects on brain health and cognitive function. Preconditioning exercise, which is prophylactic exercise prior to ischemia, can protect the brain from subsequent serious injury through promotion of angiogenesis, mediation of inflammatory responses, inhibition of glutamate over-activation, protection of the blood-brain barrier, and inhibition of apoptosis. Preconditioning exercise appears to induce brain ischemic tolerance and it has been shown to exert beneficial effects. It is clinically safe and feasible and represents an exciting new paradigm in endogenous neuroprotection for patients with acute stroke. In this review, we describe the neuroprotective potential of preconditioning exercise and clinical applications in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harutoshi Sakakima
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Terashi T, Otsuka S, Takada S, Nakanishi K, Ueda K, Sumizono M, Kikuchi K, Sakakima H. Neuroprotective effects of different frequency preconditioning exercise on neuronal apoptosis after focal brain ischemia in rats. Neurol Res 2019; 41:510-518. [PMID: 30822224 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2019.1580458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preconditioning exercise can exert neuroprotective effects after stroke; however, the effects of exercise intensity, frequency, duration are unknown. We investigated the neuroprotective effect of different frequency preconditioning exercise on neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia in rats. METHODS Rats were divided into the following five groups: 5 times a week of exercise (5/w-Ex) group, 3 times a week of exercise (3/w-Ex) group, once a week of exercise (1/w-Ex) group, no exercise (No-Ex) group, and intact control (control) group. Rats were made to run on a treadmill for 30 min per day at a speed of 25 m/min for 3 weeks. After the running program, the rats were subjected to 60-min left middle cerebral artery occlusion. Two days after ischemia, the cerebral infarct volume, neurological and motor function, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax)/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) ratio, expression of caspase-3, and TUNEL positive cells were examined in the cerebral cortex surrounding the ischemic zone. RESULTS The 3/w-Ex and 5/w-Ex groups showed significantly reduced infarct volumes compared with the No-Ex group, but the 1/w-Ex group did not. In addition, the 3/w-Ex and 5/w-Ex groups had improved neurological scores and sensorimotor function compared with the No-Ex group. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, expression of caspase-3, and TUNEL-positive cells significantly decreased in the penumbra area in the 3/w-Ex or 5/w-Ex groups compared with the No-Ex group. DISCUSSION Our findings suggested that three times or more per week of high-intensity preconditioning exercise exert neuroprotective effects through the downregulation of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 activation after stroke. ABBREVIATIONS TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated dUTP nick and labeling; MCAO:middle cerebral artery occlusion; BAX:Bcl-2-associated X protein; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; TTC: 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazorlium chloride.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Terashi
- a Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan
| | - Shotaro Otsuka
- a Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan
| | - Seiya Takada
- a Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakanishi
- a Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan
| | - Koki Ueda
- a Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan
| | - Megumi Sumizono
- a Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kikuchi
- b Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology , Kurume University School of Medicine , Kurume , Japan
| | - Harutoshi Sakakima
- a Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang YL, Lin CH, Chen CC, Chang CP, Lin KC, Su FC, Chou W. Exercise Preconditioning Attenuates Neurological Injury by Preserving Old and Newly Formed HSP72-Containing Neurons in Focal Brain Ischemia Rats. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:675-685. [PMID: 31217735 PMCID: PMC6566739 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.32962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise preconditioning (EP+) is a useful and important procedure for the prevention of stroke. We aimed to ascertain whether EP+ protects against ischemic brain injury by preserving heat shock protein (HSP) 72-containing neurons in ischemic brain tissues. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=240) were used to assess the contribution of HSP72-containing neurons to the neuroprotective effects of EP+ on ischemic brain injury caused by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Results: Significant (P<0.05) increases in the percentages of both old HSP72-containing neurons (NeuN+HSP72 double positive cells) (18~20% vs. 40~50%) and newly formed HSP72-containing neurons (BrdU+NeuN+HSP72 triple positive cells); (2~3% vs. 16~20%) after 3 weeks of exercise coincided with significant (P<0.05) reductions in brain ischemia volume (250 mm3 vs. 100 mm3), brain edema (78% vs. 74% brain water content), blood-brain barrier disruption (1.5 μg/g vs. 0.7 μg/g tissue Evans Blue dye extravasation) and neurological motor deficits (neurological severity scores of 12 vs. 6 and maximal angles of 60° vs. 20°) in brain ischemia rats. Reductions in the percentages of both old (from 40~50% to 10~12%) and newly formed (from 18~20% to 5~7%) HSP72-containing neurons by gene silencing with an intracerebral injection of pSUPER small interfering RNA showed a significant (P<0.05) reversal in the neuroprotective outcomes. Our data provide an inverse correlation between the EP+-mediated increases in both old and newly formed HSP72-containing neurons and the extent of cerebral ischemic injury. Conclusions: The percentages of both old and newly formed HSP72-containing neurons are inversely correlated with the outcomes of ischemic brain injury. Additionally, preischemic treadmill exercise improves the outcomes of ischemic brain injury by preserving both the old and newly formed HSP72-containing neurons in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of General Education, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsien Lin
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kao-Chang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fong-Chin Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Willy Chou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Recreation and Healthcare Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|