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Grgic I, Gorenec L. Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Genetic Diversity, Drug Resistance Testing and Prevalence of the Resistance Mutations: A Literature Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:49. [PMID: 38393138 PMCID: PMC10892457 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a pathogen with high prevalence in the general population that is responsible for high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals and newborns, while remaining mainly asymptomatic in healthy individuals. The HCMV genome is 236,000 nucleotides long and encodes approximately 200 genes in more than 170 open reading frames, with the highest rate of genetic polymorphisms occurring in the envelope glycoproteins. HCMV infection is treated with antiviral drugs such as ganciclovir, valganciclovir, cidofovir, foscarnet, letermovir and maribavir targeting viral enzymes, DNA polymerase, kinase and the terminase complex. One of the obstacles to successful therapy is the emergence of drug resistance, which can be tested phenotypically or by genotyping using Sanger sequencing, which is a widely available but less sensitive method, or next-generation sequencing performed in samples with a lower viral load to detect minority variants, those representing approximately 1% of the population. The prevalence of drug resistance depends on the population tested, as well as the drug, and ranges from no mutations detected to up to almost 50%. A high prevalence of resistance emphasizes the importance of testing the patient whenever resistance is suspected, which requires the development of more sensitive and rapid tests while also highlighting the need for alternative therapeutic targets, strategies and the development of an effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Grgic
- Department of Molecular and Immunological Diagnostic, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lana Gorenec
- Department of Molecular and Immunological Diagnostic, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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2
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Limaye AP, Babu TM, Boeckh M. Progress and Challenges in the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Transplantation. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 34:34/1/e00043-19. [PMID: 33115722 PMCID: PMC7920732 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00043-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hosts with compromised or naive immune systems, such as individuals living with HIV/AIDS, transplant recipients, and fetuses, are at the highest risk for complications from cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Despite substantial progress in prevention, diagnostics, and treatment, CMV continues to negatively impact both solid-organ transplant (SOT) and hematologic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. In this article, we summarize important developments in the field over the past 10 years and highlight new approaches and remaining challenges to the optimal control of CMV infection and disease in transplant settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit P Limaye
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tara M Babu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Overlake Medical Center, Bellevue, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Boeckh
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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3
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Garofoli F, Lombardi G, Angelini M, Campanini G, Zavattoni M, Baldanti F. Onset of valganciclovir resistance in two infants with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 98:150-152. [PMID: 32615325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganciclovir and its prodrug valganciclovir are elective treatments for cCMV. Neonates with important symptoms undergo 6 months of therapy to ameliorate/prevent symptoms and late sequelae, but evidence of resistance is emerging. Over the last 5 years, we took care of 59 cCMV infants and experienced two cases of resistance among nine cCMV infants receiving long-term valganciclovir therapy. In the first case, valganciclovir therapy was prolonged beyond 6 months due to severity of symptoms, control of viral load, and absence of adverse events. Resistance was detected in the 8th month of therapy. In the second case, after a significant reduction following valganciclovir administration and no adverse events, CMV viral load suddenly increased in the 6th month of therapy due to resistance. Both events were associated with UL97 gene mutation. The cCMV infants, affected by severe symptoms, remained in a steady state during treatment, and their later neurological development was coherent with initial seriousness of diagnosis. Prolonged therapeutic exposure may therefore be a risk for resistance, suggesting that constant dosage/weight adjustments, monthly surveillance of viral load, and therapeutic drug monitoring could be proposed to monitor resistance onset and optimize the therapy regime. The risk-benefit ratio for long-term therapy, including the possibility of resistance onset, alongside SNHL and neurodevelopmental improvement, should also be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Garofoli
- Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Lombardi
- Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Micol Angelini
- Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Campanini
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zavattoni
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
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Mercier-Darty M, Boutolleau D, Rodriguez C, Burrel S. Added value of ultra-deep sequencing (UDS) approach for detection of genotypic antiviral resistance of herpes simplex virus (HSV). Antiviral Res 2019; 168:128-133. [PMID: 31158412 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Classically, Sanger sequencing is considered the gold standard for detection of HSV drug resistance mutations (DRMs). As a complementary method, ultra-deep sequencing (UDS) has an improved ability to detect minor variants and mixed populations. The aim of this work was to apply UDS performed on MiSeq® Illumina platform to the detection of HSV DRMs and to the evaluation of the subpopulation diversity in clinical samples in comparison with Sanger sequencing. A total of 59 HSV-positive clinical samples (31 HSV-1 and 28 HSV-2) recovered from 50 patients mainly immunocompromised (70%) were retrospectively analyzed. Remarkably, UDS analysis revealed significant differences of relative abundance according to the type of DRMs within TK and Pol: natural polymorphisms and amino acid changes associated with resistance to antivirals were identified as high-abundant mutations (>96%), whereas TK frameshifts conferring resistance to ACV were systematically detected at lower abundance (≈80%). This work also revealed that UDS can detect low-frequency DRMs and provides extensive information on viral population composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Mercier-Darty
- INSERM U955 Eq18, IMRB, UPEC, AP-HP, Virology Department, Hospital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - David Boutolleau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis D'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), AP-HP, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Virology Department, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Rodriguez
- INSERM U955 Eq18, IMRB, UPEC, AP-HP, Virology Department, Hospital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Sonia Burrel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis D'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), AP-HP, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Virology Department, Paris, France.
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Intrauterine therapy of cytomegalovirus infection with valganciclovir: review of the literature. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 206:347-354. [PMID: 28733760 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the leading cause for sensorineural hearing loss and mental retardation in children without genetic diseases worldwide. There is little evidence guiding therapeutic strategies during pregnancy when intrauterine fetal CMV infection is confirmed. We provide a systematic review of the use of ganciclovir (GCV) or VGCV during pregnancy discussing safety of its use for mother and fetus and describe two cases of intrauterine therapy of fetal CMV infection with valganciclovir (VGCV). A PubMed database search was done up to November 16, 2016 without any restrictions of publication date or journal, using the following keywords: "valganciclovir" or "ganciclovir" and "pregnan*". Furthermore, citations were searched and expert references were obtained. Reported cases were considered if therapy was in humans and initiation of treatment of the CMV infection was during pregnancy. In total, seven case reports were retrieved which described GCV or VGCV use during pregnancy for fetal or maternal CMV infection. In the four cases of treatment for maternal CMV infection, no negative effects on the fetus were reported. Three cases of GCV administration to pregnant woman with the intention of fetal treatment after proven fetal infection were found. We additionally present two cases of VGCV treatment in pregnancy from our center of tertiary care. VGCV seems to be a safe treatment for congenital CMV infection for the mother and the fetus. Therapeutic concentrations can be achieved in the fetus by oral intake of the mother and CMV replication can be suppressed. Larger studies are needed to evaluate this therapeutic intervention and the long-term effects.
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Balasubramanian H, Thompson K, Blyth C, Rao S. Failure of Oral Valganciclovir Treatment in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Hepatitis in a Neonate. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2017; 56:83-84. [PMID: 27099388 DOI: 10.1177/0009922816642741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haribalakrishna Balasubramanian
- 1 Department of Neonatology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,2 Department of Neonatology, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kirsten Thompson
- 1 Department of Neonatology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,2 Department of Neonatology, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher Blyth
- 4 Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,5 School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,6 PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shripada Rao
- 1 Department of Neonatology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,2 Department of Neonatology, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,3 Centre of Neonatal research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Garrigue I, Moulinas R, Recordon-Pinson P, Delacour ML, Essig M, Kaminski H, Rerolle JP, Merville P, Fleury H, Alain S. Contribution of next generation sequencing to early detection of cytomegalovirus UL97 emerging mutants and viral subpopulations analysis in kidney transplant recipients. J Clin Virol 2016; 80:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chen XF, Li TR, Yang H, Shao Y, Zhang J, Zhang W, Yu B, Wei Z, Wu B, Yu L. Detection of Two Drug-Resistance Mutants of the Cytomegalovirus by High-Resolution Melting Analysis. J Clin Lab Anal 2015; 30:319-25. [PMID: 25968338 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an opportunistic pathogen that can be treated with ganciclovir. Mutations in the UL97 gene of CMV render the virus ganciclovir resistance. These include H520Q and C603W mutations, against which we developed a novel genotyping assay for their identification. METHODS PCR reactions were performed to amplify fragments of the UL97 gene containing H520Q or C603W mutations. High resolution melting analysis (HRMA) coupled with unlabeled DNA probes was employed to identify the shift in melting temperature of the probe-template complex, which reflexes the presence of point mutations. RESULTS Melting point analysis performed on the dimeric DNA of PCR products of UL97 gene could not identify mutations in the gene. When coupled to unlabeled probes, point mutations in UL97 can be identified by analyzing the melting curve of probe-template complex. When WT and mutant UL97 DNAs were mixed together to mimic heterogeneous viral population in clinical samples, the genotyping assay is sensitive enough to detect H520Q and C603W mutants that constitute 10% of total DNA input. CONCLUSION Probe-based HRMA is effective in detecting H520Q and C603W mutations in the UL97 gene of CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fan Chen
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Hospital Peking University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Key Lab for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tian-Run Li
- Department of Intervention and Vascular Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital Peking University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Shao
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Hospital Peking University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Key Lab for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Hospital Peking University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Key Lab for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Key Lab for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Hospital Peking University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Key Lab for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhun Wei
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Key Lab for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Hospital Peking University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Key Lab for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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9
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Piret J, Boivin G. Antiviral drug resistance in herpesviruses other than cytomegalovirus. Rev Med Virol 2014; 24:186-218. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Piret
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases; Laval University; Quebec City QC Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases; Laval University; Quebec City QC Canada
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Schnepf N, Dhédin N, Mercier-Delarue S, Andreoli A, Mamez AC, Ferry C, Deback C, Ribaud P, Robin M, Socié G, Simon F, Mazeron MC. Dynamics of cytomegalovirus populations harbouring mutations in genes UL54 and UL97 in a haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:733-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Choi KY, Sharon B, Balfour HH, Belani K, Pozos TC, Schleiss MR. Emergence of antiviral resistance during oral valganciclovir treatment of an infant with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. J Clin Virol 2013; 57:356-60. [PMID: 23688863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Congenital infection with human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of morbidity, including sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), in newborns. Antiviral therapy with ganciclovir (GCV) and its oral prodrug, valganciclovir (VAL-GCV) are increasingly being administered to infected infants, toward the goal of improving neurodevelopmental and auditory outcomes. In this case report, we describe a symptomatic congenitally infected infant treated with VAL-GCV in whom GCV resistance was suspected, based on a 50-fold increase in viral load after 6 weeks of oral therapy. Analyses of CMV sequences from both blood and urine demonstrated populations of viruses with M460V and L595F mutations in the UL97 phosphotransferase gene. In contrast, analysis of viral DNA retrieved from the newborn dried blood spot demonstrated wild-type UL97 sequences. DNAemia resolved after the discontinuation of VAL-GCV. Long-term VAL-GCV therapy in congenitally infected infants can select for resistant viral variants, and anticipatory virological monitoring may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yeon Choi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Benzi F, Vanni I, Cassina G, Ugolotti E, Di Marco E, Cirillo C, Cristina E, Morreale G, Melioli G, Malnati M, Biassoni R. Detection of ganciclovir resistance mutations by pyrosequencing in HCMV-infected pediatric patients. J Clin Virol 2012; 54:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Campanini G, Zavattoni M, Cristina E, Gazzolo D, Stronati M, Baldanti F. Multiple ganciclovir-resistant strains in a newborn with symptomatic congenital human cytomegalovirus infection. J Clin Virol 2012; 54:86-8. [PMID: 22381918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Frenzel K, Ganepola S, Michel D, Thiel E, Krüger DH, Uharek L, Hofmann J. Antiviral function and efficacy of polyvalent immunoglobulin products against CMV isolates in different human cell lines. Med Microbiol Immunol 2012; 201:277-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-012-0229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Härter G, Michel D. Antiviral treatment of cytomegalovirus infection: an update. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012; 13:623-7. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2012.658775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Genotyping cytomegalovirus UL97 mutations by high-resolution melting analysis with unlabeled probe. Arch Virol 2011; 157:475-81. [PMID: 22205145 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an opportunistic pathogen, and infections with this virus can be treated with ganciclovir (GCV). Most GCV-resistant clinical CMV isolates contain a mutation in the UL97 gene. Genotypic assays for diagnostic screening of GCV-resistant CMV have been developed. High-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) with unlabeled probe is considered a perfect tool for this purpose. In this study, we have developed an HRMA-based genotypic test for the detection of UL97 mutations. Wild type and M460V/I mutants of UL97 were constructed. HRMA with unlabeled probe was used as a genotyping method for the detection of M460V/I mutations. The melting peaks obtained directly from PCR products did not enable us to distinguish the wild type from M460 mutants. The sensitivity and accuracy of HRMA were dramatically improved by using unlabeled probe. HRMA with unlabeled probe successfully distinguished M460V from M460I and served well for the detection of M460V/I mutations in clinical samples. HRMA with unlabeled probe proves to be a sensitive and cost-effective genotyping method for the detection of M460 mutations.
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Doerr HW, Cinatl J. Recent publications in medical microbiology and immunology: a retrospective. Med Microbiol Immunol 2011; 201:1-5. [PMID: 22033658 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-011-0219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A look back is done to some clinical and basic research activities recently published in medical microbiology and immunology. The review covers clinical experiences and in vitro experiments to understand the emergency, pathogenicity, epidemic spread, and vaccine-based prevention of avian and swine-origin flu. Some new developments and concepts in diagnosis, (molecular) epidemiology, and therapy of AIDS, viral hepatitis C, and herpesvirus-associated diseases are outlined. Regulation of immune system has been discussed in a special issue 2010 including some aspects of CNS affections (measles). Mycobacterial infection and its prevention by modern recombinant vaccines have reached new interest, as well as new concepts of vaccination and prophylaxis against several other bacteria. Adaptation to host niches enables immune escape (example brucella) and determines virulence (example N. meningitidis). Chlamydia pneumoniae, previously considered to trigger atherosclerosis, is hypothetically associated to Alzheimer disease, while CMV, another putative trigger of atherosclerosis, gains evidence of oncomodulation in CNS tumor diseases. In terms of globalization, exotic virus infections are increasingly imported from southern countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Doerr
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital of Frankfurt/M., Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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