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Amábile-Cuevas CF. Macrolides at Clinically-Relevant Concentrations May Induce Biofilm Formation in Macrolide-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020187. [PMID: 36830100 PMCID: PMC9952478 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrolides inhibit biofilm formation in several Gram-negative, intrinsically-resistant bacterial species. However, the effect of macrolides upon biofilm formation by susceptible Gram-positive bacteria has been much less explored as such concentrations also inhibit cell growth. To circumvent this problem, the effect of macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin) at 0.5-2 µg/mL, upon biofilm formation, was explored on macrolide-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates, using the crystal violet assay with 96-well plates. Early (4 h) biofilm formation by strains having constitutive target-modification resistance was consistently induced by all macrolides but not in azithromycin-treated cells in longer (8 and 12 h) incubation. In inducible-resistance isolates, early biofilm formation was enhanced by some macrolide treatments, compared to similar cell growth in the absence of antibiotics; but the typical decay of biofilms at longer incubation appeared prematurely in macrolide-treated cultures. Biofilm formation in an efflux-mediated resistant isolate was not affected by macrolides. These results indicate that macrolides induce the formation of biofilm by resistant S. aureus isolates, especially during the early stages. This suggests that the empirical use of macrolides against infections caused by resistant S. aureus strains could not only result in clinical failure but even in the enhancement of biofilms, making further treatment difficult.
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Antonello RM, Canetti D, Riccardi N. Daptomycin synergistic properties from in vitro and in vivo studies: a systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 78:52-77. [PMID: 36227704 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Daptomycin is a bactericidal lipopeptide antibiotic approved for the treatment of systemic infections (i.e. skin and soft tissue infections, bloodstream infections, infective endocarditis) caused by Gram-positive cocci. It is often prescribed in association with a partner drug to increase its bactericidal effect and to prevent the emergence of resistant strains during treatment; however, its synergistic properties are still under evaluation. METHODS We performed a systematic review to offer clinicians an updated overview of daptomycin synergistic properties from in vitro and in vivo studies. Moreover, we reported all in vitro and in vivo data evaluating daptomycin in combination with other antibiotic agents, subdivided by antibiotic classes, and a summary graph presenting the most favourable combinations at a glance. RESULTS A total of 92 studies and 1087 isolates (723 Staphylococcus aureus, 68 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 179 Enterococcus faecium, 105 Enterococcus faecalis, 12 Enterococcus durans) were included. Synergism accounted for 30.9% of total interactions, while indifferent effect was the most frequently observed interaction (41.9%). Antagonistic effect accounted for 0.7% of total interactions. The highest synergistic rates against S. aureus were observed with daptomycin in combination with fosfomycin (55.6%). For S. epidermidis and Enterococcus spp., the most effective combinations were daptomycin plus ceftobiprole (50%) and daptomycin plus fosfomycin (63.6%) or rifampicin (62.8%), respectively. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES We believe this systematic review could be useful for the future updates of guidelines on systemic infections where daptomycin plays a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Maria Antonello
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50121, Italy
| | - Diana Canetti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Niccolò Riccardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
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Maina IW, Patel NN, Cohen NA. Understanding the Role of Biofilms and Superantigens in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 6:253-262. [PMID: 30859016 PMCID: PMC6407876 DOI: 10.1007/s40136-018-0212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review explores recent discoveries in our understanding of how biofilms and superantigens contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). It also examines clinical implications and novel treatment approaches for biofilm associated CRS. RECENT FINDINGS While the role of biofilms in CRS has been studied for 14 years, research interest has now turned toward elucidating new methods of biofilm detection, microbial diversity, and novel treatment approaches. Recent studies on biofilm superantigens aim to clarify the immunological mechanisms of upper airway inflammation, particularly the type-2 response seen in nasal polyposis. SUMMARY Biofilms are a topic of research interest for their role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis, particularly when they elute superantigens. New studies on this topic focus on the molecular and cellular mechanisms at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy W Maina
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Neil N Patel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Noam A Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA
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Yang B, Lei Z, Zhao Y, Ahmed S, Wang C, Zhang S, Fu S, Cao J, Qiu Y. Combination Susceptibility Testing of Common Antimicrobials in Vitro and the Effects of Sub-MIC of Antimicrobials on Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2125. [PMID: 29163415 PMCID: PMC5671985 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial combination efficacies, and whether the sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) of antibiotics can influent on the biofilm formation of S. aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of common antibacterial drugs was determined in vitro against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) alone and in combination with each other by using the broth microdilution method and the checkerboard micro-dilution method analyzed with the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI), respectively. Regarding these results, antibacterial drug combinations were categorized as synergistic, interacting, antagonistic and indifferent, and most of the results were consistent with the previous reports. Additionally, the effects of sub-MIC of seven antimicrobials (kanamycin, acetylisovaleryltylosin tartrate, enrofloxacin, lincomycin, colistin sulfate, berberine, and clarithromycin) on S. aureus biofilm formation were determined via crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and real-time PCR. Our results demonstrate that all antibiotics, except acetylisovaleryltylosin tartrate, effectively reduced the S. aureus biofilm formation. In addition, real-time reverse transcriptase PCR was used to analyze the relative expression levels of S. aureus biofilm-related genes such as sarA, fnbA, rbf, lrgA, cidA, and eno after the treatment at sub-MIC with all of the six antimicrobials. All antibiotics significantly inhibited the expression of these biofilm-related genes except for acetylisovaleryltylosin tartrate, which efficiently up-regulated these transcripts. These results provide the theoretical parameters for the selection of effective antimicrobial combinations in clinical therapy and demonstrate how to correctly use antibiotics at sub-MIC as preventive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixin Lei
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yishuang Zhao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunqun Wang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shishuo Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shulin Fu
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechinic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiyue Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinsheng Qiu
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechinic University, Wuhan, China
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