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Osterman A, Krenn F, Iglhaut M, Badell I, Lehner A, Späth PM, Stern M, Both H, Bender S, Muenchhoff M, Graf A, Krebs S, Blum H, Grimmer T, Durner J, Czibere L, Dächert C, Grzimek-Koschewa N, Protzer U, Kaderali L, Baldauf HM, Keppler OT. Automated antigen assays display a high heterogeneity for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, including several Omicron sublineages. Med Microbiol Immunol 2023; 212:307-322. [PMID: 37561226 PMCID: PMC10501957 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-023-00774-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic tests for direct pathogen detection have been instrumental to contain the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Automated, quantitative, laboratory-based nucleocapsid antigen (Ag) tests for SARS-CoV-2 have been launched alongside nucleic acid-based test systems and point-of-care (POC) lateral-flow Ag tests. Here, we evaluated four commercial Ag tests on automated platforms for the detection of different sublineages of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern (VoC) (B.1.1.529) in comparison with "non-Omicron" VoCs. A total of 203 Omicron PCR-positive respiratory swabs (53 BA.1, 48 BA.2, 23 BQ.1, 39 XBB.1.5 and 40 other subvariants) from the period February to March 2022 and from March 2023 were examined. In addition, tissue culture-expanded clinical isolates of Delta (B.1.617.2), Omicron-BA.1, -BF.7, -BN.1 and -BQ.1 were studied. These results were compared to previously reported data from 107 clinical "non-Omicron" samples from the end of the second pandemic wave (February to March 2021) as well as cell culture-derived samples of wildtype (wt) EU-1 (B.1.177), Alpha VoC (B.1.1.7) and Beta VoC (B.1.351)). All four commercial Ag tests were able to detect at least 90.9% of Omicron-containing samples with high viral loads (Ct < 25). The rates of true-positive test results for BA.1/BA.2-positive samples with intermediate viral loads (Ct 25-30) ranged between 6.7% and 100.0%, while they dropped to 0 to 15.4% for samples with low Ct values (> 30). This heterogeneity was reflected also by the tests' 50%-limit of detection (LoD50) values ranging from 44,444 to 1,866,900 Geq/ml. Respiratory samples containing Omicron-BQ.1/XBB.1.5 or other Omicron subvariants that emerged in 2023 were detected with enormous heterogeneity (0 to 100%) for the intermediate and low viral load ranges with LoD50 values between 23,019 and 1,152,048 Geq/ml. In contrast, detection of "non-Omicron" samples was more sensitive, scoring positive in 35 to 100% for the intermediate and 1.3 to 32.9% of cases for the low viral loads, respectively, corresponding to LoD50 values ranging from 6181 to 749,792 Geq/ml. All four assays detected cell culture-expanded VoCs Alpha, Beta, Delta and Omicron subvariants carrying up to six amino acid mutations in the nucleocapsid protein with sensitivities comparable to the non-VoC EU-1. Overall, automated quantitative SARS-CoV-2 Ag assays are not more sensitive than standard rapid antigen tests used in POC settings and show a high heterogeneity in performance for VoC recognition. The best of these automated Ag tests may have the potential to complement nucleic acid-based assays for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics in settings not primarily focused on the protection of vulnerable groups. In light of the constant emergence of new Omicron subvariants and recombinants, most recently the XBB lineage, these tests' performance must be regularly re-evaluated, especially when new VoCs carry mutations in the nucleocapsid protein or immunological and clinical parameters change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Osterman
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Krenn
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Iglhaut
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Irina Badell
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Lehner
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia M Späth
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel Stern
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanna Both
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Bender
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Muenchhoff
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
- COVID‑19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), University Hospital, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Graf
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Grimmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Durner
- Labor Becker MVZ GbR, Munich, Germany
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Christopher Dächert
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Natascha Grzimek-Koschewa
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Kaderali
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hanna-Mari Baldauf
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Oliver T Keppler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany.
- COVID‑19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), University Hospital, LMU München, Munich, Germany.
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Jang WS, Jee H, Lee JM, Lim CS, Kim J. Performance Evaluation of a BZ COVID-19 NALF Assay for Rapid Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13061118. [PMID: 36980425 PMCID: PMC10047401 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13061118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection has been a global pandemic for more than two years, and it is important to quickly and accurately diagnose and isolate patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The BZ COVID-19 NALF Assay could sensitively detect SARS-CoV-2 from a nasopharyngeal swab because it adopts both a loop-mediated isothermal amplification and lateral flow immunochromatography technology. In this study, a total of 389 nasopharyngeal swab samples, of which 182 were SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive and 207 were negative samples, were recruited. Compared to the Allplex™ SARS-CoV-2 Assay, the BZ COVID-19 NALF Assay showed 95.05% sensitivity and 99.03% specificity for detecting SARS-CoV-2. The concordance rate between the BZ COVID-19 NALF Assay and Allplex™ SARS-CoV-2 Assay was 97.69%. The turnaround time of the BZ COVID-19 NALF Assay is only about 40~55 min. The BZ COVID-19 NALF Assay is an accurate, easy, and quick molecular diagnostic test compared to the conventional PCR test for detection of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, the BZ COVID-19 NALF Assay is thought to be very useful in small size medical facilities or developing countries where it is difficult to operate a clinical laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Sik Jang
- Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseul Jee
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Min Lee
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Seung Lim
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyong Kim
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-412-5304
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Huang Z, Wang X, Feng Z, Chen B. Regulating the product quality of COVID-19 antigen testing reagents: A tripartite evolutionary game analysis under China's legal framework. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1060079. [PMID: 36699916 PMCID: PMC9868746 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1060079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Personal purchases of novel coronavirus antigen detection reagents (ADRs) for self-detection have contributed to the optimization of medical resources and containment of the COVID-19 pandemic. The recurring occurrence of false testing results in China has generated concerns regarding the quality of ADRs and the testing mechanism for medical devices. Academic viewpoints and remarks on the sensitivity, application possibilities, and product innovation of ADRs may be found in the extant scientific literature. However, the current research does not explore the microscopic product quality concerns that emerge throughout the production and marketing of ADRs. To explore strategic equilibrium circumstances and behavioral evolution processes, an evolutionary game model was developed to include ADR manufacturers, third-party medical device inspection agencies, and regulatory authorities. The results reveal that the quantity of illegal incentives, the cost of regulation, and the loss of government credibility have a major impact on the decisions of regulatory authorities and determine three potential systemic equilibrium states. To maximize social welfare, ADRs should be incorporated into China's medication price monitoring system in order to manage market prices. To cut regulatory expenses, the government should employ blockchain technology for traceable network regulation of ADR product quality. The government should also protect the people's right to free speech and encourage online reporting of adverse incidents caused by ADRs. The conclusions of this article can provide many developing nations with important insights for regulating the quality of ADR products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xi Wang
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| | - Zehua Feng
- School of Law, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zehua Feng ✉
| | - Baoxin Chen
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China,Baoxin Chen ✉
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Baumkötter R, Yilmaz S, Zahn D, Fenzl K, Prochaska JH, Rossmann H, Schmidtmann I, Schuster AK, Beutel ME, Lackner KJ, Münzel T, Wild PS. Protective behavior and SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in the population - Results from the Gutenberg COVID-19 study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1993. [PMID: 36316662 PMCID: PMC9623959 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, preventive measures like physical distancing, wearing face masks, and hand hygiene have been widely applied to mitigate viral transmission. Beyond increasing vaccination coverage, preventive measures remain urgently needed. The aim of the present project was to assess the effect of protective behavior on SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in the population. METHODS Data of the Gutenberg COVID-19 Study (GCS), a prospective cohort study with a representative population-based sample, were analyzed. SARS-CoV-2 infections were identified by sequential sampling of biomaterial, which was analyzed by RT-qPCR and two antibody immunoassays. Self-reported COVID-19 test results were additionally considered. Information on protective behavior including physical distancing, wearing face masks, and hand hygiene was collected via serial questionnaire-based assessments. To estimate adjusted prevalence ratios and hazard ratios, robust Poisson regression and Cox regression were applied. RESULTS In total, 10,250 participants were enrolled (median age 56.9 [43.3/68.6] years, 50.8% females). Adherence to preventive measures was moderate for physical distancing (48.3%), while the use of face masks (91.5%) and the frequency of handwashing (75.0%) were high. Physical distancing appeared to be a protective factor with respect to SARS-CoV-2 infection risk independent of sociodemographic characteristics and individual pandemic-related behavior (prevalence ratio [PR] = 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62-0.96). A protective association between wearing face masks and SARS-CoV-2 transmission was identified (PR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.55-0.96). However, the protective effect declined after controlling for potential confounding factors (PR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.68-1.36). For handwashing, this investigation did not find a beneficial impact. The adherence to protective behavior was not affected by previous SARS-CoV-2 infection or immunization against COVID-19. CONCLUSION The present study suggests primarily a preventive impact of physical distancing of 1.5 m, but also of wearing face masks on SARS-CoV-2 infections, supporting their widespread implementation. The proper fit and use of face masks are crucial for effectively mitigating the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieke Baumkötter
- grid.410607.4Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Simge Yilmaz
- grid.410607.4Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniela Zahn
- grid.410607.4Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Fenzl
- grid.410607.4Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen H. Prochaska
- grid.410607.4Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine Main, Mainz, Germany ,grid.410607.4Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heidi Rossmann
- grid.410607.4Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irene Schmidtmann
- grid.410607.4Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander K. Schuster
- grid.410607.4Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred E. Beutel
- grid.410607.4Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl J. Lackner
- grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine Main, Mainz, Germany ,grid.410607.4Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine Main, Mainz, Germany ,grid.410607.4Cardiology I, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp S. Wild
- grid.410607.4Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine Main, Mainz, Germany ,grid.410607.4Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany ,grid.424631.60000 0004 1794 1771Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
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Uster S, Topalli Z, Sasse T, Suter-Riniker F, Barbani MT. Evaluation of the DiaSorin LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 antigen assay on nasopharyngeal swabs in two different SARS-CoV-2 pandemic waves in Switzerland: The impact of the Omicron variant on its performance. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY PLUS 2022; 2:100095. [PMID: 35789900 PMCID: PMC9233876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2022.100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests reliably detect individuals with high viral loads and provide an efficient diagnostic tool to manage the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. However, mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concerns that appeared after validation of most antigen tests might impact their diagnostic performance. Objectives To assess the impact of the Omicron variant on the performance of the DiaSorin LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 antigen test, we evaluated its sensitivity and specificity on nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) compared to rRT-PCR in the second and the Omicron pandemic wave in Switzerland. Study design A random selection of NPS from patients undergoing SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics by rRT-PCR were collected during the second and the Omicron pandemic wave and further analyzed by the LIAISON antigen test. Sensitivity and specificity compared to rRT-PCR were calculated. Results Test performance did not change in the two investigated periods. The overall sensitivity of 75.8% in the second and 76.5% in the Omicron wave increased to 87.1% and 88.4%, excluding samples with rRT-PCR Ct-value >30. By lowering the cut-off from 200 TCID50/ml to 62 TCID50/ml to discriminate between negative and positive samples using a ROC-curve, the sensitivity resulted in 88.8% for the second and 93.3% for the Omicron pandemic wave. The specificity of the LIAISON antigen test was 100% in both collectives. Conclusion Omicron variant does not seem to affect the performance of the LIAISON antigen test. The WHO recommended sensitivity of ≥80% for antigen testing was fulfilled during both pandemic periods in samples with Ct-value <30 or by optimizing the assay cut-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Uster
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zana Topalli
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Sasse
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Suter-Riniker
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Teresa Barbani
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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6
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Xu J, Kerr L, Jiang Y, Suo W, Zhang L, Lao T, Chen Y, Zhang Y. Rapid Antigen Diagnostics as Frontline Testing in the COVID-19 Pandemic. SMALL SCIENCE 2022; 2:2200009. [PMID: 35942171 PMCID: PMC9349911 DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has resulted in significant loss of life since December 2019. Timely and precise virus detection has been proven as an effective solution to reduce the spread of the virus and to track the epidemic. Rapid antigen diagnostics has played a significant role in the frontline of COVID-19 testing because of its convenience, low cost, and high accuracy. Herein, different types of recently innovated in-lab and commercial antigen diagnostic technologies with emphasis on the strengths and limitations of these technologies including the limit of detection, sensitivity, specificity, affordability, and usability are systematically reviewed. The perspectives of assay development are looked into.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xu
- Department of Systems BiologyBlavatnik InstituteHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
- Department of Molecular VirologyVirogin Biotech Ltd.3800 Wesbrook MallVancouverBCV6S 2L9Canada
| | - Liam Kerr
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCenter for Intelligent MachinesMcGill UniversityMontrealQCH3A0C3Canada
| | - Yue Jiang
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and ManufacturingJiaxing UniversityJiaxing314001China
| | - Wenhao Suo
- Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02215USA
- Department of PathologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University55 Zhenhai RoadXiamen361003China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWaterloo Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of Waterloo200 University Avenue WestWaterlooONN2L3G1Canada
| | - Taotao Lao
- Department of Molecular DiagnosticsBoston Molecules Inc.564 Main StreetWalthamMA02452USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory DiseasesMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA02114USA
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNanjing Drum Tower HospitalNanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingJiangsu210008China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-EfficiencyCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and EngineeringSchool of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education)Tianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
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7
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Lippi G, Henry BM, Plebani M, Adeli K. Systematic Review of Diagnostic Accuracy of DiaSorin Liaison SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Immunoassay. EJIFCC 2022; 33:94-104. [PMID: 36313904 PMCID: PMC9562478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 antigens by means of rapid, high-throughput and fully-automated techniques has been proposed as a feasible alternative to overcome the current shortage of resources for routine molecular diagnostics. To this end, we provide here a systematic review of diagnostic accuracy of DiaSorin Liaison SARS-CoV-2 antigen immunoassay. Methods An electronic search was conduced in Medline and Scopus, with no language or date restrictions (up to January 20, 2022), for identifying all published studies articles in which the diagnostic performance of the DiaSorin Liaison SARS-CoV-2 antigen immunoassay was compared with molecular diagnostic techniques. Results The electronic search identified a final number of 11 studies, totalling 4449 oro- and naso-pharyngeal specimens. The pooled diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve (AUC) of the Liaison SARS-CoV-2 antigen immunoassay in all samples were 0.51 (95%CI, 0.49-0.54), 1.00 (95%CI, 1.00-1.00) and 0.994 (95%CI, 0.990-0.998), respectively, whilst the overall concordance with molecular diagnostics was 82.1%. The pooled diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and AUC of the Liaison SARS-CoV-2 antigen immunoassay in specimens with high viral load (i.e., cycle threshold values <25-30) were 0.79 (95%CI, 0.75-0.82), 1.00 (95%CI, 0.99-1.00) and 0.911 (95%CI, 0.879-0.943), respectively, whilst the overall concordance with molecular diagnostics in such samples increased to 94.2%. Conclusion The results of this systematic literature review suggest that there is sufficient accuracy of the DiaSorin Liaison SARS-CoV-2 antigen immunoassay in samples with high viral loads that would enable its reliable usage for identifying superspreaders, who are responsible for the vast majority of transmission events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- IFCC Task Force on COVID-19, Milano, Italy
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Brandon M. Henry
- IFCC Task Force on COVID-19, Milano, Italy
- Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Khosrow Adeli
- IFCC Task Force on COVID-19, Milano, Italy
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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8
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Wu Z, Wang C, Liu B, Liang C, Lu J, Li J, Tang X, Li C, Li T. Smartphone-Based High-Throughput Fiber-Integrated Immunosensing System for Point-of-Care Testing of the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1985-1995. [PMID: 35766020 PMCID: PMC9261833 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there is an urgent need for simple, rapid, and reliable detection methods to identify severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, especially in community hospitals or clinical centers. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NP) is an important index for diagnosis of COVID-19. Here, we proposed a smartphone-based high-throughput fiber-integrated immunosensing system (HFIS) for detecting the SARS-CoV-2 NP in serum samples within 45 min. For the testing of NP standards, the linear detection range was 7.8-1000 pg/mL, the limit of detection was 7.5 pg/mL, and the cut-off value was 8.923 pg/mL. Twenty-five serum samples from clinically diagnosed COVID-19 patients and 100 negative control samples from healthy blood donors were tested for SARS-CoV-2 NP by HFIS, and the obtained results were compared with those of ELISA and Simple Western analysis. The results showed that the HFIS sensitivity and specificity were 72% [95% confidence interval (CI): 52.42-85.72%] and 100% (95% CI: 96.11-100%), respectively, which significantly correlated with those from the commercial ELISA kit and Simple Western analysis. This portable high-throughput HFIS assay could be an alternative test for detecting SARS-CoV-2 NP in blood samples on site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Wu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of
Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical
University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital,
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R.
China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of
Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical
University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Bochao Liu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of
Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical
University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Blood Center,
Guangzhou 510091, P. R. China
| | - Chaolan Liang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of
Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical
University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Lu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of
Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical
University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology,
Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen
518054, P. R. China
| | - Xi Tang
- Department of Infection, The First
People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528010,
China
| | - Chengyao Li
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of
Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical
University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of
Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical
University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
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9
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Hörber S, Drees C, Ganzenmueller T, Schmauder K, Peter S, Biskup D, Peter A. Evaluation of a laboratory-based high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 antigen assay. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:1478-1485. [PMID: 35700973 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antigen tests are an essential part of SARS-CoV-2 testing strategies. Rapid antigen tests are easy to use but less sensitive compared to nucleic acid amplification tests (NAT) and less suitable for large-scale testing. In contrast, laboratory-based antigen tests are suitable for high-throughput immunoanalyzers. Here we evaluated the diagnostic performance of the laboratory-based Siemens Healthineers SARS-CoV-2 Antigen (CoV2Ag) assay. METHODS In a public test center, from 447 individuals anterior nasal swab specimens as well as nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected. The nasal swab specimens were collected in sample inactivation medium and measured using the CoV2Ag assay. The nasopharyngeal swab specimens were measured by RT-PCR. Additionally, 9,046 swab specimens obtained for screening purposes in a tertiary care hospital were analyzed and positive CoV2Ag results confirmed by NAT. RESULTS In total, 234/447 (52.3%) participants of the public test center were positive for SARS-CoV-2-RNA. Viral lineage B1.1.529 was dominant during the study. Sensitivity and specificity of the CoV2Ag assay were 88.5% (95%CI: 83.7-91.9%) and 99.5% (97.4-99.9%), respectively. Sensitivity increased to 93.7% (97.4-99.9%) and 98.7% (97.4-99.9%) for swab specimens with cycle threshold values <30 and <25, respectively. Out of 9,046 CoV2Ag screening tests from hospitalized patients, 21 (0.2%) swab specimens were determined as false-positive by confirmatory NAT. CONCLUSIONS Using sample tubes containing inactivation medium the laboratory-based high-throughput CoV2Ag assay is a very specific and highly sensitive assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen in nasal swab specimens including the B1.1.529 variant. In low prevalence settings confirmation of positive CoV2Ag results by SARS-CoV-2-RNA testing is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hörber
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Drees
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tina Ganzenmueller
- Institute of Medical Virology, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kristina Schmauder
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silke Peter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Peter
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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10
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Tapari A, Braliou GG, Papaefthimiou M, Mavriki H, Kontou PI, Nikolopoulos GK, Bagos PG. Performance of Antigen Detection Tests for SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:1388. [PMID: 35741198 PMCID: PMC9221910 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) initiated global health care challenges such as the necessity for new diagnostic tests. Diagnosis by real-time PCR remains the gold-standard method, yet economical and technical issues prohibit its use in points of care (POC) or for repetitive tests in populations. A lot of effort has been exerted in developing, using, and validating antigen-based tests (ATs). Since individual studies focus on few methodological aspects of ATs, a comparison of different tests is needed. Herein, we perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from articles in PubMed, medRxiv and bioRxiv. The bivariate method for meta-analysis of diagnostic tests pooling sensitivities and specificities was used. Most of the AT types for SARS-CoV-2 were lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA), fluorescence immunoassays (FIA), and chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassays (CLEIA). We identified 235 articles containing data from 220,049 individuals. All ATs using nasopharyngeal samples show better performance than those with throat saliva (72% compared to 40%). Moreover, the rapid methods LFIA and FIA show about 10% lower sensitivity compared to the laboratory-based CLEIA method (72% compared to 82%). In addition, rapid ATs show higher sensitivity in symptomatic patients compared to asymptomatic patients, suggesting that viral load is a crucial parameter for ATs performed in POCs. Finally, all methods perform with very high specificity, reaching around 99%. LFIA tests, though with moderate sensitivity, appear as the most attractive method for use in POCs and for performing seroprevalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Tapari
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (A.T.); (G.G.B.); (M.P.); (H.M.); (P.I.K.)
| | - Georgia G. Braliou
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (A.T.); (G.G.B.); (M.P.); (H.M.); (P.I.K.)
| | - Maria Papaefthimiou
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (A.T.); (G.G.B.); (M.P.); (H.M.); (P.I.K.)
| | - Helen Mavriki
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (A.T.); (G.G.B.); (M.P.); (H.M.); (P.I.K.)
| | - Panagiota I. Kontou
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (A.T.); (G.G.B.); (M.P.); (H.M.); (P.I.K.)
| | | | - Pantelis G. Bagos
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (A.T.); (G.G.B.); (M.P.); (H.M.); (P.I.K.)
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11
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Arshadi M, Fardsanei F, Deihim B, Farshadzadeh Z, Nikkhahi F, Khalili F, Sotgiu G, Shahidi Bonjar AH, Centis R, Migliori GB, Nasiri MJ, Mirsaeidi M. Diagnostic Accuracy of Rapid Antigen Tests for COVID-19 Detection: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:870738. [PMID: 35463027 PMCID: PMC9021531 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.870738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect SARS-CoV-2 is time-consuming and sometimes not feasible in developing nations. Rapid antigen test (RAT) could decrease the load of diagnosis. However, the efficacy of RAT is yet to be investigated comprehensively. Thus, the current systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of RAT against RT-PCR methods as the reference standard. Methods We searched the MEDLINE/Pubmed and Embase databases for the relevant records. The QUADAS-2 tool was used to assess the quality of the studies. Diagnostic accuracy measures [i.e., sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), positive likelihood ratios (PLR), negative likelihood ratios (NLR), and the area under the curve (AUC)] were pooled with a random-effects model. All statistical analyses were performed with Meta-DiSc (Version 1.4, Cochrane Colloquium, Barcelona, Spain). Results After reviewing retrieved records, we identified 60 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of the rapid antigen tests against the reference test (the real-time PCR) were 69% (95% CI: 68–70) and 99% (95% CI: 99–99). The PLR, NLR, DOR and the AUC estimates were found to be 72 (95% CI: 44–119), 0.30 (95% CI: 0.26–0.36), 316 (95% CI: 167–590) and 97%, respectively. Conclusion The present study indicated that using RAT kits is primarily recommended for the early detection of patients suspected of having COVID-19, particularly in countries with limited resources and laboratory equipment. However, the negative RAT samples may need to be confirmed using molecular tests, mainly when the symptoms of COVID-19 are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maniya Arshadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fardsanei
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Behnaz Deihim
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Zahra Farshadzadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Farhad Nikkhahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Farima Khalili
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Hashem Shahidi Bonjar
- Clinician Scientist of Dental Materials and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rosella Centis
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Migliori
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, College of Medicine-Jacksonville, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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12
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Evaluation and Validation of the Roche Elecsys SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Electro-Chemiluminescent Immunoassay in a Southeast Asian Region. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020198. [PMID: 35214657 PMCID: PMC8875833 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests can complement and substitute for RT-PCR tests. Centralized laboratory automated SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests that can be scaled to process a large number COVID-19 cases simultaneously are now available. We have evaluated the new Roche Elecsys SARS-CoV-2 antigen electro-chemiluminescent immunoassay. Methods: The Roche SARS-CoV-2 antigen assay is a double-antibody sandwich electro-chemiluminescent immunoassay, which reports a cut-off index (COI) (COI ≥ 1.0 considered positive). We assessed assay precision and linearity, and confirmed the reactivity limit. We determined the assay sensitivity and specificity with a verification group (289 controls and 61 RT-PCR positive COVID-19 cases). Assay performance was also validated against the consecutive samples we received (7657 controls and 17 cases) for SARS-CoV-2 antigen testing from June to October 2021. Result: The assay had a within-run precision CV of 3.0% at COI 0.68, and a CV of 1.5% at COI 3.49. Between-run precision was 3.0% at COI 0.68 and 1.8% at COI 3.49. The assay was linear from COI 0.65 to 7.84. All 35 C50 ± 20% test results performed over 7 days were positive/negative, respectively. In the verification group, overall sensitivity was 42.6% (26/61 positive, 95% CI 30.0–55.9), and specificity was 99.7% (1/289 positive, 95% CI 98.1–100). The agreement between the SARS-CoV-2 antigen and the RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) count was good (r = 0.90). In cases with Ct counts ≤ 30, the antigen assay sensitivity improved to 94.7% (18/19 positive, 95% CI 74.0–99.9). In our validation group, antigen sensitivity was 62.5% (5/8 antigen positive, 95% CI 24.5–91.5) within the first week of disease onset, but no cases were reactive after the first week of disease onset. Conclusion: The Elecsys SARS-CoV-2 antigen assay has good performance within manufacturer specifications. The sensitivity of the Roche antigen assay was greatest when used in patients with lower RT-PCR Ct values (≤30) and within the first week of disease onset.
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13
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Alghounaim M, Bastaki H, Bin Essa F, Motlagh H, Al-Sabah S. The Performance of Two Rapid Antigen Tests During Population-Level Screening for SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:797109. [PMID: 35004772 PMCID: PMC8733308 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.797109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: SARS-CoV-2 antigen assays offer a rapid mean to diagnose and isolate infected individuals. However, their utility in population-level screening is unknown. Objectives: The performance of two antigen tests in detecting SARS-CoV-2 was assessed among individuals randomly selected in the community. Study Design: A prospective study that performed head-to-head comparison of two SARS-CoV-2 antigen assays. Individuals were recruited during community SARS-CoV-2 screening over 10 working days. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Standard Q COVID-19 Ag test, a point-of-care chromatographic assay, was conducted immediately, and then the sample was transported to the virology laboratory to perform PCR and the LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 Ag chemiluminesence immunoassay. Results: respiratory samples from 991 individuals were collected, and 62 were positive by PCR. Inconclusive PCR results were observed in 19 samples and were excluded. The median age of participants was 40.2 years (IQR 32.3–47.8), and 932 (94%) were males. Most (77.4%) of infections were asymptomatic. The sensitivity and the specificity of the LIAISON assay were 43.3% (95%CI 30.6–56.8) and 99.9% (95%CI 99.3–100). The Standard Q assay had lower sensitivity (30.6%, 95%CI 19.6–43.7) but similar specificity (98.8%, 95%CI, 97.8–99.4). Similarly, the LIAISON assay had higher positive predictive value (96.3%, 95%CI 81–99.9% vs. 63.3%, 95%CI, 43.9–80.1%). Both assays performed better in symptomatic patients and among samples with a low-cycle threshold (Ct < 25). Conclusion: In our setting of random community surveillance, rapid antigen testing of nasopharyngeal swabs by either LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 Ag (DiaSorin) or Standard Q COVID-19 Ag (SD Biosensor) was less sensitive to detecting SARS-CoV-2 than the TaqPath COVID-19 RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alghounaim
- Department of Pediatrics, Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait.,COVID-19 Research Team, Jaber Alahmad Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Hamad Bastaki
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Farah Bin Essa
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Hoda Motlagh
- COVID-19 Research Team, Jaber Alahmad Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Salman Al-Sabah
- COVID-19 Research Team, Jaber Alahmad Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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14
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Khalid MF, Selvam K, Jeffry AJN, Salmi MF, Najib MA, Norhayati MN, Aziah I. Performance of Rapid Antigen Tests for COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12010110. [PMID: 35054277 PMCID: PMC8774565 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of viral RNA using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the gold standard for identifying an infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. The limitations of RT-qPCR such as requirement of expensive instruments, trained staff and laboratory facilities led to development of rapid antigen tests (RATs). The performance of RATs has been widely evaluated and found to be varied in different settings. The present systematic review aims to evaluate the pooled sensitivity and specificity of the commercially available RATs. This review was registered on PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42021278105). Literature search was performed through PubMed, Embase and Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register to search studies published up to 26 August 2021. The overall pooled sensitivity and specificity of RATs and subgroup analyses were calculated. Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2) was used to assess the risk of bias in each study. The overall pooled sensitivity and specificity of RATs were 70% (95% CI: 69–71) and 98% (95% CI: 98–98), respectively. In subgroup analyses, nasal swabs showed the highest sensitivity of 83% (95% CI: 80–86) followed by nasopharyngeal swabs 71% (95% CI: 70–72), throat swabs 69% (95% CI: 63–75) and saliva 68% (95% CI: 59–77). Samples from symptomatic patients showed a higher sensitivity of 82% (95% CI: 82–82) as compared to asymptomatic patients at 68% (95% CI: 65–71), while a cycle threshold (Ct) value ≤25 showed a higher sensitivity of 96% (95% CI: 95–97) as compared to higher Ct value. Although the sensitivity of RATs needs to be enhanced, it may still be a viable option in places where laboratory facilities are lacking for diagnostic purposes in the early phase of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fazli Khalid
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (M.F.K.); (K.S.); (M.A.N.)
| | - Kasturi Selvam
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (M.F.K.); (K.S.); (M.A.N.)
| | - Alfeq Jazree Nashru Jeffry
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology (FRST), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, Malaysia; (A.J.N.J.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Mohamad Fazrul Salmi
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology (FRST), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, Malaysia; (A.J.N.J.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Mohamad Ahmad Najib
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (M.F.K.); (K.S.); (M.A.N.)
| | - Mohd Noor Norhayati
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Ismail Aziah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (M.F.K.); (K.S.); (M.A.N.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Comparison of Rapid and Automated Antigen Detection Tests for the Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12010104. [PMID: 35054271 PMCID: PMC8775255 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 viral antigen detection may be an interesting alternative to RT-PCR for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection as a less laborious or expensive method but requires validation. This study aimed to compare the performance of the DiaSorin™ LiaisonXL automated quantitative antigen test (QAT) and the AAZ™ rapid antigen test (RAT) to the DiaSorin™ MDX RT-PCR assay. A total of 242 nasopharyngeal samples were tested at La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital (Paris, France). Performances for the detection of variants of SARS-CoV-2 were further investigated. RATs were visually read for qualitative results and band intensity was determined. Overall sensitivity was 63.2% for QAT and 58.6% for RAT. For RT-PCR Ct value 25, sensitivity was 89.8% for both tests. Both tests showed comparable sensitivity for detection of variants. There was a strong relationship between antigen concentration and band positivity. On the same set of samples these tests share similar performances.
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16
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Altawalah H, Alfouzan W, Al-Fadalah T, Ezzikouri S. Diagnostic Performance of Automated SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Assay in Nasal Swab during COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:2110. [PMID: 34829457 PMCID: PMC8621910 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11112110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To control the spread of the pandemic brought about by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, it is necessary to have an automated reliable diagnostic assay. To date, the RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) has been the recommended laboratory method to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection, but there is a need for more automated and reliable tests. The aim of this real-life study was to assess the diagnostic performance of DiaSorin's LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 antigen (Ag) chemiluminescence immunoassay in detecting SARS-CoV-2 in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. METHODS A prospective study was performed on 300 nasopharyngeal swabs randomly collected from 31 May to 6 July 2021. Nasopharyngeal samples were assayed with DiaSorin's LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 Ag and TaqPath™ COVID-19 multiplex RT-qPCR. RESULTS Of 300 participants, 150 had a RT-qPCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection of whom 113 (75.33%) were also detected by the DiaSorin LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 Ag. Taking RT-qPCR as a reference, the sensitivity and specificity of the DiaSorin LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 Ag assay were evaluated as 75.33% (95% CI = 67.64-82) and 100% (95% CI = 97.57-100), respectively. When a viral load cut-off was applied for high viral load (median cycle threshold (Ct) < 18.57), the overall sensitivity was increased to 96.55% (95% CI = 88.09-99.58). Interestingly, median RT-qPCR Ct and SARS-CoV-2 Ag values were similar between fully vaccinated and unvaccinated subjects. CONCLUSIONS Automated, quantitative LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 Ag assay shows good performance to identify SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals with moderate to high viral loads. LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 Ag testing could be used as frontline testing for COVID-19 diagnosis and be more suitable for large utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haya Altawalah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 24923, Kuwait;
- Virology Unit, Yacoub Behbehani Center, Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Safat 24923, Kuwait
| | - Wadha Alfouzan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 24923, Kuwait;
- Laboratory Medicine, Farwania Hospital, Ministry of Health, Farwania 85000, Kuwait
| | - Talal Al-Fadalah
- Qualities and Accreditation Directorate, Ministry of Health, Safat 13001, Kuwait;
| | - Sayeh Ezzikouri
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca 20250, Morocco
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17
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Osterman A, Iglhaut M, Lehner A, Späth P, Stern M, Autenrieth H, Muenchhoff M, Graf A, Krebs S, Blum H, Baiker A, Grzimek-Koschewa N, Protzer U, Kaderali L, Baldauf HM, Keppler OT. Comparison of four commercial, automated antigen tests to detect SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Med Microbiol Immunol 2021; 210:263-275. [PMID: 34415422 PMCID: PMC8377707 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-021-00719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A versatile portfolio of diagnostic tests is essential for the containment of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Besides nucleic acid-based test systems and point-of-care (POCT) antigen (Ag) tests, quantitative, laboratory-based nucleocapsid Ag tests for SARS-CoV-2 have recently been launched. Here, we evaluated four commercial Ag tests on automated platforms and one POCT to detect SARS-CoV-2. We evaluated PCR-positive (n = 107) and PCR-negative (n = 303) respiratory swabs from asymptomatic and symptomatic patients at the end of the second pandemic wave in Germany (February–March 2021) as well as clinical isolates EU1 (B.1.117), variant of concern (VOC) Alpha (B.1.1.7) or Beta (B.1.351), which had been expanded in a biosafety level 3 laboratory. The specificities of automated SARS-CoV-2 Ag tests ranged between 97.0 and 99.7% (Lumipulse G SARS-CoV-2 Ag (Fujirebio): 97.03%, Elecsys SARS-CoV-2 Ag (Roche Diagnostics): 97.69%; LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 Ag (Diasorin) and SARS-CoV-2 Ag ELISA (Euroimmun): 99.67%). In this study cohort of hospitalized patients, the clinical sensitivities of tests were low, ranging from 17.76 to 52.34%, and analytical sensitivities ranged from 420,000 to 25,000,000 Geq/ml. In comparison, the detection limit of the Roche Rapid Ag Test (RAT) was 9,300,000 Geq/ml, detecting 23.58% of respiratory samples. Receiver-operating-characteristics (ROCs) and Youden’s index analyses were performed to further characterize the assays’ overall performance and determine optimal assay cutoffs for sensitivity and specificity. VOCs carrying up to four amino acid mutations in nucleocapsid were detected by all five assays with characteristics comparable to non-VOCs. In summary, automated, quantitative SARS-CoV-2 Ag tests show variable performance and are not necessarily superior to a standard POCT. The efficacy of any alternative testing strategies to complement nucleic acid-based assays must be carefully evaluated by independent laboratories prior to widespread implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Osterman
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Iglhaut
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Lehner
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia Späth
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel Stern
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanna Autenrieth
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Muenchhoff
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
- COVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Graf
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Armin Baiker
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Natascha Grzimek-Koschewa
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Kaderali
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hanna-Mari Baldauf
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany.
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Oliver T Keppler
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany.
- COVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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18
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Brümmer LE, Katzenschlager S, Gaeddert M, Erdmann C, Schmitz S, Bota M, Grilli M, Larmann J, Weigand MA, Pollock NR, Macé A, Carmona S, Ongarello S, Sacks JA, Denkinger CM. Accuracy of novel antigen rapid diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2: A living systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003735. [PMID: 34383750 PMCID: PMC8389849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs) are increasingly being integrated in testing strategies around the world. Studies of the Ag-RDTs have shown variable performance. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we assessed the clinical accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) of commercially available Ag-RDTs. METHODS AND FINDINGS We registered the review on PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42020225140). We systematically searched multiple databases (PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, medRvix, bioRvix, and FIND) for publications evaluating the accuracy of Ag-RDTs for SARS-CoV-2 up until 30 April 2021. Descriptive analyses of all studies were performed, and when more than 4 studies were available, a random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled sensitivity and specificity in comparison to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing. We assessed heterogeneity by subgroup analyses, and rated study quality and risk of bias using the QUADAS-2 assessment tool. From a total of 14,254 articles, we included 133 analytical and clinical studies resulting in 214 clinical accuracy datasets with 112,323 samples. Across all meta-analyzed samples, the pooled Ag-RDT sensitivity and specificity were 71.2% (95% CI 68.2% to 74.0%) and 98.9% (95% CI 98.6% to 99.1%), respectively. Sensitivity increased to 76.3% (95% CI 73.1% to 79.2%) if analysis was restricted to studies that followed the Ag-RDT manufacturers' instructions. LumiraDx showed the highest sensitivity, with 88.2% (95% CI 59.0% to 97.5%). Of instrument-free Ag-RDTs, Standard Q nasal performed best, with 80.2% sensitivity (95% CI 70.3% to 87.4%). Across all Ag-RDTs, sensitivity was markedly better on samples with lower RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values, i.e., <20 (96.5%, 95% CI 92.6% to 98.4%) and <25 (95.8%, 95% CI 92.3% to 97.8%), in comparison to those with Ct ≥ 25 (50.7%, 95% CI 35.6% to 65.8%) and ≥30 (20.9%, 95% CI 12.5% to 32.8%). Testing in the first week from symptom onset resulted in substantially higher sensitivity (83.8%, 95% CI 76.3% to 89.2%) compared to testing after 1 week (61.5%, 95% CI 52.2% to 70.0%). The best Ag-RDT sensitivity was found with anterior nasal sampling (75.5%, 95% CI 70.4% to 79.9%), in comparison to other sample types (e.g., nasopharyngeal, 71.6%, 95% CI 68.1% to 74.9%), although CIs were overlapping. Concerns of bias were raised across all datasets, and financial support from the manufacturer was reported in 24.1% of datasets. Our analysis was limited by the included studies' heterogeneity in design and reporting. CONCLUSIONS In this study we found that Ag-RDTs detect the vast majority of SARS-CoV-2-infected persons within the first week of symptom onset and those with high viral load. Thus, they can have high utility for diagnostic purposes in the early phase of disease, making them a valuable tool to fight the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Standardization in conduct and reporting of clinical accuracy studies would improve comparability and use of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas E. Brümmer
- Division of Tropical Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Mary Gaeddert
- Division of Tropical Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Stephani Schmitz
- Division of Tropical Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Bota
- Agaplesion Bethesda Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maurizio Grilli
- Library, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jan Larmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus A. Weigand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nira R. Pollock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Claudia M. Denkinger
- Division of Tropical Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Partner Site Heidelberg University Hospital, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Salvagno GL, Gianfilippi G, Fiorio G, Pighi L, De Nitto S, Henry BM, Lippi G. Clinical Assessment of the DiaSorin LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 Ag Chemiluminescence Immunoassay. EJIFCC 2021; 32:216-223. [PMID: 34421491 PMCID: PMC8343054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the large volume of tests needed in a relatively short time for screening and diagnosing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, antigen immunoassays may provide a potential supplement to molecular testing. This study was aimed to assess the clinical preference of DiaSorin LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 Ag chemiluminescence immunoassay. METHODS An upper respiratory specimen was collected in a series of patients referred to the Laboratory Medicine service of Pederzoli Hospital (Peschiera del Garda, Verona, Italy) for screening or diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nasopharyngeal samples were assayed with DiaSorin LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 Ag test and Altona Diagnostics RealStar® SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Kit. RESULTS The final study population consisted of 421 patients (median age, 48 years; 227 women), 301 (71.5%) with positive result of molecular testing, and 126 (29.9%) with cycle threshold (Ct) values of both E and S genes <29.5, thus reflecting higher infectivity. The area under the curve of DiaSorin LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 Ag test 0.82 (95% CI, 0.79-0.86) for sample positivity and 0.98 for higher sample infectivity (95% CI, 0.97 to 0.99). The optimal cut-off for sample positivity was 82 TCID50/mL (0.78 sensitivity, 0.73 specificity and 77% diagnostic accuracy), whilst that for identifying samples associated with a high infective risk was 106 TCID50/mL (0.94 sensitivity, 0.96 specificity and 95% diagnostic accuracy). CONCLUSION The performance of this chemiluminescence immunoassay would not permit it to replace molecular testing for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2, but may enable rapid and efficient detection of subjects with high SARS-CoV-2 viral load, who are responsible for the largest proportion of infectious clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luca Salvagno
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Fiorio
- Medical Direction, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Laura Pighi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Simone De Nitto
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Brandon M. Henry
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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