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Jin M, Cui J, Ning H, Wang M, Liu W, Yao K, Yuan J, Zhong X. Alterations in gut microbiota and metabolite profiles in patients with infantile cholestasis. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:357. [PMID: 37980506 PMCID: PMC10656868 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infantile cholestasis (IC) is the most common hepatobiliary disease in infants, resulting in elevated direct bilirubin levels. Indeed, hepatointestinal circulation impacts bile acid and bilirubin metabolism. This study evaluates changes in the gut microbiota composition in children with IC and identifies abnormal metabolite profiles associated with microbial alterations. RESULTS The gut microbiota in the IC group exhibits the higher abundance of Veillonella, Streptococcus and Clostridium spp. (P < 0.05), compared to healthy infants (CON) group. Moreover, the abundance of Ruminococcus, Vibrio butyricum, Eubacterium coprostanogenes group, Intestinibacter, and Faecalibacterium were lower (P < 0.05). In terms of microbiota-derived metabolites, the levels of fatty acids (palmitoleic, α-linolenic, arachidonic, and linoleic) (P < 0.05) increased and the levels of amino acids decreased in IC group. Furthermore, the abundances of Ruminococcus, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group, Intestinibacter and Butyrivibrio are positively correlated with proline, asparagine and aspartic acid, but negatively correlated with the α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid and arachidonic acid. For analysis of the relationship between the microbiota and clinical index, it was found that the abundance of Veillonella and Streptococcus was positively correlated with serum bile acid content (P < 0.05), while APTT, PT and INR were negatively correlated with Faecalibalum and Ruminococcus (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Microbiota dysbiosis happened in IC children, which also can lead to the abnormal metabolism, thus obstructing the absorption of enteral nutrition and aggravating liver cell damage. Veillonella, Ruminococcus and Butyrivibrio may be important microbiome related with IC and need further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jin
- Gastroenterology Department, Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jinghua Cui
- Bacteriology Department, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Huijuan Ning
- Gastroenterology Department, Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Meijuan Wang
- Gastroenterology Department, Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Gastroenterology Department, Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Kunyu Yao
- Gastroenterology Department, Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Bacteriology Department, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Xuemei Zhong
- Gastroenterology Department, Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China.
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Gong Z, Lin L, Lu G, Wan C. Development and validation of a model for early diagnosis of biliary atresia. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:549. [PMID: 37907911 PMCID: PMC10617173 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Early diagnosis of biliary atresia (BA), particularly distinguishing it from other causes of neonatal cholestasis (NC), is challenging. This study aimed to design and validate a predictive model for BA by using the data available at the initial presentation. METHODS Infants presenting with NC were retrospectively identified from tertiary referral hospitals and constituted the model design cohort (n = 148); others were enrolled in a prospective observational study and constituted the validation cohort (n = 21). Clinical, laboratory, and abdominal ultrasonographic features associated with BA were assessed. A prediction model was developed using logistic regression and decision tree (DT) analyses. RESULTS Three predictors, namely, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (γGT) level, triangular cord sign (TC sign), and gallbladder abnormalities, were identified as factors for diagnosing BA in multivariate logistic regression, which was used to develop the DT model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) value for the model was 0.905, which was greater than those for γGT level, TC sign, or gallbladder abnormalities alone in the prediction of BA. CONCLUSION A simple prediction model combining liver function and abdominal ultrasonography findings can provide a moderate and early estimate of the risk of BA in patients with NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongrong Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, No 20, 3rd Section of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Respiration, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Respiration, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Gen Lu
- Department of Respiration, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Chaomin Wan
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, No 20, 3rd Section of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, West China Women's and Children's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, No 20, 3rd section of Renmin South Road, 610041, Chengdu, P.R. China.
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Roggero P, Liotto N, Piemontese P, Menis C, Perrone M, Tabasso C, Amato O, Orsi A, Pesenti N, Leva E, Mosca F. Neonatal intestinal failure: Growth pattern and nutrition intakes in accordance with weaning from parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2023; 47:236-244. [PMID: 36398420 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short bowel syndrome is the most common cause of intestinal failure (IF) in infants. We aimed to evaluate growth, nutrition intakes, and predictors of weaning from parenteral nutrition (PN) of infants with IF. METHODS Clinical parameters, nutrition intakes, body weight and length z-scores were compared monthly from the 1st to 12th and at 18 and 24 months among infants receiving PN and those weaned. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the predictors of weaning. RESULTS We included 23 infants (10/23 weaned). Median [range: minimum; maximum] birth weight and gestational age were 1620 [590; 3490] g and 31 [24; 39] weeks, respectively. All infants showed growth retardation with similar median delta weight z-score from birth to discharge: -1.48 [-1.92; -0.94] in not-weaned and -1.18 [-2.70; 0.31] in weaned infants (P = 0.833) and a subsequent regain after the discharge: 0.20 [-3.47; 3.25] and 0.84 [-0.03; 2.58], respectively (P = 0.518). No differences in length z-score were found. After the sixth month, infants weaned from PN received lower PN energy and protein intakes compared with those not-weaned. Infants weaned from PN showed lower PN dependency index (PNDI%) from 5 months onward (45% for weaned and 113% for not-weaned infants at 5 months: P < 0.001). The Belza score, a predictor of enteral autonomy computed at 6 months, is associated with being weaned from PN within 24 months (odds ratio: 1.906; P = 0.039). CONCLUSION Infants weaned and not-weaned showed similar growth patterns. Our findings support the clinical relevance of Belza score and PNDI% as predictors of weaning from PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Roggero
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Liotto
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasqua Piemontese
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Menis
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Perrone
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Tabasso
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Orsola Amato
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Orsi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Pesenti
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, Division of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Ernesto Leva
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Ranucci G, Della Corte C, Alberti D, Bondioni MP, Boroni G, Calvo PL, Cananzi M, Candusso M, Clemente MG, D'Antiga L, Degrassi I, De Ville De Goyet J, Di Dato F, Di Giorgio A, Vici CD, Ferrari F, Francalanci P, Fuoti M, Fusaro F, Gaio P, Grimaldi C, Iascone M, Indolfi G, Iorio R, Maggiore G, Mandato C, Matarazzo L, Monti L, Mosca F, Nebbia G, Nuti F, Paolella G, Pinon M, Roggero P, Sciveres M, Serranti D, Spada M, Vajro P, Nicastro E. Diagnostic approach to neonatal and infantile cholestasis: A position paper by the SIGENP liver disease working group. Dig Liver Dis 2022; 54:40-53. [PMID: 34688573 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal and infantile cholestasis (NIC) can represent the onset of a surgically correctable disease and of a genetic or metabolic disorder worthy of medical treatment. Timely recognition of NIC and identification of the underlying etiology are paramount to improve outcomes. Upon invitation by the Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), an expert working grouped was formed to formulate evidence-based positions on current knowledge about the diagnosis of NIC. A systematic literature search was conducted to collect evidence about epidemiology, etiology, clinical aspects and accuracy of available diagnostic tests in NIC. Evidence was scored using the GRADE system. All recommendations were approved by a panel of experts upon agreement of at least 75% of the members. The final document was approved by all the panel components. This position document summarizes the collected statements and defines the best-evidence diagnostic approach to cholestasis in the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Ranucci
- Department of Pediatrics, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital AORN, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Della Corte
- Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver transplantation Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Pia Bondioni
- Pediatric Radiology, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Pier Luigi Calvo
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Mara Cananzi
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy, Hepatology and Care of Children with Liver Transplantation, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Manila Candusso
- Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver transplantation Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Clemente
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo D'Antiga
- Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Transplantation Unit, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Irene Degrassi
- Service of Paediatric Hepatology, Department of Paediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Jean De Ville De Goyet
- Pediatric Department for the Treatment and Study of Abdominal Diseases and Abdominal Transplantation, ISMETT UPMC, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabiola Di Dato
- Department di Translational Medical Science, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Di Giorgio
- Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Transplantation Unit, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Carlo Dionisi Vici
- Division of Metabolism and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Francalanci
- Department of Pathology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fuoti
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit Children's Hospital, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabio Fusaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Gaio
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy, Hepatology and Care of Children with Liver Transplantation, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Grimaldi
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Iascone
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Indolfi
- Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Raffaele Iorio
- Department di Translational Medical Science, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maggiore
- Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver transplantation Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Mandato
- Department of Pediatrics, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital AORN, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Lidia Monti
- Department of Radiology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Nebbia
- Service of Paediatric Hepatology, Department of Paediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Nuti
- Service of Paediatric Hepatology, Department of Paediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Paolella
- Service of Paediatric Hepatology, Department of Paediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Pinon
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Roggero
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Sciveres
- Pediatric Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, ISMETT UPMC, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Serranti
- Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Spada
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Vajro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana" University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicastro
- Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Transplantation Unit, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
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Mohamadien NRA, Makboul R, Galal SM, Mostafa NM. Role of hepatobiliary scintigraphy with different semi-quantitative parameters along with histopathological scoring in differentiating biliary atresia from neonatal hepatitis. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43055-021-00482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Biliary atresia (BA) and neonatal hepatitis (NH) are the two major causes of neonatal cholestasis (NC). However, both conditions had entirely different therapeutic schedule and prognosis. Considering BA as a surgical emergency, it is pretty important to accurately differentiate the two entities. The aim of the study is to evaluate the diagnostic utility of hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS) using a semi-quantitative technique as well as 15-point histopathological scoring system in differentiating BA from NH.
Results
The sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of HBS in the diagnosis of BA was 90.5%, 80%, and 83.6%, respectively. The median values of kidney-liver ratio (KLR), intestinal-liver ratio (ILR), and background-liver ratio (BLR) were significantly higher in patients with BA, while that of the liver-kidney ratio (LKR) was significantly lower in cases with BA. Moreover, KLR had the largest area under curve (AUC); advocates it to be the best of the semi-quantitative parameters that can predicts BA. Histopathological scoring using a cutoff point ≥ 7 was helpful in discriminating BA from NH with 85.7% sensitivity, 95% specificity and 91.8% accuracy.
Conclusions
HBS is a non-invasive diagnostic tool frequently used in diagnosis of BA, yet it has a relatively low specificity. To overcome this challenge, we kindly recommend the use of semi-quantitative parameters that could possibly improve the accuracy of HBS for diagnosing BA. Additionally, the use of 15-point scoring for liver biopsy was useful.
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Ringoringo HP. The Role of Ursodeoxycholic Acid and Phenobarbital in a Child with Cholestasis: A Longitudinal Study. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cholestasis is a condition that starts in the 1st months of life and progresses with direct (conjugated) bilirubin increase and jaundice as a result of impaired bile production or excretion. Its incidence is known as 1 in 2500 live births. This study shows the effectiveness of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and phenobarbital in infant cholestasis treatment.
CASE REPORT: A 28-days-old boy came with a complaint of yellow eyes. At the age of 3 days, the patient looked yellow, had a fever and difficulty drinking, received phototherapy. After 2 weeks of treatment with neonatal sepsis, the patient was discharged in a stable. The skin appears yellow. The laboratory results show anemia, elevated conjugated bilirubin, and signs of infection; the abdominal ultrasonography shows that the liver and gallbladder were normal. The diagnosis is cholestasis due to sepsis. After 3 months of treatment with UDCA and phenobarbital, jaundiced disappeared, and liver function tests were normal. When the patient is 2 ½ years old, the growth and development suit his age.
CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis and timely treatment of UDCA and phenobarbital play a role in cholestasis improvement. On long-term observation, the child’s growth and development are suitable according to his age and average laboratory results.
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Hasosah M. Knowledge and Practice of Pediatric Providers Regarding Neonatal Cholestasis in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 9:248-253. [PMID: 34667472 PMCID: PMC8474005 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_462_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background: Early detection of neonatal cholestasis (NC) is important for better clinical outcomes but can be challenging. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and practice styles of pediatric providers (PPs) regarding NC in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This cross-sectional, questionnaire study was conducted between November 2019 and February 2020 in three major cities of the western region of Saudi Arabia (namely, Taif, Makkah and Jeddah). PPs included pediatric residents, pediatric specialists, pediatric consultants and family physicians. The questionnaire included 15 items in five subscales (definition, causes, diagnosis and management of NC and knowledge of guidelines). Results: A total of 488 participants completed the questionnaire. Only 30.2% were aware of the correct definition of NC (P < 0.001). Two-thirds of the respondents did not consider a history of pale stool being important for evaluating NC. The importance of biliary atresia as a serious cause of NC was found to be significantly different between pediatric consultants and other pediatricians (P < 0.001). In cases of prolonged NC, 32.4% of the PPs refer to pediatric gastroenterologist. Only 18.9% of the respondents were aware of liver biopsy being the gold standard investigation of NC. The majority of the respondents (41.8%) used ursodeoxycholic acid as a supportive therapy of NC. Conclusions: This study found a significant deficit in the knowledge and practice styles of PPs in the western region of Saudi Arabia. These findings highlight the need for policymakers to develop educational materials for PPs to increase their knowledge of NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hasosah
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, National Guard Hospital, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Ainosah RH, Hagras MM, Alharthi SE, Saadah OI. The effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on sepsis-induced cholestasis management in an animal model. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2020; 15:312-320. [PMID: 32982635 PMCID: PMC7479157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cholestasis refers to a reduction in bile flow from the liver into the biliary system. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is commonly used for the treatment of hepatic cholestasis. This study aimed to explore the role of UDCA in the treatment and prevention of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cholestasis. Methods Sixty male albino rats were randomly classified into five groups of 12 rats each: the control group (received saline and water), UDCA group (received UDCA), LPS group (received LPS), treatment group (received LPS followed by UDCA), and prevention group (received UDCA followed by LPS). Changes in gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), plasma aspartate transferase (AST), plasma alkaline transferase (ALT), plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TBIL), hepatocyte apoptosis, immunomodulatory activity, plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-4), and liver histology were assessed. Results UDCA improved serum liver chemical markers (GGT, ALP, and AST) in both the prevention and treatment groups (p < 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively). CD3 count was higher in the UDCA treatment group compared to the LPS group (p < 0.001). UDCA caused a reduction in plasma TNF-α in the prevention group (P < 0.05); however, it had no effect on the treatment group, as compared to the LPS group. Similarly, UDCA had no effect on IL-1α or IL-4. UDCA treatment resulted in improved liver histological features and a significant reduction in liver tissue apoptosis in both the treatment and prevention groups, as compared to the LPS group (p = 0.013 and p = 0.002, respectively). Conclusions This study provides evidence of the effectiveness of UDCA for the treatment and prevention of sepsis-induced cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magda M Hagras
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Sameer E Alharthi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Omar I Saadah
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
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Kim KY, Kim TH, Seong MW, Park SS, Moon JS, Ko JS. Mutation spectrum and biochemical features in infants with neonatal Dubin-Johnson syndrome. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:369. [PMID: 32758197 PMCID: PMC7404915 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dubin-Johnson syndrome (DJS) is an autosomal recessive disorder presenting as isolated direct hyperbilirubinemia.DJS is rarely diagnosed in the neonatal period. The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical features of neonatal DJS and to analyze the genetic mutation of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette subfamily C member 2 (ABCC2). Methods From 2013 to 2018, 135 infants with neonatal cholestasis at Seoul National University Hospital were enrolled. Genetic analysis was performed by neonatal cholestasis gene panel. To clarify the characteristics of neonatal DJS, the clinical and laboratory results of 6 DJS infants and 129 infants with neonatal cholestasis from other causes were compared. Results A total of 8 different ABCC2 variants were identified among the 12 alleles of DJS. The most common variant was p.Arg768Trp (33.4%), followed by p.Arg100Ter (16.8%). Three novel variants were identified (p.Gly693Glu, p.Thr394Arg, and p.Asn718Ser). Aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were significantly lower in infants with DJS than in infants with neonatal cholestasis from other causes. Direct bilirubin and total bilirubin were significantly higher in the infants with DJS. Conclusions We found three novel variants in 6 Korean infants with DJS. When AST and ALT levels are normal in infants with neonatal cholestasis, genetic analysis of ABCC2 permits an accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Yeon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-Gu, 110-769, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Hyeong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-Gu, 110-769, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon-Woo Seong
- Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Sup Park
- Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Soo Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-Gu, 110-769, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Sung Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-Gu, 110-769, Seoul, Korea.
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Development and validation of bile acid profile-based scoring system for identification of biliary atresia: a prospective study. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:255. [PMID: 32460787 PMCID: PMC7251733 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early distinguishing biliary atresia from other causes of infantile cholestasis remains a major challenge. We aimed to develop and validate a scoring system based on bile acid for identification of biliary atresia. METHODS In a prospective study, a total of 141 infants with cholestasis were enrolled in two sets (derivation cohort, n = 66; validation cohort, n = 75) from 2014 to 2018. Variables with significant difference between biliary atresia and non-biliary atresia infants were selected in the derivation cohort. Then, a scoring system including those variables was designed and validated. RESULTS Among 66 patients in the derivation cohort, 34 (51.5%) had biliary atresia. A scoring system was proposed with the following variables: glycochenodeoxycholic acid/chenodeoxycholic acid, clay stool, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. The total score ranged from 0 to 41, and a cutoff value of 15 identified biliary atresia with an area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87 (95% confidence interval, 0.77-0.94), sensitivity of 85.3%, and specificity of 81.3% in the derivation cohort; these values were also confirmed in a validation cohort with a sensitivity of 90.0% and specificity of 80.0%. CONCLUSIONS The proposed simple scoring system had good diagnostic accuracy for estimating the risk of biliary atresia in infants with cholestasis.
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van Westering-Kroon E, Heijligers M, Hütten MC. Neonatal cholestasis, hyperferritinemia, hypoglycemia and deafness: a diagnostic challenge. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/11/e231978. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-231978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is a diagnostic challenge. A full term, small for gestational age boy presented with cholestasis, hypoglycemia, hyperferritinemia and severe bilateral deafness. Diagnostic work-up revealed two hereditary diseases: alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (PI*ZZ genotype) and autosomal recessive deafness type 3 (compound heterozygous MYO15A gene mutation). In addition, we found late hypoglycemia on full enteral feeding which complicated this case. Hyperferritinemia is an uncommon finding in newborn cholestasis without liver failure.
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12
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Abstract
Hyperbilirubinemia is a common occurrence in neonates; it may be physiological or pathological. Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia may result from medical or surgical causes, and can result in irreversible liver damage if untreated. The aim of imaging is the timely diagnosis of surgical conditions like biliary atresia and choledochal cysts. Abdominal ultrasound is the first line imaging modality, and Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) also has a role, especially in pre-operative assessment of choledochal cysts (CDCs). For biliary atresia, the triangular cord sign and gallbladder abnormalities are the two most useful ultrasound features, with a combined sensitivity of 95%. Liver biopsy has an important role in pre-operative evaluation; however, the gold standard for diagnosis of biliary atresia remains an intra-operative cholangiogram. Choledochal cysts are classified into types according to the number, location, extent and morphology of the areas of cystic dilatation. They are often associated with an abnormal pancreaticobiliary junction, which is best assessed on MRCP. Caroli's disease or type 5 CDC comprises of multiple intrahepatic cysts. CDCs, though benign, require surgery as they may be associated with complications like cholelithiasis, cholangitis and development of malignancy. Severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia puts neonates at high risk of developing bilirubin induced brain injury, which may be acute or chronic. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain is the preferred modality for evaluation, and shows characteristic involvement of the globus pallidi, subthalamic nuclei and cerebellum - in acute cases, these areas show T1 hyperintensity, while chronic cases typically show hyperintensity on T2 weighted images.
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13
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Abstract
Navigating the complexities of interpreting a liver biopsy performed on a neonate with conjugated/direct hyperbilirubinemia can be an arduous task given these biopsies are infrequently encountered. The list of entities is long and yet there are only a few histologic patterns of liver injury. The first step for the pathologist is to determine the histologic pattern, which will guide further inquiry into the useful clinical information to have while evaluating the biopsy. Ultimately, the goal is to identify those conditions that will benefit from early intervention. We begin with a review of biliary development to help understand what findings may be physiologic versus pathologic, particularly in premature infants. Then we review eight cases that cover the three most common histologic patterns of injury in patients with neonatal cholestasis: biliary obstructive, neonatal hepatitis, and paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts. The entities that serve as prototypes for these histologic patterns are covered, including biliary atresia, idiopathic neonatal hepatitis, and Alagille syndrome, along with rarer entities that have histologic overlap. The cases with accompanying tables and algorithms are intended to help place the histologic findings in the context of the overall clinical work-up, including genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA United States
| | - Grace E Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA United States.
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14
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Behairy BES, Konswa HAA, Ahmed HT, El-Azab DS, Adawy NM, Sira AM. Serum ferritin in neonatal cholestasis: A specific and active molecule or a non-specific bystander marker? Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2019; 18:173-180. [PMID: 30833173 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum ferritin (SF) and consequently hepatic iron have long been considered important in liver fibrosis progression. They have been studied in different liver diseases with no previous reports in neonatal cholestasis (NC). This study aimed to measure SF in different etiologies of NC and investigate its relation to hepatic iron and fibrosis. METHODS SF was measured in 75 infants, including 50 with NC and 25 with sepsis. SF was compared between these two groups. Biochemical parameters, hepatic iron grades, and liver fibrosis and other histopathological characteristics and correlated with SF were assessed in NC group. Finally, a comparison between intrahepatic cholestasis and obstructive etiology was performed. RESULTS SF was elevated in NC (1598 ± 2405 ng/mL) with no significant difference from those with sepsis (P = 0.445). NC and sepsis constituted augmenting factors leading to more elevation of SF (2589 ± 3511 ng/mL). SF was significantly correlated with hepatic iron grades (r = 0.536, P < 0.0001) and a cut-off value of 803.5 ng/mL can predict higher grades (≥ grade 3) of iron deposition with sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 70% and accuracy of 85%. Moreover, SF was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in those with intrahepatic cholestasis (2602 ± 3154 ng/mL) and their prevalent pathological findings of giant cell transformation (P = 0.009) and hepatocyte swelling (P = 0.023) than those with obstructive etiology (672 ± 566 ng/mL) and their prevalent pathological findings of ductular proliferation (P = 0.003) and bile plugs (P = 0.002). SF was unrelated to the grade of liver fibrosis (P = 0.058). CONCLUSIONS SF is non-specifically elevated in NC, with positive correlation to hepatic iron grades. SF ≥ 803.5 ng/mL can predict higher grades (≥ grade 3) of hepatic iron. However, an active role of increased SF and hepatic iron in disease progression remains questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behairy El-Sayed Behairy
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt
| | - Hatem Abd-Alsattar Konswa
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Talaat Ahmed
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt
| | - Dina Shehata El-Azab
- Department of Pathology, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt
| | - Nermin Mohamed Adawy
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Mohamed Sira
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt.
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15
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Ceratto S, Savino F. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding in an apparently healthy newborn infant: the compelling need for evidence-based recommendation. Ital J Pediatr 2019; 45:30. [PMID: 30832683 PMCID: PMC6399912 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-019-0625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin K is a key point for guarantee normal blood clotting and its level in newborns is commonly low, so a supplementation after delivery is mandatory. Vitamin K prophylaxis in newborns is still an open field of debate: many types of protocol have been proposed in different years and Countries, and sometimes with great variability inside the same Nation (for instance, in Italy a national consensus is not available, so different protocols are employed). Recommendations include different protocols for healthy newborns born at term, but the unpreventable presence of bleeding favouring factors (i.e. blood vessels malformations) or limiting intestinal absorption of liposoluble vitamins (i.e. cholestasis), which could be unrecognized or subclinical in the perinatal period, rises some concerning about the most precautionary route of administration and the timing of further doses after the first one given at birth. The purpose of this report is to underline the most recent evidences available in literature and to arise a debate about this topic, in order to stimulate the production of evidence-based guidelines concerning the prophylaxis with vitamin K1 in newborn infants, considering that many bleeding risk factors are not recognizable at birth. CASE PRESENTATION We are hereby presenting an emblematic case concerning the risk of intracranial bleeding in an apparently healthy newborn: the described infant did not show any pathological elements in pregnancy history or perinatal life which suggest a possible increased risk of bleeding and the needing of a particular approach in the administration of vitamin K1, but at the end of the first week of life presented an intracranial bleeding with neurological symptoms that required treatment for vitamin K deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Univocal recommendations about vitamin K prophylaxis are not available and the contrast between oral and intramuscular routes persists unsolved. The difficulty to certainly identify an infant eligible for oral administration of vitamin K1 at birth suggests that the intramuscular route should be preferred. How to prosecute the supplementation in the first months of life is still an open topic of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ceratto
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Postgraduate School of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Savino
- Early infancy Sub-intensive Care Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, "Regina Margherita" Children's Hospital, Piazza Polonia, 94, 10126, Turin, Italy.
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16
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Pandita A, Gupta V, Gupta G. Neonatal Cholestasis: A Pandora's Box. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-PEDIATRICS 2018; 12:1179556518805412. [PMID: 30574003 PMCID: PMC6295748 DOI: 10.1177/1179556518805412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal cholestasis (NC) is a diagnostic dilemma frequently countered in a neonatal care unit. Early diagnosis is vital for achieving an optimal patient outcome as many causes of cholestasis such as biliary atresia are time-sensitive and amenable to treatment if analyzed and treated early. Nonetheless, it is not generally simple to analyze these cases right on time as some of them are regularly missed due to the presence of pigmented stools, lack of newborn metabolic screening, and named as instances of prolonged jaundice. In this manner, we prescribe to explore all reasons for prolonged jaundice stretching out past 14 days in neonates. Besides, we suggest that stool card ought to be a piece of release rundown for all newborn children being released from the nursery. This is of most extreme significance in the nation like India where guaranteeing customary follow-up is as yet a tough assignment. These stool cards will help in the early determination of patients with NC particularly biliary atresia and guarantee their auspicious cure. Another reason which needs exceptional say is parenteral nutrition–associated liver illness, as the proportion of preterm babies is getting greater and greater with better neonatal care. These extreme preterm infants are in the requirement for prolonged (>14 days) total parenteral nourishment because of which they are at high hazard for NC contrasted with their more developed peers. In this survey, we will give an understanding of clinical approach, differential diagnosis, and clinical review of NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakash Pandita
- Department of Neonatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Vishal Gupta
- Department of Neonatology, Max Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Girish Gupta
- Department of Neonatology, Max Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Mann JP, Gallagher K, Fitzpatrick E, Dhawan A. Fifteen-minute consultation: liver disease in children. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2018; 103:170-176. [PMID: 29122831 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-313036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver disease in children can present in many ways from the frequently encountered prolonged neonatal jaundice to the comparatively rare acute liver failure. In this article, we will discuss 'red flags' of liver disease, the initial investigations required and when to refer to a specialist liver centre. Across all presentations, the degree of elevation of alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase provides only little diagnostic information. Measurement of clotting is vital, and coagulopathy should be followed by a trial of intravenous vitamin K before being repeated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake P Mann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kathy Gallagher
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emer Fitzpatrick
- Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre and MowatLabs, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital London, London, UK
| | - Anil Dhawan
- Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre and MowatLabs, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital London, London, UK
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18
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Abstract
Alagille syndrome (AGS) is a highly complex, multisystem, autosomal dominant disorder that is caused by a defect in the Notch signaling pathway. This syndrome mainly affects the liver, causing significant cholestasis, which is caused by a paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts. There can be cardiac involvement, including, but not limited to, pulmonary stenosis and tetralogy of Fallot. Patients can also present with butterfly vertebra, ocular issues, and vascular events. Because this syndrome follows an autosomal dominant inheritance, it can have variable expression even in the same family line. For infants in the NICU who have a cardiac defect and persistent hyperbilirubinemia after two weeks of age, genetic testing for AGS should be considered. Early detection and diagnosis can lead to improved outcomes. In this discussion of AGS, the clinical features as well as management are discussed.
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19
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Abstract
Due to a peculiar age-dependent increased susceptibility, neonatal cholestasis affects the liver of approximately 1 in every 2500 term infants. A high index of suspicion is the key to an early diagnosis, and to implement timely, often life-saving treatments. Even when specific treatment is not available or curative, prompt medical management and optimization of nutrition are of paramount importance to survival and avoidance of complications. Areas covered: The present article will prominently focus on a series of newer diagnostic and therapeutic options of cholestasis in neonates and infants blended with consolidated established paradigms. The overview of strategies for the management reported here is based on a systematic literature search published in English using accessible databases (PubMed, MEDLINE) with the keywords biliary atresia, choleretics and neonatal cholestasis. References lists from retrieved articles were also reviewed. Expert commentary: A large number of uncommon and rare hepatobiliary disorders may present with cholestasis during the neonatal and infantile period. Potentially life-saving disease-specific pharmacological and surgical therapeutic approaches are currently available. Advances in hepatobiliary transport mechanisms have started clarifying fundamental aspects of inherited and acquired cholestasis, laying the foundation for the development of possibly more effective specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Catzola
- a Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Pediatrics Section , University of Salerno , Salerno , Italy
| | - Pietro Vajro
- a Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Pediatrics Section , University of Salerno , Salerno , Italy
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20
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Hasosah M, Alsaleem K, Qurashi M, Alzaben A. Neonatal Hyperthyroidism with Fulminant Liver Failure: A Case Report. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:SD01-SD02. [PMID: 28571223 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/21503.9641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hyperthyroidism is a rare disease that is seen in infants born to mothers with Graves' disease. Hepatic manifestation of neonatal hyperthyroidism is extremely rare. We describe a neonate with fulminant liver failure secondary to neonatal hyperthyroidism caused by maternal Graves's disease. The baby was admitted with low birth weight and hepatosplenomegaly. At day 2 of life, the baby was irritable and he developed respiratory distress and fulminant hepatic failure which required mechanical ventilation. All investigations of obstructive, infectious and metabolic causes of hepatic failure were negative. His hepatic dysfunction improvement was correlated with initiation carbimazole as anti-thyroid medication. The conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, liver enzymes and International Normalised Ratio (INR) were gradually improved with normalization by eight weeks. This case has been reported to illustrate lessons learnt for early identification of neonate with hyperthyroidism as potential cause of cholestasis is important, because delayed treatment of hyperthyroidism might lead to irreversible consequences such as mental retardation or even death due to liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hasosah
- Paediatric Consultant, Department of Paediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alsaleem
- Paediatric Consultant, Department of Paediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Qurashi
- Paediatric Consultant, Department of Paediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alzaben
- Paediatric Consultant, Department of Paediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Santos Silva E, Moreira Silva H, Azevedo Lijnzaat L, Melo C, Costa E, Martins E, Lopes AI. Clinical practices among healthcare professionals concerning neonatal jaundice and pale stools. Eur J Pediatr 2017; 176:361-369. [PMID: 28083674 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-016-2847-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Jaundice and pale stools are major indicators of neonatal liver disease. Prognosis depends on timely diagnosis and management. We evaluated the clinical practices among healthcare professionals concerning jaundiced newborns and their ability to recognize pale stools. We supplied a questionnaire and a panel with eight photographs of stools, both locally validated, to physicians and nurses of the National Healthcare Service. Analysis was conducted according to professional status, specialization and years of experience of professionals and level of healthcare. Questionnaires were administered to 266 participants (100 physicians, 166 nurses). The decision to send patients to medical observation depended on the intensity of jaundice for a significant percentage of nurses. Concerning jaundiced newborns breastfed and otherwise healthy, 28.9% of physicians would never request a conjugated bilirubin assay, and only 43.3% would request it after 14 days old; for those with other signs/symptoms of disease, only 69.1% of physicians would request it immediately. Multiple linear regression analysis identified specialization as an independent variable significantly associated with the ability to recognize pale stools. CONCLUSION A significant percentage of healthcare professionals assumed clinical practices that preclude the timely recognition of cholestasis/pale stools, reinforcing the idea of educational needs. Specialization, rather than years of experience of professionals, was associated with better skills and practices. What is Known: • Neonatal cholestasis is a condition with some rare underlying entities having high mortality and morbidity. Early diagnosis is crucial to improve prognosis. Yet, many cases remain late recognized and referred. • Studies evaluating the ability of healthcare professionals to recognize neonatal cholestasis are scarce. What is New: • In this study, a significant percentage of professionals assumed clinical practices that preclude timely recognition of neonatal cholestasis and pale stools, reinforcing the idea of educational needs. • Specialization of professionals was associated with better skills and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermelinda Santos Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Gastroenterology Unit, Paediatrics Division, Departmento da Criança e do Adolescente, Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Largo da Maternidade Júlio Dinis, 4050-651, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Helena Moreira Silva
- Paediatrics Division, Departamento da Criança e do Adolescente, Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Largo da Maternidade Júlio Dinis, 4050-651, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lia Azevedo Lijnzaat
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Melo
- Paediatrics Division, Unidade Hospitalar de Famalicão, Centro Hospitalar do Médio Ave, Rua de Cupertino de Miranda, 4764-958, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Elísio Costa
- UCIBIO, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Esmeralda Martins
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,Metabolic Diseases Unit, Paediatrics Division, Departmento da Criança e do Adolescente, Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Largo da Maternidade Júlio Dinis, 4050-651, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Isabel Lopes
- Gastroenterology Unit, Paediatrics Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1600-190, Lisboa, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
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Abstract
Biliary disease in infants and children frequently presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Pediatric interventional radiologists are often involved in the multidisciplinary teams who care for these patients. This article reviews several notable causes of biliary disease in children who have not undergone liver transplantation, describes the role of percutaneous interventional procedures in managing these conditions, and details applicable biliary interventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Kang
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Children's Health, Dallas, Texas
| | - Colin N Brown
- Department of Radiology, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Texas
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24
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El-Guindi MAS, El-Said HH, Hussein MH, Nassar RES, Sira AM. Urinary urobilinogen in biliary atresia: A missed, simple and cheap diagnostic test. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:174-82. [PMID: 26190184 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Early diagnosis of biliary atresia (BA) is of utmost importance for good outcome; however, it is sometimes difficult due to the overlapping diagnostic test results with other causes of neonatal cholestasis. Moreover, many diagnostic tests are costly, invasive and not available in all centers, especially in developing countries. So, we aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of urinary urobilinogen; an easy, cheap test that was not tested before in BA. METHODS Seventy-five infants divided into three age- and sex-matched groups (BA, non-BA cholestasis and healthy control group) were recruited for the study. Each group comprised 25 infants. Urinary urobilinogen was measured for all infants using the modified Ehrlich's method. RESULTS Urinary urobilinogen was significantly lower in the BA group (0.31 ± 0.25 mg/dL) than both of the non-BA cholestasis (2.08 ± 3.48 mg/dL) and healthy control (0.53 ± 0.64 mg/dL) groups at P < 0.0001 and P < 0.001, respectively. Urinary urobilinogen at a cut-off value of 0.32 mg/dL or less can differentiate BA from other non-BA cholestasis with a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 72%. When this cut-off value was combined with γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) at a cut-off value of 363 U/L or more, BA could be differentiated from other cholestatic disorders with a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 100%. On the other hand, dipstick test could not differentiate between BA and non-BA cholestasis (P = 0.396). CONCLUSION Urinary urobilinogen is a simple, non-invasive, cheap, sensitive and specific marker, especially if combined with γ-GT, which can be used in diagnosis of BA, especially in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hala Hany El-Said
- Clinical Biochemistry, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, Shebin El-koom, Egypt
| | - Mohsen Hassan Hussein
- Departments of Pediatric Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, Shebin El-koom, Egypt
| | - Rana El-Sayed Nassar
- Departments of Pediatric Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, Shebin El-koom, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Mohamed Sira
- Departments of Pediatric Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, Shebin El-koom, Egypt
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25
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Olivier F, Wieckowska A, Piedboeuf B, Alvarez F. Cholestasis and Hepatic Failure in a Neonate: A Case Report of Severe Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency. Pediatrics 2015; 136:e1366-8. [PMID: 26459649 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-0834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unexpected severe cholestasis is part of the presentation in some neonates with hemolytic anemia but is usually self-resolving. Here we report the case of a neonate with pyruvate kinase deficiency (PKD) who presented severe hemolytic anemia at birth, characterized by a rapidly progressive and severe cholestasis with normal γ-glutamyl transpeptidase level associated with hepatic failure. After an extensive investigation to rule out contributing conditions explaining the severity of this patient's clinical presentation, PKD has remained the sole identified etiology. The patient abruptly died of sepsis at 3 months of age before a planned splenectomy and ongoing evaluation for liver transplantation. To the best of our knowledge, only a few similar cases of severe neonatal presentation of PKD complicated with severe hepatic failure and cholestasis have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Wieckowska
- Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada; and
| | | | - Fernando Alvarez
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Sainte Justine Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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26
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Dani C, Pratesi S, Raimondi F, Romagnoli C. Italian guidelines for the management and treatment of neonatal cholestasis. Ital J Pediatr 2015; 41:69. [PMID: 26428285 PMCID: PMC4591626 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-015-0178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperbilirubinemia is a frequent condition affecting newborns during the first two weeks of life and when it lasts more than 14 days it is defined as prolonged jaundice. This condition requires differential diagnosis between the usually benign unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and the pathological conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, that is mainly due to neonatal cholestasis. It is important that the diagnosis of neonatal cholestasis be well-timed to optimize its management, prevent worsening of the patient’s outcome, and to avoid premature, painful, expensive, and useless tests. Unfortunately, this does not always occur and, therefore, the Task Force on Hyperbilirubinemia of the Italian Society of Neonatology presents these shared Italian guidelines for the management and treatment of neonatal cholestasis whose overall aim is to provide a useful tool for its assessment for neonatologists and family pediatricians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Dani
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Careggi University Hospital of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, Florence, 50141, Italy.
| | - Simone Pratesi
- Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Division of Neonatology, Section of Pediatrics Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - Costantino Romagnoli
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
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Herbst S, Schirmer S, Posovszky C, Jochum F, Rödl T, Schroeder J, Barth T, Hehr U, Melter M, Vermehren J. Taking the next step forward – Diagnosing inherited infantile cholestatic disorders with next generation sequencing. Mol Cell Probes 2015; 29:291-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Jensen M, Abu-El-Haija M, Bishop W, Rahhal RM. Difficulty Achieving Vitamin D Sufficiency With High-Dose Oral Repletion Therapy in Infants With Cholestasis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61:187-9. [PMID: 25651487 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oral high-dose repletion vitamin D therapy, also known as stoss therapy, can be effective in the treatment of nutritional vitamin D deficiency rickets in infants and young children without liver disease and in patients with cystic fibrosis. There is no literature about this approach in infants with new-onset cholestasis. METHODS This was a retrospective chart review of infants with cholestasis from March 2010 to March 2012 at a pediatric tertiary care center. Four cases satisfied the inclusion criteria, and were described in detail. RESULTS All of the patients received oral high-dose repletion therapy with ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) 300,000 IU daily for 2 to 3 days. Follow-up vitamin D levels approximately 4 weeks later showed failure to achieve sufficiency levels (>20 ng/dL) in any patient. CONCLUSIONS Unlike infants without liver disease, use of oral high-dose repletion therapy may not be adequate as treatment of vitamin D deficiency in the setting of cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Jensen
- *Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sanford Children's Specialty Clinic, Sioux Falls, SD †Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH ‡Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Iowa, Iowa City
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Acar DB, Kavuncuoğlu S, Çetinkaya M, Petmezci E, Dursun M, Korkmaz O, Altuncu EK. Assessment of the place of tubular reabsorption of phosphorus in the diagnosis of osteopenia of prematurity. Turk Arch Pediatr 2015; 50:45-50. [PMID: 26078696 DOI: 10.5152/tpa.2015.1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM In this study, we aimed to investigate the utility of tubular reabsorption of phosphorus in the diagnosis of osteopenia of prematurity in addition to biochemical markers. MATERIALS AND METHOD Premature babies with a gestational age of ≤32 weeks and/or a birth weight of ≤1 500 g who were hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit between June 2009 and March 2011 were included in the study. These babies were evaluated at the 40th gestational week and serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, urea, creatinine, urinary calcium and phosphorus levels were measured and tubular reabsorption of phosphorus was determined. The subjects who had bone graphy findings and/or an alkaline phosphatase level of >400IU/L and a phosphorus value of <3.5 mg/dL were considered osteopenic. The levels of tubular reabsorption of phosphorus of the osteopenic patients were compared with the ones of the non-osteopenic patients. The study was initiated after obtaining ethics committee approval (date: 04.29.2009/213). RESULTS During the study period, a total of 698 premature babies were hospitalized in our neonatology unit. A diagnosis of osteopenia of prematurity was made in 24 of 190 subjects who met the study criteria. The level of tubular reabsorption of phosphorus was compared with the serum calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels measured at the 40th gestational week and alkaline phosphatase was found to be significantly increased in the group with a high tubular reabsorption of phosphorus (≥%95). When the subjects with a phosphorus level of <3.5 mg/dL and an alkaline phosphatase level of >499 IU were compared with the newborns who were found to have a tubular reabsorption of phosphorus of ≥%95 for the objective of evaluating the specificity and sensitivity of tubular reabsorption of phosphorus, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of tubular reabsorption of phosphorus in the diagnosis of osteopenia were found to be 27%, 82%, 17% and 89%, respectively. When the osteopenic and non-osteopenic patients were compared in terms of the levels of tubular reabsorption of phosphorus, no statistically significant difference was found. CONCLUSIONS It was thought that it was not appropriate to use tubular reabsorption of phosphorus alone in the diagnosis of osteopenia of prematurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Besnili Acar
- Department of Pediatrics, Silivri Penal Institution Public Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sultan Kavuncuoğlu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Merih Çetinkaya
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ercüment Petmezci
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Mesut Dursun
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Orhan Korkmaz
- Department of Radiology, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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Saka R, Yanagihara I, Sasaki T, Nose S, Takeuchi M, Nakayama M, Okuyama H. Immunolocalization of surfactant protein D in the liver from infants with cholestatic liver disease. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50:297-300. [PMID: 25638623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is one of specific surfactant proteins constituting pulmonary surfactant. Recent studies have revealed that SP-D is detected in various non-pulmonary tissues and is involved in the host defense and immunomodulation. However, the relationship between SP-D and liver diseases has not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to detect the immunolocalization of SP-D in the livers of infants with cholestatic liver disease. METHODS The expression of immunoreactive SP-D was assessed in infants with cholestasis, including biliary atresia (BA, n=7), neonatal hepatitis (NH, n=2), and paucity of the intrahepatic bile duct (PIBD, n=4). Immunoreactive SP-D was also assessed in six infants who died of non-liver disease as controls. Tissue samples were obtained at liver biopsy, or by post-mortem sampling. The tissue sections were incubated with anti-SP-D polyclonal antibodies and were counterstained with hematoxylin. RESULTS In the normal livers, SP-D was detected in the intrahepatic bile ducts, but was not detected in hepatocytes. In contrast, intense SP-D staining was noted in the hepatocytes from infants with BA, NH, and PIBD. Although SP-D was detected in the intrahepatic bile ducts in the infants with NH, negative or weak staining was seen in the intrahepatic bile ducts in infants with BA. CONCLUSION Our data showed that SP-D is present in the bile ducts of the normal infant liver, and it was found to accumulate in the hepatocytes of cholestatic livers. These results suggest that SP-D is produced in hepatocytes and is secreted into the bile ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Saka
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine.
| | - Itaru Yanagihara
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine
| | - Satoko Nose
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine
| | - Makoto Takeuchi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health
| | - Masahiro Nakayama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health
| | - Hiroomi Okuyama
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
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Neonatal Cholestasis Caused by Undiagnosed Maternal Graves' Disease. ACG Case Rep J 2014; 2:58-60. [PMID: 26157908 PMCID: PMC4435353 DOI: 10.14309/crj.2014.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal cholestasis results from a variety of etiologies, including anatomic, infectious, and metabolic abnormalities. Hyperthyroidism, in contrast to hypothyroidism, is infrequently associated with neonatal cholestasis. Newborn screening is an important tool to detect newborn metabolic disorders, including thyroid dysfunction. However, one must exercise caution when interpreting these reports; typically only high thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels are flagged as abnormal, while low or undetectable levels may not be. We present a unique case of cholestasis in a hyperthyroid neonate of an untreated, undiagnosed mother with Graves' disease; the infant's metabolic screen was not flagged as abnormal.
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El-Guindi MAS, Sira MM, Sira AM, Salem TAH, El-Abd OL, Konsowa HAS, El-Azab DS, Allam AAH. Design and validation of a diagnostic score for biliary atresia. J Hepatol 2014; 61:116-23. [PMID: 24657403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The dilemma of early diagnosis of biliary Atresia (BA), particularly distinguishing it from other causes of neonatal cholestasis is challenging. The aim was to design and validate a scoring system for early discrimination of BA from other causes of neonatal cholestasis. METHODS A twelve-point scoring system was proposed according to clinical, laboratory, ultrasonographic, and histopathological parameters. A total of 135 patients with neonatal cholestasis in two sets were recruited to design (n=60) and validate (n=75) a scoring system. Parameters with significant statistical difference between BA (n=30) and non-BA (n=30) patients in the design set were analyzed by logistic regression to predict the presence or absence of BA then a scoring system was designed and validated. RESULTS The total score ranged from 0 to 37.18 and a cut-off value of >23.927 could discriminate BA from other causes of neonatal cholestasis with sensitivity and specificity of 100% each. By applying this score in the validation set, the accuracy was 98.83% in predicting BA. The diagnosis of BA was proposed correctly in 100% and the diagnosis of non-BA was proposed correctly in 97.67% of patients. By applying this model, unnecessary intraoperative cholangiography would be avoided in non-BA patients. CONCLUSIONS This scoring system accurately separates infants with BA and those with non-BA, rendering intraoperative cholangiography for confirming or excluding BA unnecessary in a substantial proportion of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdel-Salam El-Guindi
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Mohamed Sira
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt.
| | - Ahmad Mohamed Sira
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt
| | - Tahany Abdel-Hameed Salem
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt
| | - Osama Lotfy El-Abd
- Department of Radiology, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt
| | - Hatem Abdel-Sattar Konsowa
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt
| | - Dina Shehata El-Azab
- Department of Pathology, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt
| | - Alif Abdel-Hakim Allam
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt
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Goodhue CJ, Wang KS. Persistent hyperbilirubinemia in a newborn. J Pediatr Health Care 2014; 28:172-6. [PMID: 23602430 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Talachian E, Bidari A, Mehrazma M, Nick-khah N. Biopsy-driven diagnosis in infants with cholestatic jaundice in Iran. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:1048-1053. [PMID: 24574777 PMCID: PMC3921528 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i4.1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the frequencies of diagnoses confirmed by liver biopsy in infants with cholestasis in an Iranian pediatric hospital.
METHODS: This was a retrospective study conducted in a tertiary referral children’s hospital in Iran. We retrieved all pathology reports of liver biopsies from children less than two years of age who had presented for evaluation of cholestatic jaundice from March 2001 to March 2011. Additional specimen samples obtained from archived pathology blocks were reviewed by a pathologist blinded to the final diagnosis. These results were compared with the pathology reports from chart records to ensure consensus and eliminate any inconsistencies in final diagnoses. A structured checklist was used to gather information on multiple variables including age, sex, gestational age at birth, birth weight, age at which hyperbilirubinemia manifested, presence and identification of associated anomalies, clinical manifestations, and histological findings from liver biopsies. The baseline data are reported using descriptive statistics, and differences between groups were assessed by Fisher’s exact test and Student’s t test when indicated.
RESULTS: Fifty-five cases (28 females; 27 males) of infantile cholestasis (IC) were included in this study. The mean serum total bilirubin and direct bilirubin at presentation were 13.6 ± 5.9 and 7.3 ± 3.4, respectively. Forty cases (72.7%) were the product of term pregnancies. Common associated clinical findings were acholic stool in 33 cases (60.0%), hepatomegaly in 30 cases (54.5%), and dark-colored urine in 21 cases (38.2%). Biliary atresia (BA) was the most frequent diagnosis, found in 32 cases (58.2%), followed by intrahepatic bile duct paucity found in 6 cases (10.9%), metabolic disease in 6 cases (10.9%), idiopathic neonatal hepatitis in 5 cases (9.1%), choledochal cyst in 2 cases (3.6%), liver cirrhosis in 2 cases (3.6%), and progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis and portal fibrosis each in 1 case (1.8%). The mean times for jaundice onset and liver biopsy were 43.8 and 102.0 d, respectively. In BA, the mean age at jaundice presentation was 21 d and for liver biopsy was 87.5 d, representing a mean delay of 66.5 d.
CONCLUSION: A significant delay was found between IC presentation and liver biopsy, which is detrimental in conditions that can cause irreversible liver damage, such as BA.
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Hoerning A, Raub S, Dechêne A, Brosch MN, Kathemann S, Hoyer PF, Gerner P. Diversity of disorders causing neonatal cholestasis - the experience of a tertiary pediatric center in Germany. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:65. [PMID: 25003101 PMCID: PMC4066316 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Rapidly establishing the cause of neonatal cholestasis is an urgent matter. The aim of this study was to report on the prevalence and mortality of the diverse disorders causing neonatal cholestasis in an academic center in Germany. METHODS Clinical chemistry and cause of disease were retrospectively analyzed in 82 infants (male n = 42, 51%) that had presented with neonatal cholestasis to a tertiary medical center from January 2009 to April 2013. RESULTS Altogether, 19 disorders causing neonatal cholestasis were identified. Biliary atresia was the most common diagnosis (41%), followed by idiopathic cases (13%), progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC, 10%), cholestasis in preterm infants (10%), α1AT deficiency, Alagille syndrome, portocaval shunts, mitochondriopathy, biliary sludge (all 2%), and others. Infants with biliary atresia were diagnosed with a mean age of 62 days, they underwent Kasai portoenterostomy ~66 days after birth. The majority of these children (~70%) received surgery within 10 weeks of age and 27% before 60 days. The 2-year survival with their native liver after Kasai procedure was 12%. The time span between Kasai surgery and liver transplantation was 176 ± 73 days. Six children (7%), of whom three patients had a syndromic and one a non-syndromic biliary atresia, died prior to liver transplantation. The pre- and post-transplant mortality rate for children with biliary atresia was ~12 and ~17%, respectively. CONCLUSION Neonatal cholestasis is a severe threat associated with a high risk of complications in infancy and it therefore requires urgent investigation in order to initiate life saving therapy. Although in the last 20 years new causes such as the PFICs have been identified and newer diagnostic tools have been introduced into the clinical routine biliary atresia still represents the major cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Hoerning
- Department for Pediatric Nephrology, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Transplant Medicine, Clinic for Pediatrics II, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany ; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Children's Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Simon Raub
- Department for Pediatric Nephrology, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Transplant Medicine, Clinic for Pediatrics II, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Alexander Dechêne
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Michelle N Brosch
- Department for Pediatric Nephrology, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Transplant Medicine, Clinic for Pediatrics II, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Simone Kathemann
- Department for Pediatric Nephrology, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Transplant Medicine, Clinic for Pediatrics II, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Peter F Hoyer
- Department for Pediatric Nephrology, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Transplant Medicine, Clinic for Pediatrics II, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Patrick Gerner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Children's Hospital , Freiburg , Germany
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Park MJ, Sotomatsu M, Ohki K, Arai K, Maruyama K, Kobayashi T, Nishi A, Sameshima K, Takagi T, Hayashi Y. Liver disease is frequently observed in Down syndrome patients with transient abnormal myelopoiesis. Int J Hematol 2013; 99:154-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-013-1487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chen R, Wang XH, Fu HY, Zhang SR, Abudouxikuer K, Saheki T, Wang JS. Different regional distribution of SLC25A13 mutations in Chinese patients with neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:4545-4551. [PMID: 23901231 PMCID: PMC3725380 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i28.4545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the differences in the mutation spectra of the SLC25A13 gene mutations from specific regions of China.
METHODS: Genetic analyses of SLC25A13 mutations were performed in 535 patients with neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis from our center over eight years. Unrelated infants with at least one mutant allele were enrolled to calculate the proportion of SLC25A13 mutations in different regions of China. The boundary between northern and southern China was drawn at the historical border of the Yangtze River.
RESULTS: A total of 63 unrelated patients (about 11% of cases with intrahepatic cholestasis) from 16 provinces or municipalities in China had mutations in the SLC25A13 gene, of these 16 (25%) were homozygotes, 28 (44%) were compound heterozygotes and 19 (30%) were heterozygotes. In addition to four well described common mutations (c.851_854del, c.1638_1660dup23, c.615+5G>A and c.1750+72_1751-4dup17insNM_138459.3:2667 also known as IVS16ins3kb), 13 other mutation types were identified, including three novel mutations: c.985_986insT, c.287T>C and c.1349A>G. According to the geographical division criteria, 60 mutant alleles were identified in patients from the southern areas of China, 43 alleles were identified in patients from the border, and 4 alleles were identified in patients from the northern areas of China. The proportion of four common mutations was higher in south region (56/60, 93%) than that in the border region (34/43, 79%, χ2 = 4.621, P = 0.032) and the northern region (2/4, 50%, χ2 = 8.288, P = 0.041).
CONCLUSION: The SLC25A13 mutation spectra among the three regions of China were different, providing a basis for the improvement of diagnostic strategies and interpretation of genetic diagnosis.
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Khanna R, Alam S, Rastogi A, Sharma CB. Neonatal cholestasis with ductal paucity and steatosis. Indian Pediatr 2013; 50:316-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-013-0073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Terui K, Higashimoto Y, Saito E, Saito T, Mitsuanga T, Nakata M, Iwai J, Yoshida H. Diagnosis of Biliary Atresia Can not be Excluded by Declining Trend of Serum Direct Bilirubin. Pediatr Rep 2013; 5:e17. [PMID: 24416496 PMCID: PMC3883083 DOI: 10.4081/pr.2013.e17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate the clinical courses of patients with biliary atresia (BA) during neonatal period. We examined 19 patients with BA, who underwent blood tests including direct bilirubin (D-Bil) within 20 days of age, in 3 tertiary hospitals in Japan. The first blood sample was collected at 8.4±6.5 days of age. The acholic stool was observed within 2 weeks of age in 16 cases (84.2%). Decrease of T-Bil was observed in all the subjects, with a range of reduction of 6.5±3.3 mg/dL, from 10.4±7.5 to 29.8±9.1 days of age. Decrease of D-Bil was also observed in 17 out of 19 cases (89%), with a range of reduction of 1.1±1.0 mg/dL, from 15.5±8.0 to 24.9±9.6 days of age. A significant decrease of D-Bil was observed in 2 cases of biliary atresia splenic malformation syndrome. We therefore conclude that clinicians treating icteric infants should not exclude a diagnosis of BA even if the level of D-Bil has a declining tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Terui
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University
| | | | - Eriko Saito
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Matsudo City Hospital Children's Medical Center , Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University
| | - Tetsuya Mitsuanga
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University
| | - Mitsuyuki Nakata
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University
| | - Jun Iwai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chiba Children's Hospital
| | - Hideo Yoshida
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University
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The bile salt export pump (BSEP) in health and disease. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2012; 36:536-53. [PMID: 22795478 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP) is the major transporter for the secretion of bile acids from hepatocytes into bile in humans. Mutations of BSEP are associated with cholestatic liver diseases of varying severity including progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (PFIC-2), benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (BRIC-2) and genetic polymorphisms are linked to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Detailed analysis of these diseases has considerably increased our knowledge about physiology and pathophysiology of bile secretion in humans. This review focuses on expression, localization, and function, short- and long-term regulation of BSEP as well as diseases association and treatment options for BSEP-associated diseases.
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Wang JS, Wang XH, Zheng YJ, Fu HY, Chen R, Lu Y, Fang LJ, Saheki T, Kobayashi K. Biochemical characteristics of neonatal cholestasis induced by citrin deficiency. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:5601-7. [PMID: 23112554 PMCID: PMC3482648 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i39.5601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore differences in biochemical indices between neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency (NICCD) and that with other etiologies.
METHODS: Patients under 6 mo of age who were referred for investigation of conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia from June 2003 to December 2010 were eligible for this study. After excluding diseases affecting the extrahepatic biliary system, all patients were screened for the two most common SLC25A13 mutations; the coding exons of the entire SLC25A13 gene was sequenced and Western blotting of citrin protein performed in selected cases. Patients in whom homozygous or compound heterozygous SLC25A13 mutation and/or absence of normal citrin protein was detected were defined as having NICCD. Cases in which no specific etiological factor could be ascertained after a comprehensive conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia work-up were defined as idiopathic neonatal cholestasis (INC). Thirty-two NICCD patients, 250 INC patients, and 39 infants with cholangiography-confirmed biliary atresia (BA) were enrolled. Laboratory values at their first visit were abstracted from medical files and compared.
RESULTS: Compared with BA and INC patients, the NICCD patients had significantly higher levels of total bile acid (TBA) [all measures are expressed as median (inter-quartile range): 178.0 (111.2-236.4) μmol/L in NICCD vs 112.0 (84.9-153.9) μmol/L in BA and 103.0 (70.9-135.3) μmol/L in INC, P = 0.0001]. The NICCD patients had significantly lower direct bilirubin [D-Bil 59.6 (43.1-90.9) μmol/L in NICCD vs 134.0 (115.9-151.2) μmol/L in BA and 87.3 (63.0-123.6) μmol/L in INC, P = 0.0001]; alanine aminotransferase [ALT 34.0 (23.0-55.0) U/L in NICCD vs 108.0 (62.0-199.0) U/L in BA and 84.5 (46.0-166.0) U/L in INC, P = 0.0001]; aspartate aminotransferase [AST 74.0 (53.5-150.0) U/L in NICCD vs 153.0 (115.0-239.0) U/L in BA and 130.5 (81.0-223.0) U/L in INC, P = 0.0006]; albumin [34.9 (30.7-38.2) g/L in NICCD vs 38.4 (36.3-42.2) g/L in BA and 39.9 (37.0-42.3) g/L in INC, P = 0.0001]; glucose [3.2 (2.0-4.4) mmol/L in NICCD vs 4.1 (3.4-5.1) mmol/L in BA and 4.0 (3.4-4.6) mmol/L in INC, P = 0.0014] and total cholesterol [TCH 3.33 (2.97-4.00) mmol/L in NICCD vs 4.57 (3.81-5.26) mmol/L in BA and 4.00 (3.24-4.74) mmol/L in INC, P = 0.0155] levels. The D-Bil to total bilirubin (T-Bil) ratio was significantly lower in NICCD patients [all measures are expressed as median (inter-quartile range): 0.54 (0.40-0.74)] than that in BA patients [0.77 (0.72-0.81), P = 0.001] and that in INC patients [0.74 (0.59-0.80), P = 0.0045]. A much higher AST/ALT ratio was found in NICCD patients [2.46 (1.95-3.63)] compared to BA patients [1.38 (0.94-1.97), P = 0.0001] and INC patients [1.48 (1.10-2.26), P = 0.0001]. NICCD patients had significantly higher TBA/D-Bil ratio [3.36 (1.98-4.43) vs 0.85 (0.72-1.09) in BA patients and 1.04 (0.92-1.14) in INC patients, P = 0.0001], and TBA/TCH ratio [60.7 (32.4-70.9) vs 24.7 (19.8-30.2) in BA patients and 24.2 (21.4-26.9) in INC patients, P = 0.0001] compared to the BA and INC groups.
CONCLUSION: NICCD has significantly different biochemical indices from BA or INC. TBA excretion in NICCD appeared to be more severely disturbed than that of bilirubin and cholesterol.
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Onyiriuka AN, Adeniran KA, Onyiriuka EPA. Prevalence of hypoglycemia among patients presenting with cholestasis of infancy in a nigerian teaching hospital. Oman Med J 2012; 27:329-32. [PMID: 23071890 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2012.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assesses the prevalence of hypoglycemia among patients presenting at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria with cholestasis of infancy. METHODS During a period of five years, forty patients aged between 15 days and 12 months who presented with cholestasis of infancy, were admitted and screened for hypoglycemia, using Accutrend glucometer. For patients with low blood glucose values, blood samples were further analyzed, using the standard glucose-oxidase method. RESULTS Of the 2,835 patients admitted over a five-year period, 40 (1.4%) had cholestasis of infancy, giving an incidence of 14 cases per 1000 admissions, with a sex ratio of 2.1: 1 in favour of males. Nine (22.5%) of the 40 infants with cholestasis had at least one blood glucose concentration less than 2.6 mmol/L (hypoglycemia). Of the nine hypoglycemic infants, three (33.3%) had one blood glucose concentration less than 1.6 mmol/L (severe hypoglycemia). Seven (77.8%) of the nine hypoglycemic infants were diagnosed in the first 36 hours of admission. Lethargy and poor feeding were observed in three infants with severe hypoglycemia and three of them died. Six (66.7%) of the hypoglycemic infants were below 3 months of age. CONCLUSIONS Hypoglycemia was observed among patients with cholestasis of infancy and the prevalence was higher among infants below 3 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphonsus N Onyiriuka
- Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, PMB 1111, Benin City, Nigeria
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