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Thornton RB, Hakansson A, Hood DW, Nokso-Koivisto J, Preciado D, Riesbeck K, Richmond PC, Su YC, Swords WE, Brockman KL. Panel 7 - Pathogenesis of otitis media - a review of the literature between 2015 and 2019. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 130 Suppl 1:109838. [PMID: 31879085 PMCID: PMC7062565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a comprehensive review of the literature from July 2015 to June 2019 on the pathogenesis of otitis media. Bacteria, viruses and the role of the microbiome as well as the host response are discussed. Directions for future research are also suggested. DATA SOURCES PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine. REVIEW METHODS PubMed was searched for any papers pertaining to OM pathogenesis between July 2015 and June 2019. If in English, abstracts were assessed individually for their relevance and included in the report. Members of the panel drafted the report based on these searches and on new data presented at the 20th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media. CONCLUSIONS The main themes that arose in OM pathogenesis were around the need for symptomatic viral infections to develop disease. Different populations potentially having different mechanisms of pathogenesis. Novel bacterial otopathogens are emerging and need to be monitored. Animal models need to continue to be developed and used to understand disease pathogenesis. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The findings in the pathogenesis panel have several implications for both research and clinical practice. The most urgent areas appear to be to continue monitoring the emergence of novel otopathogens, and the need to develop prevention and preventative therapies that do not rely on antibiotics and protect against the development of the initial OM episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Thornton
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty Health and Medical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A Hakansson
- Experimental Infection Medicine, Dept. of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - D W Hood
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - J Nokso-Koivisto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - D Preciado
- Sheikh Zayed Center for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA; Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - K Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Dept. of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - P C Richmond
- School of Medicine, Division of Paediatrics, Faculty Health and Medical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Y C Su
- Clinical Microbiology, Dept. of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - W E Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - K L Brockman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Preciado D, Li JD, Komatsu K, Kurabi A, Nino G, Val S, Vijayasekaran S, Ziv O, Hermansson A. Panel 2- recent advance in otitis media bioinformatics. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 130 Suppl 1:109834. [PMID: 31899006 PMCID: PMC7184535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To update the medical literature on recent large-scale studies employing bioinformatics data analysis tools in otitis media (OM) disease models with a principal focus on developments in the past 5 years. DATA SOURCES Pubmed indexed peer-reviewed articles. REVIEW METHODS Comprehensive review of the literature using the following search terms: 'genomics, inflammasome, microRNA, proteomics, transcriptome, bioinformatics' with the term 'otitis media', and 'middle ear'. Included articles published in the English language from January 1, 2015-April 1, 2019. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Large scale bioinformatics tools over the past five years lend credence to the paradigm of innate immune response playing a critical role in host defense against bacteria contributing to Otitis Media (OM) progression from acute to chronic. In total, genomic, miRNAomic, and proteomic analyses all point to the need for a tightly regulated innate immune and inflammatory response in the middle ear. Currently, there is an urgent need for developing novel therapeutic strategies to control immunopathology and tissue damage, improve hearing and enhance host defense for both acute and chronic OM based on full understanding of the basic molecular pathogenesis of OM.
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Ishige T, Igarashi Y, Hatori R, Tatsuki M, Sasahara Y, Takizawa T, Arakawa H. IL-10RA Mutation as a Risk Factor of Severe Influenza-Associated Encephalopathy: A Case Report. Pediatrics 2018; 141:peds.2017-3548. [PMID: 29724880 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-3548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza-associated encephalitis and encephalopathy (IAE) is a severe complication of influenza infection with high morbidity and mortality. We present the case of a patient with IL-10RA mutation who developed encephalopathy after influenza infection. A 10-day-old boy developed recurrent fever and anal fistula. Growth failure gradually became apparent. He had been treated with antibiotics and elemental nutrition. However, the patient did not respond to the treatments. At 11 months, he suddenly developed shock with encephalopathy and multiple organ failures. He was then diagnosed with IAE. A cytokine study revealed elevated levels of IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, eotaxin, G-CSF, MCP-1, and IL-10. These cytokines are normally downregulated by IL-10. Genetic testing revealed a IL-10RA mutation at the 3' end of exon 4 (c.537G→A). These findings might reflect an increased risk of severe IAE in patients with IL-10RA mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ishige
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan; .,Cell Biology Program, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; and
| | - Yoshiko Igarashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Reiko Hatori
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Maiko Tatsuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoji Sasahara
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takumi Takizawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Arakawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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Padia R, Alt JA, Curtin K, Muntz HR, Orlandi RR, Berger J, Meier JD. Environmental contributions to otitis media requiring tympanostomy tubes. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 101:97-101. [PMID: 28964318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Otitis media requiring tympanostomy tubes (OMwTT) is a prevalent disease process that has been previously shown to have a strong familial link. The impact from the environmental versus genetic contributions to this link is unknown. The objective was to determine the environmental involvement in the development of OMwTT. METHODS Using an extensive genealogical database linked to medical records, we evaluated the risk of OMwTT in children of probands as compared to children of controls, individually matched 5:1 on sex and birth year, from a conditional logistic regression model. The model included adjustments for geographic and socioeconomic environmental risk factors mapped to residence location of study subjects within 63 small health statistical areas of ∼33,500 persons each. RESULTS 37,814 case probands diagnosed with OMwTT and 181,339 controls were included in our analysis. Children of probands with OMwTT had an overall 2.5× higher risk of also having OMwTT as compared to the children of controls (p < 10-9), independent of environmental factors (PM2.5 [particulate matter] air pollution, education level of parents, and density of primary care providers). CONCLUSION After accounting for geographic and socioeconomic differences that may influence risk between cases and controls, our findings suggest evidence of a genetic predisposition in families of OMwTT patients. Further characterization of high-risk pedigrees is needed for future genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Padia
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Alt
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, United States
| | - Karen Curtin
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, United States; Pedigree & Population Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, United States
| | - Harlan R Muntz
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, United States
| | - Richard R Orlandi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, United States
| | - Justin Berger
- Pedigree & Population Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, United States
| | - Jeremy D Meier
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, United States.
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Ma JR, Wang DH. [Epigenetic effects of human breastfeeding]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016; 18:926-930. [PMID: 27751205 PMCID: PMC7389542 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is well-known for its benefits of preventing communicable and non-communicable diseases. Human breastmilk consists not only of nutrients, but also of bioactive substances. What's more, the epigenetic effects of human breast milk may also play an important role. Alterations in the epigenetic regulation of genes may lead to profound changes in phenotype. Clarifying the role of human breast milk on genetic expression can potentially benefit the infant's health and his later life. This review article makes a brief summary of the epigenetic mechanism of breast milk, and its epigenetic effects on neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, infectious diseases, metabolism syndrome, cognitive function and anaphylactic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ran Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
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