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Das L, Sachdeva N, Holick MF, Devnani M, Dutta P, Marwaha RK. Impact of BMI on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D with calcifediol supplementation in young adults: a longitudinal study. Endocrine 2024:10.1007/s12020-024-03895-0. [PMID: 38861119 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for vitamin D deficiency. The rise in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations following cholecalciferol supplementation is suboptimal, owing to adipose tissue sequestration and/or volumetric dilution. Calcifediol is a proven potent oral alternative for vitamin D supplementation, but whether BMI adversely affects its efficacy in raising 25(OH)D concentrations, is not well known. MATERIAL AND METHODS Adults with serum concentrations of 25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL were recruited and stratified as normal, overweight, or obese using WHO criteria. Baseline evaluation included 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and total 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] based on BMI category (n = 883). A subset of participants was supplemented with 50 µg calcifediol (n = 193) and assessed for the rise in serum concentrations of 25(OH)D at 3- and 6-months following supplementation. RESULTS Participants were stratified as obese (11.2%), overweight (32.1%), or normal weight (56.7%). There were no significant baseline differences in serum concentrations of 25(OH)D among the groups (13.1 ± 6.4 vs 12.8 ± 6.8 vs 11.6 ± 6.6 ng/mL, p = 0.62). Similarly, PTH or 1,25(OH)2D concentrations were not different among the groups. On follow-up, 25(OH)D concentrations increased in all three groups at 3 and 6 months from baseline. The increase in 25(OH)D was 74.4 ng/mL (IQR 35.3-115.3) in obese, followed by overweight 62.2 ng/mL (18.1-98.7) and normal weight groups 47.1 ng/mL (17.5-89.7) at 3 months. 1,25(OH)2D also increased in all groups, without any significant intergroup differences (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION BMI does not impede the rise in 25(OH)D concentrations following supplementation with calcifediol in young adults with vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Das
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Telemedicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Naresh Sachdeva
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Michael F Holick
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mahesh Devnani
- Department of Hospital Administration, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pinaki Dutta
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Raman Kumar Marwaha
- Society of Endocrine Health Care for Elderly, Adolescents and Children (SEHEAC), New Delhi, India.
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Ciężki S, Odyjewska E, Bossowski A, Głowińska-Olszewska B. Not Only Metabolic Complications of Childhood Obesity. Nutrients 2024; 16:539. [PMID: 38398863 PMCID: PMC10892374 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of obesity in the pediatric population requires attention to its serious complications. It turns out that in addition to typical, well-known metabolic complications, obesity as a systemic disease carries the risk of equally serious, although less obvious, non-metabolic complications, such as cardiovascular diseases, polycystic ovary syndrome, chronic kidney disease, asthma, thyroid dysfunction, immunologic and dermatologic conditions, and mental health problems. They can affect almost all systems of the young body and also leave their mark in adulthood. In addition, obesity also contributes to the exacerbation of existing childhood diseases. As a result, children suffering from obesity may have a reduced quality of life, both physically and mentally, and their life expectancy may be shortened. It also turns out that, in the case of obese pregnant girls, the complications of obesity may also affect their unborn children. Therefore, it is extremely important to take all necessary actions to prevent the growing epidemic of obesity in the pediatric population, as well as to treat existing complications of obesity and detect them at an early stage. In summary, physicians treating a child with a systemic disease such as obesity must adopt a holistic approach to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ciężki
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, and Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Białystok, Poland
| | - Emilia Odyjewska
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, and Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Białystok, Poland
| | - Artur Bossowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, and Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Białystok, Poland
| | - Barbara Głowińska-Olszewska
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, and Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Białystok, Poland
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O’Sullivan B, Ounpraseuth S, James L, Majure M, Lang J, Hu Z, Simon A, Bickel S, Ely B, Faricy L, Garza M, Greer M, Hsia D, Jefferson A, Knight L, Lee J, Liptzin D, Abul MH, Perry TT, Prior F, SanGiovanni C, Tam-Williams J, Wu B, Snowden J. Vitamin D Oral Replacement in Children With Obesity Related Asthma: VDORA1 Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:231-238. [PMID: 37926939 PMCID: PMC10990434 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Children with asthma and obesity are more likely to have lower vitamin D levels, but the optimal replacement dose is unknown in this population. The objective of this study is identifying a vitamin D dose in children with obesity-related asthma that safely achieves serum vitamin D levels of ≥ 40 ng/mL. This prospective multisite randomized controlled trial recruited children/adolescents with asthma and body mass index ≥ 85% for age/sex. Part 1 (dose finding), evaluated 4 oral vitamin D regimens for 16 weeks to identify a replacement dose that achieved serum vitamin D levels ≥ 40 ng/mL. Part 2 compared the replacement dose calculated from part 1 (50,000 IU loading dose with 8,000 IU daily) to standard of care (SOC) for 16 weeks to identify the proportion of children achieving target serum 25(OH)D level. Part 1 included 48 randomized participants. Part 2 included 64 participants. In Part 1, no SOC participants achieved target serum level, but 50-72.7% of participants in cohorts A-C achieved the target serum level. In part 2, 78.6% of replacement dose participants achieved target serum level compared with none in the SOC arm. No related serious adverse events were reported. This trial confirmed a 50,000 IU loading dose plus 8,000 IU daily oral vitamin D as safe and effective in increasing serum 25(OH)D levels in children/adolescents with overweight/obesity to levels ≥ 40 ng/mL. Given the critical role of vitamin D in many conditions complicating childhood obesity, these data close a critical gap in our understanding of vitamin D dosing in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian O’Sullivan
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Song Ounpraseuth
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Laura James
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Marc Majure
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jason Lang
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zhuopei Hu
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Alan Simon
- National Institutes of Health Office of the Director, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Scott Bickel
- Norton Children’s and University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Brian Ely
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - L.E. Faricy
- University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Maryam Garza
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Melody Greer
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Daniel Hsia
- Pennington Biomedical Research Institute, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Akilah Jefferson
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Lisa Knight
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jeannette Lee
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | | | - Mehtap Haktanir Abul
- Hasbro Children’s Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Tamara T. Perry
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Fred Prior
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | | | | | - Brian Wu
- Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Jessica Snowden
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Corsello A, Macchi M, D'Oria V, Pigazzi C, Alberti I, Treglia G, Cosmi VD, Mazzocchi A, Agostoni C, Milani GP. Effects of vitamin D supplementation in obese and overweight children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2023; 192:106793. [PMID: 37178775 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the lipophilic nature of vitamin D, overweight and obese patients have an increased risk of inadequate circulating 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations. Vitamin D deficiency has in turn several consequences especially among children and adolescents. Therefore, a few supplementation strategies of vitamin D for pediatric subjects with an excessive body weight have been proposed, but their efficacy remains controversial. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Three databases (PubMed, Embase and Web of Science) were searched to collect randomized controlled trials on the effect of vitamin D supplementation in the pediatric overweight or obese population. Twenty-three studies were included in the systematic review. Results on modification of metabolic or cardiovascular outcomes were controversial. On the other hand, the meta-analysis showed a mean difference by 1.6ng/mL in subjects supplemented with vitamin D as compared to placebo. In conclusion, vitamin D supplementation slightly increases 25(OH)D levels in pediatric subjects with overweight and obesity. However, the effects on metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes remain controversial. New efforts should be devoted to promoting effective interventions to improve the health of children and adolescents with overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Corsello
- Department of Health Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Macchi
- Department of Health Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica D'Oria
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Pigazzi
- Department of Health Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Alberti
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Treglia
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Valentina De Cosmi
- Department of Health Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy; Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mazzocchi
- Department of Health Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy; Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Health Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy; Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Gregorio Paolo Milani
- Department of Health Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy; Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Gaeta F, Conti V, Pepe A, Vajro P, Filippelli A, Mandato C. Drug dosing in children with obesity: a narrative updated review. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:168. [PMID: 36076248 PMCID: PMC9454408 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity and its associated comorbidities are highly prevalent diseases that may add to any other possible health problem commonly affecting the pediatric age. Uncertainties may arise concerning drug dosing when children with obesity need pharmacologic therapies. In general, in pediatric practice, there is a tendency to adapt drug doses to a child's total body weight. However, this method does not consider the pharmacological impact that a specific drug can have under a two-fold point of view, that is, across various age and size groups as well. Moreover, there is a need for a therapeutic approach, as much as possible tailored considering relevant interacting aspects, such as modification in metabolomic profile, drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Taking into account the peculiar differences between children with overweight/obesity and those who are normal weight, the drug dosage in the case of obesity, cannot be empirically determined solely by the per kg criterion. In this narrative review, we examine the pros and cons of several drug dosing methods used when dealing with children who are affected also by obesity, focusing on specific aspects of some of the drugs most frequently prescribed in real-world practice by general pediatricians and pediatric subspecialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gaeta
- Pediatrics Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Valeria Conti
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Angela Pepe
- Pediatrics Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Pietro Vajro
- Pediatrics Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Amelia Filippelli
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Claudia Mandato
- Pediatrics Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy.
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6
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Bi SY, Yu YH, Li C, Xu P, Xu HY, Li JH, Liu QY, Li M, Liu XJ, Wang H. A standardized implementation of multicenter quality improvement program of very low birth weight newborns could significantly reduce admission hypothermia and improve outcomes. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:281. [PMID: 35568937 PMCID: PMC9107002 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Admission hypothermia (AH, < 36.5℃) remains a major challenge for global neonatal survival, especially in developing countries. Baseline research shows nearly 89.3% of very low birth weight (VLBW, < 1500 g) infants suffer from AH in China. Therefore, a prospective multicentric quality improvement (QI) initiative to reduce regional AH and improve outcomes among VLBW neonates was implemented. Methods The study used a sequential Plan—Do—Study—Act (PDSA) approach. Clinical data were collected prospectively from 5 NICUs within the Sino-Northern Neonatal Network (SNN) in China. The hypothermia prevention bundle came into practice on January 1, 2019. The clinical characteristics and outcomes data in the pre-QI phase (January 1, 2018– December 31, 2018) were compared with that from the post-QI phase (January 1, 2019–December 31, 2020). Clinical characteristics and outcomes data were analyzed. Results A total of 750 in-born VLBW infants were enrolled in the study, 270 in the pre-QI period and 480 in the post- QI period, respectively. There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics of infants between these two phases. Compared with pre-QI period, the incidence of AH was decreased significantly after the QI initiative implementation in the post-QI period (95.9% vs. 71.3%, P < 0.01). Incidence of admission moderate-to-severe hypothermia (AMSH, < 36℃) also decreased significantly, manifesting a reduction to 38.5% in the post-QI (68.5% vs 30%, P < 0.01). Average admission temperature improved from after QI (35.5 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\pm$$\end{document}± 0.6℃, P < 0.01). There was no increase in proportion the number of infants with a temperature of > 37.5 °C or thermal burns between the two groups. The risk ratio of mortality in infants during the post-QI period was significantly lower in the post-QI period as compared to the pre-QI period [adjusted risk ratio (aRR): 0.26, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.13–0.50]. The risk ratio of late-onset neonatal sepsis (LOS) also significantly lowered in the post-QI period (aRR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.50–0.87). Conclusion Implementation of multicentric thermoregulatory QI resulted in a significant reduction in AH and AMSH in VLBW neonates with associated reduction in mortality. We gained a lot from the QI, and successfully aroused the attention of perinatal medical staff to neonatal AH. This provided a premise for continuous quality improvement of AH in the future, and might provide a reference for implementation of similar interventions in developing countries. Trial registration Trial registration number: ChiCTR1900020861. Date of registration: 21 January 2019(21/01/2019). Prospectively registered. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-022-03310-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Bi
- Department of Neonatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Yong-Hui Yu
- Department of Neonatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,Department of Neonatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China.
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Neonatology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Neonatology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Hai-Yan Xu
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Jia-Hui Li
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Qiong-Yu Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neonatology, Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Xin-Jian Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Hebei Petro China Central Hospital, Langfang, 065000, Hebei, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Hebei Petro China Central Hospital, Langfang, 065000, Hebei, China
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Bilezikian JP, Formenti AM, Adler RA, Binkley N, Bouillon R, Lazaretti-Castro M, Marcocci C, Napoli N, Rizzoli R, Giustina A. Vitamin D: Dosing, levels, form, and route of administration: Does one approach fit all? Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:1201-1218. [PMID: 34940947 PMCID: PMC8696970 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09693-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The 4th International Conference on Controversies in Vitamin D was held as a virtual meeting in September, 2020, gathering together leading international scientific and medical experts in vitamin D. Since vitamin D has a crucial role in skeletal and extra-skeletal systems, the aim of the Conference was to discuss improved management of vitamin D dosing, therapeutic levels and form or route of administration in the general population and in different clinical conditions. A tailored approach, based on the specific mechanisms underlying vitamin D deficiency in different diseases that were discussed, was recommended. Specifically, in comparison to healthy populations, higher levels of vitamin D and greater amounts of vitamin D were deemed necessary in osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, obesity (particularly after bariatric surgery), and in those treated with glucocorticoids. Emerging and still open issues were related to target vitamin D levels and the role of vitamin D supplementation in COVID-19 since low vitamin D may predispose to SARS-CoV-2 infection and to worse COVID-19 outcomes. Finally, whereas oral daily cholecalciferol appears to be the preferred choice for vitamin D supplementation in the general population, and in most clinical conditions, active vitamin D analogs may be indicated in patients with hypoparathyroidism and severe kidney and liver insufficiency. Parenteral vitamin D administration could be helpful in malabsorption syndromes or in states of vitamin D resistance.Specific guidelines for desired levels of vitamin D should be tailored to the different conditions affecting vitamin D metabolism with the goal to define disease-specific normative values.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bilezikian
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna Maria Formenti
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Robert A Adler
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Roger Bouillon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of chronic diseases, metabolism and ageing, Leuven, KU, Belgium
| | - Marise Lazaretti-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Marcocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Napoli
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rene Rizzoli
- Service of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital, Milano, Italy.
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