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Gasparro MA, Lee L, Vijayakumar G, Gusho CA, Colman MW, Gitelis S, Miller I, Blank AT. Rare Dedifferentiated Periosteal Chondrosarcoma with 11-Year Metastatic Relapse: A Case Report. Int J Surg Pathol 2024; 32:201-205. [PMID: 37143346 DOI: 10.1177/10668969231173379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A 50-year-old man presented for evaluation of a periscapular mass. Biopsy suggested a low-grade chondrosarcoma; however, the resected specimen revealed a grade 2 chondrosarcoma with a low-grade dedifferentiated mesenchymal component. The mass multiply recurred as chondrosarcoma without a dedifferentiated component before the patient developed lung metastases of chondrosarcoma without a dedifferentiated component 11 years after the initial diagnosis and died of disease. This is one of the first reported cases of a dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma with low-grade dedifferentiated component. While overall prognosis may be better than in typical dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma, this tumor demonstrated numerous local recurrences as well as metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Gasparro
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Linus Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gayathri Vijayakumar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Charles A Gusho
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew W Colman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven Gitelis
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ira Miller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alan T Blank
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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El Beaino M, Hoda ST, Eldeib AJ, Masrouha K. Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma: Diagnostic Controversies and Emerging Therapeutic Targets. Curr Oncol Rep 2023; 25:1117-1126. [PMID: 37603119 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-023-01441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pathogenesis of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is controversial, and no genetic abnormality has consistently been identified in the disease. Focusing on the diagnostic challenges encountered in dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma, the following review aims at summarizing the tumor's active neoplastic pathways while highlighting therapeutic modalities that could potentially be explored to enhance patient survivorship. RECENT FINDINGS Owing to the challenging examination of small needle biopsy sampling as well as the disease's overlapping morphological and immunohistochemical features with other bone and soft-tissue sarcomas, the diagnosis of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma can be problematic. While combined doxorubicin- and cisplatin-based regimens remain the first-line systemic chemotherapy in the disease, ~50% of tumors carry EXT1/2 or IDH1/2 mutations, advancing EXT or IDH inhibitors as potential alternative therapies, respectively. Despite systemic chemotherapy, dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma remains an aggressive tumor with dismal prognosis and limited survival. A multidisciplinary collaboration across multiple cancer centers is warranted to yield an accurate diagnosis, understand the disease's underlying pathogenesis, develop adequate treatment, and improve patient survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc El Beaino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
- School of Public Health, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Syed T Hoda
- Department of Surgical Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ahmed J Eldeib
- Department of General Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Karim Masrouha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Zając W, Dróżdż J, Kisielewska W, Karwowska W, Dudzisz-Śledź M, Zając AE, Borkowska A, Szumera-Ciećkiewicz A, Szostakowski B, Rutkowski P, Czarnecka AM. Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma from Molecular Pathology to Current Treatment and Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3924. [PMID: 37568740 PMCID: PMC10417069 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DDCS) is a rare subtype of chondrosarcoma, a primary cartilaginous malignant neoplasm. It accounts for up to 1-2% of all chondrosarcomas and is generally associated with one of the poorest prognoses among all chondrosarcomas with the highest risk of metastasis. The 5-year survival rates range from 7% to 24%. DDCS may develop at any age, but the average presentation age is over 50. The most common locations are the femur, pelvis humerus, scapula, rib, and tibia. The standard treatment for localised disease is surgical resection. Most patients are diagnosed in unresectable and advanced stages, and chemotherapy for localised and metastatic dedifferentiated DDCS follows protocols used for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Zając
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julia Dróżdż
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Kisielewska
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Karwowska
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Dudzisz-Śledź
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Agnieszka E. Zając
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Aneta Borkowska
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Anna Szumera-Ciećkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Bartłomiej Szostakowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Anna M. Czarnecka
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
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4
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Mackel CE, Rosenberg H, Varma H, Uhlmann EJ, Vega RA, Alterman RL. Intracranial Metastasis of Extracranial Chondrosarcoma: Systematic Review With Illustrative Case. Brain Tumor Res Treat 2023; 11:103-113. [PMID: 37151152 PMCID: PMC10172009 DOI: 10.14791/btrt.2023.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral chondrosarcoma metastases are rare and aggressive neoplasms. The rarity of presentation has precluded rigorous analysis of diagnosis, risk factors, treatment, and survival. We analyzed every reported case through exhaustive literature review. We further present the first case with Maffucci syndrome. METHODS Three databases, PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar, and crossed references were queried for cerebral chondrosarcoma metastases. Extracted variables included demographics, risk factors, tumor characteristics, interventions, and outcomes. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS Fifty-six patients were included from 1,489 literature results. The average age at brain metastasis was 46.6±17.6 years and occurred at a median of 24±2.8 months from primary diagnosis. Primary tumor histology (dedifferentiated 5.0±1.5 months, mesenchymal 24±3.0 months, conventional 41±7.4 months, p<0.05) and grade (low grade 54±16.7 months vs. high-grade 10±6.4 months, p<0.001) correlated with time interval until brain metastasis. A multiple enchondromatosis syndrome occurred in 13.2% of cases. At time of brain metastases diagnosis, extracranial metastases were identified in 76.2% of cases. Median survival after the development of brain metastasis was 2.0±0.78 months with a 1-year survival of 10.0%. On regression analysis, surgery reduced brain metastasis mortality risk and radiation trended towards reduced mortality risk (surgery: hazard ratio [HR] 0.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.064-0.763, p=0.017; radiation: HR 0.31, 95% CI 0.091-1.072, p=0.064). CONCLUSION We present a systematic review of cerebral chondrosarcoma metastases. Primary tumor histology and grade correlate with time until cerebral metastasis. Following cerebral metastasis, these tumors have poor prognosis and modestly benefit from surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Mackel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Harry Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hemant Varma
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erik J Uhlmann
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rafael A Vega
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ron L Alterman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Singh A, Thorpe SW, Darrow M, Carr-Ascher JR. Case report: Treatment of metastatic dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma with pembrolizumab yields sustained complete response. Front Oncol 2022; 12:991724. [PMID: 36465334 PMCID: PMC9713241 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.991724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas (DDCS) are aggressive tumors with poor outcomes. Treatment of localized DDCS is primarily surgical, though most patients present with unresectable or metastatic disease. Systemic treatment options for advanced DDCS are limited, and the benefits of chemotherapy in this patient population remain controversial. Among other systemic therapy options, there is emerging clinical evidence to support the use of immunotherapy in patients with advanced DDCS. However, studies regarding the efficacy of immunotherapy in advanced DDCS are limited. Here, we present the case of a patient with metastatic, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-positive DDCS treated with pembrolizumab who showed a sustained complete response for 24 months after initiation of therapy. To our knowledge, this case represents one of few documented cases of metastatic chondrosarcoma with sustained response to immunotherapy. The impressive response seen with PD-L1 inhibition in our patient indicates that immunotherapy is a successful treatment option in a subset of DDCS patients, and further investigation is needed to identify potential responders to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amisha Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Steven W. Thorpe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Morgan Darrow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Janai R. Carr-Ascher
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
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6
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Gusho CA, Lee L, Zavras A, Seikel Z, Miller I, Colman MW, Gitelis S, Blank AT. Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma: A Case Series and Review of the Literature. Orthop Rev (Pavia) 2022; 14:35448. [PMID: 35769663 PMCID: PMC9235431 DOI: 10.52965/001c.35448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DCS) is a rare and aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. The purpose of this investigation was to describe our treatment and outcomes of 16 DCS patients at our institution and provide a review of the current literature. METHODS This study was a retrospective review over a consecutive twenty-year period. Data including treatment details and outcomes were recorded. RESULTS A total of 16 cases from 2000 to 2018 were identified. The median age (IQR) was 62 years (52; 69) and the majority of DCS arose in the femur (50%, n=8) and pelvis (25%, n=4). Fourteen (88%) cases underwent limb salvage/wide margin resection (n=13) or intralesional surgery (n=1). For all DCS, the median survival (IQR) was 46 months (12; 140), with both a five and ten-year probability of 32.1% (95% CI, 7.3% to 57.0%). At study conclusion, 81.3% (n=13) were deceased and 18.7% (n=3) were alive. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm the poor prognosis of DCS patients, with a five-year estimate of 32%. Together with existing literature, our data might help enable future strategic recommendation of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linus Lee
- Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center
| | - Athan Zavras
- Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center
| | | | - Ira Miller
- Pathology, Rush University Medical Center
| | | | | | - Alan T Blank
- Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center
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7
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Li X, Dean DC, Ferreira A, Nelson SD, Hornicek FJ, Yu S, Duan Z. Establishment and Characterization of a Novel Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma Cell Line DDCS2. Cancer Control 2021; 28:10732748211045274. [PMID: 34767468 PMCID: PMC8645311 DOI: 10.1177/10732748211045274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dedifferentiated variant of chondrosarcoma is highly aggressive and carries an especially grim prognosis. While chemotherapeutics has failed to benefit patients with dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma significantly, preclinical chemosensitivity studies have been limited by a scarcity of available cell lines. There is, therefore, an urgent need to expand the pool of available cell lines. Methods We report the establishment of a novel dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma cell line DDCS2, which we isolated from the primary tumor specimen of a 60-year-old male patient. We characterized its short tandem repeat (STR) DNA profile, growth potential, antigenic markers, chemosensitivity, and oncogenic spheroid and colony-forming capacity. Results DDCS2 showed a spindle to polygonal shape and an approximate 60-hour doubling time. STR DNA profiling revealed a unique genomic identity not matching any existing cancer cell lines within the ATCC, JCRB, or DSMZ databases. There was no detectable contamination with another cell type. Western blot and immunofluorescence assays were consistent with a mesenchymal origin, and our MTT assay revealed relative resistance to conventional chemotherapeutics, which is typical of a dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. Under ex vivo three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions, the DDCS2 cells produced spheroid patterns similar to the well-established CS-1 and SW1353 chondrosarcoma cell lines. Conclusion Our findings confirm DDCS2 is a novel model for dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma and therefore adds to the limited pool of current cell lines urgently needed to investigate the chemoresistance within this deadly cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, 71041Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Dylan C Dean
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Al Ferreira
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Scott D Nelson
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Francis J Hornicek
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Shengji Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, 71041Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
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8
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Brčić I, Rosenberg AE. Pathology of pleomorphic/undifferentiated and dedifferentiated bone neoplasms. Semin Diagn Pathol 2021; 38:163-169. [PMID: 34049746 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary malignant bone tumors are uncommon and their accurate classification requires careful correlation of clinical, radiological, and pathologic findings. It is a heterogeneous group of tumors with a wide spectrum of morphology and their biological potential can be of low- or high-grade, depending on their risk for developing metastases. Over the past several decades, the classification of bone sarcomas has remained largely constant. However, some of the tumors have been reclassified and several new entities have emerged. In this review, we will focus on pleomorphic fibrosarcoma/UPS and dedifferentiated bone tumors, discuss their key diagnostic features, differential diagnosis, and their relation to prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Brčić
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrew E Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Bone and Soft tissue, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Jackson Memorial Hospitals, Miami, FL, USA.
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9
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Cao L, Wu Y, Han SM, Sun T, Yu BH, Gao F, Wu WJ, Gao BL. Dedifferentiated chondrsarcoma: a clinicopathologic analysis of 25 cases. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:189. [PMID: 33588810 PMCID: PMC7885579 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the clinical, imaging and pathological features of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma for better diagnosis. Methods Patients who had been confirmed to have dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma were enrolled in this study and analyzed in the clinical, imaging and pathological data. Results Twenty-five patients had pathologically confirmed dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma including 15 males and 10 females with an age range of 24–74 (median 58, interquartile range 49–65). Ten patients had the tumor at the femur, four at the ilium, two at the humerus, two at the tibia, two at cotyle, and one at each of the following locations: scapula, sacrum, rib, pubic branch, and calcaneus. Twenty-one patients had local pain and a soft tissue mass while the other four patients had only local pain without a soft tissue mass. Four patients had pathological fractures. Imaging showed extensive bone destruction with calcification inside the lesion and possible pathological fractures. On gross observation of the specimen, the chondrosarcoma components were usually located inside the bone, and the dedifferentiated sarcoma components were mainly located outside the bone. Microscopy showed the dedifferentiated tumor had two components: well-differentiated chondrosarcoma and poorly differentiated non-chondral sarcoma including malignant fibrous histiocytoma in eleven cases, osteosarcoma in ten cases, fibrosarcoma in two, liomyosarcoma in one, and lipoblastoma in the remaining one.. Followed up from 3 moths to 60 months (mean 15.6), eight patients died with a survival time of 10–23 months (mean 16), and the other 17 patients survived with the survival duration from three to 60 months (15). Conclusion Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is a fatal disease with multiple components, and most of the cases have dual morphological and imaging features of chondrosarcoma and non-chondrosarcoma. The imaging presentations are primarily of common central chondrosarcoma, combined with cortical destruction, soft tissue mass, and pathological fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Hebei Provincial Gucheng County Hospital, Gucheng, 253800, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shu-Man Han
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Bao-Hai Yu
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wen-Juan Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Bu-Lang Gao
- Department of Radiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei Province, China
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10
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Tran V, Slavin J. Bone Tumour Pathology. Sarcoma 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-9414-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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11
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Roessner A, Smolle M, Schoeder V, Haybaeck J. [Cartilage tumors: morphology, genetics, and current aspects of target therapy]. DER PATHOLOGE 2020; 41:143-152. [PMID: 32060685 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-020-00752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage tumors are a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal tumors whose common characteristic is the formation of a chondroblastic differentiated groundsubstance by the tumor cells. The basic features of their histological classification were already developed in the 1940s and supplemented by further entities in the following decades. Only in the past 10-15 years have fundamental new insights been gained through molecular genetic analysis. So, osteochondromas are characterized by alterations in the EXT1 and EXT2 genes. The description of mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH 1 and 2) in chondromas and chondrosarcomas is particularly important. The mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is characterized by a fusion of the HEY1-NCOA2 genes. The molecular genetic alterations characteristic for the individual tumor entities are first of all an essential supplement for the differential diagnosis of radiologically and histologically difficult cases. They also provide the basis for the establishment of molecular target therapies for malignant chondrogenic tumors. This applies in particular to conventional chondrosarcoma, for which all approaches to chemo- and radiotherapy have proven to be ineffective. However, the use of target therapies is still in its beginnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Roessner
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Deutschland.
| | - Maria Smolle
- Universitätsklinik für Orthopädie und Traumatologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Österreich
| | - Victor Schoeder
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Deutschland
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Deutschland.,Institut für Pathologie, Neuropathologie und Molekularpathologie, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Österreich.,Diagnostik und Forschungszentrum für Molekulare BioMedizin, Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Österreich
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12
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Prognostic Factors in Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma: A Retrospective Analysis of a Large Series Treated at a Single Institution. Sarcoma 2019; 2019:9069272. [PMID: 31915413 PMCID: PMC6930709 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9069272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas (DDCSs) are highly malignant tumors with a dismal prognosis and present a significant challenge in clinical management. Methods In an IRB approved retrospective protocol, we identified 72 patients with DDCS treated at our institution between 1993 and 2017 and reviewed clinicopathological characteristics, treatment modalities, and outcomes to analyze prognostic factors. Results Femur (44.4%), pelvis (22.2%), and humerus (12.5%) were most commonly involved sites. Twenty-three patients (31.9%) presented with distant metastasis, and 3 (4.2%) of them also had regional lymph node involvement. The median overall survival (OS) was 13.9 months. On multivariate analysis, pathological fracture, larger tumor size, lymph node involvement, metastasis at diagnosis, extraosseous extension, and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma component correlated with worse OS, whereas surgical resection and chemotherapy were associated with improved OS. For progression-free survival (PFS), pathological fracture and metastasis at diagnosis showed increased risk, while chemotherapy was associated with decreased risk. Among patients who received chemotherapy, doxorubicin and cisplatin were significantly associated with improved PFS but not OS. Among patients without metastasis at diagnosis, 17 (34.7%) developed local recurrence. Thirty-one (63.3%) developed distant metastases at a median interval of 18.1 months. On multivariate analysis, R1/R2 resection was related with local recurrence, while macroscopic dedifferentiated component was associated with distant metastasis. Conclusions The prognosis of DDCS is poor. Complete resection remains a significant prognostic factor for local control. Chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cisplatin seems to have better PFS. More prognostic, multicenter trials are warranted to further explore the effectiveness of chemotherapy in selected DDCS patients.
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Establishment and characterization of a novel dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma cell line, NCC-dCS1-C1. Hum Cell 2019; 32:202-213. [DOI: 10.1007/s13577-018-00232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Vinayak A, Worley DR, Withrow SJ, Adams DS, Powers BE. Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma in the Dog and Cat: A Case Series and Review of the Literature. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2017; 54:50-59. [PMID: 29131675 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective case series describes seven dogs and one cat diagnosed with dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma, an uncommon, aggressive variant of chondrosarcoma. The purpose of the study is to describe clinical, imaging, and histopathological findings of this tumor. Medical records and the diagnostic laboratory database at Colorado State University from 2000 to 2015 were reviewed and complete medical records were available for the eight animals in this report. Similar to what has been reported in people, poor long-term survival and high metastatic rate, particularly to the lungs, was observed in our case series. A bimorphic pattern on imaging (radiographs, computed tomography, and MRI) consisting of mineralized and nonmineralized areas was seen mirroring the high-grade sarcomatous component adjacent to a low-grade chondroid component seen histopathologically. A review of the human literature including suspected etiology, imaging findings, histopathology, and survival times with various treatment options is presented. This article describes the first reported cases of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma in the veterinary literature. Early accurate recognition could lead to treatment plans tailored to this variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Vinayak
- From the VCA West Coast Specialty and Emergency Animal Hospital, Fountain Valley, California (A.V.); and Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, Colorado (A.V., D.R.W., S.J.W., D.S.A., B.E.P.)
| | - Deanna R Worley
- From the VCA West Coast Specialty and Emergency Animal Hospital, Fountain Valley, California (A.V.); and Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, Colorado (A.V., D.R.W., S.J.W., D.S.A., B.E.P.)
| | - Stephen J Withrow
- From the VCA West Coast Specialty and Emergency Animal Hospital, Fountain Valley, California (A.V.); and Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, Colorado (A.V., D.R.W., S.J.W., D.S.A., B.E.P.)
| | - Dustin S Adams
- From the VCA West Coast Specialty and Emergency Animal Hospital, Fountain Valley, California (A.V.); and Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, Colorado (A.V., D.R.W., S.J.W., D.S.A., B.E.P.)
| | - Barbara E Powers
- From the VCA West Coast Specialty and Emergency Animal Hospital, Fountain Valley, California (A.V.); and Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, Colorado (A.V., D.R.W., S.J.W., D.S.A., B.E.P.)
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Strotman PK, Reif TJ, Kliethermes SA, Sandhu JK, Nystrom LM. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma: A survival analysis of 159 cases from the SEER database (2001-2011). J Surg Oncol 2017; 116:252-257. [PMID: 28420036 DOI: 10.1002/jso.24650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is a rare malignancy with reported 5-year overall survival rates ranging from 7% to 24%. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the overall survival of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma in a modern patient series and how it is impacted by patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and surgical treatment factors. METHODS This is a retrospective review of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 2001 to 2011. Kaplan Meier analyses were used for overall and disease-specific survival. Univariable and multivariable cox regression models were used to identify prognostic factors. RESULTS Five year overall- and disease-specific survival was 18% (95% CI: 12-26%) and 28% (95% CI: 18-37%), respectively. Individuals with extremity tumors had a worse prognosis than individuals with a primary tumor in the chest wall or axial skeleton (HR 0.20, 95% CI: 0.07-0.56; P = 0.002 and HR 0.60, 95% CI: 0.36-0.99; P = 0.04, respectively). Patients with AJCC stage III or IV disease (HR 2.51, 95% CI: 1.50-4.20; P = 0.001), tumors larger than 8 cm (HR 2.17, 95% CI: 1.11-4.27; P = 0.046), metastatic disease at diagnosis (HR 3.25, 95% CI: 1.98-5.33; P < 0.001), and those treated without surgical resection (amputation: HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.23-0.80; P = 0.01; limb salvage/non-amputation resection: HR 0.41, 95% CI: 0.24-0.69; P = 0.001) had a significant increase in risk of mortality. CONCLUSIONS The overall prognosis of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is poor with a 5-year overall survival of 18%. Patients with a primary tumor located in the chest wall had a better prognosis. Tumors larger than 8 cm, presence of metastases at diagnosis, and treatment without surgical resection were significant predictors of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K Strotman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Taylor J Reif
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | | | - Jasmin K Sandhu
- Clinical Research Offices, Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Lukas M Nystrom
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
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Liu C, Xi Y, Li M, Jiao Q, Zhang H, Yang Q, Yao W. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma: Radiological features, prognostic factors and survival statistics in 23 patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173665. [PMID: 28301537 PMCID: PMC5354284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is a rare, highly malignant tumor with a poor survival. There are many confusing issues concerning the imaging feature that can facilitate early diagnosis and the factors that might be related to outcomes. Methods Twenty-three patients with dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma confirmed by pathology were retrospectively reviewed from 2008 to 2015. The patients’ clinical information, images from radiographs (n = 17), CT (n = 19), and MRI (n = 17), histological features, treatment and prognosis were analyzed. Results There were 12 males and 11 females, and the mean age was 50.39 years old. Fourteen cases affected the axial bone (pelvis, spine), and 9 cases involved the appendicular bone. Seven (41.17%), 9 (47.36), and 12 (66.66%) lesions showed a biphasic nature on radiograph, CT and MRI, respectively. Of the lesions, 17.39% (4/23) were accompanied by pathological fractures. Histologically, the cartilage component was considered histological Grade1 in 12 patients and Grade 2 in 11 patients. The dedifferentiated component showed features of osteosarcoma in 8 cases, malignant fibrous histiocytoma in3 cases, myofibroblastic sarcoma in 1 case and spindle cell sarcoma in 11cases. Twenty-two cases were treated with surgical resection, and 17 cases achieved adequate (wide or radical) surgical margin. In 8 cases, surgery was combined with adjuvant chemotherapy. The overall median survival time was nine months; 17.4% of patients survived to five years. Conclusion Axial bone location, lung metastasis at diagnosis, inadequate surgical margin, incorrect diagnosis before surgery and pathological fractures was related to poorer outcome. Pre- or postoperative chemotherapy had no definitively effect on improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglei Liu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Xi
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Jiao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingcheng Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwu Yao
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Pattanashetty O, B.B D, Pillai A, Endigeri P. Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma of Proximal Tibia and Fibula with an Infected Ulcer: A Case Report. J Orthop Case Rep 2016; 6:9-12. [PMID: 27703929 PMCID: PMC5040585 DOI: 10.13107/jocr.2250-0685.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DDCS) is a rare and malignant form of primary bone tumor refractive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It accounts for 1-2% of all primary bone tumors. Surgical resection, limb-salvage surgeries and amputation remain the mainstay of treatment. The prognosis of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is poor. CASE REPORT We report a case of a 51-year-old male having a swelling and an ulcer distal to the left knee later diagnosed with dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma of proximal tibial and fibular metaphysis. Although DDCS is a highly malignant tumor, no metastasis was found and the patient was treated with transfemoral amputation. Post-operative histopathology showed nuclear atypia, binucleated and multinucleated chondrocytes with spindling and neoplastic cells arranged in storiform pattern and giant cells which confirmed the diagnosis of DDCS. CONCLUSION Early diagnoses and treatment are important while treating these tumors in order to prevent morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- O.B. Pattanashetty
- Department of Orthopaedics, BLDEU’s, Shri B M Patil Medical College, Bijapur, Karnataka, India
| | - Dayanand B.B
- Department of Orthopaedics, BLDEU’s, Shri B M Patil Medical College, Bijapur, Karnataka, India
| | - Arravind Pillai
- Department of Orthopaedics, BLDEU’s, Shri B M Patil Medical College, Bijapur, Karnataka, India
| | - Preetish Endigeri
- Department of Orthopaedics, BLDEU’s, Shri B M Patil Medical College, Bijapur, Karnataka, India
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Abstract
In this article, the authors summarize the state of the art and future potential in the management of Osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and Chondrosarcoma. They cover systemic therapy, surgical therapy, and radiotherapy, along with targeted therapies to inhibit signal transduction pathways. They discuss staging and the role of imaging evaluation to provide an overview of bone tumor treatment. Images presenting pathologic-radiologic correlations are included.
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Zhang Y, Paz Mejia A, Temple HT, Trent J, Rosenberg AE. Squamous cell carcinoma arising in dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma proved by isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation analysis. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:1541-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Chang F, Liu GY, Zhang Q, Lin G, Huang H, Duan DS, Wang JC. Malawer limb salvage surgery for the treatment of scapular chondrosarcoma. World J Surg Oncol 2014; 12:196. [PMID: 24976133 PMCID: PMC4090394 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-12-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is a common malignant bone tumor, which accounts for 20% of all malignant bone tumors. It often occurs in the long bones, but the incidence of scapular chondrosarcoma is rare. Here, we describe a case of a large chondrosarcoma occurring in the scapula which was treated with Malawer limb salvage surgery. The patient retained considerable limb function after complete removal of the tumor tissue as assessed at the follow-up visit two years and ten months following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the second hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guang-Yao Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - De-Sheng Duan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jin-Cheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the second hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Levin A, Morris CD. Acral Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma of a Toe Phalanx: A Case Report. JBJS Case Connect 2014; 4:e16. [PMID: 29252505 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.cc.m.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Levin
- Orthopaedic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Suite A-342, New York, NY 10065.
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Abstract
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas are cartilaginous tumors that consist of two distinguishable components, a lowgrade chondrosarcoma (chondrogenic) component and a highgrade dedifferentiated (anaplastic) component. The tumor cells in both components seem to originate from a single precursor, but there are a substantial number of genetic alterations in the anaplastic component. The underlying mechanism of dedifferentiation is unknown, but cell cycle regulators p16, p53 and retinoblastoma appear to have important roles in tumor development and dedifferentiation. In this article, molecular pathogenesis of dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Sakamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan,Address for correspondence: Dr. Akio Sakamoto, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. E-mail: u.ac.jp
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Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma of the cervical spine: a case report. World J Surg Oncol 2013; 11:32. [PMID: 23375124 PMCID: PMC3599151 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-11-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DDCS) is a rare and aggressive bone tumor with poor prognosis. Primary DDCS of the mobile spine is extremely rare, particularly in the cervical spine. We herein describe a first case of cervical DDCS in an 81-year-old male presenting with a slowly growing mass. Radiographs showed an expansion of the cortical contour of the C2 lamina and a soft tissue mass with punctate calcification. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a lobulated lesion expanding over the entire lamina and pedicles of C2 with the tumor protuberant to the adjacent soft tissue. A complete tumor resection was performed. Histologically, the majority of the tumor was a low-grade chondrosarcoma component. However, atypical spindle cells that had proliferated in a fascicular pattern with a collagenous stroma, mimicking fibrosarcoma, were focally observed without a transitional zone, and these features confirmed that the tumor was DDCS.
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Yokota K, Sakamoto A, Matsumoto Y, Matsuda S, Harimaya K, Oda Y, Iwamoto Y. Clinical outcome for patients with dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma: a report of 9 cases at a single institute. J Orthop Surg Res 2012; 7:38. [PMID: 23227977 PMCID: PMC3536662 DOI: 10.1186/1749-799x-7-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas consist of two distinguishable components: low-grade chondrosarcoma components and high-grade dedifferentiated components. Materials and methods Nine cases (4 males, 5 females) of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma were treated in our institute. The average age was 58.6 (range, 37–86) years. The tumor location was the long bone in 7 cases (femur, n=5; humerus, n=1; tibia, n=1) and the pelvic bone in 2 cases. The average time from appearance of symptoms to treatment was 9.4 (range, 1–40) months. Results and discussion On plain radiographs, matrix mineralization was seen in all 9 cases (100%). Bone destruction was observed in 5 of 9 cases (56%), while pathological fracture was seen in one femur case (11%). Lung metastasis was observed in all cases (initially in 5 cases; during the treatment course in 4 cases). Surgery was performed in 8 cases, with local recurrence occurring in 2 of those cases (time to recurrence, 2 and 10 months). Chemotherapy was administered in 4 cases, but did not result in significant improvement. All 9 cases died of lung metastases, with a median survival time of 10 (range, 3.4-18.8) months. The presence of initial metastasis at diagnosis was a significant unfavorable prognostic factor. Conclusion The prognosis of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is dismal. With the lack of convincing evidence of the benefit of chemotherapy, complete surgical excision is the initial recommended treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Yokota
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Expression of aromatase and estrogen receptor alpha in chondrosarcoma, but no beneficial effect of inhibiting estrogen signaling both in vitro and in vivo. Clin Sarcoma Res 2011; 1:5. [PMID: 22613849 PMCID: PMC3372281 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3329-1-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chondrosarcomas are malignant cartilage-forming tumors which are highly resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Estrogen signaling is known to play an important role in proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and in growth plate regulation at puberty. Our experiments focus on unraveling the role of estrogen signaling in the regulation of neoplastic cartilage growth and on interference with estrogen signaling in chondrosarcomas in vitro and in vivo. Methods We investigated the protein expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1), androgen receptor (AR), and aromatase in tumor specimens of various chondrosarcoma subtypes, and (primary) chondrosarcoma cultures. Dose-response curves were generated of conventional central chondrosarcoma cell lines cultured in the presence of 17β-estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, 4-androstene-3,17 dione, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, fulvestrant and aromatase inhibitors. In a pilot series, the effect of anastrozole (n = 4) or exemestane (n = 2) treatment in 6 chondrosarcoma patients with progressive disease was explored. Results We showed protein expression of ESR1 and aromatase in a large majority of all subtypes. Only a minority of the tumors showed few AR positive cells. The dose-response assays showed no effect of any of the compounds on proliferation of conventional chondrosarcoma in vitro. The median progression-free survival of the patients treated with aromatase inhibitors did not significantly deviate from untreated patients. Conclusions The presence of ESR1 and aromatase in chondrosarcoma tumors and primary cultures supports a possible role of estrogen signaling in chondrosarcoma proliferation. However, our in vitro and pilot in vivo studies have shown no effect of estrogen-signaling inhibition on tumor growth.
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Different expression of Sox9 and Runx2 between chondrosarcoma and dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma cell line. Eur J Cancer Prev 2011; 19:466-71. [PMID: 20683191 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0b013e32833d942f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DDCS), a highly malignant variant of chondrosarcoma (CCS), is characterized by high-grade sarcoma adjacent to low-grade chondroid tumor. Owing to its complicated composition, the histogenesis of this tumor remains controversial. Earlier, we carried out DNA microarray analysis using chondrosarcomatous tissues, and found that Sox9 and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) were differentially expressed in CCS compared with DDCS. Here, we analyzed Sox9, Runx2, Col2a1, and Col1a1 in NDCS-1 (DDCS) and SW1353 (CCS) cell lines using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunocytochemistry. The results showed high expression of Runx2 and Col1a1, and low expression of Sox9 and Col2a1 in NDCS-1 cells. In SW1353 cells, however, gene expressions were reversed. These findings provide evidence that Sox9 and Runx2 are involved in the occurrence and development of DDCS.
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Deloin X, Dumaine V, Biau D, Karoubi M, Babinet A, Tomeno B, Anract P. Pelvic chondrosarcomas: surgical treatment options. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2009; 95:393-401. [PMID: 19801212 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chondrosarcoma (CS) is a primary malignant bone tumor with cartilaginous differentiation. The only available treatment is carcinological surgical resection since the usual adjuvant treatments are ineffective. The pelvic location creates specific technical difficulties both for exeresis and reconstruction. Our objective was to evaluate the carcinological and functional outcomes of inter-ilioabdominal amputation and conservative surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively studied 59 cases of pelvis chondrosarcoma managed in our department between 1968 and 2003. Demographic, anatomopathological, surgical and survival data were analyzed. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier curves and the cumulative incidence method. Multivariate analysis was used to identify all possible independent prognostic variables. RESULTS There were 33 men and 26 women, with an average age of 48 years. The average follow-up duration was 94 months. Eleven patients had a grade 1 chondrosarcoma, 36 a grade 2 chondrosarcoma, five were grade 3, and seven were dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. Eleven patients underwent an inter-ilioabdominal disarticulation, and 48 had a more conservative surgery. Resection margins proved healthy in 46 patients (78%). Eighteen patients (31%) had a local recurrence, and 12 (20%) had metastases. At last follow-up, 30 patients (51%) were still alive without any sign of recurrence. Twenty-three patients (39%) died from the disease. Multivariate analysis showed that margin invasion was associated with a definitely increased local recurrence rate. A high tumoral grade was correlated with a greater risk of metastases occurrence. These two last factors (margin status and tumor grade) as well as acetabulum involvement were correlated with a reduced survival rate. Function was better among patients treated by conservative surgery, and among them, even better when the peri-acetabular area remained intact. Our study confirmed that resection margins quality is a major prognostic factor both for local control and for survival. On the other hand, local recurrence is an adverse survival prognosis factor and is itself correlated with resection margins quality. Peri-acetabular chondrosarcoma location (in zone 2) appears to be a poor oncological prognosis factor since, in this location, obtaining healthy margins appears particularly difficult. Compared to resection, inter-ilioabdominal amputation did not prove its superiority concerning resection margins quality or survival. However, resection guaranteed a better functional outcome. CONCLUSION Chondrosarcoma of the pelvic girdle remains of worse prognosis than peripheral bones chondrosarcoma since the critical prognosis factor is the resection margins quality. This location, and especially the peri-acetabular zone, poses difficult specific technical problems when conservative surgery is selected. Various imaging techniques should help better envision tumor resection extent. Inter-ilioabdominal amputation should only be resorted to in non-metastatic patients, when the tumor does not seem to be removable with sufficient healthy margins guarantee, or when local conditions make it impossible to hope for a good quality reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV; therapeutic retrospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Deloin
- Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department A, Cochin Hospital, 27, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France.
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Kohli K, Lallawmzuali D, Kawatra V, Khurana N. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma of the hand: case report. Pathology 2009; 41:491-4. [DOI: 10.1080/00313020903041051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Doganavsargil B, Argin M, Sezak M, Sabah D, Sarsik B, Omur O, Oztop F. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma of the thumb: a case report. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2009; 129:161-6. [PMID: 18066560 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-007-0538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DDCS) comprises approximately 10% of all chondrosarcomas and has the worst outcome with 5-year survival of 10%. The preferred localizations are femur, humerus and pelvis. We report a case of DDCS that arose in proximal phalanx of left-hand thumb of a 66-year-old man. He was admitted with a 2-month history of pain and swelling in his thumb. He had experienced a fracture 15 years ago in the same localization with a history of suspected preexisting enchondroma. Plain radiographs showed an expansive osteolytic lesion with milimetric calcifications while magnetic resonance imaging revealed intraosseous focal globular hyperintense spots consistent with chondroid areas as well as a surrounding soft tissue mass with intermediate signal intensity. In biopsy specimen we observed a low-grade chondrosarcoma next to a spindle cell sarcoma with an abrupt transition. He was treated with amputation and died of the disease within 9 months following the surgery. The presence of dedifferented chondrosarcoma in bones of hands was not previously reported. The presented case was provided with the macroscopic and microscopic features observed in amputation specimen in comparison with radiological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Doganavsargil
- Department of Pathology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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Sciubba DM, Nelson C, Gok B, McGirt MJ, McLoughlin GS, Noggle JC, Wolinsky JP, Witham TF, Bydon A, Gokaslan ZL. Evaluation of factors associated with postoperative infection following sacral tumor resection. J Neurosurg Spine 2008; 9:593-9. [DOI: 10.3171/spi.2008.9.0861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Object
Resection of sacral tumors has been shown to improve survival, since the oncological prognosis is commonly correlated with the extent of local tumor control. However, extensive soft-tissue resection in close proximity to the rectum may predispose patients to wound complications and infection. To identify potential risk factors, a review of clinical outcomes for sacral tumor resections over the past 5 years at a single institution was completed, paying special attention to procedure-related complications.
Methods
Between 2002 and 2007, 46 patients with sacral tumors were treated with surgery. Demographic data, details of surgery, type of tumor, and patient characteristics associated with surgical site infections (SSIs) were collected; these data included presence of the following variables: diabetes, obesity, smoking, steroid use, previous surgery, previous radiation, cerebrospinal fluid leak, number of spinal levels exposed, instrumentation, number of surgeons scrubbed in to the procedure, serum albumin level, and combined anterior-posterior approach. Logistic regression analysis was implemented to find an association of such variables with the presence of SSI.
Results
A total of 46 patients were treated for sacral tumor resections; 20 were male (43%) and 26 were female (57%), with an average age of 46 years (range 11–83 years). Histopathological findings included the following: chordoma in 19 (41%), ependymoma in 5 (11%), rectal adenocarcinoma in 5 (11%), giant cell tumor in 4 (9%), and other in 13 (28%). There were 18 cases of wound infection (39%), and 2 cases of repeat surgery for tumor recurrence (1 chordoma and 1 giant cell tumor). Factors associated with increased likelihood of infection included previous lumbosacral surgery (p = 0.0184; odds ratio [OR] 7.955) and number of surgeons scrubbed in to the operation (p = 0.0332; OR 4.018). Increasing age (p = 0.0864; OR 1.031), presence of complex soft-tissue reconstruction (p = 0.118; OR 3.789), and bowel and bladder dysfunction (p = 0.119; OR 2.667) demonstrated a trend toward increased risk of SSI.
Conclusions
Patients undergoing sacral tumor surgery may be at greater risk for developing wound complications due to the extensive soft-tissue resections often required, especially with the increased potential for contamination from the neighboring rectum. In this study, it appears that previous lumbosacral surgery, number of surgeons scrubbed in, patient age, bowel and bladder dysfunction, and complex tissue reconstruction may predict those patients more prone to developing postoperative SSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Sciubba
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Clarke Nelson
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Beryl Gok
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Matthew J. McGirt
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Gregory S. McLoughlin
- 2Division of Neurosurgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Joseph C. Noggle
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Jean Paul Wolinsky
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Timothy F. Witham
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Ali Bydon
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Ziya L. Gokaslan
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Pahade
- Department of Radiology, Musculoskeletal Section, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, E/CC-4, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Grimer RJ, Gosheger G, Taminiau A, Biau D, Matejovsky Z, Kollender Y, San-Julian M, Gherlinzoni F, Ferrari C. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma: prognostic factors and outcome from a European group. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:2060-5. [PMID: 17720491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma has a very poor prognosis. Because of its rarity, there are few large studies of outcome which might identify potential prognostic factors. In particular there remains uncertainty about the value of chemotherapy for this condition. METHOD A retrospective study was done using data supplied by members of the European Musculo Skeletal Oncology Society (EMSOS). We obtained data on 337 patients from nine European centres with this rare condition, with details on patients, treatment and outcome which were then analysed in an attempt to identify prognostic features. RESULTS The median age was 59 years and there was a slight predominance of males (53%). The most common sites were the femur and pelvis. Twenty-nine percent of patients with a long bone tumour had a pathological fracture. 71 patients (21%) had metastases at the time of diagnosis and these patients had a median survival of 5 months with a 10% chance of survival at 2 years. For the 266 patients without metastases at diagnosis, 254 underwent surgery with 79% having limb salvage. Thirty-one percent of these 266 patients had chemotherapy with 47% of those under 60 receiving it. In this group of 266 patients, overall survival was 28% at 10 years and poor prognostic factors were the presence of a pathological fracture at diagnosis, a pelvic location and increasing age. Local recurrence and overall survival were related to inadequate margins of excision. We did not find that the histological subtype, size of the tumour or the use of chemotherapy significantly affected outcome. For all patients the overall survival was 24% at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS The prognosis for patients with dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma remains dismal. Surgery with clear margins remains the principal treatment for this condition. Further use of chemotherapy should be within a trial or treatment protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Grimer
- Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Bristol Road South, Birmingham B31 2AP, UK.
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Kudo N, Ogose A, Hotta T, Kawashima H, Gu W, Umezu H, Toyama T, Endo N. Establishment of novel human dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma cell line with osteoblastic differentiation. Virchows Arch 2007; 451:691-9. [PMID: 17653762 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-007-0426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is a rare, highly malignant variant of chondrosarcoma in which a high-grade sarcoma coexists with a low-grade chondroid tumor. We herein review a case of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma with an osteosarcoma omit component that occurred in the distal femur of a 38-year-old man. We established the cell line (NDCS-1) from a pleural effusion of the metastatic lung tumor. The cell line was characterized by a the G-banded karyotype, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, spectral karyotyping, and reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). The tumor exhibited complex karyotypes and a high frequency of chromosomal amplication with p53 mutation. This tumor revealed an osteoblastic and chondroblastic character in vitro and in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. The expression and phosphorylation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta, which seemed to play a major role in the malignant phenotype of chondrosarcoma, was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the establishment of a human dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kudo
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 757-1 Asahimachi-dori Ichiban-cho, Niigata City, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
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Sopta J, Dordević A, Tulić G, Mijucić V. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma: our clinico-pathological experience and dilemmas in 25 cases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 134:147-52. [PMID: 17653766 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-007-0262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma represents a special form of the chondrosarcoma characterized by the presence of well-differentiated cartilaginous component in juxtaposition with the malignant mesenchymal tumor of high-malignancy grade. METHODS The study was performed on 25 tissue samples obtained by biopsy of the primary malignant bone tumors. RESULTS Out of the total of 25 patients, 13 were males and 12 were females. Their average age was 59.9 years (39-75). Radiological examination verified the presence of the pathological fractures in 14 patients. The skeletal distribution clearly indicates that the femur is the most frequent site of affection (in 15 patients--60%). Morphological analysis verified the presence of "precursor cartilaginous lesion" or low-grade cartilaginous component in all cases. Classification of the high-grade components was based on the immunohistochemical analyses, which evidenced MFH in 18 cases, osteosarcoma in 4, while fibrosarcoma was evidenced in 2 and rhabdomyosarcoma in 1 case. In 20 patients, out of whom 14 had existing fractures, amputation was indicated. In five patients (fracture-free), resection limb-salvage surgical intervention was performed. CONCLUSION The lethal outcome ensues within less than 2 years in all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Sopta
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerae O Lewis
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 301402, Unit 408, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA
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Almefty K, Pravdenkova S, Colli BO, Al-Mefty O, Gokden M. Chordoma and chondrosarcoma: Similar, but quite different, skull base tumors. Cancer 2007; 110:2457-67. [PMID: 17894390 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the skull base are frequently amalgamated because of similar anatomic location, clinical presentation, and radiologic findings. The chondroid chordoma variant has been reported to carry a better prognosis. The objective of the current study was to investigate the distinctions between these 3 entities. METHODS The data concerning 109 patients with chordoma, chondroid chordoma, and chondrosarcoma who were treated by a single surgeon with maximum surgical resection and frequently by adjunct proton beam radiotherapy between 1990 and 2006 were analyzed retrospectively. Pathologic distinction was established by cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen staining. Clinical, radiologic, pathologic, and cytogenetic studies were analyzed in relation to disease recurrence and death. RESULTS The average follow-up was 48+/-37.5 months (range, 1-191 months). There were no reliable distinguishing clinical or radiologic features noted between the groups. Chondrosarcoma patients had a significantly better outcome compared with chordoma patients with regard to survival and recurrence-free survival (P=.028 and P<.001, respectively), whereas patients with chondroid chordoma had a poor outcome similar to chordoma patients with regard to survival and recurrence-free survival (P=.337 and P=.906, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Chordoma and chondrosarcoma differ with regard to their origin and histology, and differ markedly with regard to outcome. Chondroid chordomas behave in a manner that is clinically similar to chordomas, with the same prognosis. Both chordoma types demonstrate an aggressive clinical course and poor outcome after disease recurrence. The optimal treatment for all groups of patients involves radical surgical resection followed by high-dose radiotherapy in patients with chordomas. Radiotherapy may not be necessary in patients with low-grade chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaith Almefty
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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Bell WC, Klein MJ, Pitt MJ, Siegal GP. Molecular pathology of chondroid neoplasms: part 2, malignant lesions. Skeletal Radiol 2006; 35:887-94. [PMID: 17047898 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-006-0217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This is the second part of a two-part review presenting an overview of the molecular findings associated with both benign and malignant chondroid neoplasms. The first part presented a brief review of modern methods in molecular pathology, along with a review of the cytogenetic and molecular genetic findings in benign chondroid neoplasms. This second part reviews the cytogenetic and molecular genetic findings in malignant chondroid neoplasms. Clinical aspects of the various lesions are briefly discussed, and each tumor is illustrated with representative radiographic and pathologic images.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Bell
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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Sakamoto A, Yamamoto H, Tanaka K, Matsuda S, Harimaya K, Oda Y, Tsuneyoshi M, Iwamoto Y. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma with leukocytosis and elevation of serum G-CSF. A case report. World J Surg Oncol 2006; 4:37. [PMID: 16820056 PMCID: PMC1526734 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-4-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background G-CSF is known to function as a hematopoietic growth factor and it is known to be responsible for leukocytosis. G-CSF-producing tumors associated with leukocytosis include various types of malignancies. Case presentation We report the case of a 72-year-old man with dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma characterized by dedifferentiated components of malignant fibrous histiocytoma- or osteosarcoma-like features in addition to conventional chondrosarcoma, arising from his pelvic bone. After hemipelvectomy, when local recurrence and metastasis were identified, leukocytosis appeared and an elevated level of serum granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was also recognized. The patient died of multiple organ failure 2 months after surgery. Autopsy specimens showed that the histological specimens of the recurrence and metastasis were dedifferentiated components, without any conventional chondrosarcoma components. G-CSF was expressed only in the dedifferentiated components, not in the chondrosarcoma components, immunohistochemically. Conclusion This is the first report of chondrosarcoma, or any other primary bone tumor, with leukocytosis, probably stimulated by tumor-produced G-CSF from the dedifferentiated components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Sakamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsumi Harimaya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masazumi Tsuneyoshi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yukihide Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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