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Casadevall D, Kilian AY, Bellmunt J. The prognostic role of epigenetic dysregulation in bladder cancer: A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 61:82-93. [PMID: 29121502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite adequate treatment and follow-up, around one fifth of patients with localized bladder cancer will present with disease progression. Adequate prognostic biomarkers are lacking to define patients who are at risk. Mutations in chromatin remodeling genes are more frequently found in bladder cancer than in any other solid tumor. However, the prognostic relevance of epigenetic dysregulation has not been established and may offer an opportunity for biomarker discovery. METHODS Looking for prognostic epigenetic factors, we performed a comprehensive PubMed search using keywords such as "bladder cancer", "chromatin remodeling", "gene methylation" and "epigenetics". We only included studies reporting on the association of epigenetic markers with prognostic outcomes such as recurrence, progression or survival. RESULTS Of 1113 results, 87 studies met the inclusion criteria, which represented a total of 85 epigenetic markers with potential prognostic relevance. No prospective studies were identified. Seventy-three percent (64/87) of the studies involved mixed cohorts of muscle invasive and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Promoter methylation of genes with putative prognostic value affected cellular processes such as cell cycle, apoptosis, cell-adhesion or migration, as well as critical pathways such as MAP-kinase or Wnt. Alteration of chromatin regulatory elements suggest a prognostic relevance alterations leading to a predominantly silenced chromatin state. CONCLUSIONS The prognostic impact of epigenetic alterations in bladder cancer is still unclear. Prospective evaluation of methylation marks and chromatin remodeling gene alterations using consistent methods and criteria is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Casadevall
- Cancer Research Program, PSMAR-IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- Cancer Research Program, PSMAR-IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, DANA 1230, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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2
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Xie JY, Chen PC, Zhang JL, Gao ZS, Neves H, Zhang SD, Wen Q, Chen WD, Kwok HF, Lin Y. The prognostic significance of DAPK1 in bladder cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175290. [PMID: 28388658 PMCID: PMC5384764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in men, however, there was only limited effective treatment for invasive bladder cancer. DAPK1 has been shown to play important role in apoptosis and autophagy to suppress cancer progression. Previous results have shown that DAPK1 promoter was hypermethylated in the majority of bladder cancer specimens, however, the prognostic significance of DAPK1 in bladder cancer has yet to be demonstrated. In the present study, we found that DAPK1 expression was negatively associated with tumor stage and a low level expression of DAPK1 in bladder cancer specimens were associated with shorter survival in bladder cancer patients in 3 independent bladder cancer datasets (n = 462). Further investigation showed that FGFR3 knockdown resulted in downregulation of DAPK1 in bladder cancer cell line, suggesting that FGFR3 may be an upstream factor of DAPK1. Further analysis of the 3 independent bladder cancer datasets have identified ACOX1, UPK2, TRAK1, PLEKHG6 and MT1X genes had their expression significantly correlated with that of DAPK1. Knockdown of DAPK1 in bladder cancer T24 cells resulted in downregulation of ACOX1, UPK2 and TRAK1. Interestingly, TRAK1, by itself, was a favorable prognostic marker in the 3 independent bladder cancer datasets. Importantly, by using connectivity mapping with DAPK1-associated gene signature, we found that vemurafenib and trametinib could possibly reverse DAPK1-associated gene signature, suggesting that inhibition of Raf/MEK pathway may be a potential therapeutic approach for bladder cancer. Indeed, treatment of vemurafenib in T24 bladder cancer cells resulted in upregulation of DAPK1 confirming our connectivity mapping, while knockdown of DAPK1 resulted in reduced sensitivity towards inhibition of Braf signaling by vemurafenib. Together, our results suggest that DAPK1 is an important prognostic marker and therapeutic target for bladder cancer and have identified possible therapeutic agents for future testing in bladder cancer models with low DAPK1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yun Xie
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng-Chen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Li Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze-Shou Gao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Henrique Neves
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR
| | - Shu-Dong Zhang
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, University of Ulster, C-TRIC Building, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Glenshane Road, Londonderry, United Kingdom
| | - Qing Wen
- Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YL); (HFK); (WDC)
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR
- * E-mail: (YL); (HFK); (WDC)
| | - Yao Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YL); (HFK); (WDC)
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3
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Reddy VR, Annamalai T, Narayanan V, Ramanathan A. Hypermethylation of promoter region of LATS1--a CDK interacting protein in oral squamous cell carcinomas--a pilot study in India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:1599-603. [PMID: 25743838 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.4.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes due to promoter hypermethylation is one of the frequent mechanisms observed in cancers. Hypermethylation of several tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle regulation has been reported in many types of tumors including oral squamous cell carcinomas. LATS1 (Large Tumor Suppressor, isoform 1) is a novel tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell cycle progression by forming complexes with the cyclin dependent kinase, CDK1. Promoter hypermethylation of the LATS1 gene has been observed in several carcinomas and also has been linked with prognosis. However, the methylation status of LATS1 in oral squamous cell carcinomas is not known. As oral cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer in India, the present study was designed to investigate the methylation status of LATS1 promoter and associate it with histopathological findings in order to determine any associations of the genetic status with stage of differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tumor chromosomal DNA isolated from biopsy tissues of thirteen oral squamous cell carcinoma biopsy tissues were subjected to digestion with methylation sensitive HpaII enzyme followed by amplification with primers flanking CCGG motifs in promoter region of LATS1 gene. The PCR amplicons were subsequently subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis along with undigested amplification control. RESULTS HpaII enzyme based methylation sensitive PCR identified LATS1 promoter hypermethylation in seven out of thirteen oral squamous cell carcinoma samples. CONCLUSIONS The identification of LATS1 promoter hypermethylation in seven oral squamous cell carcinoma samples (54%), which included one sample with epithelial dysplasia, two early invasive and one moderately differentiated lesions indicates that the hypermethylation of this gene may be one of the early event during carcinogenesis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to have explored and identified positive association between LATS1 promoter hypermethylation with histopathological features in oral squamous cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Ramakrishna Reddy
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, India E-mail :
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4
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Galluzzi L, Pietrocola F, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Amaravadi RK, Baehrecke EH, Cecconi F, Codogno P, Debnath J, Gewirtz DA, Karantza V, Kimmelman A, Kumar S, Levine B, Maiuri MC, Martin SJ, Penninger J, Piacentini M, Rubinsztein DC, Simon HU, Simonsen A, Thorburn AM, Velasco G, Ryan KM, Kroemer G. Autophagy in malignant transformation and cancer progression. EMBO J 2015; 34:856-80. [PMID: 25712477 PMCID: PMC4388596 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 903] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a key role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. In healthy cells, such a homeostatic activity constitutes a robust barrier against malignant transformation. Accordingly, many oncoproteins inhibit, and several oncosuppressor proteins promote, autophagy. Moreover, autophagy is required for optimal anticancer immunosurveillance. In neoplastic cells, however, autophagic responses constitute a means to cope with intracellular and environmental stress, thus favoring tumor progression. This implies that at least in some cases, oncogenesis proceeds along with a temporary inhibition of autophagy or a gain of molecular functions that antagonize its oncosuppressive activity. Here, we discuss the differential impact of autophagy on distinct phases of tumorigenesis and the implications of this concept for the use of autophagy modulators in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France INSERM U1138, Paris, France Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Federico Pietrocola
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France INSERM U1138, Paris, France Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France INSERM U1138, Paris, France Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia and Department of Biology University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), Paris, France INSERM U1151, Paris, France CNRS UMR8253, Paris, France
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond Virginia, VA, USA
| | | | - Alec Kimmelman
- Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Beth Levine
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Maria Chiara Maiuri
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France INSERM U1138, Paris, France Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Seamus J Martin
- Department of Genetics, Trinity College, The Smurfit Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Josef Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew M Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Guillermo Velasco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France INSERM U1138, Paris, France Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
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5
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Abstract
Death associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK) is an important serine/theoreine kinase involved in various cellular processes such as apoptosis, autophagy and inflammation. DAPK expression and activity are misregulated in multiple diseases including cancer, neuronal death, stoke, et al. Methylation of the DAPK gene is common in many types of cancer and can lead to loss of DAPK expression. In this review, we summarize the pathological status and functional roles of DAPK in disease and compare the published reagents that can manipulate the expression or activity of DAPK. The pleiotropic functions of DAPK make it an intriguing target and the barriers and opportunities for targeting DAPK for future clinical application are discussed.
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6
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Hameed UFS, Lim J, Zhang Q, Wasik MA, Yang D, Swaminathan K. Transcriptional repressor domain of MBD1 is intrinsically disordered and interacts with its binding partners in a selective manner. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4896. [PMID: 24810720 PMCID: PMC4014985 DOI: 10.1038/srep04896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation of DNA CpG sites is a major mechanism of epigenetic gene silencing and plays important roles in cell division, development and carcinogenesis. One of its regulators is the 64-residue C-terminal Transcriptional Repressor Domain (the TRD) of MBD1, which recruits several repressor proteins such as MCAF1, HDAC3 and MPG that are essential for the gene silencing. Using NMR spectroscopy, we have characterized the solution structure of the C-terminus of MBD1 (MBD1-c, residues D507 to Q605), which included the TRD (A529 to P592). Surprisingly, the MBD1-c is intrinsically disordered. Despite its lack of a tertiary folding, MBD1-c could still bind to different partner proteins in a selective manner. MPG and MCAF1Δ8 showed binding to both the N-terminal and C-terminal residues of MBD1-c but HDAC3 preferably bound to the C-terminal region. This study reveals how MBD1-c discriminates different binding partners, and thus, expands our understanding of the mechanisms of gene regulation by MBD1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jackwee Lim
- 1] Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543 [2]
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mariusz A Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daiwen Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
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7
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Fernald K, Kurokawa M. Evading apoptosis in cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:620-33. [PMID: 23958396 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a mechanistically complex and variable process with a plethora of underlying genetic causes. Cancer development comprises a multitude of steps that occur progressively starting with initial driver mutations leading to tumorigenesis and, ultimately, metastasis. During these transitions, cancer cells accumulate a series of genetic alterations that confer on the cells an unwarranted survival and proliferative advantage. During the course of development, however, cancer cells also encounter a physiologically ubiquitous cellular program that aims to eliminate damaged or abnormal cells: apoptosis. Thus, it is essential that cancer cells acquire instruments to circumvent programmed cell death. Here we discuss emerging evidence indicating how cancer cells adopt various strategies to override apoptosis, including amplifying the antiapoptotic machinery, downregulating the proapoptotic program, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleigh Fernald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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8
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DNA methylation and apoptosis resistance in cancer cells. Cells 2013; 2:545-73. [PMID: 24709797 PMCID: PMC3972670 DOI: 10.3390/cells2030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a cell death programme primordial to cellular homeostasis efficiency. This normal cell suicide program is the result of the activation of a cascade of events in response to death stimuli. Apoptosis occurs in normal cells to maintain a balance between cell proliferation and cell death. A deregulation of this balance due to modifications in the apoptosic pathway leads to different human diseases including cancers. Apoptosis resistance is one of the most important hallmarks of cancer and some new therapeutical strategies focus on inducing cell death in cancer cells. Nevertheless, cancer cells are resistant to treatment inducing cell death because of different mechanisms, such as DNA mutations in gene coding for pro-apoptotic proteins, increased expression of anti-apoptotic proteins and/or pro-survival signals, or pro-apoptic gene silencing mediated by DNA hypermethylation. In this context, aberrant DNA methylation patterns, hypermethylation and hypomethylation of gene coding for proteins implicated in apoptotic pathways are possible causes of cancer cell resistance. This review highlights the role of DNA methylation of apoptosis-related genes in cancer cell resistance.
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9
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Hecker N, Stephan C, Mollenkopf HJ, Jung K, Preissner R, Meyer HA. A new algorithm for integrated analysis of miRNA-mRNA interactions based on individual classification reveals insights into bladder cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64543. [PMID: 23717626 PMCID: PMC3663800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. It has been proposed that miRNAs play an important role in cancer development and progression. Their ability to affect multiple gene pathways by targeting various mRNAs makes them an interesting class of regulators. Methodology/Principal Findings We have developed an algorithm, Classification based Analysis of Paired Expression data of RNA (CAPE RNA), which is capable of identifying altered miRNA-mRNA regulation between tissues samples that assigns interaction states to each sample without preexisting stratification of groups. The distribution of the assigned interaction states compared to given experimental groups is used to assess the quality of a predicted interaction. We demonstrate the applicability of our approach by analyzing urothelial carcinoma and normal bladder tissue samples derived from 24 patients. Using our approach, normal and tumor tissue samples as well as different stages of tumor progression were successfully stratified. Also, our results suggest interesting differentially regulated miRNA-mRNA interactions associated with bladder tumor progression. Conclusions/Significance The need for tools that allow an integrative analysis of microRNA and mRNA expression data has been addressed. With this study, we provide an algorithm that emphasizes on the distribution of samples to rank differentially regulated miRNA-mRNA interactions. This is a new point of view compared to current approaches. From bootstrapping analysis, our ranking yields features that build strong classifiers. Further analysis reveals genes identified as differentially regulated by miRNAs to be enriched in cancer pathways, thus suggesting biologically interesting interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Hecker
- Center for Bioinformatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Stephan
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Mollenkopf
- Core Facility Genomics/Microarray, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Preissner
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hellmuth-A. Meyer
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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10
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Yegin Z, Gunes S, Buyukalpelli R. Hypermethylation of TWIST1 and NID2 in tumor tissues and voided urine in urinary bladder cancer patients. DNA Cell Biol 2013; 32:386-92. [PMID: 23682613 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer like other cancers arises from the accumulation of many genetic and epigenetic changes that lead to the activation of proto-oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. We aimed to investigate the methylation patterns of Twist homolog 1 (TWIST1) and nidogen-2 (NID2) genes in bladder cancer. Fifty six histologically confirmed bladder tumor samples and paired 24 urine samples constituted the study group and was compared with 15 age- and gender-matched noncancerous individuals. DNA was purified from both tumor and urine samples. The methylation status of the two genes was analyzed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) in both urinary bladder cell carcinoma samples and urine samples. Sensitivity and specificity values of the method were assessed and compared with the results of the cytology test. Methylation of TWIST1 and NID2 was detected in 98.2% and 96.4% of the tumor samples, and in 87.5% and 95.8% of the urine samples, respectively. The sensitivity of TWIST1 and NID2 genes (87.5% and 95.8% in urine samples, respectively), was higher compared with urine cytology (62.5%) for cancer detection. The sensitivity of any of the two genes was 88.8% (8/9) for low-grade cases. The sensitivity of urine cytology was 33.3% for the same low-grade cases. To be used in the early noninvasive diagnosis of bladder cancer, the combined methylation analysis of TWIST1 and NID2 genes may be a simple, noninvasive, sensitive, and specific method for detecting cancer cells in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Yegin
- Department of Medical Biology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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11
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Barione DF, Lizarte FSN, Novais PC, de Carvalho CAM, Valeri FCB, Peria FM, de Oliveira HF, Zanette DL, Silva WA, Cologna AJ, Reis RB, Tucci S, Martins ACP, Tirapelli DPC, Tirapelli LF. Gene expression study related with the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in bladder cancer by real-time PCR technique. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2013; 12:878-86. [PMID: 23613234 DOI: 10.4238/2013.april.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We examined the expression of anti-apoptotic genes (XIAP and Bcl-2) and apoptotic genes (cytochrome c, caspase-9, Apaf-1) in tissue samples of patients with superficial bladder cancer. Thirty-two bladder cancer tissue samples (8 papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential, 10 low-grade, and 14 high-grade) and 8 normal bladder tissue samples from necropsy were used for the study of gene expression by real-time PCR analysis. Analysis of the expression of apoptotic gene constituents of an apoptosome demonstrated an increase in Apaf-1 expression in the three tumor grades when compared with the control (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, and P < 0.01), low expression of caspase-9 in all groups (P < 0.05), and an increase in cytochrome c expression in all tumor grades in relation to the control, although without statistically significant difference. The expression of anti-apoptotic genes revealed an increase in XIAP expression in all tumor grades in relation to the control, although without statistically significant difference, and low expression of Bcl-2 in all tumor grades and the control (P < 0.05). The results proved that there is low evidence of apoptotic activity by the intrinsic pathway, demonstrated by the low expression of caspase-9 and considerable increase in XIAP expression, which may render these genes potential therapeutic targets in bladder cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Barione
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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12
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Morselli E, Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Mariño G, Michaud M, Vitale I, Maiuri MC, Kroemer G. Oncosuppressive functions of autophagy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:2251-69. [PMID: 20712403 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (herein referred to as autophagy) constitutes a phylogenetically old mechanism leading to the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic structures. At baseline levels, autophagy exerts homeostatic functions by ensuring the turnover of potentially harmful organelles and long-lived aggregate-prone proteins. Moreover, the autophagic flow can be dramatically upregulated in response to a plethora of stressful conditions, including glucose, amino acid, oxygen, or growth factor deprivation, accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, and invasion by intracellular pathogens. In some experimental settings, stress-induced autophagy has been shown to contribute to programmed cell death. Nevertheless, autophagy most often confers cytoprotection by providing cells with new metabolic substrates or by ridding them of noxious intracellular entities including protein aggregates and invading organisms. Thus, autophagy has been implicated in an ever-increasing number of human diseases including cancer. Autophagy inhibition accelerates the demise of tumor cells that are subjected to chemo- or radiotherapy, thereby constituting an interesting target for the development of anticancer strategies. However, several oncosuppressor proteins and oncoproteins have been recently shown to stimulate and inhibit the autophagic flow, respectively, suggesting that autophagy exerts bona fide tumor-suppressive functions. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms by which autophagy may prevent oncogenesis.
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13
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Murphy TM, Sullivan L, Lane C, O'Connor L, Barrett C, Hollywood D, Lynch T, Lawler M, Perry AS. In silico analysis and DHPLC screening strategy identifies novel apoptotic gene targets of aberrant promoter hypermethylation in prostate cancer. Prostate 2011; 71:1-17. [PMID: 20564325 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant DNA methylation has been implicated as a key survival mechanism in cancer, whereby promoter hypermethylation silences genes essential for many cellular processes including apoptosis. Limited data is available on the methylation profile of apoptotic genes in prostate cancer (CaP). The aim of this study was to profile methylation of apoptotic-related genes in CaP using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). METHODS Based on an in silico selection process, 13 genes were screened for methylation in CaP cell lines using DHPLC. Quantitative methylation specific PCR was employed to determine methylation levels in prostate tissue specimens (n = 135), representing tumor, histologically benign prostate, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Gene expression was measured by QRT-PCR in cell lines and tissue specimens. RESULTS The promoters of BIK, BNIP3, cFLIP, TMS1, DCR1, DCR2, and CDKN2A appeared fully or partially methylated in a number of malignant cell lines. This is the first report of aberrant methylation of BIK, BNIP3, and cFLIP in CaP. Quantitative methylation analysis in prostate tissues identified 5 genes (BNIP3, CDKN2A, DCR1, DCR2 and TMS1) which were frequently methylated in tumors but were unmethylated in 100% of benign tissues. Furthermore, 69% of tumors were methylated in at least one of the five-gene panel. In the case of all genes, except BNIP3, promoter hypermethylation was associated with concurrent downregulation of gene expression. CONCLUSION Future examination of this "CaP apoptotic methylation signature" in a larger cohort of patients is justified to further evaluate its value as a diagnostic and prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese M Murphy
- Prostate Molecular Oncology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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14
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Volanis D, Kadiyska T, Galanis A, Delakas D, Logotheti S, Zoumpourlis V. Environmental factors and genetic susceptibility promote urinary bladder cancer. Toxicol Lett 2010; 193:131-7. [PMID: 20051252 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer of the urinary bladder is the second most common malignancy of the genitourinary tract, currently accounting for up to 5% of all newly diagnosed tumours in the western world. Urinary bladder carcinogenesis seems to develop from the interaction of environmental exposure and genetic susceptibility. Smoking, specific industrial chemicals, dietary nitrates and arsenic represent the most important exogenous risk factors. Chromosomal abnormalities, silencing of certain genes by abnormal methylation of their promoter region, alterations in tumour suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes that induce uncontrolled cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis, are molecular mechanisms that have been reported in bladder carcinogenesis. In this article, we discuss the environmental risk factors of bladder cancer and we review the genetic and epigenetic alterations, including aberrant DNA methylation and deregulation of microRNAs expression. We also discuss the role of p53 and retinoblastoma suppressor genes in disease progression. Finally, we present recent reports on the use of molecular profiling to predict disease stage and grade and direct targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Volanis
- Department of Urology, Asklipieio General Hospital, Voula, Athens, Greece; Unit of Biomedical Applications, Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave, 116 35 Athens, Greece
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15
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Brait M, Begum S, Carvalho AL, Dasgupta S, Vettore AL, Czerniak B, Caballero OL, Westra WH, Sidransky D, Hoque MO. Aberrant promoter methylation of multiple genes during pathogenesis of bladder cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:2786-94. [PMID: 18843024 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of our study were to elucidate the role of methylation of a large panel of genes during multistage pathogenesis of bladder cancer and to correlate our findings with patient age and other clinicopathologic features. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We studied the methylation status of 21 genes by quantitative methylation-specific PCR in an evaluation set of 25 tumor and 5 normal samples. Based on methylation frequency in tumors and normals in gene evaluation set, we selected 7 candidate genes and tested an independent set of 93 tumors and 26 normals. The presence or absence of methylation was evaluated for an association with cancer using cross-tabulations and chi(2) or Fisher's exact tests as appropriate. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Most primary tumors (89 of 93, 96%) had methylation of one or more genes of independent set; 53 (57%) CCNA1, 29 (31%) MINT1, 36 (39%) CRBP, 53 (57%) CCND2, 66 (71%) PGP9.5, 60 (65%) CALCA, and 78 (84%) AIM1. Normal uroepithelium samples from 26 controls revealed no methylation of the CCNA1 and MINT1 genes, whereas methylation of CRBP, CCND2, PGP9.5, and CALCA was detected at low levels. All the 7 genes in independent set were tightly correlated with each other and 3 of these genes showed increased methylation frequencies in bladder cancer with increasing age. PGP9.5 and AIM1 methylation correlated with primary tumor invasion. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the methylation profile of novel genes in bladder cancers correlates with clinicopathologic features of poor prognosis and is an age-related phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Brait
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB II, 5M, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Krause H, Schrader M, Miller K. Molekulare translationale Forschung – eine Gegenüberstellung internationaler Entwicklungen und eigener Forschungsansätze. Urologe A 2007; 46:1163-5. [PMID: 17628770 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-007-1459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Krause
- Urologische Klinik und Hochschulambulanz, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindeburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin.
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