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Zheng SS, Wu YF, Zhang BH, Huang C, Xue TC. A novel myeloid cell marker genes related signature can indicate immune infiltration and predict prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: Integrated analysis of bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1118377. [PMID: 36959981 PMCID: PMC10027926 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1118377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells are physiologically related to innate immunity and inflammation. Tumor-associated myeloid cells gained increasing interest because of their critical roles in tumor progression and anticancer immune responses in human malignancies. However, the associations between tumor-associated myeloid cell-related genes and hepatocellular carcinoma have yet to be revealed. Here, through the integrating analysis of bulk and single-cell RNA (scRNA) sequencing of public HCC samples, we developed a gene signature to investigate the role of HCC-specific myeloid signature genes in HCC patients. We firstly defined 317 myeloid cell marker genes through analyzing scRNA data of HCC from the GEO dataset. After selecting the differentially expressed genes, eleven genes were also proved prognostic. Then we built a gene signature from the TCGA cohort and verified further with the ICGC dataset by applying the LASSO Cox method. An eight genes signature (FABP5, C15orf48, PABPC1, TUBA1B, AKR1C3, NQO1, AKR1B10, SPP1) was achieved finally. Patients in the high risk group correlated with higher tumor stages and poor survival than those in the low-risk group. The risk score was proved to be an independent risk factor for prognosis. The high risk group had higher infiltrations of dendritic cells, macrophages and Tregs. And the APC co-inhibition, T cell co-inhibition pathways were also activated. Besides, the risk score positively correlated with multidrug resistance proteins. In conclusion, our myeloid cell marker genes related signature can predict patients' survival and may also indicate the levels of immune infiltration and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Su Zheng
- Department of Hepatic Oncology, Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Cancer Therapy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, China
| | - Yan-Fang Wu
- Department of Hepatic Oncology, Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Cancer Therapy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, China
| | - Bo-Heng Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Oncology, Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Cancer Therapy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, China
- The Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital and Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Center for Evidence-based Medicine, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Cheng Huang, ; Tong-Chun Xue,
| | - Tong-Chun Xue
- The Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital and Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Cheng Huang, ; Tong-Chun Xue,
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Eyvazi S, Khamaneh AM, Tarhriz V, Bandehpour M, Hejazi MS, Sadat ATE, Sepehri B. CpG Islands Methylation Analysis of CDH11, EphA5, and HS3ST2 Genes in Gastric Adenocarcinoma Patients. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 51:579-583. [PMID: 31407253 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-019-00290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastric cancer is an aggressive disease which is the fourth prevalent malignancy in the world. Beside the genetic factors, epigenetic alterations such as promoter CpG island hyper methylation are involved in the emergence of gastric cancer. Herein, we investigated the methylation status of CDH11, EphA5, and HS3ST2 genes in patients with and without gastric adenocarcinoma for the first time. METHODS In the study 40 paraffin-embedded tissue sections from gastric adenocarcinoma patients and 40 specimens from patients with functional dyspepsia were taken. DNA extraction was performed using a modified salting out method. Epizen DNA methylation kit was used to the bisulfite DNA conversion. The methylation status of CDH11, EphA5, and HS3ST2 genes were analyzed by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) technique. RESULTS Among the 80 specimens, 71 DNA samples were achieved (34 gastric adenocarcinoma patients and 37 control patients). The results showed that CDH11, EphA5, and HS3ST2 genes are methylated in 28 (82.45%), 19 (55.88%), and 26 (76.47%) of 34 DNA samples from gastric adenocarcinoma patients, respectively, whereas, these genes are methylated in 7 (18.91%), 9 (24.32%) and 7 (18.91%) of 37 samples from noncancerous patients, respectively. Statistical analyses using a chi-squared test showed that there is a statistically significant difference in methylation level of CDH11, EphA5, and HS3ST2 genes between gastric cancer and uncancerous patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on methylation of CDH11, EphA5, and HS3ST2 promoters' in gastric adenocarcinoma patients using MSP. Identification of novel cancer-related molecular mechanisms can be useful in detection of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Eyvazi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Mahdi Khamaneh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahideh Tarhriz
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojgan Bandehpour
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saeid Hejazi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Bita Sepehri
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Ephrin Receptors (Eph): EphA1, EphA5, and EphA7 Expression in Uveal Melanoma-Associations with Clinical Parameters and Patient Survival. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10100225. [PMID: 33007931 PMCID: PMC7601896 DOI: 10.3390/life10100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. The development of distant metastases is associated with a poor prognosis. Ephrine receptors (Eph) are the largest subpopulation of tyrosine kinase receptors. They play an important role in processes related to the formation and progression of cancer. The aim of the study was to evaluate the expression of ephrin receptors EphA1, EphA5, and EphA7 in uveal melanoma and its associations with clinicopathological parameters, overall survival, and disease-free survival. The study included 94 previously untreated patients who underwent enucleation due to uveal melanoma. High expression of EphA1 was positively correlated with a smaller tumor size, less frequent extra-scleral extension, lower mitotic activity, and more frequent vitreous hemorrhage. High expression of EphA5 was associated with less frequent chromosome 3 loss, absence of distant metastases, and more frequent vitreous hemorrhage. High expression of EphA7 was associated with a more frequent primary tumor location in the posterior pole. High EphA5 expression was associated with longer overall survival time. The above findings indicate that high expression of EphA1 and EphA5 can be considered a beneficial prognostic factor in uveal melanoma.
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Zhang R, Liu J, Zhang W, Hua L, Qian LT, Zhou SB. EphA5 knockdown enhances the invasion and migration ability of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via epithelial-mesenchymal transition through activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:20. [PMID: 31956298 PMCID: PMC6958788 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-1101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) receptor A5 (EphA5) has been found to be overexpressed in some malignant tumors and is associated with disease prognosis. However, the role of EphA5 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is not clear. Methods In the present study, we measured the expression of EphA5 in ESCC tissues and cell lines including KYSE150 and KYSE450 cells. siRNA transfection was used to interfere with EphA5 expression in ESCC cell lines. Cell viability, colony formation, scratch and invasion assays were performed to explore the roles of EphA5 in ESCC cell lines. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to investigate whether EphA5 could affect the cell apoptosis and cycle. The biomarkers related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and molecules associated with Wnt/β‑catenin signaling were also measured by western blot and immunofluorescence. Results The protein and mRNA expression of EphA5 were significantly higher in fresh ESCC tissues and cell lines compared with normal control groups and human normal esophageal epithelial cells (HEEC). The cell viability assay and colony formation assay revealed that EphA5 knockdown enhanced the proliferation of KYSE150 and KYSE450 cells in vitro. The invasion and migration of ESCC cells were accelerated after EphA5 knockdown. The expression of EMT biomarkers was altered in ESCC cells transfected with siRNA targeting EphA5. Moreover, EphA5 downregulation enhanced the protein levels of β‑catenin and p-GSK-3βSer9, which play a key role in the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. Conclusions EphA5 knockdown promotes the proliferation of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,enhances invasion and migration ability via epithelial-mesenchymal transition through activating Wnt/β‑catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- 1School of Clinical Medicine, Shan Dong University, Jinan, 250000 Shandong People's Republic of China.,2Department of Oncology, Qing Pu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201799 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- 2Department of Oncology, Qing Pu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201799 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- 3Department of Pathology, Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, 225400 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hua
- 4Department of Provincial Clinical College, Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230031 Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ting Qian
- 5Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001 People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Bing Zhou
- 6Department of Radiation Oncology, Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, Jiangsu 225400 People's Republic of China
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Lv X, He M, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Zhu W, Jiang L, Yan Y, Fan Y, Zhao H, Zhou S, Ma H, Sun Y, Li X, Xu H, Wei M. Identification of potential key genes and pathways predicting pathogenesis and prognosis for triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:172. [PMID: 31297036 PMCID: PMC6599314 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a specific subtype of breast cancer with a poor prognosis due to its aggressive biological behaviour and lack of therapeutic targets. We aimed to explore some novel genes and pathways related to TNBC prognosis through bioinformatics methods as well as potential initiation and progression mechanisms. Methods Breast cancer mRNA data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA). Differential expression analysis of cancer and adjacent cancer, as well as, triple negative breast cancer and non-triple negative breast cancer were performed using R software. The key genes related to the pathogenesis were identified by functional and pathway enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction network analysis. Based on univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analyses, a gene signature was established to predict overall survival. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the prognostic performance of our model. Results Based on mRNA expression profiling of breast cancer patients from the TCGA database, 755 differentially expressed overlapping mRNAs were detected between TNBC/non-TNBC samples and normal tissue. We found eight hub genes associated with the cell cycle pathway highly expressed in TNBC. Additionally, a novel six-gene (TMEM252, PRB2, SMCO1, IVL, SMR3B and COL9A3) signature from the 755 differentially expressed mRNAs was constructed and significantly associated with prognosis as an independent prognostic signature. TNBC patients with high-risk scores based on the expression of the 6-mRNAs had significantly shorter survival times compared to patients with low-risk scores (P < 0.0001). Conclusions The eight hub genes we identified might be tightly correlated with TNBC pathogenesis. The 6-mRNA signature established might act as an independent biomarker with a potentially good performance in predicting overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Lv
- 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, China
| | - Miao He
- 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanyun Zhao
- 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenjing Zhu
- 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, China
| | - Longyang Jiang
- 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yan
- 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Fan
- 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongliang Zhao
- 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuqi Zhou
- 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, China
| | - Heyao Ma
- 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, China
| | - Yezhi Sun
- 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiang Li
- 3Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, No. 44, Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, 110042 China
| | - Hong Xu
- 3Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, No. 44, Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, 110042 China
| | - Minjie Wei
- 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, China
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Li S, Zhu Y, Ma C, Qiu Z, Zhang X, Kang Z, Wu Z, Wang H, Xu X, Zhang H, Ren G, Tang J, Li X, Guan M. Downregulation of EphA5 by promoter methylation in human prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:18. [PMID: 25609195 PMCID: PMC4307617 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background EphA5 is a member of the Eph/ephrin family and plays a critical role in the regulation of carcinogenesis. A significant reduction of EphA5 transcripts in high-grade prostate cancer tissue was shown using a transcriptomic analysis, compared to the low-grade prostate cancer tissue. As less is known about the mechanism of EphA5 downregulation and the function of EphA5, here we investigated the expression and an epigenetic change of EphA5 in prostate cancer and determined if these findings were correlated with clinicopathologic characteristics of prostate cancer. Methods Seven prostate cell lines (RWPE-1, LNCap, LNCap-LN3, CWR22rv-1, PC-3, PC-3M-LN4, and DU145), thirty-nine BPH, twenty-two primary prostate carcinomas, twenty-three paired noncancerous and cancerous prostate tissues were examined via qRT-PCR, methylation-specific PCR, bisulfite sequencing, immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The role of EphA5 in prostate cancer cell migration and invasion was examined by wound healing and transwell assay. Results Downregulation or loss of EphA5 mRNA or protein expression was detected in 28 of 45 (62.2%) prostate carcinomas, 2 of 39 (5.1%) hyperplasias, and all 6 prostate cancer cell lines. Methylation of the EphA5 promoter region was present in 32 of 45 (71.1%) carcinoma samples, 3 of 39 (7.7%) hyperplasias, and the 6 prostate cancer cell lines. Among 23 paired prostate carcinoma tissues, 16 tumor samples exhibited the hypermethylation of EphA5, and 15 of these 16 specimens (93.8%) shown the downregulation of EphA5 expression than that of their respectively matched noncancerous samples. Immunostaining analysis demonstrated that the EphA5 protein was absent or down-regulated in 10 of 13 (76.9%) available carcinoma samples, and 8 of these 10 samples (80.0%) exhibited hypermethylation. The frequency of EphA5 methylation was higher in cancer patients with an elevated Gleason score or T3-T4 staging. Following the treatment of 6 prostate cancer cell lines with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, the levels of EphA5 mRNA were significantly increased. Prostate cancer cells invasion and migration were significantly suppressed by ectopic expression of EphA5 in vitro. Conclusion Our study provides evidence that EphA5 is a potential target for epigenetic silencing in primary prostate cancer and is a potentially valuable prognosis predictor and thereapeutic marker for prostate cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1025-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibao Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Yingfeng Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chunguang Ma
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhenhua Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The people's hospital of GaoZhou, GaoZhou, China.
| | - Xinju Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhihua Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China. .,Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China. .,Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China. .,Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiao Xu
- Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guoqiang Ren
- Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianmin Tang
- Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Ming Guan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China. .,Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Bour G, Martel F, Goffin L, Bayle B, Gangloff J, Aprahamian M, Marescaux J, Egly JM. Design and development of a robotized system coupled to µCT imaging for intratumoral drug evaluation in a HCC mouse model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106675. [PMID: 25203629 PMCID: PMC4159281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancer related deaths worldwide. One of the main challenges in cancer treatment is drug delivery to target cancer cells specifically. Preclinical evaluation of intratumoral drugs in orthotopic liver cancer mouse models is difficult, as percutaneous injection hardly can be precisely performed manually. In the present study we have characterized a hepatoma model developing a single tumor nodule by implantation of Hep55.1C cells in the liver of syngeneic C57BL/6J mice. Tumor evolution was followed up by µCT imaging, and at the histological and molecular levels. This orthotopic, poorly differentiated mouse HCC model expressing fibrosis, inflammation and cancer markers was used to assess the efficacy of drugs. We took advantage of the high precision of a previously developed robotized system for automated, image-guided intratumoral needle insertion, to administer every week in the tumor of the Hep55.1C mouse model. A significant tumor growth inhibition was observed using our robotized system, whereas manual intraperitoneal administration had no effect, by comparison to untreated control mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaétan Bour
- Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l′Appareil Digestif (IRCAD), Strasbourg, France
| | - Fernand Martel
- IGBMC, Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg, BP 163, Illkirch, C. U. Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Goffin
- ICube laboratory UMR, CNRS 7357, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Bayle
- ICube laboratory UMR, CNRS 7357, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jacques Gangloff
- ICube laboratory UMR, CNRS 7357, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marc Aprahamian
- Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l′Appareil Digestif (IRCAD), Strasbourg, France
| | - Jacques Marescaux
- Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l′Appareil Digestif (IRCAD), Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marc Egly
- Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l′Appareil Digestif (IRCAD), Strasbourg, France
- IGBMC, Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg, BP 163, Illkirch, C. U. Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Wu JC, Jia HL, Li ZR, Zhou KL, Qin LX, Dong QZ, Ren N. Genomic aberrations in the HTPAP promoter affect tumor metastasis and clinical prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90528. [PMID: 24603412 PMCID: PMC3946185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the intronic tagSNP +357G/C in the metastasis suppressor HTPAP is associated with metastasis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to investigate whether SNPs in the HTPAP promoter modulate HTPAP expression and prognosis of HCC. Genomic DNA from 572 microdissected HCCs were genotyped by pyrosequencing and verified by direct sequencing. Haplotype blocks were analyzed. Reporter plasmids were constructed and transfected into HCC cell lines. Transcriptional activities of plasmids were analyzed by dual-luciferase reporter systems. HTPAP expression was measured by real-time quantitative PCR, western blots, and tissue microarrays. Invasion was assessed by Matrigel assays. The prognostic values of HTPAP promoter SNPs in HCC were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. We identified six SNPs, including -1053A/G and +64G/C, in the HTPAP promoter. The SNPs were in complete linkage disequilibrium, resulting in three promoter haplotypes (promoter I:-1053AA/+64GG, promoter II: -1053AG/+64GC, and promoter III: -1053GG/+64CC). Promoter I manifested the highest luciferase index (p<0.005). However, no significant difference was observed between promoters II and III. We consistently found that HTPAP mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in promoter I than that of promoter II+III (p<0.001). Invasion was increased in HCC cells transfected with promoters II+III compared to those transfected with promoter I (p<0.05). The HTPAP promoter II+III haplotype was associated with significantly increased metastasis compared to that of promoter I (p = 0.023). The postoperative five-year overall survival of patients with promoters II+III was lower than that of patients with promoter I (p = 0.006). Multivariate analysis showed that the promoter II+III haplotype was an adverse prognostic marker in HCC. The genetic variants at loci –1053 and +64 of the HTPAP promoter affect the expression of HTPAP, which might be a novel determinant and target for HCC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Cai Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hainan Provincial People's Hospital, Nanhua University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu-Liang Jia
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo-Ri Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hainan Provincial People's Hospital, Nanhua University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Lun Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hainan Provincial People's Hospital, Nanhua University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lun-Xiu Qin
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong-Zhu Dong
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (Q-ZD); (NR)
| | - Ning Ren
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (Q-ZD); (NR)
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Osteopontin is a promoter for hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis: a summary of 10 years of studies. Front Med 2014; 8:24-32. [PMID: 24464486 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-014-0312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the novel findings from our series of studies on the leading metastasis-related gene, osteopontin (OPN). In our previous gene expression profiling study, OPN was identified as one of the leading genes associated with the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We focused on OPN to evaluate its prognostic values and important roles in HCC metastasis. A retrospective study of large cohorts of HCC patients demonstrated that plasma OPN level was one of the leading independent prognostic factors for HCC patients, even in the early stage of HCC, and could serve as a surrogate serologic biomarker for monitoring the treatment response and tumor recurrence after HCC resection. Using both in vitro and in vivo investigations, we found that OPN has an important role in metastasis and tumor growth of HCC and is an attractive potential therapeutic target for combating HCC metastasis. We also found that OPN⁺ HCC cells have much more amplifications at chromosomal regions, and promoter polymorphisms are important in the regulation of OPN expression and tumor growth and lung metastasis of HCC.
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Nagoshi S. Osteopontin: Versatile modulator of liver diseases. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:22-30. [PMID: 23701387 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein, involved in pathological conditions including inflammation, immunity, angiogenesis, fibrosis and cancer progression in various tissues. Hepatic inflammation and fibrosis induced by feeding with a diet deficient in methionine and choline (MCD diet) were markedly attenuated in OPN knockout mice when compared with wild-type mice in the model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Hepatic cholangiocytes, myofibroblastic stellate cells and natural killer T cells were suggested to secret OPN in mice fed an MCD diet. Plasma and hepatic OPN levels were significantly higher in patients with NASH with advanced fibrosis than in those with early fibrosis. Hepatic OPN mRNA level was correlated with hepatic neutrophil infiltration and fibrosis in patients with alcoholic liver diseases. In those with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), OPN levels in plasma and HCC were prognostic factors after liver resection or transplantation. Downregulation of OPN inhibited tumor growth and lung metastasis in nude mice implanted with HCC cells. The single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of the OPN gene was shown to be associated with activity of hepatitis in chronic hepatitis C patients, prognosis in patients with HCC, and growth and lung metastasis of HCC xenografts in nude mice. OPN was reported to be a downstream effecter of Hedgehog pathway, which modulates hepatic fibrosis and carcinogenesis. This review focuses on the roles of OPN in hepatic inflammation, fibrosis and cancer progression. Further elucidation of cellular interactions and molecular mechanisms associated with OPN actions may contribute to development of novel strategies for treatment of the liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiko Nagoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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Kim H, Yoo JE, Cho JY, Oh BK, Yoon YS, Han HS, Lee HS, Jang JJ, Jeong SH, Kim JW, Park YN. Telomere length, TERT and shelterin complex proteins in hepatocellular carcinomas expressing "stemness"-related markers. J Hepatol 2013; 59:746-52. [PMID: 23685049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) expressing "stemness"-related markers have been associated with aggressive biological behavior and poor prognosis. We examined the relationship between "stemness"-related protein expression and telomere length, hTERT and shelterin complex protein expression and chromosomal instability. METHODS Quantitative fluorescent in situ hybridization for telomere length, immunohistochemistry for K19, EpCAM, CD133, c-kit, HepPar1, hTERT, TRF1, TRF2, POT1, RAP1 and TPP1, and TUNEL assay were performed in 137 HCCs, and array comparative genomic hybridization was performed with 24 HCCs. RESULTS Telomeres were significantly longer in HCCs expressing "stemness"-related proteins (K19: p < 0.001, EpCAM: p = 0.002, CD133: p = 0.002). On analyzing different tumor cells within EpCAM-expressing HCCs, EpCAM-positive tumor cells showed longer telomeres (1.329 ± 0.246) compared to EpCAM-negative tumor cells (0.996 ± 0.381) within the same HCCs (p = 0.031). Telomeres were significantly longer in HCCs expressing hTERT (p = 0.048) and RAP1 proteins (p = 0.031). K19-expressing HCCs expressed hTERT (p = 0.002), TRF2 (p = 0.001) and TPP1 (p = 0.013) more frequently compared to K19-negative HCCs. EpCAM-positivity was associated with more frequent hTERT (p = 0.028), TPP1 (p = 0.017), TRF2 (p = 0.027) and POT1 (p = 0.004) expression. Copy number alterations were more frequent in K19 and EpCAM-expressing HCCs compared to HCCs without these markers (K19: p = 0.038, EpCAM: p = 0.009). HCCs with longer telomeres were associated with a shorter overall (p = 0.019) and disease-free survivals (p = 0.049), and decreased disease-free survivals were seen in TRF2-positive HCCs (p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS HCCs expressing "stemness"-related proteins are characterized by increased telomere length, increased expression of hTERT and shelterin complex proteins, and increased chromosomal instability compared to conventional HCCs. Longer telomeres and TRF2 expression in HCCs are associated with poor patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeryoung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
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Huan X, Shi J, Lim L, Mitra S, Zhu W, Qin H, Pasquale EB, Song J. Unique structure and dynamics of the EphA5 ligand binding domain mediate its binding specificity as revealed by X-ray crystallography, NMR and MD simulations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74040. [PMID: 24086308 PMCID: PMC3782497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The 16 EphA and EphB receptors represent the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases, and their interactions with 9 ephrin-A and ephrin-B ligands initiate bidirectional signals controlling many physiological and pathological processes. Most interactions occur between receptor and ephrins of the same class, and only EphA4 can bind all A and B ephrins. To understand the structural and dynamic principles that enable Eph receptors to utilize the same jellyroll β-sandwich fold to bind ephrins, the VAPB-MSP domain, peptides and small molecules, we have used crystallography, NMR and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to determine the first structure and dynamics of the EphA5 ligand-binding domain (LBD), which only binds ephrin-A ligands. Unexpectedly, despite being unbound, the high affinity ephrin-binding pocket of EphA5 resembles that of other Eph receptors bound to ephrins, with a helical conformation over the J–K loop and an open pocket. The openness of the pocket is further supported by NMR hydrogen/deuterium exchange data and MD simulations. Additionally, the EphA5 LBD undergoes significant picosecond-nanosecond conformational exchanges over the loops, as revealed by NMR and MD simulations, but lacks global conformational exchanges on the microsecond-millisecond time scale. This is markedly different from the EphA4 LBD, which shares 74% sequence identity and 87% homology. Consequently, the unbound EphA5 LBD appears to comprise an ensemble of open conformations that have only small variations over the loops and appear ready to bind ephrin-A ligands. These findings show how two proteins with high sequence homology and structural similarity are still able to achieve distinctive binding specificities through different dynamics, which may represent a general mechanism whereby the same protein fold can serve for different functions. Our findings also suggest that a promising strategy to design agonists/antagonists with high affinity and selectivity might be to target specific dynamic states of the Eph receptor LBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelu Huan
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jiahai Shi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Liangzhong Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sayantan Mitra
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wanlong Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Haina Qin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Elena B. Pasquale
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Pathology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jianxing Song
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Sun JY, Xu JM, Yan M, Ye F. Advances in understanding relationship between osteopontin and metastasis and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:1498-1504. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i16.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN), first found in normal human tissue, is a secreted phosphorylated glycoprotein and one of the most important adhesion factors. Increased expression of OPN has been found in many types of tumors. OPN plays a very important role in the metastasis and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As a tumor marker, OPN may also become a new therapeutic target for cancer. This review aims to elucidate the structure and function of OPN, its role in HCC recurrence and metastasis, and the significance of OPN in HCC diagnosis and treatment.
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Cao DX, Li ZJ, Jiang XO, Lum YL, Khin E, Lee NP, Wu GH, Luk JM. Osteopontin as potential biomarker and therapeutic target in gastric and liver cancers. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3923-30. [PMID: 22912540 PMCID: PMC3419986 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i30.3923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer and liver cancer are among the most common malignancies and the leading causes of death worldwide, due to late detection and high recurrence rates. Today, these cancers have a heavy socioeconomic burden, for which a full understanding of their pathophysiological features is warranted to search for promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Osteopontin (OPN) is overexpressed in most patients with gastric and liver cancers. Over the past decade, emerging evidence has revealed a correlation of OPN level and clinicopathological features and prognosis in gastric and liver cancers, indicating its potential as an independent prognostic indicator in such patients. Functional studies have verified the potential of OPN knockdown as a therapeutic approach in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, OPN mediates multifaceted roles in the interaction between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment, in which many details need further exploration. OPN signaling results in various functions, including prevention of apoptosis, modulation of angiogenesis, malfunction of tumor-associated macrophages, degradation of extracellular matrix, activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt and nuclear factor-κB pathways, which lead to tumor formation and progression, particularly in gastric and liver cancers. This editorial aims to review recent findings on alteration in OPN expression and its clinicopathological associations with tumor progression, its potential as a therapeutic target, and putative mechanisms in gastric and liver cancers. Better understanding of the implications of OPN in tumorigenesis might facilitate development of therapeutic regimens to benefit patients with these deadly malignancies.
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A meta-analysis of array-CGH studies implicates antiviral immunity pathways in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28404. [PMID: 22174799 PMCID: PMC3236189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is significantly correlated to the accumulation of genomic alterations. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) has been applied to a wide range of tumors including HCCs for the genome-wide high resolution screening of DNA copy number changes. However, the relevant chromosomal variations that play a central role in the development of HCC still are not fully elucidated. Methods In present study, in order to further characterize the copy number alterations (CNAs) important to HCC development, we conducted a meta-analysis of four published independent array-CGH datasets including total 159 samples. Results Eighty five significant gains (frequency ≥25%) were mostly mapped to five broad chromosomal regions including 1q, 6p, 8q, 17q and 20p, as well as two narrow regions 5p15.33 and 9q34.2-34.3. Eighty eight significant losses (frequency ≥25%) were most frequently present in 4q, 6q, 8p, 9p, 13q, 14q, 16q, and 17p. Significant correlations existed between chromosomal aberrations either located on the same chromosome or the different chromosomes. HCCs with different etiologies largely exhibited surprisingly similar profiles of chromosomal aberrations with only a few exceptions. Furthermore, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that the genes affected by these chromosomal aberrations were significantly enriched in 31 canonical pathways with the highest enrichment observed for antiviral immunity pathways. Conclusions Taken together, our findings provide novel and important clues for the implications of antiviral immunity-related gene pathways in the pathogenesis and progression of HCC.
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Gehrau R, Mas V, Archer KJ, Maluf D. Molecular classification and clonal differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma: the step forward for patient selection for liver transplantation. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 5:539-52. [PMID: 21780900 DOI: 10.1586/egh.11.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is a successful treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, advanced stages are not selected for transplant, based on the United Network for Organ Sharing selection criteria's. Nowadays, molecular biology-based techniques constitute an excellent option to better understand HCC origin differentiation and biological behavior. Moreover, microarray technology is a powerful tool to address a variety of tumor tissues at molecular level and is actively used for the discovery of biomarkers in cancer research. This article will discuss published data in the field of HCC origin differentiation and its potential impact on outcomes following liver transplantation. Although preliminary results are presented, these findings encourage the use of gene-expression profiling microarrays for studying HCC biology and behavior and ultimately optimizing treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gehrau
- Department of Surgery, Hume Lee Transplant Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1200 E Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23219-0645, USA
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1H-NMR-based metabolomics of tumor tissue for the metabolic characterization of rat hepatocellular carcinoma formation and metastasis. Tumour Biol 2010; 32:223-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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