1
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Yu S, Meng H, Shi S, Cao S, Bian T, Zhao H. miR-548d-3p inhibits the invasion and migration of gastric cancer cells by targeting GKN1. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24520. [PMID: 35666636 PMCID: PMC9279950 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to explore the function and mechanism of GKN1 in gastric cancer (GC) progression. Methods Firstly, we used GEO2R to perform differential gene analysis on GSE26942 and GSE79973 and constructed the protein–protein interaction network of differential genes by STRING. Next, the cytoHubba, Mcode plugins, and GEPIA were used to obtain our follow‐up research object GKN1. Then, the function of GKN1 in GC was verified by scratch and transwell assay in GC cells. We further analyzed the genes related to GKN1 through LinkedOmics, and exported top 100 genes positively or negatively correlated with GKN1. Meanwhile, Metascape was performed on these genes. Finally, we analyzed the miRNAs that bind to GKN1 through the miRDB and verified the correlation between miR‐548d‐3p and GKN1 using dual‐fluorescence and quantitative PCR experiments. Results Bioinformatics analysis showed that there were 52 differential genes on GSE26942 and GSE79973. In addition, the results of functional assays indicated that overexpressed GKN1 can inhibit GC cell migration and invasion, while GKN1 knockdown demonstrated the opposite effect. Additionally, Metascape analysis results showed that the 3′‐UTR region of mRNA is rich in AU sequences, based on which we infer that mRNA may be regulated by miRNA. Dual‐fluorescence and quantitative PCR assays clarified that miR‐548d‐3p may be one of the target miRNAs of GKN1, which was up‐regulated in GC tissues. Conclusions In summary, we clarified that miR‐548d‐3p regulates GKN1 to participate in GC cell migration and invasion, and provides a possible target for the prognostic diagnosis and treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlong Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhuji, China
| | - Hongjie Meng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhuji, China
| | - Shengguang Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhuji, China
| | - Shenghui Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhuji Chinese Traditional Medicine Hospital, Zhuji, China
| | - Tianhua Bian
- Department of General Surgery, Zhuji Chinese Traditional Medicine Hospital, Zhuji, China
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhuji Chinese Traditional Medicine Hospital, Zhuji, China
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2
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Steiner S, Seleznik GM, Reding T, Stopic M, Lenggenhager D, Ten Buren E, Eshmuminov D, Endhardt K, Hagedorn C, Heidenblut AM, Bratus-Neuenschwander A, Grossmann J, Trachsel C, Jabbar KS, Hahn SA, Berg JV, Graf R, Gupta A. De novo expression of gastrokines in pancreatic precursor lesions impede the development of pancreatic cancer. Oncogene 2022; 41:1507-1517. [PMID: 35082384 PMCID: PMC8897191 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular events occurring in stepwise progression from pre-malignant lesions (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia; PanIN) to the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are poorly understood. Thus, characterization of early PanIN lesions may reveal markers that can help in diagnosing PDAC at an early stage and allow understanding the pathology of the disease. We performed the molecular and histological assessment of patient-derived PanINs, tumor tissues and pancreas from mouse models with PDAC (KC mice that harbor K-RAS mutation in pancreatic tissue), where we noted marked upregulation of gastrokine (GKN) proteins. To further understand the role of gastrokine proteins in PDAC development, GKN-deficient KC mice were developed by intercrossing gastrokine-deficient mice with KC mice. Panc-02 (pancreatic cancer cells of mouse origin) were genetically modified to express GKN1 for further in vitro and in vivo analysis. Our results show that gastrokine proteins were absent in healthy pancreas and invasive cancer, while its expression was prominent in low-grade PanINs. We could detect these proteins in pancreatic juice and serum of KC mice. Furthermore, accelerated PanIN and tumor development were noted in gastrokine deficient KC mice. Loss of gastrokine 1 protein delayed apoptosis during carcinogenesis leading to the development of desmoplastic stroma while loss of gastrokine 2 increased the proliferation rate in precursor lesions. In summary, we identified gastrokine proteins in early pancreatic precursor lesions, where gastrokine proteins delay pancreatic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Steiner
- Visceral & Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gitta M Seleznik
- Visceral & Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Theresia Reding
- Visceral & Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matea Stopic
- Visceral & Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Lenggenhager
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zürich and University of Zürich, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Emiel Ten Buren
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Dilmurodjon Eshmuminov
- Visceral & Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Endhardt
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zürich and University of Zürich, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Hagedorn
- Visceral & Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna M Heidenblut
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular GI Oncology, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Jonas Grossmann
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich, ETH, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Trachsel
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich, ETH, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karolina S Jabbar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephan A Hahn
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular GI Oncology, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes Vom Berg
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Visceral & Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Anurag Gupta
- Visceral & Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland.
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3
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Ansari S, Yamaoka Y. Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factor Cytotoxin-Associated Gene A (CagA)-Mediated Gastric Pathogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197430. [PMID: 33050101 PMCID: PMC7582651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori causes persistent infection in the gastric epithelium of more than half of the world’s population, leading to the development of severe complications such as peptic ulcer diseases, gastric cancer, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Several virulence factors, including cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), which is translocated into the gastric epithelium via the type 4 secretory system (T4SS), have been indicated to play a vital role in disease development. Although infection with strains harboring the East Asian type of CagA possessing the EPIYA-A, -B, and -D sequences has been found to potentiate cell proliferation and disease pathogenicity, the exact mechanism of CagA involvement in disease severity still remains to be elucidated. Therefore, we discuss the possible role of CagA in gastric pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshul Ansari
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur 44200, Nepal;
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
- Global Oita Medical Advanced Research Center for Health (GO-MARCH), Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-97-586-5740; Fax: +81-97-586-5749
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4
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Yoon JH, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Nam SW, Hur H, Park WS. Uptake and tumor-suppressive pathways of exosome-associated GKN1 protein in gastric epithelial cells. Gastric Cancer 2020; 23:848-862. [PMID: 32291710 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-020-01068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) is a stomach-specific tumor suppressor that is secreted into extracellular space as an exosomal cargo protein. The objective of this study was to investigate the uptake and tumor-suppressive pathways of exosome-associated GKN1 protein in gastric epithelial cells. METHODS Immunofluorescent and Western blot analysis were used to investigate gastric-specific uptake of HFE-145-derived exosomes. Binding affinity of HFE-145 derived exosomes with integrin proteins was examined using protein microarray chip. Tumor suppressor activities of exosome-carrying GKN1 protein were analyzed using transwell co-culture, MTT assay, BrdU incorporation, immunoprecipitation, and Western blot analysis. RESULTS HFE-145-derived exosomes were internalized only into HFE-145 gastric epithelial cells and gastric cancer cells. Gastric-specific uptake of stomach-derived exosomes required integrin α6 and αX proteins. Clathrin and macropinocytosis increased the uptake of exosomes into gastric epithelial cells, whereas caveolin inhibited the uptake of exosomes. Transwell co-culture of AGS cells with HFE-145 cells markedly inhibited viability and proliferation of AGS cells. Following uptake of HFE-145-derived exosomes in recipient cells, GKN1 protein bound to HRas and inhibited the binding of HRas to b-Raf and c-Raf which subsequently downregulated HRas/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways in AGS, MKN1 cells, and MKN1-derived xenograft tumor tissues. In addition, exosomal GKN1 protein suppressed both migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. CONCLUSIONS Gastric-specific uptake of exosomes derived from gastric epithelial cells requires integrin α6 and αX proteins in both gastric epithelial cells and exosomes. Exosomal GKN1 protein inhibits gastric carcinogenesis by downregulating HRas/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, District of Columbia, Washington, 20060, USA
| | - Duane T Smoot
- Department of Medicine, Meharry Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Hoon Hur
- Department of Surgery, Brain Korea 21 Plus Research Center for Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea.
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5
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Kong J, Wang W. A Systemic Review on the Regulatory Roles of miR-34a in Gastrointestinal Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:2855-2872. [PMID: 32308419 PMCID: PMC7138617 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s234549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous non-coding single-stranded small-molecule RNAs that regulate gene expression by repressing target messenger RNA (mRNA) translation or degrading mRNA. miR-34a is one of the most important miRNAs participating in various physiological and pathological processes. miR-34a is abnormally expressed in a variety of tumors. The roles of miR-34a in gastrointestinal cancer (GIC) draw lots of attention. Numerous studies have demonstrated that dysregulated miR-34a is closely related to the proliferation, differentiation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells, as well as the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and chemo-resistance of tumors. Thus, we systematically reviewed the abnormal expression and regulatory roles of miR-34a in GICs including esophageal cancer (EC), gastric cancer (GC), colorectal cancer (CRC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), pancreatic cancer (PC), and gallbladder cancer (GBC). It may provide a profile of versatile roles of miR-34a in GICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehong Kong
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Weipeng Wang
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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6
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Guo Y, Zhang T, Shi Y, Zhang J, Li M, Lu F, Zhang J, Chen X, Ding S. Helicobacter pylori inhibits GKN1 expression via the CagA/p-ERK/AUF1 pathway. Helicobacter 2020; 25:e12665. [PMID: 31657090 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that gastrokine 1 (GKN1), an important tumor suppressor gene, is downregulated in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infected gastric mucosa and gastric cancer. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the potential mechanism of H. pylori-induced GKN1 downregulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS GKN1 and AU-rich element RNA-binding factor 1 (AUF1) expressions were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, or immunohistochemistry in H. pylori-infected tissues and H. pylori co-cultured cell lines. The regulation of AUF1 on GKN1 was determined by RNA pulldown assay, RNA immunoprecipitation, mRNA turnover, and luciferase activity assays. The involvement of phosphorylated extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) or CagA in H. pylori-induced AUF1 expression was verified using p-ERK inhibitor or CagA knockout H. pylori. In addition, the cell proliferation and migration capacities of AUF1-knockdown cells were investigated. RESULTS GKN1 expression progressively decreased from H. pylori-infected gastritis to gastric cancer tissues. H. pylori co-culture also induced significant GKN1 reduction in GES-1 and BGC-823 cells. Besides, the mRNA level of GKN1 and AUF1 in human gastric mucosa showed negative correlation significantly. AUF1 knockdown resulted in upregulation of GKN1 expression and promoted GKN1 mRNA decay by binding the 3' untranslated region of GKN1 mRNA H. pylori-induced AUF1 expression was associated with p-ERK activation and CagA. Furthermore, knockdown of AUF1 significantly inhibited cell viability, migration ability, and arrested fewer cells in S-phase. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that H. pylori infection downregulated GKN1 expression via the CagA/p-ERK/AUF1 pathway. AUF1 promoted gastric cancer at least partly through downregulating GKN1, which presented a novel potential target for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Shi
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyu Li
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fengmin Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shigang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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7
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Song WM, Lin X, Liao X, Hu D, Lin J, Sarpel U, Ye Y, Feferman Y, Labow DM, Walsh MJ, Zheng X, Zhang B. Multiscale network analysis reveals molecular mechanisms and key regulators of the tumor microenvironment in gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:1268-1280. [PMID: 31463974 PMCID: PMC7004118 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths and the fourth most prevalent malignancy worldwide. The high incidence and mortality rates of gastric cancer result from multiple factors such as ineffective screening, diagnosis, and limited treatment options. In our study, we sought to systematically identify predictive molecular networks and key regulators to elucidate complex interacting signaling pathways in GC. We performed an integrative network analysis of the transcriptomic data in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) gastric cancer cohort and then comprehensively characterized the predictive subnetworks and key regulators by the matched genetic and epigenetic data. We identified 221 gene subnetworks (modules) in GC. The most prognostic subnetworks captured multiple aspects of the tumor microenvironment in GC involving interactions among stromal, epithelial and immune cells. We revealed the genetic and epigenetic underpinnings of those subnetworks and their key transcriptional regulators. We computationally predicted and experimentally validated specific mechanisms of anticancer effects of GKN2 in gastric cancer proliferation and invasion in vitro. The network models and the key regulators of the tumor microenvironment in GC identified here pave a way for developing novel therapeutic strategies for GC. What's new? Gene signatures have been identified for diagnosis and classification of gastric cancer (GC) as well as prediction of therapeutic response. However, key molecular mechanisms underlying prognosis remain to be revealed. Our study systematically identifies and characterizes predictive molecular networks and key regulators. The most prognostic subnetworks capture multiple aspects of the tumor microenvironment in GC involving interactions among stromal, epithelial, and immune cells. The authors computationally predicted and experimentally validated specific mechanisms of anti‐cancer effects of GKN2 in GC proliferation and invasion in vitro. These network models and key regulators pave the way for developing novel therapeutic strategies for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Min Song
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Xiandong Lin
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology and Radiobiolog, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xuehong Liao
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jieqiong Lin
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Umut Sarpel
- Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Yunbin Ye
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yael Feferman
- Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Daniel M Labow
- Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Martin J Walsh
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,The Mount Sinai Center for RNA Biology and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Xiongwei Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Department of Pathology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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8
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Stella di Stadio C, Faraonio R, Federico A, Altieri F, Rippa E, Arcari P. GKN1 expression in gastric cancer cells is negatively regulated by miR-544a. Biochimie 2019; 167:42-48. [PMID: 31509760 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastrokine1 (GKN1), important for maintaining the physiological function of the gastric mucosa, is highly expressed in the stomach of healthy individuals but is down-regulated or absent in gastric tumor tissues and derived cell lines. The mechanisms underlying GKN1 gene inactivation are still unknown. We previously showed that GKN1 downregulation in gastric tumors is likely associated with an epigenetic transcriptional complex that negatively regulates GKN1 expression. In addition, TSA-mediated inhibition of HDACs leads to GKN1 restoration at the transcriptional level, but no at the translational level. These findings led to hypothesize the activation of a second regulatory mechanism microRNAs-mediated, thus resulting in translational repression and gene silencing. Bioinformatic analyses performed with 5 different algorithms highlighted that 4 miRNAs contained a seed sequence for the 3'UTR of GKN1 mRNA. Among these, only two miRNAs, hsa-miR-544a and miR-1245b-3p directly target the GKN1-3'UTR as evaluated by luciferase reporter assays. TaqMan miRNA assay performed on gastric cancer cell lines after TSA treatment showed a stronger increase of miR-544a expression than that of miR-1245b-3p. Finally, co-transfection of AGS cells with GKN1-3'UTR and premiR-544a showed compared to controls, a strong reduction of GKN1 expression both at translational and transcriptional levels. The up-regulation of miR-544a could be crucially involved in the GKN1 translational repression, thus suggesting its potential role as a biomarker and therapeutic target in GC patients. These findings indicate that epigenetic mechanisms leading to the inactivation of GKN1 play a key role in the multi-step process of gastric carcinogenesis and would provide an essential starting point for the development of new therapeutic strategies based on epigenetic targets for alternatives gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Stella di Stadio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Faraonio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Federico
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Altieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Rippa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnology Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, I-80145, Naples, Italy.
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9
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Yao S, Huang HY, Han X, Ye Y, Qin Z, Zhao G, Li F, Hu G, Hu L, Ji H. Keratin 14-high subpopulation mediates lung cancer metastasis potentially through Gkn1 upregulation. Oncogene 2019; 38:6354-6369. [PMID: 31320708 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of lung cancer-related death. Elucidating the metastasis process can provide new avenues to inhibit this malignant behavior of cancer cells. Here we found that human lung cancers with high Keratin 14 (K14) expression were associated with nodal metastasis and poor survival. Using the KrasG12D/Trp53L/L lung cancer mouse model, we confirmed that K14-high cancer cells harbored increased metastatic potential. Mechanistic investigation revealed that Gastrokine 1 (Gkn1) expression positively correlated with K14 level, cancer metastasis, and poor patient survival. Importantly, ectopic expression of Gkn1 enhanced the metastatic capability of K14-low cells in vitro and in vivo, whereas knockdown of Gkn1 did the opposite, indicating the importance of Gkn1 in mediating the metastasis of K14-high cells. Further study demonstrated that Gkn1 expression conferred K14-high cells resistance to anoikis, which is critical for cancer metastasis. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that K14-high cells contribute to lung cancer metastasis potentially through inhibition of anoikis via upregulation of Gkn1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Hsin-Yi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangkun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Gaoxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohong Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hongbin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 200120, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Koper-Lenkiewicz OM, Kamińska J, Gawrońska B, Matowicka-Karna J. The role and diagnostic potential of gastrokine 1 in gastric cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:1921-1931. [PMID: 30881118 PMCID: PMC6402446 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s194949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gene for gastrokine 1 (GKN1) was identified as one of the most significant in gastric cancer and indicated as a potential therapeutic target. Aim The aim was a review of literature reports concerning the role and diagnostic potential of GKN1 in gastric cancer. Materials and methods PubMED database was searched for sources using the following keywords: gastrokine 1/GKN1/AMP-18 and gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Preference was given to the sources which were published within the past 10 years. Conclusion GKN1 is a stomach-specific protein, and its role consists of maintaining mucosal integrity as well as the replenishment of the surface lumen epithelial cells layer. The evaluation of GKN1 expression seems to be a useful indicator of the presence of neoplastic or inflammatory lesions in the gastric mucosa. GKN1 expression is decreased in gastric tumor tissues and derived cell lines and its upregulation in cell lines of gastric cancer induces cells apoptosis. The mechanism by which GKN1 is inactivated in gastric cancer cells is still not fully understood. The future diagnostic capabilities of gastric cancer concern the assessment of serum GKN1 concentration by means of ELISA method. Serum GKN1 concentration is not related to patients’ sex. Moreover, the measurement of GKN1 concentration is possible only after the incubation of samples at 70°C for 10 minutes. Nevertheless, the aspect of quantitative serum GKN1 evaluation is new in the context of available literature and requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M Koper-Lenkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland,
| | - Joanna Kamińska
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland,
| | - Beata Gawrońska
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland,
| | - Joanna Matowicka-Karna
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland,
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11
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Upregulated SOX9 expression indicates worse prognosis in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113163-113173. [PMID: 29348895 PMCID: PMC5762580 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently reported that increased SOX9 expression drives tumor growth and promotes cancer invasion during human tumorigenicity and metastasis. However, the prognostic value of SOX9 for the survival of patients with solid tumors remains controversial. The present meta-analysis was thus performed to highlight the link between dysregulated SOX9 expression and prognosis in cancer patients. A systematic literature search was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science and Embase to identify eligible studies. A random-effects meta-analytical model was employed to correlate SOX9 expression with overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and clinicopathological features. In total, 17 studies with 3307 patients were eligible for the final analysis. Combined hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) suggested that high SOX9 expression has an unfavourable impact on OS (HR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.36-2.02, P < 0.001) and DFS (HR = 3.54, 95% CI 2.29-5.47, P = 0.008) in multivariate analysis. Additionally, the pooled odds ratios (ORs) indicated that SOX9 over-expression is associated with large tumor size, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and a higher clinical stage. Overall, these results indicated that SOX9 over-expression in patients with solid tumors might be related to poor prognosis and could serve as a potential predictive marker of poor clinicopathological prognosis factor.
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12
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Yoon JH, Choi WS, Kim O, Choi BJ, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Gastrokine 1 inhibits gastric cancer cell migration and invasion by downregulating RhoA expression. Gastric Cancer 2017; 20:274-285. [PMID: 27250838 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-016-0617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether GKN1, a gastric tumor suppressor, contributes to the progression of gastric cancer by regulating RhoA expression. METHODS We analyzed the expression of GKN1, RhoA, miR-185, and miR-34a in 35 gastric cancer tissues, and compared their expression with T category and TNM stage. Cell migration and invasion, as well as the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins, were assessed in GKN1- and RhoA small interfering RNA (siRhoA)-transfected and recombinant-GKN1-treated AGS and MKN1 gastric cancer cells. RESULTS Expression of RhoA protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) was increased in 15 (42.9 %) and 17 (48.6 %) of 35 gastric cancer tissues respectively, and was associated with higher T category and TNM stage. GKN1 expression was significantly decreased in 27 gastric cancers (77.1 %) with a higher T category, and was inversely correlated with RhoA mRNA expression. In AGS and MKN1 cells, GKN1 expression increased miR-185 and miR-34a expression and reduced RhoA mRNA and protein expression. A positive relationship between GKN1 and miR-34a and miR-185 expression and an inverse relationship between miR-34a and RhoA expression were observed in gastric cancer tissues. Cell migration and invasiveness were markedly decreased in GKN1- and siRhoA-transfected cells. GKN1 expression and silencing of RhoA decreased the expression of the proteins Snail, Slug, and vimentin. Furthermore, miR-185 and miR-34a silencing in MKN1 cells transfected with GKN1 stimulated cell migration and invasion, and increased the expression of EMT-related proteins. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that GKN1 may inhibit gastric cancer cell migration and invasion by downregulating RhoA expression in a miR-185- and miR-34a-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Byung Joon Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Jung Young Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.
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13
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Yoon JH, Eun JW, Choi WS, Kim O, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. NKX6.3 Is a Transcription Factor for Wnt/β-catenin and Rho-GTPase Signaling-Related Genes to Suppress Gastric Cancer Progression. EBioMedicine 2016; 9:97-109. [PMID: 27333045 PMCID: PMC4972521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite ongoing research and recent progress, the prognosis for patients with advanced gastric cancer remains poor. Wnt/β-catenin and Rho-GTPase signaling pathways are known to play essential roles in malignant transformation and progression of various tumors, including gastric cancer. Here, we identify that NKX6 transcription factor, locus 3 (NKX6.3) binds directly to specific promoter regions of Wnt/β-catenin and Rho-GTPase pathway-related genes, resulting in inhibition of cancer cell migration and invasion. Additionally, we find that the expression level of NKX6.3 is involved in regulation of gastric cancer progression and expression of Wnt/β-catenin and Rho-GTPase pathway-related genes in clinical samples. These results suggest that NKX6.3 prevents EMT and cell migration, implying that NKX6.3 inactivation might be one of the key mechanisms of gastric cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Jung Woo Eun
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea; Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea; Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Jung Young Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea; Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea; Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea.
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14
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Dai J, Qian C, Su M, Chen M, Chen J. Gastrokine-2 suppresses epithelial mesenchymal transition through PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling in gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12403-12410. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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15
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Chen P, Mancini M, Sonis ST, Fernandez-Martinez J, Liu J, Cohen EEW, Toback FG. A Novel Peptide for Simultaneously Enhanced Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer and Mitigation of Oral Mucositis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152995. [PMID: 27049860 PMCID: PMC4822960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have characterized a novel 21 amino acid-peptide derived from Antrum Mucosal Protein (AMP)-18 that mediates growth promotion of cultured normal epithelial cells and mitigates radiation-induced oral mucositis in animal models, while suppressing in vitro function of cancer cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate these dual potential therapeutic effects of AMP peptide in a clinically relevant animal model of head and neck cancer (HNC) by simultaneously assessing its effect on tumor growth and radiation-induced oral mucositis in an orthotopic model of HNC. Bioluminescent SCC-25 HNC cells were injected into the anterior tongue and tumors that formed were then subjected to focal radiation treatment. Tumor size was assessed using an in vivo imaging system, and the extent of oral mucositis was compared between animals treated with AMP peptide or vehicle (controls). Synergism between AMP peptide and radiation therapy was suggested by the finding that tumors in the AMP peptide/radiation therapy cohort demonstrated inhibited growth vs. radiation therapy-only treated tumors, while AMP peptide-treatment delayed the onset and reduced the severity of radiation therapy-induced oral mucositis. A differential effect on apoptosis appears to be one mechanism by which AMP-18 can stimulate growth and repair of injured mucosal epithelial cells while inhibiting proliferation of HNC cells. RNA microarray analysis identified pathways that are differentially targeted by AMP-18 in HNC vs. nontransformed cells. These observations confirm the notion that normal cells and tumor cells may respond differently to common biological stimuli, and that leveraging this finding in the case of AMP-18 may provide a clinically relevant opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PC); (FGT)
| | - Maria Mancini
- Biomodels, LLC, Watertown, Massachusetts, 02472, United States of America
| | - Stephen T. Sonis
- Biomodels, LLC, Watertown, Massachusetts, 02472, United States of America
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Juan Fernandez-Martinez
- Biomodels, LLC, Watertown, Massachusetts, 02472, United States of America
- Mathematics Department, Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States of America
| | - Ezra E. W. Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States of America
| | - F. Gary Toback
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PC); (FGT)
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16
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Kim O, Yoon JH, Choi WS, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Gastrokine 1 inhibits gastrin-induced cell proliferation. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19:381-391. [PMID: 25752269 PMCID: PMC5297461 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-015-0483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) acts as a gastric tumor suppressor. Here, we investigated whether GKN1 contributes to the maintenance of gastric mucosal homeostasis by regulating gastrin-induced gastric epithelial cell growth. METHODS We assessed the effects of gastrin and GKN1 on cell proliferation in stable AGS(GKN1) and MKN1(GKN1) gastric cancer cell lines and HFE-145 nonneoplastic epithelial cells. Cell viability and proliferation were analyzed by MTT and BrdU incorporation assays, respectively. Cell cycle and expression of growth factor receptors were examined by flow cytometry and Western blot analyses. RESULTS Gastrin treatment stimulated a significant time-dependent increase in cell viability and proliferation in AGS(mock) and MKN1(mock), but not in HFE-145, AGS(GKN1), and MKN1(GKN1), cells, which stably expressed GKN1. Additionally, gastrin markedly increased the S-phase cell population, whereas GKN1 significantly inhibited the effect of gastrin by regulating the expression of G1/S cell-cycle regulators. Furthermore, gastrin induced activation of the NF-kB and β-catenin signaling pathways and increased the expression of CCKBR, EGFR, and c-Met in AGS and MKN1 cells. However, GKN1 completely suppressed these effects of gastrin via downregulation of gastrin/CCKBR/growth factor receptor expression. Moreover, GKN1 reduced gastrin and CCKBR mRNA expression in AGS and MKN1 cells, and there was an inverse correlation between GKN1 and gastrin, as well as between GKN1 and CCKBR mRNA expression in noncancerous gastric mucosae. CONCLUSION These data suggest that GKN1 may contribute to the maintenance of gastric epithelial homeostasis and inhibit gastric carcinogenesis by downregulating the gastrin-CCKBR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20060, USA
| | - Duane T Smoot
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20060, USA
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Jung Young Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.
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Taatjes DJ, Roth J. The Histochemistry and Cell Biology omnium-gatherum: the year 2015 in review. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 145:239-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Di Stadio CS, Altieri F, Miselli G, Elce A, Severino V, Chambery A, Quagliariello V, Villano V, de Dominicis G, Rippa E, Arcari P. AMP18 interacts with the anion exchanger SLC26A3 and enhances its expression in gastric cancer cells. Biochimie 2015; 121:151-60. [PMID: 26700142 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AMP18 is a stomach-specific secreted protein expressed in normal gastric mucosa but absent in gastric cancer. AMP18 plays a major role in maintaining gastric mucosa integrity and is characterized by the presence of a BRICHOS domain consisting of about 100 amino acids, present also in several unrelated proteins, and probably endowed with a chaperon-like activity. In this work, we exploited a functional proteomic strategy to identify potential AMP18 interactors with the aim to add knowledge on its functional role within gastric cell lines and tissues. To this purpose, recombinant biotinylated AMP18 was purified and incubated with protein extract from human normal gastric mucosa by applying an affinity chromatography strategy. The interacting proteins were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The pool of interacting proteins contained SLC26A3, a protein expressed in the apical membrane of intestinal epithelial cells, supposed to play a critical role in Cl(-) absorption and fluid homeostasis. The interaction was also confirmed by Western blot with anti-SLC26A3 on transfected AGS cell extract following AMP18 pull-down. Furthermore, the interaction between AMP18 and SLC26A3 was also validated by confocal microscopy that showed a co-localization of both proteins at plasma membrane level. More importantly, for the first time, we showed that SLC26A3 is down-regulated in gastric cancer and that the overexpression of AMP18 in AMP-transfected gastric cancer cells up-regulated the expression of SLC26A3 both at transcriptional and translational level, the latter probably through the activation of the MAP kinases pathway. These findings strongly suggest that AMP18 might play an anti-inflammatory role in maintaining mucosal integrity also by regulating SLC26A3 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Stella Di Stadio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Altieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Miselli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ausilia Elce
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Severino
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy
| | - Angela Chambery
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy; IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Quagliariello
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli 16, I-80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Villano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Emilia Rippa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnology Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, I-80145, Naples, Italy.
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Gastrokine 1 induces senescence and apoptosis through regulating telomere length in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11695-708. [PMID: 25344918 PMCID: PMC4294346 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate whether gastrokine 1 (GKN1) induces senescence and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells by regulating telomere length and telomerase activity. Telomere length, telomerase activity, and hTERT expression decreased significantly in AGSGKN1 and MKN1GKN1 cells. Both stable cell lines showed increased expression of TRF1 and reduced expression of the hTERT and c-myc proteins. In addition, TRF1 induced a considerable decrease in cell growth, telomerase activity, and expression of hTERT mRNA and protein. GKN1 completely counteracted the effects of c-myc on cell growth, telomere length, and telomerase activity. Interestingly, GKN1 directly bound to c-myc and down-regulated its expression as well as inhibited its binding to the TRF1 protein and a hTERT promoter. Furthermore, GKN1 triggered senescence, followed by apoptosis via up-regulating the p53, p21, p27, and p16 proteins and down-regulating Skp2. Telomere length in 35 gastric cancers was shortened significantly compared with the corresponding gastric mucosae, whereas GKN1 expression was inversely correlated with telomere length and c-myc and hTERT mRNA expression. Taken together, these results suggest that GKN1 may shorten telomeres by acting as a potential c-myc inhibitor that eventually leads to senescence and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells.
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20
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Fahlbusch FB, Ruebner M, Huebner H, Volkert G, Bartunik H, Winterfeld I, Hartner A, Menendez-Castro C, Noegel SC, Marek I, Wachter D, Schneider-Stock R, Beckmann MW, Kehl S, Rascher W. Trophoblast expression dynamics of the tumor suppressor gene gastrokine 2. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:281-91. [PMID: 26070363 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gastrokines (GKNs) were originally described as stomach-specific tumor suppressor genes. Recently, we identified GKN1 in extravillous trophoblasts (EVT) of human placenta. GKN1 treatment reduced the migration of the trophoblast cell line JEG-3. GKN2 is known to inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells and may interact with GKN1. Recently, GKN2 was detected in the placental yolk sac of mice. We therefore aimed to further characterize placental GKN2 expression. By immunohistochemistry, healthy first-trimester placenta showed ubiquitous staining for GKN2 at its early gestational stage. At later gestational stages, a more differentiated expression pattern in EVT and villous cytotrophoblasts became evident. In healthy third-trimester placenta, only EVT retained strong GKN2 immunoreactivity. In contrast, HELLP placentas showed a tendency of increased levels of GKN2 expression with a more prominent GKN2 staining in their syncytiotrophoblast. Choriocarcinoma cell lines did not express GKN2. Besides its trophoblastic expression, we found human GKN2 in fibrotic villi, in amniotic membrane and umbilical cord. GKN2 co-localized with smooth muscle actin in villous myofibroblasts and with HLA-G and GKN1 in EVT. In the rodent placenta, GKN2 was specifically located in the spongiotrophoblast layer. Thus, the gestational age-dependent and compartment-specific expression pattern of GKN2 points to a role for placental development. The syncytial expression of GKN2 in HELLP placentas might represent a reduced state of functional differentiation of the syncytiotrophoblast. Moreover, the specific GKN2 expression in the rodent spongiotrophoblast layer (equivalent to human EVT) might suggest an important role in EVT physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian B Fahlbusch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr. 15, 91054, Erlangen, Germany,
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Abstract
Dysregulated homeostasis of epithelial cells resulting in disruption of mucosal barrier function is an important pathogenic mechanism in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). We have characterized a novel gastric protein, Antrum Mucosal Protein (AMP)-18, that has pleiotropic properties; it is mitogenic, anti-apoptotic and can stimulate formation of tight junctions. A 21-mer synthetic peptide derived from AMP-18 exhibits the same biological functions as the full-length protein and is an effective therapeutic agent in mouse models of IBD. In this study we set out to characterize therapeutic mechanisms and identify molecular targets by which AMP-18 maintains and restores disrupted epithelial homeostasis in cultured intestinal epithelial cells and a mouse model of IBD. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine known to mediate gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal injury in IBD, was used to induce intestinal epithelial cell injury, and study the effects of AMP-18 on apoptosis and the cell cycle. An apoptosis array used to search for targets of AMP-18 in cells exposed to TNF-α identified the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1. Treatment with AMP-18 blunted increases in p21 expression and apoptosis, while reversing disturbed cell cycle kinetics induced by TNF-α. AMP-18 appears to act through PI3K/AKT pathways to increase p21 phosphorylation, thereby reducing its nuclear accumulation to overcome the antiproliferative effects of TNF-α. In vitamin D receptor-deficient mice with TNBS-induced IBD, the observed increase in p21 expression in colonic epithelial cells was suppressed by treatment with AMP peptide. The results indicate that AMP-18 can maintain and/or restore the homeostatic balance between proliferation and apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells to protect and repair mucosal barrier homeostasis and function, suggesting a therapeutic role in IBD.
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22
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Rippa E, Altieri F, Di Stadio CS, Miselli G, Lamberti A, Federico A, Quagliariello V, Papale F, Guerra G, Arcari P. Ectopic expression of gastrokine 1 in gastric cancer cells up-regulates tight and adherens junction proteins network. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:577-83. [PMID: 26008777 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) is a stomach-specific protein important in the replenishment of the surface lumen epithelial cell layer and in maintaining mucosal integrity. A role in cell proliferation and differentiation has also been hypothesized. Despite these findings, the function(s) as well as the cellular localization of GKN1 in the cellular machinery are currently not clarified. The investigation of subcellular localization of GKN1 in gastric cancer cells can provide insights into its potential cellular roles. Subcellular fractions of gastric cancer cells (AGS) transfected with full-length GKN1 (flGKN1) or incubated with recombinant GKN1 (rGKN1) lacking the first 20 amino acids at N-terminal were analyzed by Western blot and confocal microscopy and compared with those from normal gastric tissue. Wild type GKN1 (wtGKN1) and flGKN1 were revealed in the cytoplasm and in the membrane fractions of gastric cells, whereas rGKN1 was revealed in the cytoplasmic fractions, but a high amount was detected in the membrane pellet of the AGS lysate. The cellular distribution of GKN1 was also confirmed by confocal microscopy. The purified protein was also used to highlight its possible association with actin through confocal microscopy, pelleting assay, and size-exclusion chromatography. GKN1 co-localizes with actin in normal gastric tissue, but no direct interaction was observed between the two proteins in vitro. Most likely, GKN1 indirectly participates in actin stabilization since its overexpression in gastric cancer cells strongly increases the expression of tight and adherens junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Rippa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Altieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Stella Di Stadio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Miselli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lamberti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Federico
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CNR, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Quagliariello
- Department of Anesthesia, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Papale
- Department of Anesthesia, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Science, University of Molise, Isernia, Italy
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnology Scarl, Naples, Italy.
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Guo XY, Dong L, Qin B, Jiang J, Shi AM. Decreased expression of gastrokine 1 in gastric mucosa of gastric cancer patients. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:16702-16706. [PMID: 25469040 PMCID: PMC4248215 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i44.16702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of gastrokine 1 (GKN1) in normal gastric mucosa, precancerous lesions and gastric cancer tissues, and to analyse its correlations with tumour site and pathological pattern.
METHODS: Thirty gastric cancer patients (12 cases of diffuse type and 18 cases of intestinal type), 13 atrophic gastritis patients and 15 healthy volunteers with almost normal gastric mucosa (superficial gastritis) were enrolled in this study. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection was examined in all subjects. All gastric mucosa biopsy specimens were obtained. Cancer-adjacent specimens were taken from corresponding gastric cancer patients. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR were performed to determine the expressions of the GKN1 protein and mRNA, respectively.
RESULTS: H. pylori infection had no significant association with age, gender, tumour site or pathological pattern in all subjects. Compared with the superficial gastritis and atrophic gastritis groups, the expression of GKN1 protein (P = 0.011) and mRNA (P < 0.001) in gastric cancer was significantly decreased. The GKN1 mRNA level in diffuse type gastric cancer was significantly lower than in intestinal type gastric cancer (0.296 ± 0.076 vs 0.525 ± 0.164, P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: Compared with almost normal gastric mucosa, GKN1 expression in the gastric mucosa of gastric cancer patients is decreased; this is associated with progression and prognosis of gastric cancer.
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Wei IH, Shi Y, Jiang H, Kumar-Sinha C, Chinnaiyan AM. RNA-Seq accurately identifies cancer biomarker signatures to distinguish tissue of origin. Neoplasia 2014; 16:918-27. [PMID: 25425966 PMCID: PMC4240918 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer of unknown primary (CUP) accounts for up to 5% of all new cancer cases, with a 5-year survival rate of only 10%. Accurate identification of tissue of origin would allow for directed, personalized therapies to improve clinical outcomes. Our objective was to use transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) to identify lineage-specific biomarker signatures for the cancer types that most commonly metastasize as CUP (colorectum, kidney, liver, lung, ovary, pancreas, prostate, and stomach). RNA-Seq data of 17,471 transcripts from a total of 3,244 cancer samples across 26 different tissue types were compiled from in-house sequencing data and publically available International Cancer Genome Consortium and The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets. Robust cancer biomarker signatures were extracted using a 10-fold cross-validation method of log transformation, quantile normalization, transcript ranking by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and stepwise logistic regression. The entire algorithm was then repeated with a new set of randomly generated training and test sets, yielding highly concordant biomarker signatures. External validation of the cancer-specific signatures yielded high sensitivity (92.0% ± 3.15%; mean ± standard deviation) and specificity (97.7% ± 2.99%) for each cancer biomarker signature. The overall performance of this RNA-Seq biomarker-generating algorithm yielded an accuracy of 90.5%. In conclusion, we demonstrate a computational model for producing highly sensitive and specific cancer biomarker signatures from RNA-Seq data, generating signatures for the top eight cancer types responsible for CUP to accurately identify tumor origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris H Wei
- University of Michigan Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Yang Shi
- University of Michigan Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Hui Jiang
- University of Michigan Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Chandan Kumar-Sinha
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109 ; University of Michigan Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109 ; University of Michigan Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109 ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109 ; University of Michigan Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109 ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
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Yoon JH, Choi WS, Kim O, Park WS. The role of gastrokine 1 in gastric cancer. J Gastric Cancer 2014; 14:147-55. [PMID: 25328759 PMCID: PMC4199881 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2014.14.3.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic imbalance between cell proliferation and death in gastric mucosal epithelia may lead to gastritis and gastric cancer. Despite abundant gastrokine 1 (GKN1) expression in the normal stomach, the loss of GKN1 expression is frequently detected in gastric mucosa infected with Helicobacter pylori, as well as in intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer tissues, suggesting that GKN1 plays an important role in gastric mucosal defense, and the gene functions as a gastric tumor suppressor. In the stomach, GKN1 is involved in gastric mucosal inflammation by regulating cytokine production, the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. GKN1 also inhibits the carcinogenic potential of H. pylori protein CagA by binding to it, and up-regulates antioxidant enzymes. In addition, GKN1 reduces cell viability, proliferation, and colony formation by inhibiting cell cycle progression and epigenetic modification by down-regulating the expression levels of DNMT1 and EZH2, and DNMT1 activity, and inducing apoptosis through the death receptor-dependent pathway. Furthermore, GKN1 also inhibits gastric cancer cell invasion and metastasis via coordinated regulation of epithelial mesenchymal transition-related protein expression, reactive oxygen species production, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway activation. Although the modes of action of GKN1 have not been clearly described, recent limited evidence suggests that GKN1 acts as a gastric-specific tumor suppressor. This review aims to discuss, comment, and summarize the recent progress in the understanding of the role of GKN1 in gastric cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Yoon JH, Seo HS, Choi SS, Chae HS, Choi WS, Kim O, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Gastrokine 1 inhibits the carcinogenic potentials of Helicobacter pylori CagA. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2619-29. [PMID: 25239641 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori CagA directly injected by the bacterium into epithelial cells via a type IV secretion system, leads to cellular changes such as morphology, apoptosis, proliferation and cell motility, and stimulates gastric carcinogenesis. We investigated the effects of cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and gastrokine 1 (GKN1) on cell proliferation, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration in CagA- or GKN1-transfected gastric epithelial cells and mucosal tissues from humans and mice infected with H.pylori. On the molecular level, H.pylori CagA induced increased cell proliferation, ROS production, antiapoptotic activity, cell migration and invasion. Moreover, CagA induced activation of NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways and EMT-related proteins. In addition, H.pylori CagA reduced GKN1 gene copy number and expression in gastric cells and mucosal tissues of humans and mice. However, GKN1 overexpression successfully suppressed the carcinogenic effects of CagA through binding to CagA. These results suggest that GKN1 might be a target to inhibit the effects from H.pylori CagA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ho Suk Seo
- Department of General Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Sung Sook Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Hwarangro 815, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, South Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Chae
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | | | | | - Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Duane T Smoot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA and
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology and Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Jung Young Lee
- Department of Pathology and Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology and Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
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Shim JH, Yoon JH, Choi SS, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Song KY, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park CH, Park WS. The effect of Helicobacter pylori CagA on the HER-2 copy number and expression in gastric cancer. Gene 2014; 546:288-96. [PMID: 24879917 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) CagA contributes to the DNA copy change and mRNA transcript expression of the HER-2 gene and, consequently, affects HER-2 protein expression to evaluate the significance of CagA and HER-2 amplification in gastric cancer. We used the AGS and MKN1 gastric cancer and HFE-145 immortalized non-neoplastic gastric mucosa cell lines. We also confirmed the effects of CagA on HER-2 expression in human gastric cancer tissues and gastric mucosal tissues of H. pylori infected C57BL/6 mice. Ectopic CagA expression in AGS, MKN1 and HFE-145 cells showed a significant increase in HER-2 gene copy number and expression. The gastric mucosae of H. pylori infected C57BL/6 mice also showed increased HER-2 DNA copy number and protein expression. In addition, CagA expression was detected in 17 (56.7%) of 30 gastric cancer tissues, and eight (47%) of them showed HER-2 DNA amplification of more than two-fold. In immunohistochemistry, HER-2 overexpression was detected in 12 (40%) of 30 gastric cancers and a positive correlation was observed among DNA copy number, the mRNA transcript, and protein expression of the HER-2 gene in gastric cancer (P<0.05). These results suggest that H. pylori CagA may induce overexpression of the HER-2 protein by increasing HER-2 DNA and mRNA copy number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Shim
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Sook Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Hwarangro 815, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, South Korea
| | - Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Duane T Smoot
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Kyo Young Song
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Young Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cho Hyun Park
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
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Choi YJ, Song JH, Yoon JH, Choi WS, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Aberrant expression of SOX9 is associated with gastrokine 1 inactivation in gastric cancers. Gastric Cancer 2014; 17:247-54. [PMID: 23812904 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-013-0277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SOX9 belongs to the SOX [sry-related high-mobility group (HMG) box] family and acts as a transcription factor that plays a central role in the development and differentiation of multiple cell lineages. The aim of this study was to determine whether the GKN1 gene is involved in the development of gastric cancer by regulating SOX9. METHODS The effect of GKN1 and β-catenin on SOX9 expression was examined in GKN1 and β-catenin-transfected AGS and MKN-1 gastric cancer cells. SOX9 expression was also determined in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Ectopic expression of β-catenin induced increased expression of SOX9 in AGS cells, whereas GKN1 decreased expression of SOX9 in AGS and MKN-1 cells. In addition, we found an inverse correlation between expression of SOX9 and GKN1 in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines. In immunohistochemistry, nuclear SOX9 expression was detected in 64 (34.6 %) of 185 gastric carcinomas and its expression was closely associated with GKN1 immunonegativity. There was no significant relationship between altered expression of SOX9 protein and clinicopathological parameters including overall survival. CONCLUSION These data suggest that aberrant SOX9 expression by GKN1 inactivation may be involved in the development of sporadic gastric cancers as an early event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Jin Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
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29
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Lu F, Tempera I, Lee HT, Dewispelaere K, Lieberman PM. EBNA1 binding and epigenetic regulation of gastrokine tumor suppressor genes in gastric carcinoma cells. Virol J 2014; 11:12. [PMID: 24460791 PMCID: PMC3904692 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) latently infects ~10% of gastric carcinomas (GC). Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1) is expressed in EBV-associated GC, and can bind host DNA, where it may impact cellular gene regulation. Here, we show that EBNA1 binds directly to DNA upstream of the divergently transcribed GC-specific tumor suppressor genes gastrokine 1 (GKN1) and gastrokine 2 (GKN2). METHODS We use ChIP-Seq, ChIP-qPCR, and EMSA to demonstrate that EBNA1 binds directly to the GKN1 and GKN2 promoter locus. We generate AGS-EBV, and AGS-EBNA1 cell lines to study the effects of EBNA1 on GKN1 and GKN2 mRNA expression with or without 5' azacytidine treatment. RESULTS We show that gastrokine genes are transcriptionally silenced by DNA methylation. We also show that latent EBV infection further reduces GKN1 and GKN2 expression in AGS gastric carcinoma cells, and that siRNA depletion of EBNA1 partially alleviates this repression. However, ectopic expression of EBNA1 slightly increased GKN1 and GKN2 basal mRNA levels, but reduced their responsiveness to demethylating agent. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that EBNA1 binds to the divergent promoter of the GKN1 and GKN2 genes in GC cells, and suggest that EBNA1 contributes to the complex transcriptional and epigenetic deregulation of the GKN1 and GKN2 tumor suppressor genes in EBV positive GC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul M Lieberman
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Dai J, Zhang N, Wang J, Chen M, Chen J. Gastrokine-2 is downregulated in gastric cancer and its restoration suppresses gastric tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:4199-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Yoon JH, Cho ML, Choi YJ, Back JY, Park MK, Lee SW, Choi BJ, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Gastrokine 1 regulates NF-κB signaling pathway and cytokine expression in gastric cancers. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1800-9. [PMID: 23444260 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) plays an important role in the gastric mucosal defense mechanism and also acts as a functional gastric tumor suppressor. In this study, we examined the effect of GKN1 on the expression of inflammatory mediators, including NF-κB, COX-2, and cytokines in GKN1-transfected AGS cells and shGKN1-transfected HFE-145 cells. Lymphocyte migration and cell viability were also analyzed after treatment with GKN1 and inflammatory cytokines in AGS cells by transwell chemotaxis and an MTT assay, respectively. In GKN1-transfected AGS cells, we observed inactivation and reduced expression of NF-κB and COX-2, whereas shGKN1-transfected HFE-145 cells showed activation and increased expression of NF-κB and COX-2. GKN1 expression induced production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-8 and -17A, but decreased expression of IL-6 and -10. We also found IL-17A expression in 9 (13.6%) out of 166 gastric cancer tissues and its expression was closely associated with GKN1 expression. GKN1 also acted as a chemoattractant for the migration of Jurkat T cells and peripheral B lymphocytes in the transwell assay. In addition, GKN1 significantly reduced cell viability in both AGS and HFE-145 cells. These data suggest that the GKN1 gene may inhibit progression of gastric epithelial cells to cancer cells by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway and cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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Yoon JH, Choi YJ, Choi WS, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Functional analysis of the NH2-terminal hydrophobic region and BRICHOS domain of GKN1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:689-95. [PMID: 24099765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) protects the gastric antral mucosa and promotes healing by facilitating restitution and proliferation after injury. GKN1 is down-regulated in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells and loss of GKN1 expression is tightly associated with gastric carcinogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms as a tumor suppressor are largely unknown. Presently, the hydrophobic region and BRICHOS domain of GKN1, pGKN1(D13N), pGKN1(Δ68-199), and pGKN1(Δ1-67,165-199) were shown to suppress gastric cancer cell growth and recapitulate GKN1 functions. As well, the hydrophobic region and BRICHOS domain of GKN1 had a synergistic anti-cancer effect with 5-FU on tumor cell growth, implying that the NH2-terminal hydrophobic region and BRICHOS domain of GKN1 are sufficient for tumor suppression, thereby suggesting a therapeutic intervention for gastric cancer. Also, its domain inducing endogenous miR-185 directly targeted the epigenetic effectors DNMT1 and EZH2 in gastric cancer cells. Our results suggest that the NH2-terminal hydrophobic region and BRICHOS domain of GKN1 are sufficient for its tumor suppressor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
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GKN1 and miR-185 are associated with CpG island methylator phenotype in gastric cancers. Mol Cell Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-013-0029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Fahlbusch FB, Ruebner M, Huebner H, Volkert G, Zuern C, Thiel F, Koch M, Menendez-Castro C, Wachter DL, Hartner A, Rascher W. The tumor suppressor gastrokine-1 is expressed in placenta and contributes to the regulation of trophoblast migration. Placenta 2013; 34:1027-35. [PMID: 23993393 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrokine-1 (GKN1) is a secreted auto-/paracrine protein, described to be expressed in the gastric mucosa. In gastric cancers GKN1 expression is commonly down-regulated. While current research focusses on the exploration of tumor-suppressive properties of GKN1 with regard to its potential clinical use in the treatment of gastroenterologic tumor disease, nothing is known about GKN1 expression and function in other organ systems. We investigated GKN1 expression in placental tissue and cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS GKN1 was localized using immunohistochemistry in first and third trimester placental tissue, hydatidiform moles and various gestational trophoblastic neoplasias. We determined the expression of GKN1 in immunomagnetic bead-separated term placental cells and in choriocarcinoma cell lines. The role of GKN1 for JEG-3 migration was studied using live cell imaging. E-cadherin, MMP-2 and -9, TIMP-1 and -2, as well as urokinase (uPA) expression levels were determined. RESULTS GKN1 is expressed in healthy third trimester placentas. Its expression is specifically limited to the extravillous trophoblast (EVT). GKN1 expression is significantly reduced in choriocarcinoma cell lines and gestational trophoblastic neoplasias. GKN1 attenuates the migration of JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells in vitro, possibly via AKT-mediated induction of E-cadherin. GKN1 treatment reduced MMP-9 expression in JEG-3. DISCUSSION Besides its role in gastric physiology our results clearly indicate regulatory functions of GKN1 in the EVT at the feto-maternal interface during pregnancy. Based on our findings in the JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cell line, an auto-/paracrine role of GKN1 for EVT motility and villous anchorage at the basal plate is conceivable. Thus, the tumor suppressor GKN1 is expressed in placental EVT and might contribute to the regulation of EVT migration/invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Fahlbusch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Yoon JH, Choi YJ, Choi WS, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. GKN1-miR-185-DNMT1 axis suppresses gastric carcinogenesis through regulation of epigenetic alteration and cell cycle. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4599-610. [PMID: 23846337 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) functions to protect the gastric antral mucosa and promotes healing by facilitating restoration and proliferation after injury. GKN1 is downregulated in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells and loss of GKN1 expression is closely associated with gastric carcinogenesis, but underlying mechanisms of the tumor-suppressing effects of GKN1 remain largely unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AGS, MKN1, MKN28 gastric cancer cells and HFE-145 immortalized non-neoplastic gastric mucosal cells were transfected with GKN1 or shGKN1. We conducted molecular and functional studies of GKN1 and miR-185 and investigated the mechanisms of alteration. We also analyzed epigenetic alterations in 80 gastric cancer tissues. RESULTS Restoration of GKN1 protein suppressed gastric cancer cell growth by inducing endogenous miR-185 that directly targets epigenetic effectors DNMT1 and EZH2 in gastric cancer cells. In addition, ectopic expression of GKN1 upregulated Tip60 and downregulated HDAC1 in an miR-185-independent manner, thereby inducing cell-cycle arrest by regulating cell-cycle proteins in gastric cancer cells. Notably, GKN1 expression was inversely correlated with DNMT1 and EZH2 expression in a subset of 80 gastric cancer tissues and various gastric cancer cell lines. Interestingly, it was found that GKN1 exerted a synergistic anti-cancerous effect with 5-fluorouracil on tumor cell growth, which suggests a possible therapeutic intervention method for gastric cancer. CONCLUSION Our results show that GKN1 has an miR-185-dependent and -independent mechanism for chromatic and DNA epigenetic modification, thereby regulating the cell cycle. Thus, the loss of GKN1 function contributes to malignant transformation and proliferation of gastric epithelial cells in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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Geahlen JH, Lapid C, Thorell K, Nikolskiy I, Huh WJ, Oates EL, Lennerz JKM, Tian X, Weis VG, Khurana SS, Lundin SB, Templeton AR, Mills JC. Evolution of the human gastrokine locus and confounding factors regarding the pseudogenicity of GKN3. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:667-83. [PMID: 23715263 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00169.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In a screen for genes expressed specifically in gastric mucous neck cells, we identified GKN3, the recently discovered third member of the gastrokine family. We present confirmatory mouse data and novel porcine data showing that mouse GKN3 expression is confined to mucous cells of the corpus neck and antrum base and is prominently expressed in metaplastic lesions. GKN3 was proposed originally to be expressed in some human populations and a pseudogene in others. To investigate that hypothesis, we studied human GKN3 evolution in the context of its paralogous genomic neighbors, GKN1 and GKN2. Haplotype analysis revealed that GKN3 mimics GKN2 in patterns of exonic SNP allocation, whereas GKN1 appeared to be more stringently selected. GKN3 showed signatures of both directional selection and population based selective sweeps in humans. One such selective sweep includes SNP rs10187256, originally identified as an ancestral tryptophan to premature STOP codon mutation. The derived (nonancestral) allele went to fixation in Asia. We show that another SNP, rs75578132, identified 5 bp downstream of rs10187256, exhibits a second selective sweep in almost all Europeans, some Latinos, and some Africans, possibly resulting from a reintroduction of European genes during African colonization. Finally, we identify a mutation that would destroy the splice donor site in the putative exon3-intron3 boundary, which occurs in all human genomes examined to date. Our results highlight a stomach-specific human genetic locus, which has undergone various selective sweeps across European, Asian, and African populations and thus reflects geographic and ethnic patterns in genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Geahlen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Jung MK, Houh YK, Ha S, Yang Y, Kim D, Kim TS, Yoon SR, Bang SI, Cho BJ, Lee WJ, Park H, Cho D. Recombinant Erdr1 suppresses the migration and invasion ability of human gastric cancer cells, SNU-216, through the JNK pathway. Immunol Lett 2013; 150:145-51. [PMID: 23370368 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Erythroid differentiation regulator 1 (Erdr1) suppressed cell motility in vitro and has anti-metastatic effect in vivo on melanoma. The current study investigated the effect of recombinant Erdr1 on the migration and invasion ability of SNU-216 cell, a gastric cancer cell line. The expression of Erdr1 is inversely correlated with IL-18 expression, which has a pro-cancer effect in gastric cancer. Treatment with rErdr1 markedly suppressed the ability of SNU-216 cells to migrate and invade, indicating that recombinant Erdr1 inhibited the motility of gastric cancer cells. E-cadherin expression levels were measured to determine the factor involved in the rErdr1-suppressed motility. E-cadherin is a representative of the cadherin family, known as cell motility enhancement adhesion molecule. Our results revealed that E-cadherin levels were increased by rErdr1 treatment, suggesting the involvement of E-cadherin in rErdr1-reduced cell migration. The cells were treated with specific MAPK inhibitors such as SP600125, SB203580 or PD98059 to identify the signaling mechanism involved with rErdr1 suppressed cell migration. The results indicated that the rErdr1 inhibited migration was primarily reversed by SP600125, a JNK inhibitor. In addition, the level of JNK phosphorylation was markedly increased by recombinant Erdr1. Taken together, these findings suggest that rErdr1 suppressed the ability of gastric cancer cells to metastasis by up regulating E-cadherin through a JNK pathway activation. Furthermore, it can be suggested that the inhibitory effect of recombinant Erdr1 on SNU-216 cell's metastatic potential was through cell motility suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Jung
- Department of Life Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Chungpa-Dong 2-ka, Yongsan-ku, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
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Menheniott TR, Kurklu B, Giraud AS. Gastrokines: stomach-specific proteins with putative homeostatic and tumor suppressor roles. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G109-21. [PMID: 23154977 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00374.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, a new family of stomach-specific proteins has been recognized. Known as "gastrokines" (GKNs), these secreted proteins are products of gastric mucus-producing cell lineages. GKNs are highly conserved in physical structure, and emerging data point to convergent functions in the modulation of gastric mucosal homeostasis and inflammation. While GKNs are highly prevalent in the normal stomach, frequent loss of GKN expression in gastric cancers, coupled with established antiproliferative activity, suggests putative tumor suppressor roles. Conversely, ectopic expression of GKNs in reparative lesions of Crohn's disease alludes to additional activity in epithelial wound healing and/or repair. Modes of action remain unsolved, but the recent demonstration of a GKN2-trefoil factor 1 heterodimer implicates functional interplay with trefoil factors. This review aims to provide a historical account of GKN biology and encapsulate the rapidly accumulating evidence supporting roles in gastric epithelial homeostasis and tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevelyan R Menheniott
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Rd., Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
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Mao W, Chen J, Peng TL, Yin XF, Chen LZ, Chen MH. Downregulation of gastrokine-1 in gastric cancer tissues and restoration of its expression induced gastric cancer cells to apoptosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2012; 31:49. [PMID: 22621392 PMCID: PMC3511871 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Gastrokine-1 (GKN1), a secreted protein, is specifically expressed in gastric mucosa to protect and maintain the integrity of gastric epithelium. The present study investigated differential expression of GKN1 in normal, precancerous, and cancerous gastric tissues, and explored the biological functions of GKN1 protein in gastric cancer cells. Methods RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect GKN1 expression in normal, precancerous, cancerous gastric tissues and seven gastric cancer cell lines. Gene transfection was used to restore GKN1 expression in gastric cancer AGS cells. Phenotypic changes (i.e., cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle modulation, and sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to fluorouracil (5-FU)) were assayed in the transfected cells. DNA microarrays were used to analyze expression changes of apoptosis-related genes. Results Significant downregulation or absence of GKN1 expression in seven gastric cancer cell lines were detected and progressive decrease of GKN1 expression from normal mucosa, precancerous tissue, to cancer tissues was observed. Moreover, restoration of GKN1 expression suppressed gastric cancer cell viability and induced the cells to undergo apoptosis. GKN1 expression also enhanced tumor cell sensitivity to 5-FU treatment. Moreover, it was found that GKN1 expression in AGS cells modulated expression of 19 apoptosis-related genes. Conclusions Expression of GKN1 is progressively lost from normal mucosa, precancerous to cancerous gastric tissues, while restoration of GKN1 expression induces gastric cancer cells to undergo apoptosis, and enhances sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to 5-FU-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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